‘Mír 'Abdullaṭíf, however, immediately on receipt of his brother's communication, fled to Gílán,1 and afterwards at the invitation of the emperor Humáyún went to Hindústán, and arrived at Court with his family just after Akbar had ascended the throne. By him he was received with great kindness and consideration, and appointed in the second year of his reign as his preceptor. At that time Akbar knew not how to read and write, but shortly afterwards he was able to repeat some odes of Háfiz. The Mír was a man of great eloquence and of excellent disposition, and so moderate in his religious sentiments,2 that each party used to revile him for his indifference.’
‘When Bairám Khán had incurred the displeasure of the emperor and had left A´grah and proceeded to Alwar, with the intention, as it was supposed, of exciting a rebellion in the Panjáb, the emperor sent the Mír to him, to dissuade him from such an open breach of fidelity to his sovereign.’ Elliot, Index, l. c.
Mír 'Abdullaṭíf died at Síkrí on the 5th Rajab, 981,3 and was buried at Ajmír near the Dargáh of Mír Sayyid Husain Khing-Suwár.
'Abdullaṭíf had several sons. The following are mentioned—1. Naqíb Khán; 2. Qamar Khán; 3. Mír Muhammad Sharíf. The last was killed in 984 at Fathpúr by a fall from his horse while playing hockey with the emperor (Bad. II., 230). For Qamar Khán, vide No. 243.
Naqíb Khán arrived with his father in India, when Akbar after his accession was still in the Panjáb (Akbarn. II., 23), and soon became a personal friend of the emperor (II., 281). In the 10th year, he conveyed Akbar's pardon to Khán Zamán, for whom Mun'im Khán had interceded (II., 281). In the 18th year, N. accompanied the emperor on the forced march to Patan and Ahmadábád (p. 435, note), and in the following year to Patna. In the end of the 21st year, he took part in the expedition to I´dar (III., 165), and was sent in the following year to Málwah or Gujrát, after the appointment of Shiháb to the latter province. After the outbreak of the Military Revolt in Bengal, N. with his brother Qamar Khán served under Todar Mall and Çádiq Khán in Bihár against Ma'çúm i Kábulí (III., 273). In the 26th year, he received the title of Naqíb Khán.4 Though during the reign of Akbar, he did not rise above the rank of a Hazárí, he possessed great influence at Court. He was Akbar's reader, and superintended the translations from Sanscrit into Persian, mentioned on p. 104. Several portions of the Táríkh i Alfí also (p. 106) are written by him.
Naqíb had an uncle of the name of Qází 'I´sá, who had come from I´rán to Akbar's Court, where he died in 980. His son was Sháh Ghází Khán (vide No. 155). Akbar married the latter to Sakínah Bánú Begum, sister of Mírzá Muhammad Hakím (Akbar's half-brother); and as Naqíb Khán, in the 38th year, reported that Qází 'I´sá had expressed a dying wish to present his daughter to Akbar, the emperor married her. Thus two of Naqíb's cousins married into the imperial family.
On the accession of Jahángír, N. was made a Commander of 1500 (Tuzuk, p. 12). He died in the 9th year of J.'s reign (beginning of 1023) at Ajmír, and was buried at the side of his wife within the enclosure of Mu'ín i Chishtí's tomb (Tuzuk, p. 129). His wife was a daughter of Mír Mahmúd, Munshí ulmamálik, who had been for twenty-five years in Akbar's service (Badáoní III., 321).
Naqíb's son, 'Abdullaṭíf, was distinguished for his acquirements. He was married to a daughter of M. Yúsuf Khán (No. 35), and died insane.
Naqíb Khán, like his grandfather, excelled in history. It is said that he knew the seven volumes of the Rauzatuççafá by heart. Jahángír, in his Memoirs, praises him for his remarkable memory, and Badáoní, who was Naqíb's school fellow and friend, says that no man in Arabia or Persia was as proficient in history as Naqíb. Once on being asked how many pigeons there were in a particular flock then flying, he responded instantly, without making a mistake of even one.
162. Mi´r Murtaza´ Kha´n, a Sabzwárí Sayyid.
Mír Murtazá Khán was at first in the service of 'A´dil Sháh of Bíjápúr. Murtazá Nizám Sháh called him to Ahmadnagar, and made him Military Governor of Barár, and later Amírul Umará. He successfully invaded, at Nizám Sháh's order, 'A´dil Sháh's dominions. But Nizám Sháh suffered from insanity, and the government was left in the hands of his Vakíl, Sháh Qulí Çalábat Khán; and as he reigned absolutely, several of the nobles, especially the tuyúldárs of Barár, were dissatisfied. Çalábat Khán being bent on ruining them, Mír Murtazá, Khudáwand Khán (No. 151), Jamshed Khán i Shírází, and others, marched in 992 to Ahmadnagar. Çalábat Khán and Sháhzádah Mírán Husain surprised them and routed them. Mír Murtazá lost all his property, and unable to resist Çalábat Khán, he went with Khudáwand Khán to Akbar, who made him a Commander of One Thousand.
M. M. distinguished himself under Sháh Murád in the Dak'hin invasion. When the Prince left Ahmadnagar, Çádiq Khán (No. 43) remained in Mahkar (South Barár), and M. M. in I´lichpúr, to guard the conquered districts. During his stay there, he managed to take possession of Fort Gáwíl, near I´lichpúr (43rd year, 1007), persuading the commanders Wajíhuddín and Biswás Ráo, to enter Akbar's service. Later, M. M. distinguished himself in the conquest of Ahmadnagar under Prince Dányál, and received a higher Mançab, as also a flag and a naqqárah.
Mír Murtazá is not to be confounded with the learned Mír Murtazá Sharíf i Shírází (Badáoní III., 320), or the Mír Murtazá mentioned by Badáoní, III., 279.
163. Shamsi´, son of Khán i A'zam Mírzá Kokah (No. 21).
He was mentioned above on pp. 327 and 328. At the end of Akbar's reign, Shamsí1 was a Commander of Two Thousand.
In the third year of Jahángír's reign, he received the title of Jahángír Qulí Khán, vacant by the death of Jahángír Qulí Khán Lálah Beg, Governor of Bihár, and was sent to Gajrát as náib of his father. Mírzá 'Azíz had been nominally appointed Governor of that Çúbah; but as he had given the emperor offence, he was detained at Court. Subsequently Shamsí was made a Commander of Three Thousand, and Governor of Jaunpúr. Whilst there, Prince Sháhjahán had taken possession of Bengal, and prepared himself to march on Patna, sending 'Abdullah Khán Fírúz-Jang and Rájah Bhím in advance towards Iláhábád. On their arrival at Chausá, Shamsí left Jaunpúr, and joined Mírzá Rustam (No. 9), Governor of the Çúbah of Iláhábád.
On Sháhjahán's accession, Shamsí was deposed, but allowed to retain his Mançab. A short time after, he was appointed to Súrat and Júnágaḍh, vice Beglar Khán. He died there in the 5th year of Sháhjahán's reign (1041).
Shámsí's son, Bahrám, was made by Sháhjahán a Commander of 1000, 500 horse (Pádisháhn. I., b., 309), and appointed to succeed his father. Whilst in Gujrát, he built a place called after him Bahrámpúrah. He died in the 18th year of Sháhjahán's reign (Pádisháhn. II., p. 733).
164. Mi´r Jama´luddi´n Husain, an Injú Sayyid.
From a remark in the Waççáf it appears that a part of Shíráz was called Injú; vide Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1868, p. 67 to p. 69.
Mír Jamáluddín Injú belongs to the Sayyids of Shíráz, who trace their descent to Qásim arrásí ibn i Hasan ibn i Ibráhím Ṭabáṭibá i Husainí. Mír Sháh Mahmúd and Mír Sháh Abú Turáb, two later members of this renowned family, were appointed during the reign of Sháh Ṭahmásp i Çafawí, at the request of the Chief Justice of Persia, Mír Shamsuddín Asadullah of Shushtar, the first as Shaikhul Islám of Persia, and the second as Qází-lquzát. Mír Jamáluddín is one of their cousins.
Mír Jamáluddín went to the Dak'hin, the kings of which had frequently intermarried with the Injús. He afterwards entered Akbar's service, took part in the Gujrát wars, and was present in the battle of Patan (p. 396). Later he was sent to Bengal. At the outbreak of the Military Revolt, he was with Muzaffar (Akbarnámah, III, p. 255). In the 30th year (993), he was made a Commander of Six Hundred, and accompanied, shortly after, A'zam Khán (No. 21) on his expedition to Gaḍha and Ráisín (Akbarn. III., 472). In the 36th year, he had a jágír in Málwah, and served under A'zam Khán in the Dak'hin. His promotion to the rank of a Hazárí took place in the 40th year. When in the 45th year the fort of A´sír had been conquered, 'A´dil Sháh, king of Bíjápúr wished to enter into a matrimonial alliance with Akbar, and offered his daughter to Prince Dányál. To settle matters, Akbar despatched the Mír in 1009 (Akbarn. III., 846) to the Dak'hin. But the marriage only took place in 1013, near Patan. After this, accompanied by the Historian Firishtah, he went to A´grah, in order to lay before the emperor ‘such presents and tribute, as had never before come from the Dak'hin.’
At the end of Akbar's reign, Mír J. was a Commander of Three Thousand. Having been a favorite of Prince Salím, he was promoted after the Prince's accession to the post of a Chahár-Hazárí, and received a naqqárah and a flag. When Khusrau rebelled, the Mír received the order to effect an understanding by offering Khusrau the kingdom of Kábul with the same conditions under which M. Muhammad Hakím, Akbar's brother, had held that province. But the Prince did not consent; and when he was subsequently made a prisoner (p. 414) and brought before his father, Hasan Beg (No. 167), Khusrau's principal agent, told Jahángír that all Amírs of the Court were implicated in the rebellion; Jamáluddín had only a short time ago asked him (Hasan Beg) to promise him an appointment as Panjhazárí. The Mír got pale and confused, when Mírzá 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) asked the emperor not to listen to such absurdities; Hasan Beg knew very well that he would have to suffer death and therefore tried to involve others; he himself ('Azíz) was the chief conspirator, and ready as such to undergo any punishment. Jahángír consoled the Mír, and appointed him afterwards Governor of Bihár. In the 11th year, Mír Jamál received the title of 'Azaduddaulah. On this occasion, he presented the emperor a dagger, inlaid with precious stones, the making of which he had himself superintended when at Bíjápúr. At the top of the handle, he had a yellow yáqút fixed, perfectly pure, of the shape of half an egg, and had it surrounded by other yáqúts and emeralds. The value was estimated at 50,000 Rupees.
In 1621, Jahángír pensioned him off, because he was too old, allowing him four thousand rupees per mensem. The highest rank that he had reached, was that of a brevet Panjhazárí with an actual command of Three Thousand and Five Hundred. In 1623, at the eighteenth anniversary of Jahángír's accession, he presented the emperor a copy of the great Persian Dictionary, entitled Farhang i Jahángírí, of which he was the compiler. The first edition of it had made its appearance in 1017.1
After having lived for some time in Bahráich, Mír Jamál returned to A´grah, where he died.
Mír Jamáluddín had two sons. 1. Mír Amínuddín. He served with his father, and married a daughter of 'Abdurrahím Khán Khánán (No. 29). He died when young.
2. Mír Husámuddín. He married the sister of Ahmad Beg Khán, brother's son of Ibráhím Khán Fath-Jang (Núr Jahán's brother). Jahángír made him Governor of A´sír, which fort he handed over to Prince Sháhjahán during his rebellion. On Sháhjahán's accession, he was made a Commander of 4000, with 3000 horse, received a present of 50,000 Rupees, and the title of Murtazá Khán. He was also made Governor of T'hat'hah, where he died in the second year (1039).
Mír Husám's sons—1. Çimçámuddaulah. He was made Díwán of Sháh Shujá' in the 21st year. In the 28th year, he was appointed Governor of Oṛísá with a command of 1500, and 500 horse. He died in the end of the same year. 2. Núrullah. He is mentioned in the Pádisháhnámah (I., b., p. 312) as a Commander of Nine Hundred, 300 horse.
165. Sayyid Ra´ju´, of Bárha.
Historians do not say to which of the four divisions (vide p. 391) of the Bárha clan Ráju belongs.
He served in the 21st year, under Mán Singh, and in the 28th year, under Jagannáth (No. 69), against the Ráná. While serving under the latter, Rájú commanded the Imperial garrison of Mandalgaṛh, and successfully conducted an expedition against a detachment of the Ráná's troops. In the 30th year, Jagannáth and Rájú attacked the Ráná in his residence; but he escaped.
Later, Rájú served under Prince Murád, Governor of Málwah, whom, in the 36th year, he accompanied in the war with Rájah Madhukar; but as the Prince was ordered by Akbar to return to Málwah, Rájú had to lead the expedition. In the 40th year, he served in the siege of Ahmadnagar. Once the enemies surprised the Imperialists, and did much damage to their cattle. Rájú attacked them, but was killed in the fight together with several of his relations (1003 A. H.).
166. Mi´r Shari´f i A´muli´.
His antecedents and arrival in India have been mentioned above on p. 176. In the 30th year, (993) Prince Mírzá Muhammad Hakím of Kábul died, and the country was annexed to India. Mír Sharíf was appointed Amín and Çadr of the new province. In the following year, he served under Mán Singh in Kábul. In the 36th year,1 he was appointed in the same capacity, though with more extensive powers, to Bihár and Bengal. In the 43rd year, he received Ajmír as aqṭá', and the Parganah of Mohán near Lak'hnau as tuyúl. During the siege of A´sír, he joined the Imperial camp with his contingent, and was well received by the emperor.
He is said to have risen to the rank of a Commander of Three Thousand. He was buried at Mohán. On his death, neither books nor official papers were found; his list of soldiers contained the names of his friends and clients, who had to refund him six months' wages per annum.
Jahángír in his memoirs (Tuzuk, p. 22) praises him very much.
The Ṭabaqát says, ‘Mír Sharíf belongs to the heretics of the age. He is well acquainted with çúfism, and is at present (1001) in Bihár.’
It was mentioned above (p. 177) that Mír Sharíf spread in India doctrines which resembled those of Mahmúd of Basakhwán.2 The curious sect which Mahmúd founded, goes by the name of Mahmúdiyah, or Wáhidiyah, or Nuqṭawiyah, or Umaná.3 Mahmúd called himself Shakhç i Wáhid, or ‘the individual,’ and professed to be the Imám Mahdí, whose appearance on earth ushers in the end of the world. According to the Calcutta edition of the Dabistán and Shea's Translation, he lived about 600 A. H.; but the MSS. of the Maásir have A. H. 800, which also agrees with Badáoní's statement that Mahmúd lived at the time of Timur. The sect found numerous adherents in I´rán, but was extinguished by Sháh 'Abbás i Mází,1 who killed them or drove them into exile.
Mahmúd had forced into his service a passage from the Qorán (Sur. XVII., 81), 'asá an yab'asaka rabbuka maqáman mahmúdan, ‘Peradventure thy Lord will raise thee to an honorable (mahmúd) station.’ He maintained that the human body (jasad) had since its creation been advancing in purity, and that on its reaching a higher degree of perfection, ‘Mahmúd’ would arise, as indicated in the passage from the Qorán, and with his appearance the dispensation of Muhammad would come to an end. He taught the transmigration of souls, and said that the beginning of every thing was the nuqṭah i khák, or earth-atom, from which the vegetables, and from these the animals, arose. The term nuqṭah i khák has given rise to their name Nuqṭawís. For other of Mahmúd's tenets, vide Shea's translation of the Dabistán, vol. III., pp. 12 to 26.
Some of Mahmúd's doctrines must have been of interest to Akbar, whose leanings towards the ‘man of the millennium,’ transmigration of souls, &c., have been mentioned above, and Mír Sharíf i A´mulí could not have done better than propounding the same doctrine at Court, and pointing to Akbar as the restorer of the millennium.
The author of the 'A´lam A´rái Sikandarí, as the Maásir says, mentions Mír Sharíf i A´mulí under the following circumstances. In 1002, the 7th year of Sháh 'Abbás i Mází's reign, the astrologers of the age predicted, in consequence of certain very inauspicious conjunctions, the death of a great king, and as this prediction was universally referred to Sháh 'Abbás, Jaláluddín Muhammad of Tabríz, who was looked upon as the greatest astronomer of the period, proposed that Sháh 'Abbás should lay aside royalty for the two or three days the dreaded conjunction was expected to last, and that a criminal who had been sentenced to death, should sit on the throne. This extraordinary expedient was everywhere approved of; the criminals threw lots, and Yúsuf the quiver-maker, who belonged to the heretical followers of Darwísh Khusrau of Qazwín, was raised to the throne. He reigned for three days, and was then killed. Soon after, Darwísh Khusrau was hanged. His ancestors had been well-diggers, but he was a dervish, and though he had been wise enough never to speak of his Nuqṭawiyah belief, he was known as one of the sect, and was accordingly killed. So also Mír Sayyid Ahmad of Káshán, whom 'Abbás killed with his own sword. Among his papers treatises were found on the Nuqṭah doctrine, and also a letter addressed to him by Abulfazl in Akbar's name. Mír Sharíf i A´mulí, a good poet and the head of the sect, heard of these persecutions, and fled from Astrábád to Hindústán.
Regarding the last sentence, the author of the Maásir remarks that it involves an anachronism, for Mír Sharíf was in India in 984, when Akbar was at Dípálpúr in Málwah; and besides, Sharíf i A´mulí was mentioned in no Tazkirah as a poet.
167. Hasan Beg [Kha´n i Badakhshi´] Shaikh 'Umari´.1
Hasan Beg was a good soldier. In the 34th year, Akbar, after his stay in Kashmír,
marched to Zábulistán, and passed through the district of Pak'halí, ‘which is 35
kos long and 25 broad, and lies west of Kashmír. In Pak'halí, Sulṭán Husain Khán
i Pak'halíwál (No. 301) paid his respects. This Zamíndár belonged to the descendants
of the Qárlyghs (
In the beginning of Jahángír's reign, he was called from Kábul to Court. On his way, at Mat'hurá (Muttra), Hasan Beg met Prince Khusrau, who had fled from A´grah on Sunday, the 8th Zí Hajjah, 1014.3 From distrust as to the motives of the emperor which led to his recall from Kábul, or “from the innate wickedness of Badakhshís,” he joined the Prince with his three hundred Badakhshí troopers, received the title of Khán Bábá, and got the management of all affairs. Another officer who attached himself to Khusrau, was 'Abdurrahím, Díwán of Láhor. After the defeat near Bhairoṉwál on the Biáh,4 the Afgháns who were with the Prince, advised him to retreat to the Eastern provinces of the empire; but Hasan Beg proposed to march to Kábul, which, he said, had always been the starting-place of the conquerors of India; he had, moreover, four lacs of rupees in Rohtás, which were at the Prince's service. Hasan Beg's counsel was ultimately adopted. But before he could reach Rohtás, Khusrau was captured on the Chanáb. On the 3rd Çafar 1015, the Prince, Hasan Beg, and 'Abdurrahím, were taken before Jahángír in the Bágh i Mírzá Kámrán, a villa near Láhor, Khusrau himself, according to Chingiz's law (batorah i Chingízí), with his hands tied and fetters on his feet. Hasan Beg after making a useless attempt to incriminate others (p. 451), was put into a cow-hide, and 'Abdurrahím into a donkey's skin, and in this state they were tied to donkeys, and carried through the bazars. ‘As cow-hides get sooner dry than donkey-skins,’ Hasan died after a few hours from suffocation; but 'Abdurrahím was after 24 hours still alive, and received, at the request of several courtiers, free pardon.1 The other accomplices and the troopers of Khusrau were impaled; their corpses were arranged in a double row along the road which leads from the Bágh i Mírzá Kámrán to the Fort of Láhor, and Khusrau, seated on a sorry elephant, was led along that way. People had been posted at short intervals, and pointing to the corpses, kept calling out to Khusrau, “Behold, your friends, your servants, do you homage.”
Hasan Beg was mentioned above on p. 346. His son Isfandiyár Khán, was under Sháhjahán, a commander of 1500. He served in Bengal, and died in the 16th year of Sháhjahán's reign (Pádisháhn. I., 476; I., b., 304) The 'A´rif Beg i Shaikh 'Umarí mentioned in the Pádisháhn. (I., b., 319) appears to be a relation of his.
168. Sheroyah Kha´n, son of Sher Afkan Khán.
Sher Afkan Khán was the son of Qúch Beg. Qúch Beg served under Humáyún, and was killed in the successful attempt made by several grandees to save Maryam Makání, Akbar's mother, after the fatal battle of Chausá (vide No. 96, p. 410). When Humáyún fled to Persia, Sher Afkan remained with Mírzá Kámrán in Kábul; but he joined the emperor on his return from I´rán, and was made governor of Qalát. Later he received Zahák-Bámiyán as jágír, but went again over to Kámrán. Humáyún, soon after, captured and killed him.
Sheroyah Khán served at first under Mun'im (No. 11) in Bengal and Oṛísá. In the 26th year, he was appointed to accompany Prince Murád to Kábul. In the 28th year, he served under 'Abdurrahím (No. 29) in Gujrát, and was present in the battle of Sarkich (Akbarnámah III., 408, 422). In the 30th year, he served under Maṭlab Khán (No. 83) against Jalálah Táríkí (p. 403). In the 39th year, he was made a Khán, and was appointed to Ajmír. According to the Ṭabaqát, he was a Hazárí in 1001.
169. Nazar Be Uzbak.
The Akbarnámah (III., p. 500) says, ‘On the same day2 Nazar Be, and his sons Qanbar Be, Shádí Be (No. 367), and Báqí Be (No. 368), were presented at Court, and were favourably received by the emperor.’
Shádí Be distinguished himself in the expedition under Maṭlab Khán (No. 83) against the Táríkís. He may be the Shádí Khán Shádí Beg, mentioned in the Pádisháhnámah (I., b., 308) as a commander of One Thousand. Be is the abbreviation of Beg. Nazar Be is not to be confounded with Nazar Beg (No. 247).
170. Jala´l Kha´n, son of Muhammad Khán, son of Sulṭán A´dam, the Gakk'har.
171. Muba´rak Kha´n, son of Kamál Khán, the Gakk'har.
The Gakk'hars are a tribe inhabiting, according to the Maásir, the hilly districts
between the Bahat and the Indus.1
At the time of Zainul'ábidín, king of Kashmír,
a Ghaznín noble of the name of Malik Kid (
It is stated in the Ṭabaqát that Kamál Khán was a commander of Five Thousand, distinguished for courage and bravery, and died in 972.2
Mubárak Khan and Jalál Khán served in the 30th year under Mírzá Sháhrukh, Bhagwán Dás, and Sháh Qulí Mahram, in Kashmír (Akbarnámah, III, 485). The Ṭabaqát calls both, as also Sa'íd Khán, commanders of Fifteen Hundred. A daughter of Sa'íd Khán was married to Prince Salím; vide No. 225, note.
172. Ta´sh Beg Kha´n Mughul, [Táj Khán].
Tásh Beg served at first under Mírzá Muhammad Hakím, king of Kábul, and entered, after the death of his master, Akbar's service. He received a jágír in the Panjáb. According to the Akbarnámah (III, 489), he went with Bír Baṛ (No. 85) to Sawád and Bijor, and distinguished himself under 'Abdul Maṭlab (No. 83) against the Táríkís (III, 541).
In the 40th year, he operated against the 'I´sá Khail Afgháns, though with little success. Two years later, he served under A´çaf Khán (No. 98) in the conquest of Mau, and received the title of Táj Khán. When Rájah Bású again rebelled (47th year), Khwájah Sulaimán, Bakhshí of the Panjáb, was ordered to march against him with the contingents of Qulij Khán (No. 42), Husain Beg i Shaikh 'Umarí (No. 167), Ahmad Beg i Kábulí (No. 191), and Táj Khán. Without waiting for the others, T. Kh. moved to Paṭhán. Whilst pitching his tents, Jamíl Beg, T. Kh.'s son, received news of Bású's approach. He hastily attacked him, and was killed with fifty men of his father's contingent.
Jahángír on his accession, promoted him to a command of 3000. In the second year of his reign, he officiated as governor of Kábul till the arrival of Sháh Beg Khán (No. 57). He was afterwards appointed governor of T'hat'hah, where he died in the ninth year (1023).
173. Shaikh 'Abdullah, son of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus [of Gwáliár].
Shaikh 'Abdullah at first lived a retired and saintly life, but entered subsequently the Emperor's service. He distinguished himself, and is said to have risen to the dignity of a commander of Three Thousand. He died when young.
His brother Ziáullah lived as Faqír, and studied during the lifetime of his father under the renowned saint Wajíhuddín in Gujrát, who himself was a pupil of Muhammad Ghaus.
Biographies of Muhammad Ghaus (died 970 at A´grah, buried in Gwáliár) will be found in the Maásir, Badáoní (III., p. 4), and the Khazínatullaçfiá (p. 969). He was disliked by Bairám Khán, Shaikh Gadáí, and Shaikh Mubárak, Abulfazl's father. Vide also Maásir i 'A´lamgírí, p. 166.
174. Ra´jah Ra´jsingh, son of Rájah Askaran, the Kachhwáhah.
Rájah Askaran is a brother of Rájah Bihárí Mall (No. 23). He served in the 22nd year with Çádiq Khán (No. 43) against Rájah Madhukar of U´ṉḍchah,1 and in the 25th year under Todar Mall in Bihár. In the 30th year, he was made a commander of One Thousand, and served in the same year under 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) in the Dak'hin. In the 31st year, when Akbar appointed two officers to each çúbah, Askaran and Shaikh Ibráhím (No. 82) were appointed to A´grah. In the 33rd year, he served a second time against Rájah Madhukar under Shiháb Khán (No. 26), and died soon after.
Abulfazl has not given his name in this list of grandees. The Ṭabaqát says he was a commander of Three Thousand.
Ráj Sing, his son, received the title of Rájah after the death of his father. He served for a long time in the Dak'hin, was called in the 44th year to Court, and was appointed commandant of Gwáliár. In the 45th year, he joined the Imperial army, which under Akbar besieged Fort A´sír. In the 47th year, he pursued, together with Rái Ráyán Patr Dás (No. 196), the notorious Bir Singh Deo Bundelah, who at Jahángír's instigation had murdered Abulfazl. For his distinguished services in the operations against the Bundelah clan, he was promoted, and held, in the 50th year, the rank of a commander of 4000, 3000 horse. In the 3rd year, of Jahángír's reign, he served in the Dak'hin, where he died in 1024 (10th year).
Rám Dás, his son, was a Commander of 1000, 400 horse. He received, in the 12th year, the title of Rájah, and was made, in the same year, a commander of 1500, 700 horse.
One of his grandsons, Prasuttam Singh, turned Muhammadan in the 6th year of Sháhjahán's reign, and received the name of 'Ibádatmand.2
175. Rai´ Bhoj, son of Rái Surjan Háḍá (No. 96).
When Búndí, in the 22nd year, was taken from Daudá, elder brother of Rái Bhoj, the latter was put in possession of it. Bhoj served under Mán Singh against the Afgháns of Oṛísá, and under Shaikh Abulfazl in the Dak'hin (Akbarn. III., 851, 855).
His daughter was married to Jagat Singh (No. 160).
In the first year of his reign, Jahángír wished to marry Jagat Singh's daughter. Rái Bhoj, her grandfather, refused to give his consent, and Jahángír resolved to punish him on his return from Kábul. But Rái Bhoj, in the end of 1016, committed suicide. The marriage, however, took place on the 4th Rabí' I., 1017, (Tuzuk, pp. 68, 69).
It is said that Rá'thor and Kachhwáhah princesses entered the imperial Harem; but no Háḍá princess was ever married to a Timuride.
176. Sher Khwa´jah.
He belonged to the Sayyids of Itáwah (
In the 30th year, Sh. Kh. served under Sa'íd Khán Chaghtái (No. 25) against the Yúsufzaís, and afterwards under Sulṭán Murád in the Dak'hin. In the 40th year, the Prince sent him with a corps to Paṭan, where he distinguished himself against Ikhláç Khán. He continued to serve in the Dak'hin under Abulfazl. In the engagement near Bír he was wounded. He entered the town victoriously, but was besieged. From want of provisions, his men had to subsist on horse-flesh. As in consequence of the swelling of the Gangá (Godávarí) he did not expect assistance from the north, he resolved to try a last sortie and perish, when Abulfazl arrived and raised the siege, Abulfazl proposed to leave his own son 'Abdurrahmán at Bír; but Sh. Kh. refused to quit his post. In the 46th year, he received a drum and a flag.
Sh. Kh. remained in favour during the reign of Jahángír. He was with the emperor when Mahábat Khán near the Bahat had taken possession of Jahángír's person. After Jahángír's death, he served with A´çaf Khán against Shahryár in Láhor.
In the 1st year of Sháhjahán's reign, he was made a commander of 4000, with 1000 horse, and received the title of Khwájah Báqí Khán. He was also appointed governor of T'hat'hah, vice Mírzá 'I´sá Tarkhán (p. 363). He died on his way to his province in 1037. Pádisháhn., I., 181, 200.
His son Khwájah Háshim was made a commander of 500 (Pádisháhnámah, I., b., 327). Another son, Asadullah, is mentioned as a commander of 900, 300 horse, (Pádisháhn. II., 738).
177. Mi´rza´ Khurram, son of Khán i A'zam Mírzá 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21).
He has been mentioned above, p. 328.
178. Quraish Sulta´n, son of 'Abdurrashíd Khán, king of Káshghar.
182. Sulta´n 'Abdullah, brother (by another mother) of Quraish Sulṭán.
310. Sha´h Muhammad, son of Quraish Sulṭán.
Quraish Sulṭán is a descendant of Chingiz Khán.1 His genealogical tree is given in the Akbarnámah (III., 584) and the Táríkh i Rashídí as follows:—
| 1. Chingiz Khán. | ||
| 2. Chaghtái Khán. | ||
| 3. Mawátkán (second son of Chaghtái Khán). | ||
| 4. |
||
| 5. Yaráq Khán (called after his conversion Sulṭán Ghiásuddín). | ||
| 6. Dawá Khán.1 | ||
| 7. Alsínúqá, or Alsánúqá, Khán. | ||
| 8. Tughluq Timur Khán. | ||
| 9. Khizr Khwájah Khán2 (father-in-law of Timur). | ||
| 10. (a.) Muhammad Khán (b.) Sham' Jahán Khán (c.) Naqsh Jahán Khán. | ||
| 11. (a.) Sher Muhammad Khán. (b.) Sher 'Alí Ughlán. | ||
| 12. Uwais Khán, son of Sher 'Alí Ughlán. | ||
| 13. Yúnas Khán, father of Bábar's mother. | ||
| 14. Sulṭán Ahmad Khán, known as Alánchah Khán. | ||
| 15. Sulṭán Abú Sa'íd Khán. | ||
| 16. 'Abdurrashíd Khán. | ||
| 17. (1) 'Abdul Karím Khán. | (2) Quraish Sulṭán (No. 178). | (3) Sulṭán 'Abdullah (No. 178). |
| (1) Sháh Muhammad (No. 310). | ||
| (2) Khudábandah. | ||
After the death of 'Abdurrashíd Khán (16.), 'Abdulkarím Khán, elder brother of Quraish Sulṭán, succeeded to the throne of Káshghar. He treated his relations well, partly in fulfilment of his father's wish, partly from natural benevolence. But Khudábandah, son of Quraish Sulṭán, quarrelled with Muhammad Khán, his uncle, and Khudábandah occupied the town of Ṭarfán. 'Abdulkarím, doubting the loyalty of his relations, ordered Quraish Sulṭán to go to Makkah. Q. went first with his family to Badakhshán and Balkh, and lastly, with the permission of 'Abdullah Khán of Túrán, to Hindústán. He met Akbar, in the 34th year, at Shihábuddínpúr, when the emperor was just returning from Kashmír, was well received, and appointed to a command of Seven Hundred.
Quraish died in the 37th year, (1000) at Hájípúr.
179. Qara´ Baha´dur, son of Mírzá Mahmúd, who is the paternal uncle of Mírzá Haidar [Gurgání].
Like the preceding, Qará Bahádur belonged to the royal family of Káshghar. Mírzá Haidar's father, Muhammad Husain, was the son of Bábar's maternal aunt.
Mírzá Haidar,3 during his stay in Káshghar, had accompanied the son of Sulṭán Abú Sa'íd on several expeditions to Kashmír, and had thus acquired some knowledge of the people and the state of that province. He subsequently went over Badakhshán to India, and arrived at Láhor, where Mírzá Kámrán made him his náib during his absence on an expedition to Qandahár, which the Sháh of Persia had taken from Khwájah Kalán Beg. M. Haidar afterwards accompanied Kámrán to A´grah, and tried on several occasions to persuade Humáyún, to take possession of Kashmír. When the emperor after his second defeat by Sher Sháh retreated to Láhor, he gave M. Haidar a small corps and sent him to Kashmír. The country being in a distracted state, M. H. took possession of it without bloodshed, and ruled as absolute king for ten years. But afterwards he ordered the khuṭbah to be read, and coins to be struck, in Humáyún's name. He was killed in 958 by some treacherous Kashmírís.
The father of Qará Bahádur was Mírzá Mahmúd; hence Q. B. was M. Haidar's cousin. As he had been with M. H. in Kashmír, Akbar, in the 6th year, ordered him to re-conquer the province, and gave him a large corps. But Q. B. delayed his march, and when he arrived in the hot season at Rájor, he found the passes fortified. Soon afterwards, he was attacked and defeated by Ghází Khán, who had usurped the throne of Kashmír. Q. B. discomfited returned to Akbar.
In the 9th year, he accompanied the emperor to Málwah, and was appointed, on Akbar's return, governor of Mandú. He died soon after.
For a relation of Qará Bahádur, vide No. 183.
180. Muzaffar Husain Mi´rza´, son of Ibráhím Husain Mírzá, [son of Muhammad Sulṭán Mírzá].
Muzaffar Husain Mírzá is a Timuride. His tree is as follows:—
| 'Umar Shaikh Mírzá (second son of Timur). | |||
| Mírzá Báiqrá. | |||
| Mírzá Mançúr. | |||
| M. Báiqrá. | |||
| Wais Mírzá. | |||
| Muhammad Sulṭán Mírzá. | |||
| (1) Ulugh Mírzá. | (2) Sháh Mírzá. | (3) Ibráhím Husain M. | (4) Muhammad Husain M. |
| (5) Mas'úd Husain M. | |||
| (6) 'A´qil Husain M. | |||
| (1) Sikandar Mírzá, sive Ulugh Mírzá. | Muzaffar Husain | ||
| (2) Mahmúd Sulṭán M., sive Sháh Mírzá. | Mírzá. (No. 180.) | ||
The mother of Muhammad Sulṭán Mírzá was the daughter of the renowned Sulṭán Husain Mírzá, king of Khurásán, at whose court Muhammad Sulṭán Mírzá held a place of distinction. After Sulṭán Husain's death, Muhammad Sulṭán Mírzá went to Bábar, who treated him with every distinction. Humáyún also favoured him, though on several occasions he rebelled, and extended his kindness to his sons, Ulugh Mírzá and Sháh Mírzá, who had given him repeatedly cause of dissatisfaction. Ulugh Mírzá was killed in the expedition against the Hazárahs, and Sháh Muhammad died, soon after, a natural death.
Ulugh Mírzá had two sons, Sikandar Mírzá and Mahmúd Sulṭán Mírzá; but Humáyún changed their names, and gave Sikandar the name of Ulugh Mírzá, and Mahmúd Sulṭán Mírzá that of Sháh Mírzá.
As Muhammad Sulṭán Mírzá was old, Akbar excused him from attending at Court (taklíf i bár), and gave him the parganah of A'zampúr in Sambhal as a pension. He also bestowed several other places upon his grandsons Ulugh and Sháh Mírzá. At A'zampúr, in his old age, Muhammad Sulṭán M. had four other sons born to him— 1. Ibráhím Husain Mírzá, 2. Muhammad Husain Mírzá, 3. Mas'úd Husain Mírzá, and 4. 'A´qil Husain Mírzá.
In the 11th year of Akbar's reign, Mírzá Muhammad Hakím, king of Kábul, invaded India and besieged Láhor; and when Akbar marched against him, Ulugh M. and Sháh M. rebelled. They were joined in their revolt by their (younger) uncles Ibráhím Husain M. and Muhammad Husain M. The rebellious Mírzás went plundering from Sambhal to Khán Zamán (No. 13) at Jaunpúr; but as they could not agree with him, they marched on Dihlí, and from there invaded Málwah, the governor of which, Muhammad Qulí Khán Barlás (No. 31), was with the emperor. The consequence of their revolt was, that Akbar imprisoned the old Muhammad Sulṭán Mírzá. He died a short time after in his prison at Biánah. In the 12th year, when Akbar had defeated and killed Khán Zamán, and conquered Chítor, he made Shiháb Khán (No. 26) governor of Málwah, and ordered him to punish the Mírzás.
About this time Ulugh M. died. The other Mírzás unable to withstand Shiháb Khán, fled to Chingiz Khán (p. 386), who then ruled over a portion of Gujrát. Chingiz Khán was at war with I'timád Khán (No. 67) of Ahmadábád; and as the Mírzás had rendered him good service, he gave them Bahroṉch as jágír. But their behaviour in that town was so cruel, that Chingiz Khán had to send a corps against them. Though the Mírzás defeated his troops, they withdrew to Khándesh, and re-entered Málwah. They were vigorously attacked by Ashraf Khán (No. 74), Çádiq Khán (No. 43), and others, who besieged Rantanbhúr (13th year), and were pursued to the Narbadá, where many soldiers of the Mírzás perished in crossing. In the meantime Chingiz Khán had been murdered by Jhujhár Khán, and as Gujrát was in a state of disorder, the Mírzás, with litte fighting, occupied Champánír, Bahroṉch, and Súrat.
In the 17th year, Akbar entered Gujrát and occupied Ahmadábád. Dissensions having broken out among the Mírzás, Ibráhím Husain M. left Bahroṉch, and arrived at a place 8 miles from Akbar's camp. Most of Akbar's Amírs had the day before been sent away towards Súrat in search of Muhammad Husain M. Hearing of Ibráhím Husain's arrival, the emperor despatched Shahbáz Khán (No. 80) after the Amírs, whilst he himself marched to the Mahindrí River, where it flows past the town of Sarnál. Akbar had about 40 men with him, few of whom had armour; but when the Amírs returned, the number rose to about 200. The signal of attack was given, and after a hard fight, Ibráhím Husain M. was defeated. He fled towards A´grah, whilst his wife, Gulrukh Begum, a daughter of Mírzá Kámrán, on hearing of his defeat, fled with Muzaffar Husain Mírzá, from Súrat to the Dak'hin.
Akbar now resolved to invest Súrat, and left M. 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) with a garrison in Ahmadábád, ordering at the same time Quṭbuddín (No. 28) to join 'Azíz with the Málwah contingent. Muhammad Husain M. and Sháh M. thereupon united their troops with those of Sher Khán Fúládí, a Gujrátí noble, and besieged Paṭan. 'Azíz marched against them, and defeated them (p. 396). Muhammad Husain M. then withdrew to the Dak'hin.
Ibráhím Husain M. and his younger brother Mas'úd Husain M. having met with resistance at Nágor (p. 357), invaded the Panjáb. The governor, Husain Qulí Khán (No. 24), at that time besieged Nagarkoṭ, and hearing of the inroad of the Mírzás, made peace with the Rájah, attacked the rebels, defeated them, and captured Mas'úd. Ibráhím Husain fled towards Multán, and was soon afterwards wounded and captured by some Balúchís. He then fell into the hands of Sa'íd Khán (No. 25), and died of his wounds.
After Akbar's return to A´grah, Muhammad Husain Mírzá left the Dak'hin, invaded Gujrát, and took possession of several towns. He was defeated at Kambháit by Naurang Khán (p. 334), and joined the party of Ikhtiyárulmulk and the sons of Sher Khán Fúládí. They then marched against Ahmadábád, and besieged M. 'Azíz Kokah. To relieve him, Akbar hastened in forced marches from A´grah to Paṭan, and arrived, on the 5th Jumáda I, 981 (p. 416), with about 1000 horse, at a place 3 kos from Ahmadábád. Leaving Ikhtiyár to continue the siege, Muhammad Husain opposed the emperor, but was defeated and wounded. In his flight his horse fell over a bramble, when two troopers captured him, and led him to Akbar. Each of the two men claimed the customary reward, and when Bír Baṛ, at Akbar's request, asked Muhammad Husain which of the two had taken him prisoner, he said, “The salt of the emperor has caught me; for those two could not have done it.” Ikhtiyár on hearing of the defeat and capture of Muhammad Husain, raised the siege, and fled with his 5000 troopers. Akbar at once pursued him. Ikhtiyár got detached from his men, and in jumping over a shrub fell with his horse to the ground, when Suhráb Turkmán who was after him, cut off his head, and took it to the emperor. Muhammad Husain also had, in the meantime, been executed by Rái Singh (No. 44), whom Akbar had put over him.
Sháh Mírzá had fled in the beginning of the battle.
In the 22nd year, Muzaffar Husain Mírzá, whom his mother had taken to the Dak'hin, entered Gujrát and created disturbances. He was defeated by Rájah Todar Mall and Vazír Khán (p. 353), and fled to Júnágaḍh. When the Rájah had gone, Muzaffar besieged Vazír in Ahmadábád. During the siege he managed to attach Vazír's men to his cause, and was on the point of entering the town, when a cannon ball killed Mihr 'Alí Kolábí, who had led the young Muzaffar into rebellion. This so affected Muzaffar, that he raised the siege, though on the point of victory, and withdrew to Nazrbár. Soon after, he was captured by Rájah 'Alí of Khándesh, and handed over to Akbar. He was kept for some time in prison; but as he shewed himself loyal, Akbar, in the 36th year, released him, and married him to his eldest daughter, the Sulṭán Khánum. He also gave him Sirkár Qanauj as tuyúl. Muzaffar, however, was addicted to the pleasures of wine, and when complaints were brought to Akbar, he cancelled the tuyúl, and again imprisoned him. But he soon after set him at liberty. In the 45th year (1008), when Akbar besieged A´sír, he sent Muzaffar to besiege Fort Lalang. But he quarrelled with Khwájah Fathullah, and one day, he decamped for Gujrát. His companions deserted him; and dressing himself in the garb of a faqír, he wandered about between Súrat and Baglánah, when he was caught by Khwájah Waisí and taken before the emperor. After having been imprisoned for some time, he was let off in the 46th year. He died, not long after, a natural death.
His sister, Núrunnisá, was married to Prince Salím (vide No. 225, note). Gulrukh Begum, Muzaffar's mother, was still alive in 1023, when she was visited on her sick-bed by Jahángír at Ajmír.
181. Qundu´q Kha´n, brother of the well-known Bairám Oghlán.
The Akbarnámah (I., 411) mentions a Qundúq Sulṭán, who accompanied Humáyún on his march to India.
For Qundúq, some MSS. read Qundúz. A grandee of this name served in Bengal under Mun'im, and died at Gaur (p. 376).
182. Sulta´n 'Abdullah, brother (by another mother) of Quraish Sulṭán (No. 178).
183. Mi´rza´ 'Abdurrahma´n, son of Mírzá Haidar's brother (vide No. 179).
184. Qiya´ Kha´n, son of Çáhib Khán.
In the Ṭabaqát and the Akbarnámah he is generally called
Qiyá served under Shamsuddín Atgah against Bairám (p. 317). He was also present in the battle of Sárangpúr (vide No. 120).
185. Darba´r Kha´n, 'Ináyat [ullah], son of Takaltú Khán, the Reader.
Darbár's father was Sháh Ṭahmásp's reader. 'Ináyat, on his arrival in India, was appointed to the same post by Akbar, and received the title of Darbár Khán. He served in the 9th year (end of 971) in Málwah, and in the 12th year, in the last war with Khán Zamán. He accompanied the emperor to Rantanbhúr, and when Akbar, in the 14th year, after the conquest of the fort, made a pilgrimage to the tomb of Mu'ín i Chishtí in Ajmír, Darbár Khán took sick leave, and died on his arrival at A´grah.
According to his dying wish—to the disgust of the author of the Maásir—he was buried in the mausoleum of one Akbar's dogs, which he had built. The dog had shewn great attachment to its imperial master.
186. 'Abdurrahma´n, son of Muayyid Dúldai.
The name Dúldai had been explained above on p. 388. 'Abdurrahmán's great grandfather, Mír Sháh Malik, had served under Timur. 'Abdurrahmán was killed in a fight with the Bihár rebel Dalpat. Vide under his son Barkhurdár, No. 328, and under No. 146. Another son is mentioned below, No. 349.
187. Qa´sim 'Ali´ Kha´n.
When Akbar, in the 10th year, moved against Khán Zamán (No. 13), Qásim 'Alí Khán held Gházípúr. In the 17th year, he served in the siege of Súrat, and in the following year, with Khán 'A´lam (No. 58) in the conquest of Patna under Mun'im. For some reason he returned to Court, and took Shujá'at Khán (No. 51) a prisoner to Mun'im, whom he had slandered. In the 22nd year, he served under Çádiq (No. 43) against Madhukar Bundelah, and in the 25th year, under 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) in Bihár. In the 26th year, he was employed to settle the affairs of Hájí Begum, daughter of the brother of Humáyún's mother (tagháí zádah i wálidah i Jannat-ástání), who after her return from Makkah (p. 441) had been put in charge of Humáyún's tomb in Dihlí, where she died. In the 31st year, when Akbar appointed two officers for each çúbah, Q. A. and Fath Khán Tughluq were sent to Audh. He returned, in the 35th year, from Khairábád to Court, and soon after received Kálpí as jágír. ‘Nothing also is known of him.’1 Maásir. For his brother, vide No. 390.
188. Ba´z Baha´dur, son of Sharíf Khán (No. 63).
Vide above p. 383.
189. Sayyid 'Abdullah Kha´n, son of Mír Khwánandah.
Some MSS. have ‘Khwánd’ instead of ‘Khwánandah.’ Sayyid 'Abdullah had been brought up at Court. In the 9th year, he served in the pursuit of 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak. In the 17th year, he was with the Khán i Kalán (No. 16) in the first Gujrát war. Later, he served under Mun'im in Bengal, and was with Khán 'A´lam (No. 58) in the battle of Takaroí (p. 375). In 984, he brought the news of Dáúd's defeat and death at A´gmahall (p. 331) to Akbar. During the Bengal military revolt, he served under Mírzá 'Azíz (No. 21) and under Shahbáz Khán (No. 80), chiefly against Ma'çúm i Farankhúdí (No. 157). In the 31st year, Akbar sent him to Qásim Khán (No. 59) in Kashmír. In the 34th year (997), he was one night surprised by a body of Kashmírís, and killed with nearly three hundred Imperialists.
190. Dha´ru´, son of Rájah Todar Mall (No. 39).
Vide above p. 352.
191. Ahmad Beg i Ka´buli´.
Ahmad Beg traces his origin to Mír Ghiásuddín Tarkhán, a Chaghtái noble who served under Timur. Like Sháh Beg (No. 57), Táj Khán (No. 172), Abul Qasim (No. 199), Ma'çúm Khán (p. 431, note 1), and Takhtah Beg (No. 195), A. B. entered, after M. Muhammad Hakím's death, Akbar's service. He was made a commander of 700, and received, in 1003, on the removal of Yúsuf Khán i Razawí (No. 35), a jágír in Kashmír. He married the sister of Ja'far Beg A´çaf Khán (No. 98).
During the reign of Jahángír, he rose to the post of a commander of 3000, and received the title of Khán, and also a flag. He was for some time governor of Kashmír. On his removal, he went to court, and died.
From the Tuzuk we see that Ahmad Beg in the first year of Jahángír, was made a commander of 2000, and held Pasháwar as jágír. In the second year, he was ordered to punish the Afghán tribes in Bangash, and was for his services there promoted, in the 5th year, to a command of 2500. In the 9th year, in consequence of complaints made by Qulij Khán (No. 42), he was called to court, and confined in Fort Rantanbhúr (Tuzuk, p. 136). In the following year, he was released (l. c., p. 146), and sent to Kashmír (l. c., p. 149).
Ahmad Beg's sons, especially his second eldest, were all distinguished soldiers. They are—
1. Muhammad Mas'úd (eldest son). He was killed in the war with the Táríkís. His son, Ardsher, was a commander of 1000, 600 horse, and died in the 18th year of Sháhj.'s reign.
2. Sa'íd Khán Bahádur Zafar-jang (second son). He rose during the reign of Sháhjahán to the high dignity of a commander of 7000, and distinguished himself in every war. He was governor of Kábul, the Panjáb, and Bihár. He died on the 2nd Çafar, 1062. Of his twenty-two sons, the two eldest, Khánahzád Khán and Luṭfullah, were killed in the Balkh war, where Sa'íd also was severely wounded. Two other sons, 'Abdullah and Fathullah, rose to high commands.
3. Mukhliçullah Khán, Iftikhár Khán. He rose under Sháhjahán to a command of 2000, 1000 horse, and was Faujdár of Jammú (Pádisháhn. I., p. 258), and died in the 4th year of Sháhj.'s reign.
4. Abul Baqá. He was the younger brother (by the same mother) of Sa'íd, under whom he served. He was thánahdár of Lower Bangash. In the 15th year, after the Qandahár expedition, he got the title of Iftikhár Khán, at the same time that his elder brother received that of Zafar-jang, and was made a commander of 1500, 1000 horse.
192. Haki´m 'Ali´, of Gílán.
'Alí came poor and destitute from Persia to India, but was fortunate enough to become in course of time a personal attendant (mulázim) and friend of Akbar. Once the emperor tried him by giving him several bottles of urine of sick and healthy people, and even of animals. To his satisfaction, 'Alí correctly distinguished the different kinds. In 988, he was sent as ambassador to 'Alí 'A´dil Sháh of Bíjápúr, and was well received; but before he could be sent back with presents for his master, 'A´dil Sháh suddenly died.1
In the 39th year, Hakím 'Alí constructed the wonderful reservoir (hauz), which is so often mentioned by Mughul historians. A staircase went to the bottom of the reservoir, from where a passage led to an adjoining small room, six gaz square, and capable of holding ten or twelve people. By some contrivance, the water of the reservoir was prevented from flowing into the chamber. When Akbar dived to the bottom of the reservoir and passed into the room, he found it lighted up, and furnished with cushions, sleeping apparel, and a few books. Breakfast was also provided.
In the 40th year, 'Alí was a commander of 700, and had the title of Jálínús uzzamání, ‘the Galenus of the age.’ His astringent mixtures enjoyed a great reputation at Court.
He treated Akbar immediately before his death. It is said that the Emperor died of dysentry or acute diarrhœa, which no remedies could stop. 'Alí had at last recourse to a most powerful astringent, and when the dysentry was stopped, costive fever and strangury ensued. He therefore administered purgatives, which brought back the diarrhœa, of which Akbar died. The first attack was caused, it is said, by worry and excitement on account of the behaviour of Prince Khusrau at an elephant fight. Salím (Jahángír) had an elephant of the name of Giránbár, who was a match for every elephant of Akbar's stables, but whose strength was supposed to be equal to that of A´brúp, one of Khusrau's elephants. Akbar therefore wished to see them fight for the championship, which was done. According to custom, a third elephant, Rantahman, was selected as ṭabánchah, i. e., he was to assist either of the two combatants when too severely handled by the other. At the fight, Akbar and Prince Khurram (Sháhjahán) sat at a window, whilst Salím and Khusrau were on horseback in the arena. Giránbár completely worsted A´brúp, and as he mauled him too severely, the ṭabánchah elephant was sent off to A´brúp's assistance. But Jahángír's men, anxious to have no interference, pelted Rantahman with stones, and wounded the animal and the driver. This annoyed Akbar, and he sent Khurram to Salím to tell him not to break the rules, as in fact all elephants would once be his. Salím said that the pelting of stones had never had his sanction, and Khurram, satisfied with the explanation, tried to separate the elephants by means of fireworks, but in vain. Unfortunately Rantahman also got worsted by Giránbár, and the two injured elephants ran away, and threw themselves into the Jamnah. This annoyed Akbar more; but his excitement was intensified, when at that moment Khusrau came up, and abused in unmeasured terms his father in the presence of the emperor. Akbar withdrew, and sent next morning for 'Alí, to whom he said that the vexation caused by Khusrau's bad behaviour had made him ill.
In the end of 1017, Jahángír also visited 'Alí's reservoir, and made him a commander of 2000. He did not long enjoy his promotion, and died on the 5th Muharram, 1018. Jahángír says of him (Tuzuk, p. 74) that he excelled in Arabic, and composed a commentary to the Qánún. “But his subtlety was greater than his knowledge, his looks better than his walk of life, his behaviour better than his heart; for in reality he was a bad and unprincipled man.” Once Jahángír hinted that 'Alí had killed Akbar. On the other side it is said that he spent annually 6000 Rupees on medicines for the poor.1
He had a son, known as Hakím 'Abdulwahháb. He held a mançab. In the 15th year of Jahángír's reign, he claimed from certain Sayyids in Láhor the sum of 80,000 Rs. which, he said, his father had lent them. He supported his claim by a certificate with the seal of a Qází on it, and the statements of two witnesses. The Sayyids who denied all knowledge, seeing that the case went against them, appealed to the emperor. Jahángír ordered A´çaf Khán (No. 98) to investigate the case. 'Abdulwahháb got afraid, and tried to evade the investigation by proposing to the Sayyids a compromise. This looked suspicious, and A´çaf by cross-questioning found that the claim was entirely false. He therefore reported 'Abdulwahháb, and the emperor deprived him of his mançab and jágír. He seems to have been afterwards restored to favor; for in the Pádisháhnámah (I, 6., 328) he is mentioned as a commander of 500, 50 horse.
193. Gu´jar Kha´n, son of Quṭbuddín Khán Atgah (No. 28).
He was mentioned above on p. 334.
194. Sadr Jaha´n Mufti´.
Mírán Çadr Jahán was born in Pihání, a village near Qanauj.1 Through the influence of Shaikh 'Abdunnabí he was made Muftí. When 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak, king of Túrán, wrote to Akbar regarding his apostacy from Islám, Mírán Çadr and Hakím Humám (No. 205) were selected as ambassadors. The answer which they took to 'Abdullah contained a few Arabic verses which 'Abdullah could construe into a denial of the alleged apostacy,—
“Of God people have said that He had a son; of the Prophet some have said that he was a sorcerer. Neither God nor the Prophet has escaped the slander of men—Then how should I?”
Mírán returned in the 34th year, and was made Çadr (vide p. 274). In the 35th year, at the feast of A´bánmáh, the Court witnessed a curious spectacle. The Çadr and 'Abdul Hai (No. 230), the Chief Justice of the empire, took part in a drinking feast, and Akbar was so amused at seeing his ecclesiastical and judicial dignitaries over their cups, that he quoted the well-known verse from Háfiz,—
Up to the 40th year, he had risen to the dignity of a commander of 700; but later, he was made an Amír, and got a mançab of 2000 (vide p. 208).
During the reign of Jahángír, who was very fond of him, he was promoted to a command of 4000, and received Qanauj as tuyúl. As Çadr under Jahángír he is said to have given away more lands in five years than under Akbar in fifty. He died in 1020, at the age, it is believed, of 120 years. His faculties remained unimpaired to the last.
His position to Akbar's ‘Divine Faith,’ has been explained above (p. 208). There is no doubt that he temporized, and few people got more for it than he. He also composed poems, though in the end of his life, like Badáoní, he repented and gave up poetry as against the spirit of the Muhammadan law.
He had two sons:—
1. Mír Badr i 'A´lam. He lived a retired life.
2. Sayyid Nizám Murtazá Khán. His mother was a Bráhman woman, of whom his father had been so enamoured, that he married her; hence Nizám was his favourite son. He was early introduced at Court, and, at the death of his father, was made a commander of 2500, 2000 horse. In the first year of Sháhjahán's reign, he was a promoted to command of 3000, and received, on the death of Murtazá Khán Injú (p. 451) the title of Murtazá Khán. He served a long time in the Dak'hin. His tuyúl was the Parganah of Dalamau, where he on several occasions successfully quelled disturbances. He was also Faujdár of Lak'hnau. In the 24th year of Sháhj.'s reign, he was pensioned off, and received 20 lacs of dáms per annum out of the revenue of Pihání, which was one kror. He enjoyed his pension for a long time.
His sons died before him. On his death, his grandsons 'Abdul Muqtadir and 'Abdullah were appointed to mançabs, and received as tuyúl the remaining portion of the revenue of Pihání. 'Abdul Muqtadir rose to a command of 1000, 600 horse, and was Faujdár of Khairábád.
195. Takhtah Beg i Kábulí [Sardár Khán].
He was at first in the service of M. Muhammad Hakím, and distinguished himself in the wars with India; but on the death of his master (30th year), he joined Akbar's service. He served under Mán Singh and Zain Kokah against the Yúsufzaís. As Thánahdár of Pasháwar he punished on several ocoasions the Táríkís. In the 49th year, he was made a Khán.
After Jahángír's accession, he was made a commander of 2000, and received the title of Sardár Khán. He was sent with Mírzá Ghází Tarkhán (p. 363), to relieve Sháh Beg Khán (No. 57) in Qandahár. As Sháh Beg was appointed governor of Kábul, Takhtah was made governor of Qandahár, where, in 1016, he died.
He had a villa near Pasháwar, called the Bágh i Sardár Khan. His two sons Hayát Khán and Hidáyatullah got low mançabs.
196. Rai Patr Da´s, [Rájah Bikramájít], a Khatrí.
Patr Dás was in the beginning of Akbar's reign accountant (mushrif) of the elephant stables, and had the title of Rái Ráyán. He distinguished himself, in the 12th year, during the siege of Chítor. In the 24th year, he and Mír Adham were made joint díwáns of Bengal. At the outbreak of the Bengal military revolt, he was imprisoned by the rebels (p. 439), but got off and served for some time in Bengal. In the 30th year, he was made díwán of Bihár. In the 38th year, he was ordered to occupy Bándhú (p. 407), the capital of which after a siege of 8 months and 25 days surrendered (42nd year). In the 43rd year, he was made díwán of Kábul, but was in the following year again sent to Bándhú. In the 46th year, he was made a commander of 3000. When Abulfazl, in the 47th year, had been murdered by Bir Singh, Akbar ordered Patr Dás to hunt down the rebel, and bring his head to Court. Patr defeated Bir Singh in several engagements, and shut him up in I´rich. When the siege had progressed, and a breach was made in the wall, Bir Singh escaped and withdrew to the jungles with Patr close at his heels. Akbar, at last, in the 48th year, called P. to Court, made him in the next year a commander of 5000, and gave him the title of Rájah Bikramájít.
After Jahángír's accession, he was made Mír A´tash, and was ordered to recruit and keep in readiness 50.000 artillery (topchí) with a train of 3000 gun-carts, the revenue of fifteen parganahs being set aside for the maintenance of the corps (Tuzuk, p. 10).
When the sons of Muzuffar of Gujrát created disturbances, and Yatím Bahádur had been killed, Patr was sent to Ahmadábád with powers to appoint the officers of the rebels who submitted, up to commands of Yúzbáshís, or recommend them, if they had held higher commands, for appointments to the emperor.
‘The year of his death is not known.’ Maásir.
The Rái Mohan Dás mentioned occasionally in the Akbarnámah and the Tuzuk p. 50) appears to be his son.
197. Shaikh 'Abdurrahi´m, of Lak'hnau.
He belongs to the Shaikhzádahs of Lak'hnau, and was in the 40th year a commander of 700. He was a great friend of Jamál Bakhtyár (No. 113), from whom he learned wine-drinking. In fact he drank so hard, that he got frequently insane. In the 30th year, when Akbar was in the Panjáb, 'Abdurrahím wounded himself in a fit whilst at Siálkoṭ in Hakím Abulfath's dwelling. Akbar looked after the wound himself.
His wife was a Bráhman woman of the name of Kishná. After the death of her husband, she spent his money in laying out gardens and villas. In one of them her husband was buried, and she entertained every one who passed by the tomb, from a panjhazárí to a common soldier, according to his position in life.
'Abdurrahím was mentioned above on p. 338.
198. Medni´ Rai´ Chauha´n.
From the Akbarnámah we see that he served, in the 28th and 32nd years, in Gujrát. Nizámuddín Ahmad, who was with him in Gujrát, says in the Ṭabaqát,— ‘Mední Rái is distinguished for his bravery and liberality, and is now (i. e., in 1001) a commander of 1000.’
199. Mi´r Abul Qa´sim Namaki´n, [Qásim Khán].
The MSS. have almost invariably Tamkín (
Mír Abul Qásim was a Sayyid of Harát. He was at first in the service of Mírzá Muhammad Hakím, Akbar's brother and king of Kábul. But he left Kábul, and on entering Akbar's service, he received Bhírah and Khusháb in the Panjáb as jágír. As his lands lay within the Namaksár,1 or salt range, he once presented Akbar, evidently in allusion to his faithful intentions (namak-halálí,) with a plate and a cup made of salt (namakín), from which circumstance he received the nickname of Namakín.
Abul Qásim served in the war with Dáúd of Bengal. In the 26th year, he was in Kábul, and accompanied, in the 30th year, Ismá'íl Qulí Khán (No. 46) on his expedition against the Balúchís. In the 32nd year, the Afghán chiefs of Sawád and Bajor, and Teráh, waited with their families on Akbar, who made Abul Qásim Krorí and Faujdár of those districts, and ordered him to take the families of the chiefs back to Afghánistán. The chiefs themselves were retained at Court. Renewed fights, in the 33rd year, gave him frequent occasions of distinguishing himself.
Up to the 40th year, he rose to a command of 700. In the 43rd year, he was appointed to Bhakkar. He built the great mosque in Sukkhar, opposite to Bhakkar. The inhabitants accused him of oppressions, and he was deposed. A party of the oppressed arrived with him at Court, and lodged a new complaint against him with 'Abdul Hai (No. 230), the Qází of the imperial camp (urdú). But Abul Qásim, though summoned, did not appear before the judge, and when the matter was reported to Akbar, he was sentenced to be tied to the foot of an elephant, and paraded through the bazars. To avoid the disgrace, he came to an immediate settlement with the complainants, chiefly through the mediation of Shaikh Ma'rúf, Çadr of Bhakkar, and prevailed on them to return the very day to their homes. The next day he went to the emperor, and complained of the Qází, stating that there were no complainants, and 'Abdul Hai tried in vain to produce the oppressed parties. This case led to the order that Qázís should in future prepare descriptive rolls of complainants, and present them to the emperor.
Abul Qásim was, soon after, made a Khán, got a higher mançab, and received
Gujrát in the Panjáb as tuyúl. In the first year of Jahángír's reign, he was made a
commander of 1500. The part which he played in the capture of Prince Khusrau has been
mentioned above (p. 414, note 2, where Tamkín is to be altered to Namakín). For
his services he was again appointed to Bhakkar with the rank of a commander of 3000.
He now resolved to make Bhakkar his home. Most of his illustrious descendants were
born there. On a hill near the town southwards towards Loharí, near the branch of
the river called Kahármátrí, (
He is said to have been a most voracious man. He could eat—historians do not specify the time—1000 mangoes, 1000 sweet apples, and 2 melons, each weighing a man. The Maásir says, he had 22 sons, and the Tuzuk (p. 13) says, he had 30 sons and more than 15 daughters.
The following tree is compiled from several notes in the Maásir:—
| Mír Abul Qásim Namakín (settled at Bhakkar in 1015). | |||
| 1. Mír Abul Baqá Amír Khán. (died 1057 A. H.) | 2. Mírzá Kashmírí. | 3. M Husámuddín. | 4. M. Záidullah. |
| 1. M. 'Abdurrazzáq. | 2. Ziáuddín Yúsuf Khán. | 3. Mír 'Abdulkarím Sindhí Amír Khán. (under Aurangzíb to Farrukh Siyar) | A daughter, married in 1066 to Prince Murád Bakhsh. |
| A son. | |||
| M. Abul Wafá. (end of Aurangzíb's reign) | Abul Khair Khán. (under Farrukh Siyar) | ||
Mír Abul Baqá Amír Khán rose under Jahángír to a command of 2500, 1500 horse. Through the influence of Yamínuddaulah he was made governor of Multán, and in the 2nd year of Sháhjahán, he was made a commander of 3000, 2000 horse, and appointed to T'hat'hah, vice Murtazá i Injú deceased (p. 451). In the 9th year, he was made Tuyúldár of Bír in the Dak'hin, and was sent, in the 14th year, to Síwistán vice Qaráq Khán. In the following year, he was again appointed to T'hat'hah, where in 1057 (20th year) he died. He was buried in the mausoleum built by his father. Under Jahángír he was generally called Mír Khán. Sháhjahán gave him the title of Amír Khán.
One of his daughters was married in 1066, after his death, to Prince Murád Bakhsh, who had no children by his first wife, a daughter of Shahnawáz Khán i Çafawí.1 Amír Khán had a large family. His eldest son, Mír 'Abdurrazzáq, was a commander of 900, and died in the 26th year of Sháhjahán's reign. His second son, Ziáuddín Yúsuf, was made a Khán, and held under Sháhjahán a mançab of 1000, 600 horse. Ziá's grandson, Abul Wafá was in the end of Aurangzíb's reign in charge of his majesty's prayer room (dároghah i já-namáz). Amír Khán's youngest son, Mír 'Abdulkarím, was a personal friend of Aurangzíb. He received in succession the titles of Multafit Khán, Khánahzád Khán (45th year of Aurangzíb), Mír Khánahzád Khán, and Amír Khán (48th year,) and held a command of 3000. After Aurangzíb's death, he was with Muhammad A'zam Sháh; but as he had no contingent, he was left with the baggage (bungáh) at Gwáliár. After the death of Muhammad A'zam in the battle of Sarái Jájú,2 Bahádur Sháh made him a commander of 3500. He was generally at Court, and continued so under Farrukh Siyar. After Farrukh's death, the Bárha brothers made Amír Khán çadr of the empire. He died shortly after. His son, Abulkhair, was made a Khán by Farrukh Siyar; the other sons held no mançabs, but lived on their zamíndárís.
2. Mírzá Kashmírí was involved in the rebellion of Prince Khusrau. As the associates were to be punished in an unusual way (siásat i ghair-mukarrar, Tuzuk, p. 32), Jahángír ordered his penis to be cut off.
3. Mírzá Husámuddín. He held a mançab, but died young.
4. Mírzá Záidullah. He was in the service of Khán Jahán Lodí.
200. Wazi´r Beg Jami´l.1
Wazír Jamíl, as he is often called, served in the 9th year of Akbar's reign against 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak, and in the war with Khán Zamán (No. 13). In the final battle, when Bahádur Khán (No. 22) was thrown off his horse, W. J. instead of taking him prisoner, accepted a bribe from him, and let him off. But Nazar Bahádur, a man in the service of Majnún Khán (No. 50) saw it, and took Bahádur prisoner. Afterwards, he received a jágír in the Eastern Districts, and took part in the expeditions to Bengal and Oṛísá under Mun'im Khán. At the outbreak of the Bengal military revolt, he joined the Qáqsháls; but when they separated from Ma'çúm i Kábulí (p. 431, note) and tendered their submission, W. J. also was pardoned. In the 29th year, he came to court, and served in the following year under Jagnáth (No. 69) against the Ráná. He seems to have lived a long time. Jahángír on his accession made him a commander of 3000 (Tuzuk, p. 8).
He is not to be confounded with the Jamíl Beg mentioned under No. 172.
201. Ta´hir, [son of] Saiful-mulúk.
The Ṭabaqát says that Ṭáhir was the son of Sháh Muhammad Saiful-mulúk. His father was governor of Gharjistán in Khurásán, and was killed by Sháh Ṭahmásp of Persia. Ṭáhir went to India, was made an Amír at Akbar's Court, and served in Bengal, where he was when the author of the Ṭabaqát wrote (1001).
He is also mentioned in Dowson's Edition of Elliot's Historians, I., pp. 241, 242.
202. Ba´bu´ Mankli´.
Regarding the name ‘Manklí,’ vide p. 370, note. The Ṭabaqát says that Bábú Manklí was an Afghán, and a commander of 1000.
He was at first in Dáúd's service, and occupied G'horág'hát at the time when Mun'im Khán had invaded Oṛísá (p. 370). Soon after, he entered Akbar's service, but continued to be employed in Bengal. In the 30th year, he suppressed disturbances at G'horág'hát (Akbarn. III., 470), and took part, in the 35th year, in the operations against Qutlú Khán. Two years later, he accompanied Mán Singh's expedition to Oṛísá.
He may have lived under Jahángír; for the Manklí Khán mentioned in the
Tuzuk (pp. 70, 138) can only refer to him. The Tuzuk (p. 12) mentions a son of his,
Hátim. Another son, Mahmúd, appears to have been a commander of 500, 300 horse
under Sháhjahán (Pádisháhn. I., b., p. 323), though the text edition of the Bibl. Indica
calls him son of Yábú Maikalí (
203. Muhammad Quli´ Kha´n Turkma´n [Afshár, p. 411].
He served at first in Bengal. At the outbreak of the military revolt, he took the side of the rebels, but left them, and was pardoned by Akbar. In the 30th year, he marched with Mán Singh to Kábul, where he greatly distinguished himself. In the 39th year, when Qulij Khán (No. 42) was appointed to Kábul, Muhammad Qulí Khán, his brother Hamzah Beg (perhaps No. 277), and others, were sent to Kashmír, vice Yúsuf Khán (No. 35, and p. 411). In the 45th year, a party of Kashmírís tried to set up Ambá Chak1 as king; but they were defeated by 'Alí Qulí, son of M. Q. Kh. In the 47th year, M. Q. Kh. was made a commander of 1500, 600 horse; and Hamzah Beg, one of 700, 350 horse. New disturbances broke out, when in the following year 'Alí Rái, king of Little Tibet, invaded the frontier districts of Kashmír. He retreated on M. Q. Kh.'s arrival, and was vigorously pursued, when the imperialists were enforced by Saifullah (No. 262) from Láhor. In the 49th year, Ambá again appeared, but was driven, with some difficulty, from his mountains.
In the 2nd year of Jahángír's reign, M. Q. K. was removed from Kashmír. Hamzah Beg was in the 49th year of Akbar's reign a commander of 1000.
204. Bakhtya´r Beg Gurd i Sha´h Mansu´r.
The Izáfat most likely means that he was the son of Sháh Mançúr, in which case the word gurd (athlete) would be Bakhtyár's epithet. Two MSS. have the word pisar (son) instead of gurd.
The Ṭabaqát says, ‘Bakhtyár Beg Turkmán in an Amír, and governs at present (1001) Síwistán.’ In the 32nd year, he served against the Táríkís.
205. Haki´m Huma´m,2 son of Mír 'Abdurrazzáq of Gílán.
Regarding his family connection, vide No. 112, p. 424. Humám's real name is Humáyún. When he came to Akbar's Court, he discreetly called himself Humáyún Qulí, or ‘slave of Humáyún;’ but soon afterwards, Akbar gave him the name of Humám. He held the office of Bakáwal Beg (p. 57), and though only a commander of 600, he was a personal friend of Akbar, and possessed great influence at court. In the 31st year, he was sent with Çadr Jahán (No. 194) to Túrán as ambassador. Akbar often said that he did not enjoy his meals on account of Humám's absence. He returned to India, about a month after his brother's death. He died in the 40th year, on the 6th Rabí' I., 1004. Badáoní (II., p. 406) says, the day after Humám's death, Kamálá (p. 264) also died, and their property was at once put under seal and escheated to the government, so that they were destitute of a decent shroud.
Humám had two sons—
1. Hakím Háziq (
2. Hakím Khushhál. He grew up with Prince Khurram. Sháhjahán, on his accession, made him a commander of 1000. He was for some time Bakhshí of the Dak'hin.
206. Mi´rza´ Anwar, son of Khán i A'zam Mírzá Kokah (No. 21).
He was mentioned above on p. 328.
207. Baltu´ Kha´n of Turkistán.
He was a grandee of Humáyún, and served in the Kábul war, and in the battles which led to H.'s restoration.
208. Mi´rak Baha´dur Arghu´n.
The Ṭabaqát says, he reached a command of 2000, and died. From the Akbarnámah (II., 170, 248) we see that he served in the conquest of Málwah (vide No. 120), and in the pursuit of Sharafuddín Husain (No. 17).
209. La'l Kha´n Kola´bi´.
He is also called La'l Khán Badakhshí (vide p. 438), and served under Humáyún in the war of the restoration (Akbarn. I., 411). He distinguished himself in the defeat of Hemú. Later, he served under Mun'im in Bengal and Oṛísá, and died of fever at Gaur (p. 376).
210. Shaikh Ahmad, son of Shaikh Salím.
He is the second (miyání) son of Shaikh Salím of Fathpúr Síkrí. He served at court with Shaikh Ibráhím (No. 82), and died in the 22nd year (985).
211. Iskandar Beg i Badakhshi´.
He is mentioned in the Akbarnámah (II., 251), as having served in the pursuit of Abul Ma'álí (end of the 8th year).
212. Beg Nu´ri´n Kha´n Qu´chi´n.
He served under Mu'izzul Mulk (No. 61) in the battle of Khairábád. In the 32nd and 33rd years, he served under 'Abdul Maṭlab (No. 83) and Çádiq Khán (No. 43) against the Táríkís.
The Ṭabaqát says he was a commander of 1000, and was dead in 1001.
213. Jala´l Kha´n Qu´rchi´.
Akbar was much attached to him. In the 7th year, he was sent to Rám Chand Bhagelah (No. 89) with the request to allow Tánsín to go to court. In the 11th year, it came to the emperor's ears that J. was passionately attached to a beautiful boy. Akbar had the boy removed; but J. managed to get him again, and fled with him from Court. M. Yúsuf Razawí pursued and captured them. After some time, J. was restored to favour. Later, he took a part in the expedition to Siwánah, and distinguished himself, in the 20th year, in the war with Rájah Chandr Sen of Márwár. During the expedition a Rájpút introduced himself to him, who pretended to be Deví Dás, who had been killed at Mírt'ha, evidently with the view of obtaining through him an introduction to Court. The stranger also reported that Chandr Sen had taken refuge with Kallá, son of Rám Rái and brother's son to Ch. S., and a detachment of imperialists was sent to Kallá's palace. Kallá now wished to take revenge on the stranger for spreading false reports, and induced Shimál Khán (No. 154) to help him. Shimál therefore invited the stranger; but though surrounded by Sh.'s men, the pretender managed to escape. He collected a few men, and entered one night a tent which he supposed to belong to Shimál. But it happened to be that of Jalál, who was cut down by the murderers (end of 983, Akbarn. III., 140).
It was Jalál who introduced the historian Badáoní at Court.
214. Parma´nand, the Khatrí.
He is mentioned in Dowson's edition of Elliot's Historians, I., p. 244.
215. Timur Kha´n Yakkah.
He served under Mun'im (No. 11) in Kábul, and, in the 10th year, against Khán Zamán (Akbarn., II., 236, 326).
The Timur i Badakhshí mentioned several times in the Akbarnámah (III., 165, 174) appears to be another officer. Vide No. 142.
216. Sa´ni´ Kha´n of Harát.
He was born at Harát, and belonged to the Arlát (
Badáoní (III., 206) says that his real name was 'Alí Akbar. He was a fair poet, but a heretic, and like Tashbíhí of Káshán, wrote treatises on the Man of the Millennium, according to the Nuqṭawí doctrines (p. 452). Hence he must have been alive in 990.
217. Sayyid Jama´luddi´n, son of Sayyid Ahmad Bárha (No. 91).
Vide above p. 408. He had also served in the final war with Khán Zamán.
218. Jagma´l, the Puṉwár.
He served in the second Gujrát war after Akbar's forced march to Patan and Ahmadábád (p. 416, note).
219. Husain Beg, brother of Husain Khán Buzurg.
220. Hasan Kha´n Batani´.1
The Ṭabaqát classes him among the commanders of 1000. He was at first in the service of the Bengal king Sulaimán, and was present with Sulaimán Mankli (p. 370) and Kálá Paháṛ at the interview between Mun'im and Khán Zamán (No. 13) at Baksar (Buxar). Akbarn., II., 325.
Hasan was killed with Bír Baṛ in the Khaibar Pass; vide p. 204. MSS. often call him wrongly Husain instead of Hasan.
221. Sayyid Chhajhu´,1 of Bárha.
The Ṭabaqát says that S. Chhajhú was a brother of S. Mahmúd (No. 75), and distinguished for his courage and bravery. From the family genealogies of the Bárha clan it appears that S. Ch. was a Kúndlíwál. His tomb still exists at Majherah, and according to the inscription he died in 967.
222. Munsif Kha´n, Sulṭán Muhammad of Harát.
223. Qa´zi´ Kha´n Bakhshi´.
Some MSS. have Badakhshí instead of Bakhshi. Vide No. 144. On p. 383, l. 10, we have to read No. 144 for No. 223.
224. Ha´´ji Yu´suf Kha´n.
He was at first in Kámrán's service. In the 12th year, he joined the corps of Qiyá Khán (No. 33), and rendered assistance to M. Yúsuf Khán, whom Khán Zamán No. 13) besieged in Qanauj. In the 17th year, he operated under Khán 'A´lam (No. 58) against M. Ibráhím Husain, and was present in the battle of Sarnál. In the 19th year, he went with Mun'im to Bengal and Oṛísá, and died after his return at Gaur (p. 376).
225. Ra´wul Bhi´m of Jaisalmír.
The Tuzuk says (p. 159),—‘On the 9th Khurdád (middle of 1025), Kalyán of Jaisalmír was introduced at court by Rájah Kishn Dás, whom I had sent to him. Kalyán's elder brother was Ráwul Bhím, a man of rank and influence. When he died, he left a son two months old, who did not live long. Bhím's daughter had been married to me when I was prince, and I had given her the title of Malikah i Jahán. This alliance was made, because her family had always been faithful to our house. I now called Bhím's brother to court, invested him with the ṭíká, and made him Ráwul'.2
For Kalyán, vide under No. 226. In the 12th year of Jahángír's reign, he was made a commander of 2000, 1000 horse (Tuzuk, p. 163).
226. Ha´shim Beg, son of Qásim Khán (No. 59).
After the death of his father (39th year) and the arrival of Qulij Khán (No. 42), the new governor of Kábul, Háshim returned to court. In the 41st year, he served under M. Rustam (No. 9) against Bású and other rebellious zamíndárs in the northeastern part of the Panjáb, and distinguished himself in the conquest of Mau. In the 44th year, he served under Faríd i Bukhárí (No. 99) before A´sír. Later, he went with Sa'ádat Khán to Násik.1 After the conquest of Tiranbak, he returned to court (46th year), and was appointed, in the following year, to a command of 1500.
In the first year of Jahángír's reign, he was made a commander of 2000, 1500 horse. In the 2nd year, his mançab was increased to 3000, 2000 horse, and he was made governor of Oṛísá. In the 6th year, he was transferred to Kashmír, his uncle Khwájagí Muhammad Husain (No. 241) officiating for him there till his arrival from Oṛísá. His successor in Oṛísá was Rájah Kalyán, brother of Bhím (No. 225).
Háshim's son is the renowned Muhammad Qásim Khán Mír A´tish. He was, in
the 18th year of Sháhjahán, a commander of 1000, 500 horse, Dároghah of the Topkhánah
and Koṭwál of the camp. He distinguished himself in Balkh, Andkhúd,
received the title of Mu'tamid Khán, and was made, in the 21st year, a commander of
2000, 1000 horse, and A´khtah Begí. In the following year, he was promoted to a
command of 3000, and also got the title of Qásim Khán. He then served under
Aurangzíb in Qandahár, and was made, in the 28th year, a commander of 4000, 2500
horse. In the next year, he destroyed Fort Sántúr (
227. Mi´rza´ Fari´du´n, son of Muhammad Qulí Khán Barlás (No. 31).
He has been mentioned above, p. 342. His death took place at Udaipúr in 1023 (Tuzuk, p. 131).
228. Yu´suf Kha´n [Chak], king of Kashmír.
Yúsuf's father was 'Alí Khán Chak, king of Kashmír. He died from a hurt he received during a game at chaugán (p. 297), having been violently thrown on the pommel of the saddle (pesh-kohah i zín). On his death, Yúsuf was raised to the throne (Akbarnámah, III., 237). He first surrounded the palace of his uncle Abdál, who aimed at the crown, and in the fight which ensued, Abdál was shot. A hostile party, thereupon, raised one Sayyid Mubárak to the throne, and in a fight which took place on the maidán of Srínagar, where the 'I´d prayer is said, Yúsuf was defeated. Without taking further part in the struggle, he fled, and came, in the 24th year, to Akbar's Court, where he was well received. During his stay at court, Sayyid Mubárak had been forced to retire, and Lohar Chak, son of Yúsuf's uncle, had been made king. In the 25th year, (Akbarn., III., 288), the emperor ordered several Panjáb nobles to reinstate Yúsuf. When the imperial army reached Pinjar, the Kashmírís sued for mercy, and Yúsuf, whom they had solicited to come alone, without informing Akbar's commanders, entered Kashmír, seized Lohar Chak without fighting, and commenced to reign.
Some time after, Çálih Díwánah reported to the emperor how firmly and independently Yúsuf had established himself, and Akbar sent Shaikh Ya'qúb i Kashmírí, a trusted servant, with his son Haidar to Kashmír, to remind Yúsuf of the obligations under which he lay to the emperor. In the 29th year, therefore, Yúsuf sent his son Ya'qúb with presents to Akbar, but refused personally to pay his respects, although the court, in the 30th year, had been transferred to the Panjáb; and Ya'qúb, who had hitherto been with the emperor, fled from anxiety for his safety. The emperor then sent Hakím 'Alí (No. 192) and Baháuddín Kambú to Yúsuf, to persuade him to come, or, if he could not himself come, to send again his son. As the embassy was without result, Akbar ordered Sháhrukh Mírzá (No. 7) to invade Kashmír. The imperial army marched over Pak'hlí, and was not far from Bárah Múlah, when Yúsuf submitted and surrendered himself (Akbarn. III., 492).1 Sháhrukh was on the point of returning, when he received the order to complete the conquest. Yúsuf being kept a prisoner, the Kashmírís raised Aulád Husain, and, soon after, Ya'qúb, Yúsuf's son, to the throne; but he was every where defeated. Information of Yúsuf's submission and the defeat of the Kashmírís was sent to court, and at Srínagar the khuṭbah was read, and coins were struck, in Akbar's name. The cultivation of za'farán (p. 84)2 and silk, and the right of hunting, were made imperial monopolies (p. 411). On the approach of the cold season, the army returned with Yúsuf Khán, and arrived, in the 31st year, at court. Todar Mall was made responsible for Yúsuf's person.
As Ya'qúb Khán and a large party of Kashmírís continued the struggle, Qásim (No. 59) was ordered to march into Kashmír, to put an end to the rebellion. Ya'qúb was again on several occasions defeated.
In the 32nd year, Yúsuf was set at liberty, received from Akbar a jágír in Bihár (Akbarn., III., 547), and was made a commander of 500. He served in Bengal. In the 37th year, he accompanied Mán Singh, to Oṛísá, and commanded the detachment, which marched over Jháṛkand and Kokrah3 (Chutiá Nágpúr) to Mednípúr (Akbarn., III., 641).
Ya'qúb Khán, soon after, submitted, and paid his respects to Akbar, when, in the 34th year, the court had gone to Kashmír (p. 380).
Yúsuf Khán is not to be confounded with No. 388.
229. Nu´r Qulij, son of A´ltún Qulij.
Altún or áltún is Turkish, and means ‘gold.’
Núr Qulij was a relation of Qulij Khán (No. 42). He served under him in the expedition to I´dar, which Akbar had ordered to be made when moving, in the 21st year, from Ajmír to Gogundah. In the fight with the zamíndár of I´dar, N. Q. was wounded. In the 26th year, he served under Sulṭán Murád against Mírzá Muhammad Hakím. In the 30th year, he again served under Qulij Khán, who had been made governor of Gujrát. He continued to serve there under the Khánkhánán (No. 29), and returned with him, in the 32nd year, to court.
230. Mi´r 'Abdul Hai, Mír 'Adl.
The Ṭabaqát calls him Khwájah 'Abdul Hai, and says that the was an Amír. He had been mentioned above on pp. 468, 471.
231. Sha´h Quli´ Kha´n Na´ranji´.
Abulfazl says that Sháh Qulí was a Kurd from near Baghdád. He was an old servant of Humáyún. In the first year of Akbar's reign, he served under Khizr Khán (p. 365, note 2) in the Panjáb. He was much attached to Bairám. In the 11th year, he was sent to Gaḍha, when Mahdí Qásim Khán (No. 36) had left that province without permission for Makkah.
The Ṭabaqát calls him a commander of 1000.
His son, Pádisháh Qulí, was a poet, and wrote under the name of Jazbí. A few verses of his are given below in the list of poets.
232. Farrukh Kha´n, son of Khán i Kalán (No. 16).
He was mentioned on pp. 322 and 357. According to the Ṭabaqát, he served, in 1001, in Bengal.
233. Sha´dma´n, son of Khán i A'zam Kokah (No. 21).
Vide above, p. 328.
234. Haki´m 'Ainul Mulk, of Shíráz.
He is not to be confounded with Hakím ul Mulk; vide below among the Physicians of the court.
He was a learned man and a clever writer. He traced his origin, on his mother's side, to the renowned logician Muhaqqiq i Dawwání. The Historian Badáoní was a friend of his. Akbar also liked him very much. In the 9th year, he was sent as ambassador to Chingiz Khán of Gujrát. In the 17th year, he brought I'timád Khán (No. 67) and Mír Abú Turáb to the emperor. He also accompanied Akbar on his march to the eastern provinces of the empire. Afterwards, in 983, he was sent to 'A´dil Khán of Bíjápúr, from where, in 985, he returned to court (Badáoní, II., 250). He was then made Faujdár of Sambhal. In the 26th year, when 'Arab Bahádur and other Bengal rebels created disturbances, he fortified Barelí, and refusing all offers, held out till the arrival of an Imperial corps, when he defeated the rebels. In the same year, he was made Çadr of Bengal, and in the 31st year, Bakhshí of the Çúbah of A´grah. He was then attached to the Dak'hin corps of 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21), and received Handiah as jágír. When 'Azíz, for some reason, cancelled his jágír, he went without permission to court (35th year), but was at first refused audience. On enquiry, however, Akbar reinstated him.
He died at Handiah on the 27th Zí Hajjah, 1003 (Badáoní II., 403).
The Mírzáí Masjid, also called Pádisháhí Masjid, in Old Barelí, Mírzáí Mahallah, was built by him. The inscription on it bears the date 987 (24th year), when the Hakím was Faujdár of Sambhal.
He was also a poet, and wrote under the takhalluç of Dawáí.
235. Ja´nish Baha´dur.
Jánish Bahádur was mentioned on p. 345. He was at first in the service of Mírzá Mubammad Hakím, king of Kábul. After the death, in the 30th year, of his master, he came with his sons to India. Soon after, he served under Zain Kokah (No. 34) against the Yúsufzaís, and saved Zain's life in the Khaibar catastrophe. In the 35th year, he served under the Khánkhánán in T'hat'hah, and returned with him, in the 38th year, to court. Later, he served in the Dak'hin. He died in the 46th year (1009). He was an excellent soldier.
His son, Shujá'at Khán Shádí Beg. He was made, in the 7th year of Sháhjahán's reign, a commander of 1000, and received the title of Shád Khán. In the 12th year, he was sent as ambassador to Nazr Muhammad Khán of Balkh. On his return, in the 14th year, he was made a commander of 1500, and was appointed governor of Bhakkar, vide Sháh Qulí Khán. Afterwards, on the death of Ghairat Khán, he was made governor of T'hat'hah, and a commander of 2000. In the 19th year, he was with Prince Murád Bakhsh in Balkh and Badakhshán. In the 21sth year, he was appointed governor of Kábul, vice Síwá Rám, and held, in the following year, an important command under Aurangzíb in the Qandahár expedition and the conquest of Bust. In the 23rd year, he was made a commander of 3000, 2500 horse, and received the coveted distinction of a flag and a drum. Two years later, in the 25th year, he served again before Qandahár, and was made, on Sháhjahán's arrival in Kábul, a commander of 3500, 3000 horse, with the title of Shujá'at Khán. In the 26th year, he served under Dárá Shikoh before Qandahár, and with Rustam Khán Bahádur at Bust. He died soon after. He had a son of the name of Muhammad Sa'íd.
236. Mi´r Ta´hir i Músawí.
He is not to be confounded with Nos. 94, 111, and 201. According to the Ṭabaqát, Mír Ṭáhir is ‘the brother of Mírzá Yúsuf Razawí (No. 37), and was distinguished for his bravery.” It would thus appear that Abulfazl makes no difference between the terms Razawí and Músawí (vide p. 381, under No. 61).
237. Mi´rza´ 'Ali´ Beg 'Alamsháhí.
He is mentioned in the Akbarnámah among the grandees who accompanied Mun'im to Bengal and Oṛísá, and took part in the battle of Takaroí (p. 375). After the outbreak of the Bengal Military revolt, he joined a conspiracy made by Mír Zakí, 'Abdí Kor, Shiháb i Badakhshí, and Kújak Yasáwul, to go over to the rebels. The plot, however, was discovered; they were all imprisoned, but Mír Zakí alone was executed. Akbarnámah, III., 262.
His epithet 'Alamsháhí is not clear to me.
He must not be confounded with the more illustrious
[Mi´rza´ 'Ali´ Beg i Akbarsháhí].1
He was born in Badakhshán, and is said to have been a highly educated man. When he came to India, he received the title of Akbarsháhí. In the 30th year, he commanded the Ahadís on Sháhrukh's expedition to Kashmír (p. 479).
Later, he served under Prince Murád in the Dak'hin. When the prince, after
making peace, returned from Ahmadnagar, Çádiq Khán (No. 43) occupied Mahkar.
But new disturbances broke out under the Dak'hin leaders Azhdar Khán and 'Ain Khán,
against whom Çádiq sent a corps under M. 'Alí Beg. He suddenly fell over them, and
routed them, carrying off much plunder and many dancing girls (zanán i ak'háṛah).
In consequence of this defeat, Khudáwand Khán and other Amírs of the Nizámsháh
marched against the imperialists with 10,000 horse, but Çádiq and M. A. B. defeated
them. In the 43rd year, M. A. B. took Fort Ráhútarah (
In the beginning of Jahángír's reign, he was made a commander of 4000, jágírdár of Sambhal, and governor of Kashmír. He served in the pursuit of Khusrau (Tuzuk, p. 30). Later, he received a tuyúl in Audh. When Jahángír went to Ajmír, he went to court. One day, he paid a visit to the tomb of Mu'ínuddín i Chishtí. On seeing the tomb of Shahbáz Khán (p. 401), he stooped down, and embracing it, exclaimed, “Oh! he was an old friend of mine.” The same moment, he fell forward a corpse, and was buried at the same spot (22nd Rabí' I., 1025).
It is said that he kept few soldiers and servants, but paid them well. In his habits he was an epicurean. He was looked upon as a great patron of the learned. He died childless, at the age of seventy-five (Tuzuk, p. 163).
238. Ra´m Da´s, the Kachwáhah.
His father was a poor man of the name of Ordat (
Immediately before Akbar's death, he put his men over the treasures of the palace with a view to preserve them for the lawful heir. Jahángír, with whom he stood in high favour, sent him, in the 6th year, with 'Abdullah Khán to Gujrát and the Dak'hin, and gave him the title of Rájah and a flag, Rantanbhúr being assigned to him as jágír (Tuzuk, p. 98). It seems that he received the title of Rájah Karan. After the defeat of the Imperialists, Jahángír wished to make an example of the Amírs who had brought disgrace on the imperial arms. He ordered their pictures to be drawn, and taking the portraits one after the other into his hand, abused each Amír right royally. Looking at Rám Dás's portrait, he said, “Now, when thou wert in Rái Sál's service, thou hadst a tankah per diem; but my father took an interest in thee, and made thee an Amír. Do not Rájpúts think flight a disgraceful thing? Alas! thy title, Rájah Karan, ought to have taught thee better. Mayest thou die without the comforts of thy faith.” Rám Dás was immediately sent to Bangash, where, in the same year, he died (1022). When Jahángír heard of his death, he said, “My curse has come true; for the Hindús believe that a man who dies beyond the Indus, will go straight to hell.”
He was a liberal man, and gave rich presents to jesters and singers.
His eldest son, Naman Dás, in the 48th year of Akbar's reign, left the court without permission, and went home. At the request of his father, Sháh Qulí Khán's men were to bring him back to court by force. But Naman defied them; a struggle ensued, and he was killed. Rám Dás was so grieved, that Akbar paid him a visit of condolence.
His second son, Dalap Dás, had the same character as his father; but he died young.
In the Tuzuk (p. 312), a villa near a spring called Inch (
239. Muhammad Kha´n Niya´zi´.
Abulfazl ranks him among the commanders of 500. Under Jahángír, he rose to a command of 2000. Like Mírzá Rustam Çafawí and Abul Hasan Turbatí, he refused a title; for he said that his name was Muhammad, than which no better name existed.
He served under Shahbáz Khán (No. 80) in Bengal, and distinguished himself in the fights near the Brahmaputra. It is said that Shahbáz was so anxious to retain his services, that he gave him a lac of rupees per annum. Later, he served under the Khánkhánán in the conquest of T'hat'hah, and inflicted the final blow on Mírzá Jání Beg (No. 47) near Lak'hí,1 where he obtained a signal victory, though far outnumbered by the enemies. From that time, the Khánkhánán was his friend.
Under Jahángír, he took a leading part in the Dak'hin wars, especially in the fights with Malik 'Ambar near Kharkí, a famous battle field (vide note to No. 255), and continued to serve there under Prince Sháhjahán.
He died in 1037. The táríkh of his death is
During his long stay in the Dak'hin, he held A´shtí (in the Wardah district) as jágír, and made it his home. He adorned the town with several mosques, houses, and gardens. “At present,” says the author of the Maásir, “there is only one of his hundred houses left, the store house where his lamps were kept; the whole town and the neighbourhood are deserted, and do not yield the tenth part of the old revenue. Even among his descendants there is none left that may be called a man of worth (kase namánd kih rushde dáshtah báshad).”2
He was buried in A´shtí. People often pray at his tomb.
The men of his contingent were mostly Niyází Afgháns. If one of them died, he gave a month's pay to his family; or, if he had no children, half a month's pay to his heirs.
His son, Ahmad Khán Niyází, was in the 20th year of Sháhjahán's reign a commander of 2500 (Pádisháhnámah, II., 386, 725).
240. Abul Muzaffar, son of Ashraf Khán (No. 74).
From the Akbarnámah (III., 248) we see that in the 24th year (987) he was stationed in Chanderí and Narwar, and was ordered to assist in suppressing the Bihár rebels (III., 273). In the 28th year, he served in Gujrát (III., 423, and Badáoní II., (323). Vide also p. 389.
241. Khwa´jagi´ Muhammad Husain, Mír Barr.
He is the younger brother of Qásim Khán (No. 59), and had the title of Mír Barr, in contradistinction to that of his brother. He came in the 5th year with Mun'im (No. 11) from Kábul to India. When dissensions broke out between Ghaní Khán, Mun'im's son, and Haidar Muhammad Khán A´khtahbegí (No. 66), whom Mun'im had left as his náibs in Kábul, Haidar was called to court, and Abul Fath,1 son of Mun'im's brother, was sent there to assist Ghaní. Muhammad Husain accompanied Abul Fath. He remained a long time in Kábul. After his return to India, he accompanied the emperor on his march to Kashmír. His honesty and punctuality made him a favorite with the emperor, and he was appointed Mír Bakáwal (master of the imperial kitchen), and was also made a commander of 1000.
In the 5th year of Jahángír, he officiated for Háshim (No. 226) as governor of Kashmír. On Háshim's arrival he returned to court, and died in the end of the 7th year (1021; Tuzuk, p. 114).
He had no children. The Tuzuk says that he was quite bald, and had neither moustache nor beard. His voice was shrill like that of a eunuch.
242. Abul Qa´sim, brother of 'Abdul Qádir A´khúnd.
He is not to be confounded with Nos. 199 and 251. Badáoní (II., 323) calls him a native of Tabríz, and says that his brother was Akbar's teacher (ákhúnd). In 991, Abul Qásim was made Díwán of Gujrát.
243. Qamar Kha´n, son of Mír 'Abdullaṭíf of Qazwín (No. 161).
He served under Mun'im (No. 11) in Bengal, and was present in the battle of Takaroí (p. 375). In the 22nd year, he served under Shiháb in Gujrát (Akbarn., III., 190), and in the 24th year, under Todar Mall in Bihár. In the 25th year, he took part in the battle near Sulṭánpúr Bilharí (p. 400, and Akbarn., III., 305).
His son, Kaukab, fell under Jahángír for some fault into disgrace. He was flogged and imprisoned. Regarding his restoration to favour, vide Tuzuk, p. 219.
| 244. | Arjun Singh, | sons of Rájah Mán Singh (No. 30). |
| 245. | Sabal Singh, | |
| 256. | Sakat Singh, |
Some MSS. have Durjan2 instead of Arjun. The name of Sakat Singh, moreover, recurs again at No. 342. There is little doubt that at the latter place we should read Himmat Singh, though all MSS. have Sakat.
Nor is it clear why Abulfazl has not entered the name of Bháo Singh, who at Akbar's death was a commander of 1000, and was gradually promoted, during Jahángír's reign, to a mançab of 5000. Like his elder brother Jagat Singh (No. 160), he died from excessive drinking (1030). His name often occurs in the Tuzuk.
Arjun Singh, Sabal Singh, and Sakat Singh, served in the 37th year in the conquest of Oṛísá. Sakat Singh, in the 26th year (989), had served in Kábul. They died before their father.
Himmat Singh distinguished himself under his father in the wars with the Afgháns.
Col. J. C. Brooke in his Political History of the State of Jeypore (Selections from the Records, Government of India, Foreign Department, No. LXV, 1868) mentions six sons of Mán Singh, Jagat, Arjun, Himmat, Sakat, Bhím, and Kalyán Singh. The last two are not mentioned by Muhammadan historians; nor are Bháo and Sabal mentioned by Brooke. Vide ‘A Chapter from Muhammadan History,’ in the Calcutta Review, April, 1871.
246. Mustafa´ Ghilzi´.
A Sayyid Muçṭafá is mentioned in the Akbarnámah (III., 416). He served in the 28th year in Gujrát, and was present in the battle near Maisánah, 18 kos S. E. of Paṭan, in which Sher Khán Fúládí was defeated.
247. Nazar Kha´n, son of Sa'íd Khán, the Gakk'har.
A brother of his is mentioned below, No. 332. Vide Nos. 170, 171.
The Ṭabaqát calls him Nazar Beg, son of Sa'íd Khán, and says that in 1001, he was a Hazárí.
Mughul Historians give the following tree of the Gakk'har chiefs—
| Sulṭán Tatár, the Gakk'har. | |||
| 1. Sulṭán Sárang | 2. Sulṭán A´dam | ||
| 1. Kamál Khán | 2. Sa'íd Khán | 1. Lashkarí | 2. Muhammad Khán |
| Mubárak Khán (No. 171) | 1. Nazar Khán (No. 247) | Jalál Khán (No. 170) | |
| 2. Sháh Muhammad (No. 332) | Akbar Qulí Sulṭán | ||
| Murád Qulí Sulṭán | |||
| Allah Qulí | |||
Jalál Khán was killed in 1620 (15th year) in Bangash, and his son Akbar Qulí, who then served at Kángṛah, was made a commander of 1000, and sent to Bangash (Tuzuk, pp. 307, 308).
Jahángír, after the suppression of Khusrau's revolt passed on his way to Kábul through the Gakk'har district (Tuzuk, pp. 47, 48). He left the Bahat (1st Muharram, 1016) and came to Fort Rohtás, the cost of which he states to have been 161,000,000 dáms, ‘which is equal to 4,025,000 rupees in Hindústání money, or 120,000 Persian tumáns, or 1 irb, 2,175,000 silver Hálís of Turání money.’ After a march of 4¾ kos, he came to Ṭílah, ṭílah in the Gakk'har dialect meaning ‘a hill.’ He then came to Dih Bhakrálah, bhakrá meáning ‘forest.’ The way from Ṭílah to Bhakrá passes along the bed of the Káhan river, the banks of which are full kanír flowers. He then came to Hatiá, which was built by a Gakk'har of the name of Hát??hí (mentioned in Mr. Delmerick's History of the Gakk'hars, Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1871). The district from Márgalah to Hatiá is called Poṭ'hwár; and from Rohtás to Hatiá dwell the Bhúgiáls, a tribe related to the Gakk'hars. From Hatiá, he marched 4¾ kos and reached Pakkah, so called because it has a pucca sarái. Four and a half kos further on, he came to Kuṛaṛ, which means in the Gakk'har dialect ‘rugged.’ He then went to Ráwalpinḍí, which is said to have been built by a Hindú of the name Ráwal, pinḍí meaning ‘a village,’ and gives a few curious particulars regarding the river and the pool of the place. From Ráwalpinḍí he went to Kharbuzah, where a dome may be seen which has the shape of a melon (kharbuzah). The Gakk'hars used formerly to collect tolls there. He then came to the Kálápání, and to the Márgalah pass, már meaning ‘killing,’ and galah ‘a carawan.’ “Here ends the country of the Gakk'hars. They are a brutish race, always at feud with each other. I asked them to live in peace; but they will not.”1
The Pádisháhnámah (II., 240, 264, 266, 722, 733, 740) mentions several Gakk'har chiefs—
1. Akbar Qulí Sulṭán, a commander of 1500, 1500 horse, died in the 18th year of Sháhjahán's reign. His son Murád Qulí Sulṭán, was under Sháhjahán a commander of 1500, 1000 horse (Pádisháhn. II., 410, 485, 512, 523, 565, 595, 655, 730).
2. Jabbár Qulí, (brother of Jalál Khán),2 1000, 800 horse.
3. Khizr Sulṭán, (son of Nazar Khán),2 800, 500 horse, died in the 12th year Shahj.'s reign.
The Pádisháhnámah (I., p. 432) mentions Gakk'hars' mules as famous.
The Maásir í 'A´lamgírí (p. 155) also mentions Murád Qulí and his son Allah Qulí. Allah Qulí's daughter was married to Prince Muhammad Akbar, fourth son of Aurangzíb, on the 3rd Rajab, 1087.
248. Ra´m Chand, son of Madhukar [Bundelah].
He is also called Rám Sáh, and was mentioned on p. 356. He was introduced at court by Çádiq Khán (No. 43), when Akbar was in Kashmír (1000). In the first year of Jahángír's reign, we find him in rebellion, evidently because his right of succession was rendered doubtful by the predilection of the emperor for Bir. Singh Deo, Rám Chand's younger brother. In the end of the first year, he was attacked by 'Abdullah Khán, who moved from Kálpí, his jágír, to Uṉḍchah. On the 27th Zí Qa'dah 1015, Rám Chand was brought fettered to court; but Jahángír had his fetters taken off, gave him a dress of honor, and handed him over to Rájah Bású of Dhamerí. ‘He never thought that he would be treated so kindly’ (Tuzuk, p. 42). But Uṉḍchah was handed over to Bir Singh Deo as reward for the murder of Abulfazl.
In the 4th year of his reign (1018), Jahángír married Rám Chand's daughter at the request of her father (vide Tuzuk, p. 77; and No. 225, note).
He appears to have died in 1021, and was succeeded by his son Bhárat Singh. Tuzuk, p. 112.
Muhammadan Historians give the following tree of the Uṉḍchah Bundelahs—
| Rájah Partáb, founds Uṉḍchah in 1531, A. D. | |||
| 1. Bhárat Chand, (died childless). | 2. Madhukar Singh, (dies 1000). | ||
| 1. Rám Chand, (dies 1021). | 2. Hoḍal Ráo, (killed, p. 356). | 3. Bir Singh Deo, the murderer of Abulfazl (dies 1036). | |
| A son. | |||
| 1. Jhujhár Singh. | 2. Paháṛ Singh. | 3. Chandr Man. | |
| Bhárat. | 4. Bení Dás. | ||
| Bikramájít. | Subhán Singh. | 5. Bhagwán Dás. | |
| Debí Singh. | |||
| Prit'hí Singh. | |||
| Saṉwal Singh. | |||
The Maásir contains biographical notes of nearly all of them. Vide also Thornton's Gazetteer, under Oorcha.
Bení Dás and Bhagwán Dás were killed by a Rájpút in the 13th year of Sháhjahán's reign. They held commands of 500, 200 horse, and 1000, 600 horse, respectively.
Chandr Man was in the 20th year of Sh. a commander of 1500, 800 horse.
Vide Pádisháhnámah I., 172 (where another Bundelah of the name of Suhk Dev is mentioned), 205, 241, 368, 372, 425; II., 731, 734.
The Maásir i 'A´lamgírí mentions several Bundelahs, as Satr Sál, Jáswant Singh, Indarman (died 1088) and the rebellious sons of Champat (l. c., pp. 161, 163, 169, 273, 424). Vide also under No. 249.
Bir Singh Deo, the murderer of Abulfazl, in often called in bad MSS. Nar Singh Deo. Thus also in the printed editions of the Tuzuk, the 1st volume of Pádisháhnámah, the 'A´lamgírnámah, &c., and in Elphinstone's History. The temples which he built in Mat'hurá at a cost of 33 lacs of Rupees, were destroyed by Aurangzíb in 1080. (Maásir i 'A´lamgírí, p. 95).1
249. Ra´jah Mukatman, the Bhadauriah.
Bhadáwar is the name of a district S. E. of A´grah; its chief town is Hatkánt'h (vide p. 323, note 4). The inhabitants are called Bhadauriahs. They were known as daring robbers, and though so near the capital, they managed to maintain their independence till Akbar had their chief trampled to death by an elephant, when they submitted.
The next chief, Mukaṭman, entered the imperial service, and rose to a mançab of 1000. In 992, he served in Gujrát (Akbarnámah III., 423, 438).
Under Jahángír, we find a chief of the name of Rájah Bikramájít, who served under 'Abdullah against the Ráná, and later in the Dak'hin. He died in the 11th year of Jahángír and was succeeded by his son Bhoj. Sayyid Ahmad's edition of the Tuzuk (p. 108) mentions a Bhadauriah chief Mangat, who in the 7th year served in Bangash; but the name is doubtful.
Under Sháhjahán, the head of the Bhadauriah clan was Rájah Kishn Singh. He served in the first year under Mahábat Khán against Jhujhár Singh, and in the 3rd year, against Khán Jahán Lodí and the Nizám ul Mulk, who had afforded Khán Jahán protection. In the 6th year, he distinguished himself in the siege of Daulatábád. Three years later, in the 9th year, he served under Khán Zamán against Sáhú Bhonslah. He died in the 17th year (1053).
In the Pádisháhnámah (I., b., 309) he is mentioned as a commander of 1000, 600 horse.
As Kishn Singh had only a son by a concubine, he was succeeded by Badan Singh,1 grandson of Kishn's uncle. He was made Rájah and a commander of 1000. In the 21st year, at a darbár, a mast elephant ran up to him, took up one of his men with the tusks, when Badan Singh stuck his dagger into the animal which, frightened as it was at the same time by a fire wheel, dropped the unfortunate man. Sháhjahán rewarded the bravery of the Rájah with a khil'at, and remitted 50,000 Rs. out of the 2 lacs, which was the assessment of the Bhadáwar district. In the 22nd year, he was made a commander of 1500. In the 25th year, he served under Aurangzíb, and in the 26th, under Dárá Shikoh, before Qandahár, where in the following year he died.
His son Mahá Singh was then made Rájah, and received a mançab of 1000, 800 horse. He served in the 28th year in Kábul. After Dárá's defeat, he paid his respects to Aurangzíb, in whose reign he served against the Bundelah rebels. In the 10th year, he served under Kámil Khán against the Yúsufzaís. He died in the 26th year.
He was succeeded by his son Odat Singh (vide Maásir i 'A´lamgírí, p. 226 and p. 228, where the Bibl. Ind. edition has wrong Rúdar Singh for Odat S.). He had before served under Jai Singh in the Dak'hin, and was in the 24th year made commandant of Chítor (l. c., p. 196).
250. Ra´jah Ram Chandr, zamíndár of Oṛísá.
Regarding him vide Stirling's report on Oṛísá, Asiatic Researches, vol. XV. His name occurs often in the narrative of Mán Singh's conquest of Oṛísá (37th year of Akbar's reign).
The province of Khurdah (South Oṛísá) was conquered and annexed to the Dihlí empire by Mukarram Khán (vide No. 260), in the 12th year of Jahángír's reign (Tuzuk, p. 215).
251. Sayyid Abul Qa´sim, son of Sayyid Muhammad Mír 'Adl (No. 140).
He served in the 25th year (998) in Bihár, and in the battle of Sulṭánpúr Bilharí; also, in the 33rd year, against the Yúsufzaís.
The Táríkh Ma'çúmí (Dowson, Elliot's Historians I., p. 243) gives earlier but perhaps more correct dates regarding the appointment to Bhakkar and the death of the Mír 'Adl, viz. his arrival at Bhakkar, 11th Ramazán, 983, and his death there, 8th Sha'bán, 984 (October, 1576). He was succeeded by his son Abulfazl, who is not mentioned in the A´ín. On the 9th Zilhajjah, 985 (Feb. 1578), I'timád (No. 119) arrived at Bhakkar.
252. Dalpat, son of Rái Rái Singh.
He has been mentioned above, p. 359.
253. Shaikh Faizi´, son of Shaikh Mubárak of Nágor.
The name of this great poet and friend of Akbar was Abul Faiz. Faizí is his takhalluç. Towards the end of his life, in imitation of the form of the takhalluç of his brother 'Allámí, he assumed the name of Fayyází.
Faizí was the eldest son of Shaik Mubárak of Nágor. Shaikh Mubárak (vide pp. 169, 185, 198, 209) traced his origin to an Arabian dervish from Yaman, who in the 9th century of the Hijrah had settled in Síwistán, where he married. In the 10th century, Mubárak's father went to Hindústán, and settled at Nágor. Several of his children having died one after the other, he called his next child Mubárak. He was born in 911. When a young man, Mubárak went to Gujrát, and studied under Khaṭíb Abulfazl of Kázarún and Mauláná 'Imád of Láristán. In 950, Mubárak settled at A´grah. It is said that he often changed his religious opinions. Under Islem Sháh, he was a Mahdawí, and had to suffer persecution in the beginning of Akbar's reign; he then became a Naqshbandí, then a Hamadání, and lastly, when the court was full of Persians, he inclined to Shí'ism. But whatever his views may have been, the education which he gave his sons Faizí and Abulfazl, the greatest writers that India has produced, shews that he was a man of comprehensive genius. Shaikh Mubárak wrote a commentary to the Qorán, in four volumes, entitled Manba'ul-'uyún,1 and another work of the title of Jawámi' ulkilam. Towards the end of his life, he suffered from partial blindness, and died at Láhor, on the 17th Zí Qa'dah, 1001, at the age of 90 years. The táríkh of his death will be found in the words Shaikh i kámil.
Shaikh Faizí was born at A´grah in 954. His acquirements in Arabic Literature, the art of poetry, and in medicine, were very extensive. He used to treat poor people gratis. One day, he appeared with his father before Shaikh 'Abdunnabí, the Çadr, (p. 272) and applied for a grant of 100 bíg'has; but he was not only refused, but also turned out of the hall with every contumely on account of his tendencies to Shí'ism. But Faizí's literary fame reached Akbar's ears, and in the 12th year, when Akbar was on the expedition to Chítor, he was called to court. Faizí's bigoted enemies in A´grah interpreted the call as a summons before a judge, and warned the governor of the town, not to let Faizí escape. He therefore ordered some Mughuls to surround Mubárak's house; but accidentally Faizí was absent from home. Mubárak was ill-treated, and when Faizí at last came, he was carried off by force. But Akbar received him most favorably, and Faizí, in a short time, became the emperor's constant companion and friend. He was instrumental in bringing about the fall of Shaikh 'Abdunnabí.
In the 30th year, he planned a khamsah, or collection of five epics, in imitation of the Khamsah of Nizámí. The first, Markiz uladwár, was to consist of 3000 verses, and was to be a jawáb (imitation) of Nizámí's Makhzan ulasrár; the Sulaimán o Bilqís and the Nal Daman were to consist of 4000 verses each, and were to be jawábs of the Khusrau Shírín and Lailí Majnún respectively; and the Haft Kishwar and the Akbarnámah, each of 5000 verses, were to correspond to the Haft Paikar and the Sikandarnámah. In the 33rd year, he was made Malikushshu'ará, or Poet Laureate (Akbarn., III., 559). Though he had composed portions of the Khamsah, the original plan was not carried out, and in the 39th year, Akbar urged him to persevere, and recommended the completion of the Nal-Daman. Faizí thereupon finished the poem, and presented, in the same year, a copy of it to his imperial master.
Faizí suffered from asthma, and died on the 10th Çafar 1004 (40th year). The táríkh of his death is Fayyáz i 'Ajam. It is said that he composed 101 books. The best known, besides his poetical works, are the Sawáṭi' ul Ilhám, and the Mawárid ul kilam, regarding which vide below the poetical extracts. His fine library, consisting of 4300 choice MSS., was embodied with the imperial library.
Faizí had been employed as teacher to the princes; sometimes, he also acted as ambassador. Thus, in 1000, he was in the Dak'hin, from where he wrote the letter to the historian Badáoní, who had been in temporary disgrace at court.
Vide also pp. 105, 106, 183, 185, 197, 207, 209; and Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, for 1869, pp. 137, 142.
254. Ḥaki´m Misri´.
According to Badáoní (III., 165), Hakím Miçrí was a very learned man and a clever doctor. He also composed poems. A satire of his is mentioned which he wrote against Khwájah Shamsuddín Khawáfí (No. 159). He died in Burhánpúr, and was buried there.
Miçrí is mentioned in the Akbarnámah, III., p. 629, and p. 843. In the latter passage, Abulfazl mentions his death (middle of 1009), and states that he saw his friend on the deathbed. It is impossible to reconcile Abulfazl's date with Badáoní's statement; for Badáoní died in 1004 (Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, for 1869, p. 143). But both Abulfazl and Badáoní speak of the Hakím as a man of a most amiable and unselfish character.
255. I´rij, son of Mírzá Khánkhánán (No. 29).
He was mentioned on p. 339. During the reign of Jahángír, he was made Çúbahdár of Barár and Ahmadnagar. He greatly distinguished himself during several fights with Malik 'Ambar, especially at K'harkí,1 for which victories he was made a commander of 5000. In the 12th year, he served under Prince Sháhjahán in the Dak'hin.
It is said that he was a good soldier, but stingy, and careless in his dress. A daughter of his was married (2nd Ramazán, 1026) to Prince Sháhjahán. The offspring of this marriage, Prince Jahán-afroz, was born at A´grah on the 12th Rajab, 1028, and died at Burhánpúr, at the age of 1 year, 9 months (Pádisháhnámah).
According to Grant's Gazetteer of the Central Provinces (2nd edition, p. 128), I´rij's tomb is at Burhánpúr. “The tomb was built during his lifetime, and is really a handsome structure.” The statement of the Gazetteer that I´rij, towards the end of his life, “lived as a recluse” at Burhánpúr, is not borne out by the histories; for according to the Tuzuk (p. 270), he died of excessive wine drinking.
At his death (1028), he was only thirty-three years of age. The mançab of 400, which Abulfazl assigns him, must therefore have been conferred upon him, when he was a mere child.
256. Sakat Singh, son of Rájah Mán Singh (No. 30).
Vide above, under No. 244.
257. 'Abdullah [Sarfaráz Khán], son of Khán i A'zam Mírzá Kokah (No. 21).
Vide p. 328.
It was stated (p. 328) on the authority of the Maásir that he received the title of Sardár Khán, which had become vacant by the death of Takhtah Beg (No. 195). But the Tuzuk (p. 71) gives him the title of Sarfaráz Khán. This is evidently a mistake of the author of the Maásir; for the title of Sardár Khán was in the 8th year (1022) conferred on Khwájah Yádgár, brother of 'Abdullah Khán Fírúz-jang (Tuzuk, p. 116), when 'Abdullah Sarfaráz Khán was still alive.
The Maásir also says that 'Abdullah accompanied his father to Gwáliár (p. 317); but the Tuzuk (p. 141) states that he was imprisoned in Rantanbhúr, from where, at the request of his father, he was called to court.
258. 'Ali´ Muhammad Asp.
Badáoní says (II., p. 57) that “'Alí Muhammad Asp, who is now in the service of the emperor, at the instigation of Jújak Begum, killed Abul Fath Beg (p. 318).” In the 9th year, he was in the service of Mírzá Muhammad Hakím, king of Kábul. Afterwards, he came to India. In the 26th year (989), he served under Prince Murád against his former master (Akbarnámah, III., 345); in the 30th year (993), he served in Kábul (III., 487, 490). In the 32nd year, he distinguished himself under 'Abdul Maṭlab (No. 83) against the Táríkís (III., p. 541).
In the Lucknow edition of the Akbarnámah, he is wrongly called 'Alí Muhammad Alif.
259. Mi´rza´ Muhammad.
A Mírzá Muhammad was mentioned on p. 370.
260. Shaikh Ba´yazíd [Mu'azzam Khán], grandson of Shaikh Salím of Fathpúr Síkrí.
Báyazíd's mother nursed Prince Salím (Jahángír) on the day he was born (Tuzuk, p. 13). In the 40th year of Akbar's reign, B. was a commander of 400, and gradually rose to a command of 2000. After Jahángír's accession, he received a mançab of 3000, and the title of Mu'azzam Khán. Soon after, he was made Çúbahdár of Dihlí (l. c., p. 37), and in the 3rd year, a commander of 4000, 2000 horse. On his death, he was buried at Fathpúr Síkrí (l. c., p. 262).
His son Mukarram Khán was son-in-law to Islám Khán Shaikh 'Aláuddín (another grandson of Shaikh Salím), under whom he served in Bengal.1 He distinguished himself in the expedition to Kúch Hájú, and brought the zamíndár Parích'hat before the governor.2 At the death of his father-in-law, Muhtashim Khán Shaikh Qásim, brother of Islám Khán, was made governor of Bengal, and Mukarram Khán continued for one year in his office as governor of Kúch Hájú; but as he could not agree with Qásim, he went to court.
Later, he was made governor of Oṛísá, and conquered the province of Khurdah (l. c., pp. 214, 215), for which he was made a commander of 3000, 2000 horse. He seems to have remained in Oṛísá till the 11th year (1029), when Hasan 'Alí Turkmán was sent there as governor (Tuzuk, p. 308). In the 16th year, M. Kh. came to court, and was made Çúbahdár of Dihlí and Faujdár of Mewát (l. c., p. 332).
In the 21st year, he was sent to Bengal as governor, vice Khánahzád Khán. He travelled by boat. One day he ordered his ship to be moved to the bank, as he wished to say the afternoon prayer, when a sudden gale broke forth, during which he and his companions were drowned.
261. Ghazni´n Kha´n, of Jálor.
Ghaznín Khán was in the 40th year of Akbar's reign a commander of 400. He is mentioned in the Pádisháhnámah (I., 167)3 as having served during the reign of Jahángír against the Ráná.
Bird in his History of Gujrat (pp. 124, 405) calls him Ghaznawí Khán and Ghazní Khán, and says, he was the son of Malik Khanjí Jálorí. Ghaznín Khán seems to have been inclined to join the insurrection of Sulṭán Muzaffar. The Khánkhánán, on the 9th Muharram, 998, sent a detachment against Jálor; but perceiving that he was not in a fit condition to offer resistance, Ghaznín went submissively to court. The emperor took compassion on him, and confirmed him in his hereditary possessions.
His son Paháṛ was executed by Jahángír. “When I came to Dih Qáziyán, near Ujjain, I summoned Paháṛ. This wretch had been put by me, after the death of his father, in possession of the Fort and the district of Jálor, his ancestral home. He is a young man, and was often checked by his mother for his bad bahaviour. Annoyed at this, he entered with some of his companions her apartments, and killed her. I investigated the case, found him guilty, and had him executed.” (Çafar, 1026; Tuzuk, p. 174).
Another son of Ghaznín Khán is Nizám, who died in the 6th year of Sháhjahán's reign. He was a commander of 900, 550 horse (Pádisháhn., I., b., 313).
Gháznín's brother Fírúz was a commander of 600, 400 horse, and died in the 4th year (Pádisháhn., I., b, 319).
The Pádisháhnámah (II., 739) mentions also a Mujáhid of Jálor, who in the 20th year of Sháhjahán's reign was a commander of 800, 800 horse.
262. Ki´jak Khwa´jah, son of Khwájah 'Abdullah.
The first volume of the Akbarnámah (p. 411) mentions a Kíjak Khwájah among the grandees who accompanied Humáyún to India. The third volume of the same work (p. 470) mentions a Kíjak Khwájah, who in 993 served against Qutlú Lohání in Bengal. Vide No. 109.
263. Sher Kha´n Mughul.
264. Fathullah, son of Muhammad Wafá.
He appears to be the Fathullah mentioned in the Akbarnámah (III., 825) as the sharbatdár of the emperor. Akbar made him an Amír. For some fault he was sent to the Dak'hin; but as he got ill, he was recalled. He recovered, and went on sick leave to Mándú, where he died (1008).
265. Rai´ Manohar, son of Rájah Loṉkaran.
Rájah Loṉkaran belonged to the Shaikháwat branch of the Kachhwáhahs. He served, in the 21st year, under Mán Singh against the Ráná, and went in the same year with Rájah Bír Baṛ to Dongarpúr,1 the zamíndár of which wished to send his daughter to Akbar's harem. In the 24th year, he served under Todar Mall in Bihár, and in the 24th year, under the Khán Khánán in Gujrát.
Manohar, in the 22nd year, reported to the emperor on his visit to Amber, that in the neighbourhood an old town existed, the site of which was marked by huge maunds of stone. Akbar encouraged him to rebuild it, and laid the foundation himself. The new settlement was called Mol Manoharnagar.2 In the 45th year, he was appointed with Rái Durgá Lál (No. 103) to pursue Muzaffar Husain Mírzá (p. 464), who was caught by Khwájah Waisí.
In the 1st year of Jahángír's reign, he served under Prince Parwíz against the Ráná, and was made, in the 2nd year, a commander of 1500, 600 horse (Tuzuk, p. 64). He served long in the Dak'hin, and died in the 11th year.
His son Prit'hí Chánd received after the death of his father the title of Rái, and was made a commander of 500, 300 horse (l. c., p. 160).
Manohar wrote Persian verses, and was called at court Mírzá Manohar; vide my article A chapter from Muhammadan History, Calcutta Review, April, 1871.
266. Khwa´jah 'Abdussamad, Shírín-qalam (sweet-pen).
He is not to be confounded with No. 353.
Khwájah 'Abduççamad was a Shírází. His father Khwájah Nizámul Mulk was Vazír to Sháh Shujá' of Shíráz. Before Humáyún left I´rán, he went to Tabríz, where 'Abduççamad paid his respects. He was even at that time known as painter and calligraphist. Humáyún invited him to come to him, and though then unable to accompany the emperor, he followed him in 956 to Kábul.
Under Akbar, 'A. was a commander of 400; but low as his mançab was, he had great influence at court. In the 22nd year, he was in charge of the mint at Fathpúr Síkrí (Akbarnámah, III., 195); and in the 31st year, when the officers were redistributed over the several çúbahs, he was appointed Díwán of Multán.
As an instance of his skill it is mentioned that he wrote the Súratulikhláç (Qorán, Sur. CXII) on a poppy seed (dánah i khashkhásh). Vide p. 107.
For his son vide No. 351.
267. Silhadi´, son of Rájah Bihárí Mall (No. 23).
268. Ra´m Chand Kachhwáhah.
Vide p. 387.
[Ra´m Chand Chauha´n]. The Maasír says that he was the son of Badal Singh, and a commander of 500. In the 17th year, he served under M. 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) in Gujrát, and in the 26th year, under Sulṭán Murád against M. Muhammad Hakím, king of Kábul. In the 28th year, he was under M. Sháhrukh in the Dak'hin. In the fight, in which Rájah 'Alí of Khandesh fell, R. Ch. received twenty wounds and fell from his horse. Next day he was found still alive. He died a few days later (41st year, 1005).
269. Baha´dur Kha´n Qúrdár.
He served in the beginning of the 18th year in Gujrát (Akbarnámah, III., 25), in the 26th in Kábul (l. c., 333), and in the siege of A´sír (1008).
The Pádisháhnámah (I., b., pp. 311, 315) mentions Abábakr and 'Usmán, sons of Bahádur Khán Qúrbegí, who seems to be the same officer. They died in the 8th and 9th years of Sháhjahán.
270. Ba´nka´, the Kachhwáhah.
He served in the 26th year in Kábul (Akbarn., III., 333). His son Haridí Rám was under Sháhjahán a commander of 1500, 1000 horse, and died in the 9th of his reign.
| 271. | Mi´rza´ Abu´ Sa'i´d, | sons of Sulṭán Husain Mírzá. |
| 272. | Mi´rza´ Sanjar. |
They were mentioned above on p. 314. Mírzá Sanjar is not to be confounded with the Mírzá Sanjar mentioned on p. 477, note 2.
273. 'Ali´ Marda´n Baha´dur.
The Ṭabaqát mentions him as having been in 984 (21st year) at court, from where he was sent to Qulij Khán (No. 42) at I´dar, who was to go to Gujrát to see the ships off which under Sulṭán Khwájah (No. 108) were on the point of leaving for Makkah. Later he served under the Khán Khánán in Sind,1 and in the 41st year, in the Dak'hin. Subsequently, he commanded the Talingánah corps. In the 46th year, he marched to Pát'hrí to assist Sher Khwájah (No. 176), when he heard that Bahádur Khán Gílání, whom he had left with a small detachment in Talingánah, had been defeated. He returned, and attacked the enemies who were much stronger than he; his men fled, and he himself was captured. In the same year, Abulfazl made peace, and 'Alí Mardán was set at liberty. In the 47th year, he served with distinction under Mírzá I´rij (No. 255) against Malik 'Ambar.
In the 7th year of Jahángír's reign, he was attached to the corps commanded by 'Abdullah Khán Fírúz-jang, who had been ordered to move with the Gujrát army over Násik into the Dak'hin, in order to co-operate with the second army corps under Khán Jahán Lodí. 'Abdullah entered the hostile territory without meeting the second army, and returned towards Gujrát, now pursued by the enemies. In one of the fights which ensued, 'A. M. was wounded and captured. He was taken before Malik 'Ambar, and though the doctors did everything to save him, he died two days later of his wounds, in 1021 A. H. (Tuzuk, p. 108).
His son Karamullah served under Jaḥángír (Tuzuk, p. 269), and was under Sháhjahán a commander of 1000, 1000 horse. He was for some time commandant of Fort Odgír, and died in the 21st year of Sháhj.'s reign.
274. Raza´ Quli´, son of Khán Jahán (No. 24).
Vide above p. 331.
275. Shaikh Khu´bu´ [Quṭbuddín Khán i Chishtí] of Fathpúr Síkrí.
His father was a Shaikhzádah of Badáon, and his mother a daughter of Shaikh Salím. Khúbú was a foster-brother of Jahángír.2 When the prince was at Iláhábád in rebellion against Akbar, he conferred upon Khúbú the title of Quṭbuddín Khán, and made him Çúbahdár of Bihár. On his accession, he made him Çúbahdár of Bengal, vice Mán Singh (9th Jumáda I., 1015; Tuzuk, p. 37).
At that time, Sher Afkan 'Alí Qulí Istajlú (vide No. 394) was tuyúldár of Bardwán, and as his wife Mihrunnisá [Núr Jahán] was coveted by the emperor, Quṭb was ordered to send Sher Afkan to court, who, however, refused to go. Quṭb, therefore, went to Bardwán, sending Ghiásá, son of his sister, before him, to persuade Sher Afkan that no harm would be done to him. When Quṭb arrived, Sher Afkan went to meet him, accompanied by two men. On his approach, Q. lifted up his horse-whip as a sign for his companions to cut down Sher Afkan. “What is all this?” exclaimed Sher. Quṭb waved his hand to call back his men, and advancing towards Sher, upbraided him for his disobedience. His men mistaking Quṭb's signal to withdraw, closed round Sher, who rushed with his sword against Quṭb, and gave him a deep wound in the abdomen. Quṭb was a stout man, and seizing his protruding bowels with his hands, called out to his men to cut down the scoundrel. Ambah Khán, a Kashmírí noble of royal blood, thereupon charged Sher Afkan, and gave him a sword cut over the head; but he fell at the same time pierced through by Sher's sword (p. 474, note 1). The men now crowded round him and struck him to the ground. Quṭbuddín was still on horseback, when he heard that Sher Afkan had been killed, and he sent off Ghiásá to bring his effects and his family to Bardwán. He then was removed in a palkee. He died whilst being carried away. His corpse was taken to Fathpúr Síkrí and buried.
In 1013, he built the Jámi' mosque of Badáon.
His son, Shaikh Ibráhím, was, in 1015, a commander of 1000, 300 horse, and had the title of Kishwar Khán. He was for some time governor of Rohtás, and served in the beginning of 1021 against 'Usmán.
Ilahdiah, son of Kishwar Khán, is mentioned in the Pádisháhnámah (I., b., 100, 177, 307; II, 344, 379, 411, 484).
276. Zia´-ul Mulk, of Káshán.
The Akbarnámah (III, 490, 628) and the Tuzuk (p. 11) mention a Ziáuddín.
The Hakím Ziáuddín of Káshán, who under Sháhjahán held the title of Rahmat Khán, can scarcely be the same.
277. Hamzah Beg Ghatra´ghali´.
He may be the brother of No. 203. The Akbarnámah (III., 255) mentions also a Husain Beg Ghatrághalí.
278. Mukhta´r Beg, son of A´ghá Mullá.
Mukhtár Beg served under A'zam Khán Kokah (No. 21) in Bihár, Gaḍha-Ráisín (Akbarn., III., 276, 473), and in the 36th year, under Sulṭán Murád in Málwah.
Naçrullah, son of Mukhtár Beg, was under Sháhjahán a commander of 700, 150 horse, and died in the 10th year.
Fathullah, son of Naçrullah, was under Sháhjahán a commander of 500, 50 horse (Pádisháhn., I., b, 318; II., 752).
Abulfazl calls Mukhtár Beg the son of A´ghá Mullá. This would seem to be the A´ghá Mullá Dawátdár, mentioned on p. 369. If so, Mukhtár Beg would be the brother of Ghiásuddín 'Alí (No. 126). The A´ghá Mullá mentioned below (No. 376), to judge from the Tuzuk (p. 27), is the brother of A´çaf Khán III. (No. 98), and had a son of the name of Badí'uzzamán, who under Sháhjahán was a commander of 500, 100 horse (Pád., I., b., 327; II., 751). In Muhammadan families the name of the grandfather is often given to the grandchild.
279. Haidar 'Ali´ 'Arab.
He served, in the 32nd year, in Afghánistán (Akbarn., III., 540, 548).
280. Peshrau Kha´n [Mihtar Sa'ádat].
Mihtar Sa'ádat had been brought up in Tabríz, and was in the service of Sháh Ṭahmásp, who gave him as a present to Humáyún. After Humáyun's death, he was promoted, and got the title of Peshrau Khán. In the 19th year, Akbar sent him on a mission to Bihár, where he was caught on the Ganges by Gajpatí, the great zamíndár (p. 399, note 2). When Jagdespúr, the stronghold of the Rájah, was conquered, Gájpatí ordered several prisoners to be killed, among them Peshrau. The executioner, however, did not kill him, and told another man to do so. But the latter accidentally could not get his sword out of the scabbard; and the Rájah, who was on the point of flying, having no time to lose, ordered him to take P. on his elephant. The elephant was wild and restive, and the man who was in charge of P., fell from the animal and got kicked, when the brute all at once commenced to roar in such a manner, that the other elephants ran away frightened. Although P.'s hands were tied, he managed to get to the kaláwah (p. 127) of the driver, and thus sat firm; but the driver unable to manage the brute, threw himself to the ground and ran away, leaving P. alone on the elephant. Next morning it got quiet, and P. threw himself down, when he was picked up by a trooper who had been searching for him.
In the 21st year, he reported at court the defeat of Gajpatí1 (Akbarn., III., 163). In the 25th year, he served in Bengal (l. c., p. 289). Later he was sent to Nizámulmulk of the Dak'hin, and afterwards to Bahádur Khán, son of Rájah 'Alí Khán of Khándesh. His mission to the latter was in vain, and Akbar marched to A´sír. P. distinguished himself in the siege of Málígaḍh.
Jahángír made him a commander of 2000, and continued him in his office as superintendent of the Farrásh-khánah (Quarter-Master).
P. died in the 3rd year, on the 1st Rajab, 1017. Jahángír says (Tuzuk, p. 71), “He was an excellent servant, and though ninety years old, he was smarter than many a young man. He had amassed a fortune of 15 lacs of rupees. His son Riáyat is unfit for anything; but for the sake of his father, I put him in charge of half the Farrásh-khánah.
281. Qa´zi´ Hasan Qazwíní.
In the 32nd year (995), he served in Gujrát (Akbarn., III., 537, 554, where the Lucknow edition has Qází Husain), and later in the siege of A´sír (l. c., III., 825).
282. Mi´r Mura´d i Juwainí.
He is not to be confounded with No. 380, but may be the same as mentioned on p. 354.
Juwain is the Arabic form of the Persian Gúján, the name of a small town,2 in Khurásán, on the road between Bisṭám and Níshápúr. It lies, according to the Maásir, in the district of Baihaq, of which Sabzwár is the capital, and is renowned as the birth-place of many learned men and poets.
Mír Murád belongs to the Sayyids of Juwain. As he had been long in the Dak'hin, he was also called Dak'hiní. He was an excellent shot, and Akbar appointed him rifle-instructor to Prince Khurram. He died, in the 46th year, as Bakhshí of Láhor. He had two sons, Qásim Khán and Háshim Khán.
Qásim Khán was an excellent poet, and rose to distinction under Islám Khán, governor of Bengal, who made him treasurer of the çúbah. Later, he married Maníjah Begum, sister of Núr Jahán, and thus became a friend of Jahángír. An example of a happy repartee is given. Once Jahángír asked for a cup of water. The cup was so thin, that it could not bear the weight of the water, and when handed to the emperor, it broke. Looking at Qásim, J. said (metre Ramal)—
The cup was lovely, and the water lost its rest—
when Qásim, completing the verse, replied:
It saw my love grief, and could not suppress its tears.
In the end of J.'s reign, he was Çúbahdár of A´grah, and was in charge of the treasures in the fort. When the emperor died, and Sháhjahán left the Dak'hin, Qásim paid his respects in the Bágh i Dṅahrah (A´grah), which in honor of Jahángír had been called Núr Manzil, and was soon after made a commander of 5000, 500 horse, and appointed governor of Bengal, vice Fidáí Khán.
As Sháhjahán when prince, during his rebellion, had heard of the wicked practices of the Portuguese in Bengal, who converted natives by force to Christianity, he ordered Qásim to destroy their settlement at Húglí. In the 5th year, in Sha'bán, 1041, or February, 1632, A. D. (Pádisháhn., I., 435, 437), Q. sent a corps under his son 'Ináyatullah and Allah Yár Khán to Húglí. The Portuguese held out for three months and a half, when the Muhammadans succeeded in laying dry the ditch in front of the Church, dug a mine, and blew up the church. The fort was taken. Ten thousand Portuguese are said to have perished during the siege, and 4400 were taken prisoners. About 10,000 natives whom they had in their power, were liberated. One thousand Musalmáns died as martyrs for their religion.1
Three days after the conquest of Húglí, Qásim died (l. c., p. 444). The Jámi' Masjid in the Atgah Bázár of A´grah was built by him.
283. Mi´r Qa´sim Badakhshí.
He served in the Dak'hin (Akbarn., III., 830).
284. Bandah 'Ali´ Maidání.
Maidání is the name of an Afghán clan; vide No. 317. Bandah 'Alí served in the 9th year with Muhammad Hakím of Kábul, who was attacked by Mírzá Sulaimán of Badakhshán (No. 5), and had applied to Akbar for help. In the 30th and 32nd years, he served in Kábul (Akbarn., II., 299; III., 477, 540).
The Akbarnámah (II., 209) also mentions a Bandah 'Alí Qurbegí.
285. Khwa´jagi´ Fathullah, son of Hájí Habíbullah of Káshán.
He was mentioned above on pp. 359, 464. He served in the 30th year under Mírzá 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21). Akbarn., III., 473.
| 286. | Za´hid | sons of Çádiq Khán (No. 43). |
| 287. | Dost [Muhammad] | |
| 288. | Ya´r [Muhammad] |
They have been mentioned above on p. 357. Záhid, in the end of 1015, served against Dalpat (No. 252).
Regarding Záhid, vide also a passage from the Táríkh i Ma'çúmí, translated in Dowson's edition of Elliot's Historians, I., 246.
289. 'Izzatullah Ghujduwání.
Ghujduwán is a small town in Bukhárá.
The Akbarnámah (III., 548) mentions a Qází 'Izzatullah, who, in the 32nd year, served in Afghánistán.
290. A´ltu´n Qulij.
291. Ja´n Qulij.
Two MSS. have A´ltún Qulij, son of Khán Qulij, which latter name would be an unusual transposition for Qulij Khán. They are not the sons of Qulij Khán (No. 42), vide Nos. 292 and 293.
A´ltún Qulij is mentioned in the Akbarnámah (III., 554) as having served in Baglánah with Bharjí, the Rájah, who was hard pressed in Fort Molher by his relations. Bharjí died about the same time (beginning of the 33rd year).
| 292. | Saifullah [Qulijullah] | sons of Qulij Khán (No. 42). |
| 293. | Chi´n Qulij, |
Saif is Arabic, and means the same as the Turkish qulij, a sword. Saifullah was mentioned under No. 203. In the beginning of the 33rd year, he served under Çádiq Khán (No. 43) in Afghánistán.
Regarding Mírzá Chín Qulij, the Maásir says that he was an educated, liberal, man, well versed in government matters. He had learned under Mullá Muçṭafá of Jaunpúr, and was for a long time Faujdár of Jaunpúr and Banáras.
At the death of his father, his younger brother Mírzá Láhaurí, the spoiled pet son of his father, joined Chín Qulij in Jaunpúr. He had not been long there, when he interfered in government matters, and caused disturbances, during which Chín Qulij lost his life. His immense property escheated to the state; it is said that it took the clerks a whole year to make the inventory.
In 1022, when Jahángír was in Ajmír, he summoned Mullá Muçṭafá, who had been the Mírzá's teacher, with the intention of doing him harm. While at court, he got acquainted with Mullá Muhammad of T'hat'hah, a teacher in the employ of A´çafjáh (or A´çaf Khán IV.; vide p. 369), who had scientific discussions with him, and finding him a learned man, interceded on his behalf. Muçṭafá was let off, went to Makkah and died.
Mírzá Láhaurí was caught and imprisoned. After some time, he was set at liberty, and received a daily allowance (yaumiyyah). He had a house in A´grah, near the Jamnah, at the end of the Darsan, and trained pigeons. He led a miserable life.
The Maásir mentions a few instances of his wicked behaviour. Once he buried one of his servants alive, as he wished to know something about Munkir and Nakír, the two angels who, according to the belief of the Muhammadans, examine the dead in the grave, beating the corpse with sledge hammers, if the dead man is found wanting in belief. When the man was dug out, he was found dead. Another time, when with his father in Láhor, he disturbed a Hindú wedding-feast, and carried off the bride; and when the people complained to his father, he told them to be glad that they were now related to the Çúbahdár of Láhor.
The other sons of Qulij Khán, as Qulijullah, Chín Qulij, Báljú Q., Bairam Q., Ján Q., held mostly respectable mançabs.
The Tuzuk i Jahángírí relates the story differently. Both M. Chín Qulij and M. Láhaurí are described as wicked men. Chín Q., after the death of his father, came with his brothers and relations to court (Çafar, 1023; Tuzuk, p. 127), and received Jaunpúr as jágír. As the emperor heard of the wicked doings of M. Láhaurí, from whom no man was safe, he sent an Ahadí to Jaunpúr to bring him to court, when Chín Qulij fled with him to several Zamíndárs. The men of Jahángír Qulí Khán, governor of Bihár, at last caught him; but before he was taken to the governor, Chín died, some say, in consequence of an attack of illness, others from wounds he had inflicted on himself. His corpse was taken to Jahángír Qulí Khán, who sent it with his family and property to Iláhábád. The greater part of his property had been squandered or given away to zamíndárs (1024; Tuzuk, p. 148).
294. Abul Fatta´h Ata´li´q,
295. Sayyid Ba´yazi´d of Bárha.
He served in the 33rd year (996) in Gujrát (Akbarn., III., 553). In the beginning of the 17th year of Jahángír's reign (1031), he received the title of Muçṭafá Khán (Tuzuk, p. 344).
In the 1st year of Sháhjahán's reign, he was made a commander of 2000, 700 horse (Pád., I., 183). His name is not given in the list of grandees of the Pádisháhnámah.
296. Balbhadr, the Ráṭhor.
297. Abul Ma'a´li´, son of Sayyid Muhammad Mír 'Adl (No. 140).
298. Ba´qir Ançárí.
He was in Bengal at the outbreak of the military revolt. In the 37th year, he served under Mán Singh in the expedition to Oṛísá (Akbarn., III., 267, 641).
299. Ba´yazi´d Beg Turkmán.
He was at first in Mun'im's service (Akbarn., II., 238, 253). The Pádisháhnámah (I., b., 328) mentions Mahmúd Beg, son of Báyazíd Beg. Vide No. 335.
300. Shaikh Daulat Bakhtyár.
301. Husain, the Pak'hlíwál.
The story of the origin of his family from the Qárlüqs under Timur (vide p. 454) is given in the Tuzuk (p. 290). Jahángír adds, “but they do not know who was then their chief. At present, they are common Panjábís (Láhaurí i mahaz), and speak Panjábí. This is also the case with Dhantúr” (vide No. 392).
Sulṭán Husain, as he called himself, is the son of Sulṭán Mahmúd. His rebellious attitude towards Akbar has been mentioned above, on p. 454. When Jahángír in the 14th year (beginning of 1029) paid him a visit, Husain was about seventy years old, but still active. He was then a commander of 400, 300 horse, and Jahángír promoted him to a mançab of 600, 350 horse.
Husain died in the 18th year (end of 1032; Tuzuk, p. 367). His command and the district of Pak'hlí were given to his son Shádmán.
Shádmán served under Dárá Shikoh in Qandahár (beginning of 1052), and was in the 20th year of Sháhjahán's reign a commander of 1000, 900 horse. Pádisháhnámah, II., 293, 733.
The Tuzuk (p. 290) mentions a few places in the district of Pak'hlí, and has a remark on the thick, strong beer which the inhabitants make from bread and rice.
302. Kesu´ Da´s, son of Jai Mall.
Vide No. 408. One MS. has Jait Mall, instead of Jai Mall. The Pádisháhnámah (I., b., 310) mentions a Rájah Girdhar, son of Kesú Dás, grandson of Jat Mall of Mírt'ha. The Tuzuk frequently mentions a Kesú Dás Márú (Tuzuk, pp. 9, 37, 203).
303. Mi´rza´ Kha´n of Níshápúr. One MS. has Ján for Khán.
304. Muzaffar, brother of Khán 'A´lam (No. 58).
My text edition has wrongly Khán i A'zam, for Khán 'A´lam.
305. Tulsi´ Da´s Ja´don.
He served in 992 against Sulṭán Muzaffar of Gujrát (Akbarn., III., 422).
The Akbarnámah (III., 157, 434, 598) mentions another Jádoṉ, Rájah Gopál. He died in the end of the 34th year, and is mentioned in the Ṭabaqát as a commander of 2000.
306. Rahmat Kha´n, son of Masnad i 'A´lí.
Masnad i 'A´lí is an Afghán title, as Majlis ul Majális, Majlis i Ikhtiyár, &c. It was the title of Fattú Khán, or Fath Khán, a courtier of Islem Sháh, who afterwards joined Akbar's service. He served under Husain Qulí Khán Jahán (No. 24) in 980 against Nagarkoṭ (Badáoní II, 161). The Ṭabaqát makes him a commander of 2000. He seems to be the same Fath Khán whom Sulaimán Kararání had put in charge of Rohtás in Bihár (Bad., II., 77).
He died in the 34th year in Audh (Akbarn., III., 599).
A Rahmat Khán served in the 45th year in the Dak'hin. Rahmat Khán's brother, Sháh Muhammad, is mentioned below, No. 395.
307. Ahmad Qa´sim Kokah.
He served in 993 against the Yúsufzaís, and in 996, under Çádiq Khán, against the Táríkís (Akbarn., III., 490, 552).
The Tuzuk (p. 159) mentions a Yár Beg, son of A. Q.'s brother.
308. Baha´dur Gohlot.
309. Daulat Kha´n Lodí.
He was a Lodí Afghán of the Sháhú-khail clan, and was at first in the service of 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21). When 'Abdurrahím (No. 29) married the daughter of 'Azíz, Daulat Khán was transferred to 'Abdurrahím's service, and 'Azíz in sending him to his son-in-law, said, “Take care of this man, and you may yet get the title of your father (KhánKhánán).” Daulat distinguished himself in the wars in Gujrát (p. 335, l., 1, where for Dost Khán, as given in the Maásir, we have to read Daulat Khán), in T'hat'hah, and the Dak'hin. His courage was proverbial. In his master's contingent he held a command of 1000. Sulṭán Dányál won him over, and made him a commander of 2000.
He died in the end of the 45th year (Sha'bán, 1009) at Ahmadnagar (Akbarn., III., 846). It is said that Akbar stood in awe of him, and when he heard of his death, he is reported to have said, “To-day Sher Khán Súr died.”
Daulat Khán's eldest son, whom the Maásír calls Mahmúd, was half mad. In the 46th year, on a hunting tour, he left his companions, got into a quarrel with some Kolís near Pál, and perished.
Daulat's second son is the renowned Pír Khán, or Pírú, better known in history under his title Khán Jahán Lodí. If Akbar's presentiments were deceived in the father, they were fulfilled in the son.
Pír Khán, when young, fell out with his father, and fled with his elder brother, whom the Maásir here calls Muhammad Khán, to Bengal, where they were assisted by Mán Singh. Muhammad Khán died when young.
Like his father, P. Kh. was in the service of Sulṭán Dányál, who treated him like a friend and called him ‘son.’ On the death of the Prince, Pír, then twenty years old, joined Jahángír's service, was made in the second year a commander of 3000, and received the title of Çalábat Khán (Tuzuk, p. 42). He gradually rose to a mançab of 5000, and received the title of Khán Jahán, which was looked upon as second in dignity to that of KhánKhánán. Although Jahángír treated him like an intimate friend rather than a subject, Khán Jahán never forgot his position and formed no ambitious plans.
When Prince Parwíz, Rájah Mán Singh and Sharíf Khán (No. 351) were sent to the Dak'hin to reinforce the Khán Khánán, and matters took an unfavorable turn, Khán Jahán, in 1018, was sent with 12000 troopers to their assistance. At the review, Jahángír came down from the state window, put his turban on Kh. J.'s head, seized his hand, and helped him in mounting. Without delaying in Burhánpúr, Kh. J. moved to Bálághát, where the imperial army was. At Mulkápúr, a great fight took place with Malik 'Ambar, and the imperialists, unaccustomed to the warfare of the Dak'hinís, lost heavily. The KhánKhánán met him with every respect, and took him to Bálághát. According to the original plan, Kh. J. was to lead the Dak'hin corps, and 'Abdullah Khán the Gujrát army, upon Daulatábád (p. 496). Malik 'Ambar afraid of being attacked from two sides, succeeded in gaining over the Khán Khánán, who managed to detain Kh. J. in Zafarnagar; and 'Abdullah, when marching forward, found no support, and had to retreat with heavy losses. Kh. J. got short of provisions; his horses died away, and the splendid army with which he had set out, returned in a most disorderly state to Burhánpúr.
Kh. J. accused the KhánKhánán of treason, and offered to conquer Bíjápúr in two years, if the emperor would give him 30000 men and absolute power. This Jahángír agreed to, and the Khán i A'zam (No. 21) and Khán 'A´lam (No. 328) were sent to his assistance. But though the KhánKhánán had been removed, the duplicity of the Amírs remained what it had been before, and matters did not improve. The command was therefore given to the Khán i A'zam, and Kh. J. received T'hálner as jágír, and was ordered to remain at I´lichpúr. After a year, he returned to court, but was treated by the emperor in as friendly a manner as before.
In the 15th year, when the Persians threatened Qandahár, Kh. J. was made governor of Multán. Two years later, in the 17th year, Sháh 'Abbás took Qandahár after a siege of forty days. Kh. J. was called to court for advice, having been forbidden to attack Sháh 'Abbás, because kings should be opposed by kings. When he came to court, Prince Khurram was appointed to reconquer Qandahár, and Kh. J. was ordered back to Multán, to make preparations for the expedition. It is said that the Afghán tribes from near Qandahár came to him in Multán, and declared themselves willing to be the vanguard of the army, if he would only promise every horseman five tankahs, and each foot soldier two tankahs per diem, to keep them from starving; they were willing to go with him to Içfahán, and promised to be responsible for the supplies. But Kh. J. refused the proffered assistance, remarking that Jahángír would kill him, if he heard of the attachment of the Afgháns to him.
In the meantime matters changed. Sháhjahán rebelled, and the expedition to Qandahár was not undertaken, The emperor several times ordered Kh. J. to return, and wrote at last himself, adding the curious remark that even Sher Khán Súr, in spite of his enmity, would after so many requests have obeyed. The delay, it is said, was caused by severe illness. On his arrival at court, Kh. J. was made commandant of Fort A´grah and was put in charge of the treasures.
In the 19th year, on the death of the Khán i A'zam, he was made governor of Gujrát, and when Mahábat Khán was sent to Bengal, he was appointed atálíq to Prince Parwíz, whom he joined at Burhánpúr.
In 1035, the 21st year, Parwíz died, and the Dak'hin was placed under Kh. J. He moved against Fath Khán, son of Malik 'Ambar, to Bálághát. His conduct was now more than suspicious: he accepted proposals made by Hamíd Khán Habshí, the minister of the Nizám Sháh, to cede the conquered districts for an annual payment of three lacs of húns, though the revenue was 55 krors of dáms (Pádisháhn., I., 271), and ordered the imperial Faujdárs and Thánahdárs to give up their places to the agents of the Nizám Sháh and repair to Burhánpúr. Only Sipahdár Khán who stood in Ahmadnagar, refused to do so without express orders from the Emperor.
Soon after, Mahábat Khán joined Sháhjahán at Junír, and was honored with the title of Sipahsálár. On the death of Jahángír, which took place immediately afterwards, Sháhjahán sent Ján Nisár Khán to Kh. J., to find out what he intended to do, and confirm him at the same time in his office as Çúbahdár of the Dak'hin; but as he in the meantime had formed other plans, he sent back Ján Nisár without answer. He intended to rebel. It is said that he was misled by Daryá Khán Rohílah and Fázil Khán, the Díwán of the Dak'hin: Dáwar Bakhsh, they insinuated, had been made emperor by the army, Shahryár had proclaimed himself in Láhor, whilst Sháhj. had offended him by conferring the title of Sipahsálár on Mahábat Khán, who only lately had joined him; he, too, should aim at the crown, as he was a man of great power, and would find numerous adherents.
Sháhj. sent Mahábat to Mándú, where Kh. J.'s family was. Kh. J. renewed friendly relations with the Nizám Sháh, and leaving Sikandar Dutání in Burhánpúr, he moved with several Amírs to Mándú, and deposed the governor Muzaffar Khán Ma'múrí. But he soon saw how mistaken he was. The Amírs who had come with him, left him and paid their respects to Sháhj.; the proclamation of Dáwar Bakhsh proved to be a scheme made by A´çaf Khán in favor of Sháhj., and Kh. J. sent a vakíl to court and presented, after Sháhj.'s accession, a most valuable present. The Emperor was willing to overlook past faults, and left him in possession of the government of Málwah.
In the second year, after punishing Jhujhár Singh, Kh. J. came to court, and was treated by the Emperor with cold politeness. Their mutual distrust soon showed itself. Sháhj. remarked on the strong contingent which he had brought to A´grah, and several parganahs of his jágírs were transferred to others. One evening, at a darbár, Mírzá Lashkarí, son of Mukhliç Khán, foolishly said to the sons of Kh. J., “He will some of these days imprison your father.” Kh. J. on hearing this, shut himself up at home, and when the Emperor sent Islám Khán to his house to enquire, he begged the messenger to obtain for him an amán-námah, or letter of safety, as he was hourly expecting the displeasure of his master. Sháhj. was generous enough to send him the guarantee; but though even A´çaf Khán tried to console him, the old suspicions were never forgotten. In fact it would seem that he only feared the more for his safety, and on the night from the 26th to the 27th Çafar, 1039, after a stay at court of eight months, he fled from A´grah. When passing the Hatiápul1 Darwázah, he humbly threw the reins of his horse over his neck, bent his head forward on the saddle, and exclaimed, “O God, thou knowest that I fly for the preservation of my honor; to rebel is not my intention.” On the morning before his flight, A´çaf had been informed of his plan, and reported the rumour to the emperor. But Sháhj. said that he could take no steps to prevent Kh. J. from rebelling; he had given him the guarantee, and could use no force before the crime had actually been committed.
An outline of Kh. J.'s rebellion may be found in Elphinstone's history, where the main facts are given.
When he could no longer hold himself in the Dak'hin, he resolved to cut his way to the Panjáb. He entered Málwah, pursued by 'Abdullah Khán and Muzaffar Khán Bárha. After capturing at Sironj fifty imperial elephants, he entered the territory of the Bundelah Rájah. But Jagráj Bikramájít, son of Jhujhár Singh, fell upon his rear (17th Jumáda II, 1040), defeated it, and killed Daryá Khán (a commander of 4000) and his son, Kh. J.'s best officers (Pádisháhn., I., 339; I., b., 296.) On arriving in Bhánder,2 Kh. J. met Sayyid Muzaffar, and sending off his baggage engaged him with 1000 men. During the fight Mahmúd Khán, one of Kh. J.'s sons, was killed. On approaching Kálinjar, he was opposed by Sayyid Ahmad, the commandant of the Fort, and in a fight another of his sons, Hasan Khán, was captured. Marching farther, he arrived at the tank of Sehoṉdá, where he resolved to die. He allowed his men to go away, as his cause was hopeless. On the 1st Rajab, 1040, he was again attacked by 'Abdullah Khán and S. Muzaffar, and was mortally wounded by Mádhú Singh with a spear. Before Muzaffar could come up, the soldiers had cut him and his son 'Azíz to pieces (Pádisháhn. I., 351). Their heads were sent to Sháhjahán at Burhánpúr, fixed for some time to the walls of the city, and then buried in the vault of Daulat Khán, Kh. J.'s father.
Kh. J. had been a commander of 7000 (Pádisháhn., I., b., 293).
Several of Kh. J.'s sons, as Husain, 'Azmat, Mahmúd, and Hasan, had perished during the rebellion of their father. Another, Açálat Khán, a commander of 3000, died during the rebellion at Daulatábád, and Muzaffar had left his father, and gone to court. Faríd and Ján Jahán were captured; 'A´lam and Ahmad had fled, and went after some time to court. ‘But none of his sons ever prospered.’
The historical work entitled Makhzan i Afghání, or some editions of it, contain a chapter in praise of Khán Jahán, after whom the book is sometimes called Táríkh i Khán Jahán Lodí.
310. Sha´h Muhammad, son of Quraish Sulṭán (No. 178).
311. Hasan Kha´n Miyánah.
He was at first a servant of Çádiq Khán (No. 43), but later he received a mançab. He died in the Dak'hin wars.
Of his eight sons, the eldest died young (Tuzuk, p. 200). The second is Buhlúl Khán. He rose to a mançab of 1500 under Jahángír (l. c., pp. 184, 200), and received the title of Sarbaland Khán. He was remarkable for his courage and his external appearance. He served in Gondwánah.
At the accession of Sháhjahán, B. was made a commander of 4000, 3000 horse and jágírdár of Bálápúr. He joined Khán Jahán Lodí on his march from Gondwánah to Bálághát. When he saw that Khán Jahán did not succeed, he left him, and entered the service of the Nizám Sháh.
A grandson of Buhlúl, Abul Muhammad, came in the 12th year of Aurangzíb's reign to court, was made a commander of 5000, 4000, and got the title of Ikhláç Khán (Maás. 'A´lamgírí, p. 81).
For other Miyánah Afgháns, vide Pádisháhn., I., 241; Maás. 'A´lamgírí, p. 225.
312. Ta´hir Beg, son of the Khán i Kalán (No. 16).
313. Kishn Da´s Tunwar.
He was under Akbar and Jahángír accountant (mushrif) of the elephant and horse stables. In the 7th year of J., he was made a commander of 1000. A short time before, he had received the title of Rájah (Tuzuk, p. 110).
314. Ma´n Singh Kachhwáhah.
The Akbarnámah (III., 333, 335) mentions a Mán Singh Darbárí.
315. Mi´r Gada´i´, son of Mír Abú Turáb.
Abú Turáb belonged to the Salámí Sayyids of Shíráz. His grandfather, Mír Ghiásuddín, had come to Gujrát during the reign of Quṭbuddín, grandson of Sulṭán Ahmad (the founder of Ahmadábád); but he soon after returned to Persia. The disturbances, however, during the reign of Sháh Ismá'íl i Çafawí obliged him to take again refuge in Gujrát, where he arrived during the reign of Sulṭán Mahmúd Bígarah.1 He settled with his son Kamáluddín (Abú Turáb's father) in Champánír-Mahmúdábád, and set up as a teacher and writer of school books (darsiyah kitáb). Kamáluddín also was a man renowned for his learning.
The family had for a long time been attached to the Salsalah i Maghribiyah, or Maghribí (Western) Sect, the “lamp” of which was the saintly Shaikh1 Ahmad i Khaṭṭú. The name ‘Salámí Sayyids’ is explained as follows. One of the ancestors of the family had visited the tomb of the Prophet. When coming to the sacred spot, he said the customary salám, when a heavenly voice returned his greeting.
Abú Turáb was a highly respected man. He was the first that paid his respects to Akbar on his march to Gujrát, and distinguished himself by his faithfulness to his new master. Thus he was instrumental in preventing I'timád Khán (No. 67) from joining, after Akbar's departure for Kambháyat, the rebel Ikhtiyár ul-Mulk, Later, Akbar sent him to Makkah as Mír Hajj, in which quality he commanded a large party of courtiers and begums. On his return, he brought a large stone from Makkah, which bore the footprint of the prophet (qadam i sharíf, or qadam i mubárak); vide p. 198. The ‘táríkh’ of his return is khair ul aqdám (A. H. 987), or ‘the best of footprints.’ The stone was said to be the same which Sayyid Jalál i Bukhárí at the time of Sulṭán Fírúz had brought to Dihlí. Akbar looked upon the whole as a pious farce, and though the stone was received with great éclat, Abú Turáb was graciously allowed to keep it in his house.
When I'timád was made governor of Gujrát, Abú Turáb followed him as Amín of the Çúbah, accompanied by his sons Mír Muhibbullah and Mír Sharafuddín.
Abú Turáb died in 1005, and was buried at Ahmadábád.
His third son Mír Gadáí, though he held a mançab, adopted the saintly mode of life which his ancestors had followed. In the 46th year, he served in the Dak'hin.
316. Qa´sim Khwa´jah, son of Khwájah 'Abdul Bárí. Vide No. 320.
317. Na´di 'Ali´ Maidání.
In MSS. he is often wrongly called Yád 'Alí.
The word nádi is an Arabic Imperative, meaning call. It occurs in the following formula used all over the East for amulets.
Nádi 'Aliyan mazharal'ajáib,Tajidhu 'aunan fi kulli-lmaçáib.Kullu hammin wa ghammin sayanjalíBinubuwwatika yá Muhammad, biwiláyitika yá 'Alí.Yá 'Alí, yá 'Alí, yá 'Alí.
Call upon 'Alí, in whom all mysteries reveal themselves,Thou wilt find it a help in all afflictions.Every care and every sorrow will surely vanishThrough thy prophetship, O Muhammad, through thy saintliness, O 'Alí.O 'Alí, O 'Alí, O 'Alí!
The beginning of the amulet suggested the name.
In the 26th year, Nádi 'Alí served against M. Muhammad Hakím, in 993 (the 30th year) in Kábul, and two years later under Zain Kokah (No. 34) against the Táríkís.
In the 6th year of Jahángír's reign, he was made a commander of 1500, chiefly for his services against the Kábul rebel Ahdád. In the 10th year, he served in Bangash, when he was a commander of 1500, 1000 horse. He died in the following year (1026); vide Tuzuk, p. 172. His sons were provided with mançabs.
His son Bízan (or Bízhan) distinguished himself, in the 15th year, in Bangash, and was made a commander of 1000, 500 horse (l. c., pp. 307, 309).
The Pádisháhnámah (I., b., 322) mentions a Muhammad Zamán, son of Nádi 'Alí Arlát, who in the 10th year of Sháhjahán was a commander of 500, 350 horse.
Nádi 'Alí is not to be confounded with the Háfiz Nádi 'Alí, who served under Jahángír as Court Háfiz (Tuzuk, p. 155, and its Díbájah, p. 19), nor with the Nádi 'Alí who served under Sháhjahán (Pádisháhn., II., 749) as a commander of 500, 200 horse.
318. Ni´l Kant'h, Zamíndár of Oṛísá.
319. Ghia´s Beg of Ṭahrán [I'timád-uddaulah].
His real name is Mírzá Ghiásuddín Muhammad. In old European histories
his name is often spelled Ayás, a corruption of Ghiás, not of Ayáz (
Ghiás Beg's father was Khwájah Muhammad Sharíf, who as poet wrote under the assumed name of Hijrí. He was Vazír to Tátár Sulṭán, son of Muhammad Khán Sharafuddín Ughlú Taklú, who held the office of Beglar Begí of Khurásán. After Tátár Sulṭán's death, the Khwájah was continued in office by his son Qazáq Khán, and on Qazáq's death, he was made by Sháh Ṭahmásp Vazír of Yazd.1
Khwájah Muhammad Sharíf is said to have died in A. H. 984. He had two
brothers, Khwájah Mírzá Ahmad, and Khwájagí Khwájah. The son of Kh. Mírzá
Ahmad was the well known Khwájah Amín Rází (
Ghiás Beg was married to the daughter of Mírzá 'Alá-uddaulah, son of2 A´ghá Mullá. After the death of his father, in consequence of adverse circumstances, Gh. B. fled with his two sons and one daughter from Persia. He was plundered on the way, and had only two mules left, upon which the members of the family alternately rode. On his arrival at Qandahár, his wife gave birth to another daughter, who received the name of Mihrunnisá (‘the Sun of Women’), a name which her future title of Núr Jahán has almost brought into oblivion.1 In their misfortune, they found a patron in Malik Mas'úd, leader of the caravan, who is said to have been known to Akbar. We are left to infer that it was he who directed Ghiás Beg to India. After his introduction at Court in Fathpúr Síkrí,2 Gh. rose, up to the 40th year, to a command of 300. In the same year, he was made Díwán of Kábul, and was in course of time promoted to a mançab of 1000, and appointed Díwán i Buyútát.
Regarding Mihrunnisá's marriage with 'Alí Qulí, vide No. 394.
In the beginning of Jahángír's reign, Ghiás Beg received the title of I'timáduddaulah. In the second year, his eldest son, Muhammad Sharíf3 joined a conspiracy, to set Khusrau at liberty and murder the emperor; but the plot being discovered, Sharíf was executed, and I'timád himself was imprisoned. After some time, he was let off on payment of a fine of two lacs of rupees. At the death of Sher Afkan (p. 497), Mihrunnisá was sent to court as a prisoner “for the murder of Quṭbuddín,” and was handed over to Ruqaiyah Sulṭán Begum,4 with whom she lived ‘unnoticed (banákámí) and rejected.’ In the 6th year (1020), she no longer slighted the emperor's proposals, and the marriage was celebrated with great pomp. She received the title of Núr Mahall, and a short time afterwards that of Núr Jahán.5
Ghiás, in consequence of the marriage, was made Vakíl i kul, or prime-minister, and a commander of 6000, 3000 horse. He also received a flag and a drum, and was in the 10th year allowed to beat his drum at court, which was a rare privilege. In the 16th year, when J. was on his way to Kashmír, Ghiás took ill. The imperial couple were recalled from a visit to Kángṛah Fort, and arrived in time to find him dying. Pointing to the Emperor, Núr Jahán asked her father whether he recognized him. He quoted as answer a verse from Anwarí—
‘If one who is blind from birth stood here, he would recognize his majesty by his august forehead.’
He died after a few hours. The Tuzuk (p. 339) mentions the 17th Bahman, 1031, (Rabí' I, 1031) as the day of his death, and says that he died broken-hearted three months and twenty days after his wife, who had died on the 29th Mihr, 1030, i. e., 13th Zí Qa'dah, 1030).
Ghiás Beg was a poet. He imitated the old classics, which ruling passion, as we saw, shewed itself a few hours before he died. He was a clever correspondent, and is said to have written a beautiful Shikastah hand. Jahángír praises him for his social qualities, and confessed that his society was better than a thousand mufarrih i yáqúts.1 He was generally liked, had no enemies, and was never seen angry. ‘Chains, the whip, and abuse, were not found in his house.’ He protected the wretched, especially such as had been sentenced to death. He never was idle, but wrote a great deal; his official accounts were always in the greatest order. But he liked bribes, and shewed much boldness in demanding them.2
His mausoleum near A´grah has often been described.
Núr Jahán's power over Jahángír is sufficiently known from the histories. The emperor said, “Before I married her, I never knew what marriage really meant,” and, “I have conferred the duties of government on her; I shall be satisfied, if I have a ser of wine and half a ser of meat per diem. With the exception of the khuṭbah (prayer for the reigning monarch), she possessed all privileges of royalty. Thus her name was invariably mentioned on farmáns, and even on coins. The jágírs which she held, would have conferred on her the title of a commander of 30000. A great portion of her zamíndárís lay near Rámsir, S. E. of Ajmír (Tuzuk, p. 169). She provided for all her relations; even her nurse, Dáí Dilárám, enjoyed much influence, and held the post of ‘Çadr of the Women’ (çadr i anás), and when she conferred lands as sayúrgháls, the grants were confirmed and sealed by the Çadr of the empire. Núr Jahán is said to have particularly taken care of orphan girls, and the number whom she betrothed or gave outfits to, is estimated at five hundred. She gave the tone to fashion, and is said to have invented the 'atr i Jahángírí (a peculiar kind of rosewater). She possessed much taste in adorning apartments and arranging feasts. For many gold ornaments she laid down new patterns and elegant designs, and her Dudámí for peshwáz (gowns), her pánchtoliah for oṛhnís (veils), her bádlah (brocade), kinárí (lace), and farsh i chandaní,3 are often mentioned.
Her influence ceased with Jahángír's death and the capture of Shahryár, fifth son of the emperor, to whom she had given her daughter (by Sher Afkan), Láḍlí Begum, in marriage. She had no children by Jahángír. Sháhjahán allowed her a pension of two lacs per annum.4
She died at Láhor at the age of 72, on the 29th Shawwál, 1055, and lies buried near her husband in a tomb which she herself had built (Pádisháhn., II., 475).5 She composed occasionally Persian poems, and wrote like Salímah Sulṭán Begum and Zebunnisá Begum under the assumed name of Makhfí.
Ghiás Beg's sons. The fate of his eldest son Muhammad Sharíf has been alluded to. His second son, Mírzá Abul Hasan A´çaf Khán (IV.), also called A´çaf-jáh or A´çaf-jáhí, is the father of Mumtáz Mahall (Táj Bíbí), the favorite wife of Sháhjahán, whom European Historians occasionally call Núr Jahán II. He received from Sháhjahán the title of Yamínuddaulah and KhánKhánán Sipahsálár, and was a commander of 9000. He died on the 17th Sha'bán, 1051, and was buried at Láhor, north of Jahángír's tomb. As commander of 9000 duaspah, sihaspah troopers, his salary was 16 krors, 20 lacs of dáms, or 4,050,000 Rupees, and besides, he had jágírs yielding a revenue of five millions of Rupees. His property at his death, which is said to have been more than double that of his father, was valued at 25 millions of Rupees, and consisted of 30 lacs of jewels, 42 lacs of Rupees in gold muhurs, 25 lacs of Rupees in silver, 30 lacs of plate, &c., and 23 lacs of other property. His palace in Láhor, which he had built at a cost of 20 lacs, was given to Prince Dárá Shikoh, and 20 lacs of rupees, in cash and valuables, were distributed among his 3 sons and 5 daughters. The rest escheated to the state.
A´çáf Khán was married to a daughter of Mírzá Ghíasuddín 'Alí A´çaf Khán II., p. 369).
His eldest son is the renowned Mírzá Abú Ṭálib Sháistah Khán, who, as governor of Bengal, is often mentioned in the early history of the E. I. Company. Sháistah was married to a daughter of I´rij Shahnawáz Khán (No. 255), son of 'Abdurrahím KhánKhánán, by whom he had however no children. He died at A´grah in 1105, the 38th year of Aurangzíb's reign. His eldest son, Abú Ṭálib,1 had died before him. His second son was Abul Fath Khán. One of his daughters was married to Rúhullah (I.), and another to Zulfaqár Khán Nuçrat-jang.
A´çaf Khán's second son, Bahmanyár, was in the 20th year of Sháhj. a commander of 2000, 200 horse (Pádisháhn., II., 728).
Ghiás Beg's third son is Ibráhím Khán Fath-jang, who was governor of Bihár (p. 480, note) and Bengal. He was killed near his son's tomb during Sháhjahán's rebellion. His son had died young, and was buried near Rájmahall, on the banks of the Ganges (Tuzuk, p. 383). Ibráhím Khán was married to Hájí Húr Parwar Khánum, Núr Jahán's maternal aunt (khálah). She lived up to the middle of Aurangzíb's reign, and held Kol Jalálí as áltamghá.
An Ahmad Beg Khán is mentioned in the histories as the son of Núr Jahán's brother.2 He was with Ibráhím Fath-jang in Bengal, and retreated after his death to Dháká, where he handed over to Sháhjahán 500 elephants and 45 lacs of rupees (Tuzuk, p. 384). On Sháhj.'s accession, he received a high mançab, was made governor of T'hat'hah and Síwistán, and later of Multán. He then returned to court, and received as jágír the Parganahs of Jáis and Ameṭhí, where he died. In the 20th year of Sháhj., he was a commander of 2000, 1500 horse (Pádisháhn., II., 727).
A sister of Núr Jahán, Maníjah Begum, was mentioned on p. 499.
A fourth sister, Khadíjah Begum, was married to Hákim Beg, a nobleman of Jahángír's court.
The following tree will be found serviceable—
| 1. Khwájah Muhammad Sharíf (d. 984) | 2. Khwájah Mírzá Ahmad | 3. Khwájagí Khwájah | ||
| 1. A´ghá Muhammad Ṭáhir, Waçlí. | 2. Mírzá Ghiás Beg I'timáduddaulah. (d. 1031.) | Mírzá Amín i Rází (author of the Haft Iqlím). | Khwájah Shápúr. | |
| 1. Muhammad Sharíf (executed)? | 2. Mírzá Abul Hasan A´çaf Khán (IV.) (d. 1051.) | 3. 4. Two daughters Maníjah and Khadíjah. | 4. Núr Jahán (wife of Jahángír, (d. 1055). | 5. Ibráhím Khán Fath-jang (left no children). |
| Ahmad Beg Khán. | ||||
| 1. Mírzá Abú Ṭálib Sháistah Khán (d. 1105.) | 2. Bahmanyár. | 3. A son. | 4. Mumtáz Mahall, wife of Sháh Ja- hán (died 1040). |
5. 6. Two daughters. |
| 1. Abú Ṭálib. | ||||
| 2. Abul Fath Khán. | ||||
320. Khwa´jah Ashraf, son of Khwájah 'Abdul Bárí.
One MS. has Sharaf for Ashraf. Vide No. 316.
321. Sharaf Beg, of Shíráz.
322. Ibra´hi´m Quli´, son of Ismá'íl Qulí Khán (No. 46).
323. Abul Fath, son of Muzaffar, the Mughul.
324. Beg Muhammad Toqbái.
He served in the end of the 28th year in Gujrát, and was present in the fight near Maisánah, S. E. of Patan, in which Sher Khán Fúládí was defeated, and also against Muzaffar of Gujrát (Akbarn., III., 423).
Regarding Toqbái, vide No. 129.
325. Ima´m Quli´ Shighálí.
The Akbarnámah (III., 628) mentions an Imám Qulí, who, in the 37th year, served under Sulṭán Murád in Málwah.
The meaning of Shighálí is unclear to me. A Muhammad Qulí Shighálí played a part in Badakhshán history (Akbarn., III., 132, 249).
326. Safdar Beg, son of Haidar Muhammad Khán A´khtah Begí (No. 66).
A Çafdar Khán served, in the 21st year, against Daudá of Bundí (p. 410).
327. Khwa´jah Sulaima´n of Shíráz.
He has been mentioned on pp. 356, 457.
328. Barkhurda´r [Mírzá Khán 'A´lam], son of 'Abdurrahmán Duldai (No. 186).
Mírzá Barkhurdár was in the 40th year of Akbar's reign a commander of 250. His father (No. 186) had been killed in a fight with the rebel Dalpat.1 This Bihár Zamíndár was afterwards caught and kept in prison till the 44th year, when, on the payment of a heavy peshkash, he was allowed to return to his home. But B. wished to avenge the death of his father, and lay in ambush for Dalpat, who, however, managed to escape. Akbar was so annoyed at this breach of peace, that he gave orders to hand over B. to Dalpat; but at the intercession of several countries, B. was imprisoned.
As Jahángír was fond of him, he released him after his accession,2 and made him Qúshbegí, or superintendent of the aviary. In the fourth year (beginning of 1018), B. received the title of Khán 'A´lam (Tuzuk, p. 74). Two years later, in 1020, Sháh 'Abbás of Persia sent Yádgár 'Alí Sulṭán Ṭálish as ambassador to A´grah, and B. was selected to accompany him on his return to Persia. The suite consisted of about twelve hundred men, and was according to the testimony of the 'A´lamárá i Sikandarí the most splendid embassy that had ever appeared in Persia. In consequence of a long delay at Harát and Qum, caused by the absence of the Sháh in A´zarbáiján on an expedition against the Turks, nearly one half of the suite were sent back. In 1027, the Sháh returned to Qazwín, and received the numerous presents, chiefly elephants and other animals, which B. had brought from India. The embassy returned in 1029 (end of the 14th year), and B. met the emperor at Kalánúr on his way to Kashmír. Jahángír was so pleased, that he kept B. for two days in his sleeping apartment, and made him a commander of 5000, 3000 horse.
The author of the Pádisháhnámah (I., 427), however, remarks that B. did not possess the skill and tact of an ambassador, though he has not stated his reasons or the source of his information.
On Sháhjahán's accession, B. was made a commander of 6000, 5000 horse, received a flag and a drum, and was appointed governor of Bihár, vice M. Rustam Çafawí. But as he was given to koknár (opium and hemp), he neglected his duties, and was deposed before the first year had elapsed. In the fifth year (end of 1041), when Sháhj. returned from Burhánpúr to A´grah, B. was pensioned off, as he was old and given to opium, and received an annual pension of one lac of rupees (Pádisháhn., I., 426). He died a natural death at A´grah. He had no children.
B. is not to be confounded with Khwájah Barkhurdár, a brother of 'Abdullah Khán Fírúz-jang.
B. 's brother Mírzá 'Abdussubhán (No. 349) was Faujdár of Iláhábád. He was then sent to Kábul, where he was killed, in 1025, in a fight with the A´frídís (Tuzuk, beginning of the 11th year, p. 158).
'Abdussubhán's son, Sherzád Khán Bahádur, was killed in the last fight with Khán Jahán Lodí at Sehoṉdah (p. 505). Pádisháhn., I., 349.
329. Mi´r Ma'su´m of Bhakkar.
Mír Ma'çúm belongs to a family of Tirmizí Sayyids, who two or three generations before him had left Tirmiz in Bukhárá, and settled at Qandahár, where his ancestors were mutawallís (trustees) of the shrine of Bábá Sher Qalandar.
His father, Mír Sayyid Çafáí, settled in Bhakkar, and received favors from Sulṭán
Mahmúd (p. 362). He was related by marriage to the Sayyids of
After the death of his father, M. M. studied under Mullá Muhammad of Kingrí
On his return from I´rán, in 1015, Jahángír sent him as Amín to Bhakkar, where he died. It is said that he reached under Akbar a command of 1000.
From the Akbarnámah (III., 416, 423, 546) and Bird's History of Gujrat (p. 426) we see that M. M. served in 992 (end of the 28th year) in Gujrát, was present in the fight of Maisánah, and in the final expedition against Muzaffar in Kachh.
M. M. is well-known as poet and historian. He wrote under the poetical name of Námí. He composed a Díwán, a Masnáwí entitled Ma'dan-ulafkár in the metre of Nizámí's Makhzan, the Táríkh i Sindh, dedicated to his son, and a short medical work called Mufridát i Ma'çúmí. The author of the Riyázushshu'ará says that he composed a Khamsah (p. 491), and the Tazkirah by Taqí (vide under No. 352) says the same, viz. one masnawí corresponding to the Makhzan, the Husn o Náz to the Yúsuf Zalíkhá, the Parí Çúrat to the Lailí Majnún, and two others in imitation of the Haft Paikar and Sikandarnámah. Badáoní (died 1004) only alludes to the ‘Husn o Náz,’ though he gives no title (III., 366).
M. M. was also skilled as a composer and tracer of inscriptions, and the Riyázushshu'ará says that on his travels he was always accompanied by sculptors. From India to Içfahán and Tabríz, where he was presented to Sháh 'Abbás, there are numerous mosques and public buildings, which he adorned with metrical inscriptions. Thus the inscriptions over the gate of the Fort of A´grah, on the Jámi' Mosque of Fathpúr Síkrí, in Fort Mándú (vide p. 372, and Tuzuk, p. 189) are all by him. Sayyid Ahmad in his edition of the Tuzuk (Díbájah, p. 4, note) gives in full the inscription which he wrote on the side of the entrance to Salím i Chishtí's shrine at Fathpúr Síkrí, the last words of which are—“Said and written by Muhammad Ma'çúm poetically styled Námí, son of Sayyid Çafáí of Tirmiz, born at Bhakkar, descended from Sayyid Sher Qalandar, son of Bábá Hasan Abdál, who was born at Sabzwár and settled at Qandahár. Dowson, in his edition of Elliot's Historians, mentions Kirmán as the residence of Sayyid Çáfáí, and gives (I, 239) a few particulars from the Táríkh i Sindh regarding the saint Bábá Hasan Abdál, who lived under Mírzá Sháhrukh, son of Timur. The town of Hasan Abdál in the Panjáb, east of Aṭak, is called after him.
M. M. built also several public edifices, especially in Suk'har opposite to Bhakkar,
and in the midst of the branch of the Indus which flows round Bhakkar he built a
dome, to which he gave the name of Satiásur (
He was a pious man, and exceedingly liberal; he often sent presents to all the people of Bhakkar, great and small. But when he retired, he discontinued his presents, and the people even felt for some cause oppressed (mutaazzí). It is especially mentioned of him that on his jágír lands he laid out forests for hunting.
His eldest son, for whose instruction he wrote the Táríkh i Sindh, was Mír Buzurg. He was captured in full armour on the day Prince Khusrau's rebellion was suppressed, but he denied having had a share in it. Jahángír asked him why he had his armour on. “My father,” replied he, “advised me to dress in full armour when on guard,” and as the Chaukínawís, or guard writer, proved that he had been on guard that day, he was let off.
On the death of his father, Jahángír is said to have left Mír Buzurg in possession of his father's property. He was for a long time Bakhshí of Qandahár, but he was haughty and could never agree with the Çúbahdárs. He spent the 30 or 40 lacs of Rupees which he had inherited from his father. His contingent was numerous and well mounted. He subsequently served in the Dak'hin; but as his jágír did not cover his expenses, he resigned and retired to Bhakkar, contenting himself with the landed property which he had inherited. He died in 1044. Some of his children settled in Multán.
330. Khwa´jah Malik Ali´, Mír Shab.
His title of Mír Shab implies that he was in charge of the illuminations and the games and animal fights held at night (p. 222).
331. Rai´ Ra´m Da´s Di´wa´n. Vide No. 238.
332. Sha´h Muhammad, son of Sa'íd Khán, the Gak'khar.
For his relations vide under No. 247.
333. Rahi´m Quli´, son of Khán Jahán (No. 24).
334. Sher Beg, Yasáwulbáshí
Karam Beg, son of Sher Beg, is mentioned in the Akbarnámah (III., 623).
335. Iftikha´r Beg, son of Báyazíd Beg (No. 299).
He was alive in the end of 1007 A. H. (Akbarn., III., 804).
336. Prata´b Singh. son of Rájah Bhagwán Dás (No. 27).
He was mentioned on p. 447, under No. 160.
337. Husain Kha´n Qazwi´ni´. Vide No. 281.
338. Ya´dga´r Husain, son of Qabúl Khán (No. 137).
He was mentioned on p. 437. In the 31st year, he served under Qásim Khán in Kashmír. The Yádgár Husain mentioned in the Tuzuk (p. 146) may be the same. He was promoted, in the 10th year of Jahángír's reign, to a command of 700, 500 horse, for his services in the Dak'hin. Vide also Pádisháhnámah I., b., p. 323, l. 2 from below.
He is not to be confounded with Khwájah Yádgár, a brother of 'Abdullah Khán Fírúz-jang.
339. Ka´mra´n Beg of Gílán.
He served in the 33rd year (996) in Gujrát and Kachh against Fath Khán, the younger son of Amín Khán Ghorí, and Muzaffar, and in the 36th year, against Muzaffar and the Jám. Akbarn., III., 553, 621.
340. Muhammad Kha´n Turkmán.
341. Niza´muddi´n Ahmad, son of Sháh Muhammad Khán (No. 95).
He is not to be confounded with the author of the Ṭabaqát.
342. Sakat Singh, son of Rájah Mán Singh (No. 30).
Vide No. 256.
343. 'Ima´d ul Mulk.
The Akbarnámah mentions a Qází 'Imád ul Mulk, who in the end of 984 (21st year) accompanied a party of courtiers to Makkah.
344. Shari´f i Sarmadi´.
He was a poet. Vide below, among the poets of Akbar's reign.
345. Qara´ Bahri´, son of Qarátáq.
Qarátáq, whose name in the Akbarnámah is spelled Qaráṭáq, was killed by Gajpatí in the same fight in which Farhang Khán, son of Farhat Khán (No. 145), was slain (p. 441).
346. Ta´ta´r Beg, son of 'Alí Muhammad Asp. (No. 258).
347. Khwa´jah Muhibb 'Ali´ of Khawáf.
Vide p. 445, note.
348. Haki´m [Jaláluddín] Muzaffar of Ardistán.
Ardistán is a Persian town which lies between Káshán and Içfahán. He was at first a doctor at the court of Sháh Ṭahmásp, and emigrated when young to India, where he was looked upon as a very experienced doctor, though his theoretical reading is said to have been limited. Badáoní (III, 169) and the Tuzuk (p. 59) praise the purity of his character and walk of life.
He served in 988 (25th year) in Bengal, returned in the end of the 28th year with Mírzá 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) to court, and served subsequently under him in Gujrát and Kachh. Akbarn., III, 283, 418, 620. Under Jahángír, he was made a commander of 3000, 1000 horse (Tuzuk, p. 37). The emperor was fond of him, as he had been with him in Iláhábád, when as prince he had rebelled against Akbar. The news of the Hakím's death reached J. on the 22nd Jumáda I, 1016. For about twenty years before his death, he had suffered from qarhah i shush, or disease of the lungs, but his uniform mode of living (yakṭaurí) prolonged his life. His cheeks and eyes often got quite red, and when he got older, his complexion turned bluish. He was accidentally poisoned by his compounder.
349. 'Abdussubha´n, son of 'Abdurrahmán Duldai (No. 186).
He was mentioned under No. 328, p. 514.
350. Qa´sim Beg of Tabríz.
He served in the 36th year under Sulṭán Murád in Málwah, and died on the 23rd A´bán, (end of) 1007; vide Akbarn., III., 628, 803. Vide below under the learned men of Akbar's reign.
351. Shari´f [Amír ul Umará], son of Khwájah 'Abduççamad (No. 266).
Muhammad Sharíf was the school companion of Prince Salím, who was much attached to him. When the prince had occupied Iláhábád in rebellion against Akbar, Sharíf was sent to him to advise him; but he only widened the breach between the prince and his father, and gained such an ascendancy over Salím, that he made the rash promise to give him half the kingdom, should he obtain the throne. When a reconciliation had been effected between Salím and Akbar, Sh. had to fly for his life, and concealed himself in the hills and jungles. He was reduced to starvation, when he heard of Akbar's death. He went at once to court, and Jahángír, true to his promise, made him Amír ul Umará, Vakíl, entrusted him with the great seal (úzuk) and allowed him to select his jágír lands. The emperor says in his Memoirs, ‘He is at once my brother, my friend, my son, my companion. When he came back, I felt as if I had received new life. I am now emperor, but consider no title sufficiently high to reward him for his excellent qualities, though I can do no more than make him Amír ul Umará and a commander of 5000. My father never did more.’
Sharíf seems to have advised the emperor to drive all Afgháns from India; but the Khán i A'zam (No. 21) warned Jahángír against so unwise a step. Though Sh.'s position at court was higher than that of Mírzá 'Azíz, the latter treated him contemptuously as a mean upstart, and Sh. recommended the emperor to kill 'Azíz for the part he had played in Khusrau's rebellion. But 'Azíz was pardoned, and advised to make it up with Sharíf, and invite him to his house. The Khán i A'zam did so, and invited him and the other Amírs. At the feast, however, he said to him, in the blandest way, “I say, Nawáb, you do not seem to be my friend. Now your father 'Abduççamad, the Mullá, was much attached to me. He was the man that painted the very walls of the room we sit in.” Khán Jahán (p. 503) and Mahábat Khán could not stand this insolent remark, and left the hall; and when Jahángír heard of it, he said to Sh., “The Khán cannot bridle his tongue; but don't fall out with him.”
In the second year, Sh. accompanied the emperor on his tour to Kábul, but fell so ill, that he had to be left in Láhor, A´çaf Khán (No. 98, p. 412) being appointed to officiate for him. On his recovery, he was sent to the Dak'hin, but was soon afterwards called to court, as he could not agree with the KhánKhánán (No. 29). It is said that illness deprived him of the faculty of memory, and Jahángír was on the point of making him retire, when Khán Jahán interceded on his behalf. He was again sent to the Dak'hin, and died there a natural death.
Like his father, Sh. was a good painter. He also made himself known as a poet, and composed a Díwán. His takhalluç is Fárisí (Badáoní, III., 310).
Sh.'s eldest son, Shahbáz Khán, died when young. A Sarái near Lak'hnau, about a kos from the town, bears his name.
His two younger sons, Mírzá Gul and Mírzá Járullah, used to play with Jahángír at chess and nard; but this ceased at the death of their father. M. Járullah was married to Miçrí Begum, a daughter of A´çaf Khán (No. 98); but from a certain aversion, the marriage was never consummated. At A´çaf's death, Jahángír made him divorce his wife, and married her to Mírza Lashkarí (No. 375), son of Mírzá Yúsuf Khán (p. 347).
Both brothers followed Mahábat Khán to Kábul, where they died.
352. Taqiya´ of Shustar.
Taqiyá is the I´rání form for Taqí. The Ṭabaqát calls him Taqí Muhammad. Badáoní (III., 206) has Taqíuddín, and says that he was a good poet and a well educated man. At Akbar's order he undertook a prose version of the Sháhnámah. He is represented as a ‘muríd,’ or disciple of Akbar's Divine Faith.
He was still alive in the 3rd year of Jahángír's reign (1017), when he received for his attainments the title of Muarrikh Khán (Tuzuk, p. 69, where in Sayyid Ahmad's edition we have to read Shushtarí for the meaningless Shamsherí).
Taqiyá is not to be confounded with the more illustrious Taqiyá of Balbán (a village near Içfahán), who, according to the Mir-át ul 'A´lam came in the beginning of Jahángír's reign to India. He is the author of the rare Tazkirah, or Lives of Poets, entitled 'Arafát o 'Araçát, and of the Dictionary entitled Surmah i Sulaimání, which the lexicographer Muhammad Husain used for his Burhán i Qáṭi.’
353. Khwa jah Abdussamad of Káshán.
354. Haki´m Lutfullah, son of Mullá 'Abdurrazzáq of Gílán.
He is the brother of Nos. 112 and 205, and arrived in India after his brothers. Badáoní (III., 169) calls him a very learned doctor.
| 355. | Sher Afkan | sons of Saif Khán Kokah (No. 38, p. 350). |
| 356. | Ama´nullah |
Amánullah died in the 45th year of Akbar's reign at Burhánpúr. “He was an excellent young man, but fell a victim to the vice of the age, and died from excessive wine-drinking.” Akbarnámah, III., 835.
| 357. | Sali´m Quli´ | sons of Ismá'íl Qulí Khán (No. 46). |
| 358. | Khali´l Quli´ |
359. Wali´ Beg, son of Páyandah Khán (No. 68).
He served under Qásim Khán (No. 59) in the conquest of Kashmír.
360. Beg Muhammad Uighúr.
361. Mi´r Kha´n Yasáwul.
When Akbar during the first Gujrátí war (p. 434, note 2) had left Patan for Chotánah (Rajab, 980), it was reported that Muzaffar of Gujrát had fled from Sher Khán Fúládí, and was concealed in the neighbourhood; vide p. 386. Akbar, therefore, sent Mír Khán the Yasáwul and Faríd the Qaráwul, and afterwards Abul Qásim Namakín (No. 199) and Karam 'Alí in search of him. Mír Khán had not gone far, when he found the chatr and sáibán (p. 50) which Muzaffar had dropped, and soon after captured Muzaffar himself in a field. Mír Khán took him to Akbar.
362. Sarmast Kha´n, son of Dastam Khán (No. 79).
363. Sayyid Abul Hasan, son of Sayyid Muhammad Mír 'Adl (No. 140).
364. Sayyid 'Abdul Wa´hid, son of the Mír 'Adl's brother.
365. Khwa´jah Beg Mi´rza´, son of Ma'çúm Beg.
366. Sakra´, brother of Ráná Pratáb.
Sakrá is the son of Ráná Udai Singh, son of Ráná Sánká (died 934, A. H.). When his brother Pratáb, also called Ráná Kíká, was attacked by Akbar (p. 418, note 2), he paid his respects at court, and was made a commander of 200.
In the 1st year of Jahángír's reign, he got a present of 12000 Rupees, and joined the expedition led by Prince Parwíz against Ráná Amrá, Pratáb's successor. In the end of the same year, he served against Dalpat (p. 359), and was in the 2nd year made a commander of 2500, 1000 horse. He received, in the 11th year, a mançab of 3000, 2000 horse.
The Akbarnámah mentions another son of Udai Singh, of the name of Sakat Singh, who in the 12th year of Akbar's reign was at court. The emperor had just returned from the last war with Khán Zamán, when he heard that Udai Singh had assisted the rebellious Mírzás. He therefore resolved to punish the Ráná, and on a hunting tour in Parganah Bárí told Sakat Singh of his intentions, and expressed a hope that he would accompany him. Sakat, however, fled to his father, and told him of Akbar's intentions. This determined the emperor to carry out his plan without delay. Udaipúr was invaded, and Chítor surrendered.
| 367. | Sha´di´ Be Uzbak | sons of Nazar Be (No. 169). |
| 368. | Ba´qi´ Be Uzbak |
They have been mentioned above on p. 455. From the Akbarnámah (III., 628) we see that Nazar Be received a jágír in Handiah, where he rebelled and perished (36th year).
369. Yu´na´n Beg, brother of Murád Khán (No. 54).
Some MSS. have Mírzá Khán for Murád Khán.
370. Shaikh Kabi´r1 i Chishti´ [Shujá'at Khán, Rustam i Zamán].2
The Maásir calls him “an inhabitant of Mau.” He was a relation of Islám Khán (p. 493) i Chishtí, and received the title of Shujá'at Khán from Prince Salím, who on his accession made him a commander of 1000 (Tuzuk, p. 12). He served under Khán Jahán (p. 503) in the Dak'hin as haráwal, an office which the Sayyids of Bárha claimed as hereditary in their clan. Afterwards, he went to Bengal, and commanded the imperialists in the last war with 'Usmán. During the fight, he wounded 'U.'s elephant, when the Afghán chief received a bullet, of which he died the night after the battle. The day being lost, Walí Khán, 'Usmán's brother, and Mamrez Khán, 'Usmán's son, retreated to a fort with the dead body of their relation, and being hotly pursued by Shaikh Kabír, they submitted with their families, and received his promise of protection. The 49 elephants which they surrendered, were taken by Sh. K. to Islám Khán in Jahángírnagar (Dháká), 6th Çafar, 1021. Tuzuk, p. 104.
Jahángír gave him for his bravery the title of Rustam i Zamán. The Maásir says that Islám Khán did not approve of the promise of protection which Sh. K. had given the Afgháns, and sent them prisoners to court. On the road, they were executed by 'Abdullah Khán at the emperor's orders. Sh. K., annoyed at this breach of faith, left Bengal. While on the way, he received an appointment as governor of Bihár, At his entry in Patna, he sat upon a female elephant, when another elephant suddenly came up against his. Sh. K. jumped down, and broke his neck.
The Tuzuk tells the story differently, and says that Islám Khán appointed Sh. K. to Oṛísá, and that on his way to that province the accident took place. Nothing is said about Usmán's relations.
The MSS. of the Maásir have
He was the first that taught Akbar the principle of çulh i kul, ‘peace with all,’ the Persian term which Abulfazl so often uses to describe Akbar's policy of toleration. Abulfazl (Akbarn, II., 23) says that 'Abdullaṭíf was accused in Persia of being a Sunní and in Hindústán of being a Shí'ah.
↩Elliot has by mistake 971. The Táríkh of his death in the Maásir and Badáoní (III., p. 99) is fakhr i ál i Yá-Sín, ‘the pride of the descendants of Yásín (the Prophet)’=981, if the long alif in ál be not counted 2, but 1.
↩Kewal Ram, according to Elliot, says in the Tazkirat ul Umará that the title was conferred on Naqíb Khán in the 25th year for his gallant conduct in repelling a night attack made by Ma'çúm Khán i Kábulí on the Imperialists under Todar Mall and Çádiq Khán. This night attack is related in the Akbarnámah (III., 293). The fight took place in the 25th year, near Gya; but Abulfazl says nothing of Naqíb's ‘gallant conduct;’ he does not even mention his name.
↩Shamsí is an abbreviation for Shamsuddín.
↩Regarding the Farhang i Jahángírí, vide Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1868, pp. 12 to 15, and 65 to 69.
↩The Lucknow edition of the Akbarnámah (III., p. 629) says he was made at the same time a Commander of Four Thousand. This must be a mistake, because Mír Sharíf was at Jahángír's accession a Commander of 2500 (Tuzuk, p. 22)
↩Badáoní (Ed. Bibl. Indica) has Basakhwán; the MSS. of the Maásir Basákhwán (with a long penultima) and on other places Basákhán, without a w; the Calcutta edition of the Dabistán (p. 374) and Shea and Troyer's Translation have Masajwán,—a shifting of the diacritical points.
↩ The name nuqṭawí was evidently
used by Badáoní, though the MSS.
from which the Bibl. Indica edition was
printed, have Nabaṭí, which was given
on p. 176. For Umaná, Shea's translation
of the Dabistán has Imaná; but
Mází (
Badakhshí is the adjective formed from Badakshán, as Káshí from Káshán. The words Shaikh 'Umarí are to be taken as an adjective formed like Akbarsháhí, Jahángírí, &c., which we find after the names of several grandees. Thus Shaikh 'Umarí would mean ‘belonging to the servants of Shaikh 'Umar,’ and this explanation is rendered more probable by the statement of historians that Hasan Beg belonged to the Bábarián, or ‘nobles of Bábar's Court.’
Hasan Beg is often wrongly called Husain Beg. Thus in the Tuzuk, p. 25, ff.; Pádisháhn. I, p. 306; Akbarn. III, 598.
↩ Generally spelt
So the Tuzuk. The Maásir has the
20th, instead of the 8th. MSS. continually
confound
Vide p. 414, note. There is another Bhairoṉwál between Wazírábád and Siálkoṭ, south of the Chanáb.
↩In Zú Hajjah, 1018, he got an appointment as a Yúzbáshí, or commander of 100, and was sent to Kashmír (Tuzuk, p. 79). In the Tuzuk, he is called 'Abdurrahím Khar, 'Abdurrahím ‘the Ass.’
↩When the news was brought to Akbar that Mán Singh, soon after the defeat of the Imperialists and the death of Bír Baṛ in the Khaibar Pass, had defeated the Táríkís at 'Alí Masjid (end of the 30th year, or beginning of Rabí' I., 994).
↩Mr. J. E. Delmerick informs me that the Gakk'hars inhabited the hilly parts of the Ráwul Pinḍí and Jhelam districts from Khánpúr on the borders of the Hazárah district along the lower range of hills skirting the Tahçíls of Ráwul Pinḍí, Kuhúta, and Gújar Khán, as far as Domeli in the Jhelam district. Their ancient strongholds were Pharwálah, Sulṭánpúr, and Dangálí. They declare that they are descended from the Kaianian kings of I´rán. Their ancestor Kid invaded Tibet, where he and his descendants reigned for ten generations. His tenth descendant Kab conquered Kashmír, and took possession of half of it. The Gakk'hars then reigned for 16 generations after Kab in Kashmír. The 16th descendant, Zain Sháh fled to Afghánistán, where he died. His son, Gakk'har Sháh, came to the Panjáb with Mahmúd of Ghazní, and was made lord of the Sind Ságar Duáb. Malik Bír is said to have been the grandfather of Tatár, whose father was Malik Pílú. Vide Mr. Delmerick's History of the Gakk'hars, Journal, A. S. B., 1871.
↩ The Maásir says, he subjected the
tribes called
Not Hailáṉ (
So in my MSS. of the Ṭabaqát.
The author of the Maásir found 970 in
his MS., which would be the same year
in which Kamál Khán was restored to
his paternal inheritance; hence he adds a
U´ṉḍchah is generally spelt on our maps Oorcha. It lies near Jhánsí on the left bank of the Betwah. The name of the river ‘Dasthárá,’ mentioned on p. 356, is differently spelled in the MSS. In one place the Maásir has Satdahárá.
↩Regarding the Kachhwáhahs see my article in the Calcutta Review, for April, 1871, entitled ‘A Chapter from Muhammadan History.’
↩Chingiz Khán, in the histories, is often called Qáán i Buzurg.
↩Dawá invaded India during the reign of 'Aláuddín; vide Journal, As. Soc. Bengal, for 1869, p. 194, and 1870, p. 44.
↩ His daughter is called Tukul Khánum
Mírzá Haidar was a historian and poet. He wrote in 951 the Táríkh i 'Abdurrashídí, in honor of Abdurrashíd, king of Káshghar. The villa known as Bágh i Çafá was erected by him. Akbarnámah III., 585.
The MS. of the Táríkh i Rashídí in the Library of the Asiatic Society (Persian MSS, No. 155, three parts, 19 lines per page) is a fair, though modern copy, and was brought by Capt. H. Strachey from Yárkand.
The Táríkh commences with the reign of Tughluq Timur Khán, who was converted to Islám by Mauláná Arshaduddín, and goes down to the reign of 'Abdurrashíd. The second daftar contains the Memoirs of Mírzá Haidar. The style is elegant.
↩ Thus you say
Sayyid Ahmad's edition of the Tuzuk mentions a Qásim 'Alí on p. 58, l. 2 from below; but according to the Maásir, we have there to read Qásim Beg for Qásim 'Alí.
↩'A´dil Sháh was murdered in 988, by a young handsome eunuch, whom he attempted to use for an immoral purpose. The king was known as much for his justice and goodwill towards his subjects, as for his mania for boys and unnatural crimes. He obtained with some exertion two young and handsome eunuchs from Malik Baríd of Bedar, and was stabbed by the elder of the two at the first attempt of satisfying his inordinate desires. Mauláná Razá of Mashhad, poetically styled Razáí, found the táríkh of his death in the words Sháh i jahán shud shahíd (988), ‘The king of the world became a martyr.’
↩Badáoní (III., 166) says that 'Alí was the son of the sister of Hakím ul Mulk of Gílán and learned medicine and science under Sháh Fathullah of Shíráz. He was a rabid Shí'ah, and a bad doctor who often killed his patients. Thus he killed Fathullah by prescribing harísah (vide p. 33, note).
↩So Badáoní. The Maásir says, Pihání lies near Lak'hnau.
↩The namaksár, or salt-range, says the Maásir, is a district 20 kos long, and belongs to the Sind Ságar Duáb, between the Bahat and the Indus. People break off pieces from the salt rocks, and carry them to the banks of the river, where the price is divided between the miners and the carriers, the former taking ¾ and the latter ¼ of the amount realized. Merchants buy the salt at a price varying from half a dám to two dáms (one rupee = 40 dáms) per man, and export it. The Government takes 1 Rupee for every 17 mans. The salt is also often made into ornaments.
↩Shahnawáz Khán i Çafawí is the title of Mírzá Badíuzzamán, alias Mírzá Dak'hiní, son of Mírzá Rustam (No. 9). One of his daughters, Dilras Bánú Begum, was married, in the end of 1046, to Aurangzíb. Another was married, in 1052, to Prince Murád Bakhsh. Elphinstone (History of India, 5th edition, p. 607) calls Shahnawáz Khán by mistake the brother of Sháistah Khán; but Sháistah is the son of Yamínuddaulah A´çaf Khán, elder brother of Núr Jahán.
↩Sarái Jájú, near Dholpúr. The battle was fought on the 18th Rabí' I., 1119, and Muhammad A'zam was killed with his two sons Bedár Bakht and Wálá-jáh.
↩Jamíl is a common name among Turks. It is scarcely ever used in Hindústán.
↩ The MSS. have
Humám, not Hammám, is the Indian pronunciation.
↩The Maásir says that the author of the Mir-át-ul 'A´lam mentions 1080 as the year of his death; but my MS. of the Mir-át (Chapter on the poets of the period from Humáyún to Aurangzíb) mentions no year.
↩Baṭaní is the name of an Afghán tribe, N. W. of Derá Ismá'íl Khán.
↩The spelling ‘Chhajhú’ is preferable to ‘Jhajhú.’
↩The list of Jahángír's wives on p. 310, may be increased by ten other princesses. (1) Malikah i Jahán, daughter of Ráwul Bhím of Jaisalmír. (2) The beautiful daughter of Zain Kokah, mentioned on p. 345. There is a curious discrepancy between Tuzuk, p. 8, and Akbarnámah, III., 594: Jahángír says that Parwíz was his son by Zain Kokah's daughter, and Abulfazl says that Parwíz's mother was the daughter of Khwájah Hasan, Zain Khán's uncle (vide also p. 344); but there is no doubt that Parwíz was born in the 34th year, on the 19th A´bán, 997, whilst Jahángír, only in the 41st year, fell in love with Zain Khán's daughter (p. 345). It is therefore evident, assuming that Sayyid Ahmad's text of Tuzuk, p. 8, be correct, that Jahángír had forgotten who among his many wives was mother to his second son. (3) Núrunnisá Begum, sister of Mírzá Muzaffar Husain, p. 464. (4) A daughter of the king of Khandesh. This princess died in the 41st year of Akbar's reign. (5) Çálihah Bánú, daughter of Qáim Khán, p. 371. (6) A daughter of Khwájah Jahán i Kábulí (Dost Muhammad). (7) A daughter of Sa'íd Khán Gakk'har. Her daughter, 'Iffat Bánú, is mentioned, Akbarnámah, III., 561. (8) The mother of Daulat Nisá, Akbarn, III., 597. The MSS. do not clearly give the name of the father of this princess. (9) A daughter of Mírzá Sanjar, son of Khizr Khán Hazárah; Akbarn., III., 607. (10) A daughter of Rám Chand Bundelah, (No. 248), married in 1018; Tuzuk, p. 77.
↩This Sa'ádat Khán had first been in the service of the Dak'hin kings as commander of the Forts of Gálnah and Tiranbak; but later he entered Akbar's service.
↩Vide Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1870, p. 275.
↩ The Akbarnámah (III., 492) calls
the pass near Bárah Múlah, where Yúsuf
surrendered,
Regarding the cultivation of za'farán (saffron) vide also Tuzuk, p. 45.
↩Kokrah was mentioned above on p. 401. It is the old name of Chutiá Nágpúr, one of the parganahs of which is still called Kokrah, or Khukra, as spelt on the survey maps. The Rájah, Col. Dalton informs me, once resided in Kokrah at a place in Lat. 23° 20' and Long. 88° 87', nearly, where there is still an old fort. Vide also Vth Report (Madras edition, vol. I., p. 503; old edition, p. 417).
The Rájah of Kokrah who, in the 30th year, succumbed to Shahbáz Khán (p. 401) is called Mádhú. In the 37th year, Mádhú and Lak'hmí Rái of Kokrah served in Yúsuf Khán's detachment, to which the contingents also of Sangrám Singh Sháhá of K'harakpúr (p. 446, and Proceedings, A. S. Bengal, for May, 1871), and Púran Mall of Gidhor belonged (Akbarnámah, III., 641).
Kokrah is again mentioned in the Tuzuk i Jahángírí (pp. 154, 155), where it is defined as a hilly district between south Bihár and the Dak'hin. It was run over, in the beginning of 1025, by Ibráhím Khán Fath-jang, governor of Bihár, who was dissatisfied with the few diamonds and elephants which the Rájahs sent him as tribute. The then Rájah is called Durjun Sál. He was captured with several of his relations in a cave, and the district was annexed to Bihár.
The Tuzuk has (l. c.) a few interesting notes on the diamonds of Kokrah.
↩The Tuẓuk (p. 11) says, he belonged to the ulús i Dihlí, a very doubtful term, as he belonged to Badakhshán. Perhaps we have to read ulús i duldai (p. 388).
↩Vide Dowson's edition of Elliot's Historians, Vol. I., p. 250.
↩“The emperor Jahángír gave the A´shtí, Amner, Paunár, and Tálígáṉw (Barár) parganahs in jágír to Muhammad Khán Niyází. He restored A´shtí, and brought the country round under cultivation. A handsome mausoleum was built over his grave in Mughul style. Muhammad Khán was succeeded by Ahmad Khán, who died in 1061. A similar mausoleum was erected over his tomb, but smaller and of inferior workmanship. The two stand side by side within an enclosure, and are the sights of A´shtí. They are indeed striking monuments of art to find in such a remote spot as this. After the death of Ahmad Khán, the power of the Niyázís gradually declined; in time A´shtí itself passed from their hands into the possession of the Marhatta officials, and now nothing remains to them save a few rent-free fields, sufficient merely for their subsistence. The tombs of their ancestors were already falling into disrepair owing to the poverty of the family, when they were taken in hand by the district authorities as worthy objects of local interest, and restored from municipal funds. Lately, in consideration of the past history of the family, and the local respect which it commands, the Government conferred on Nawáb Wáhid Khán, one of its representatives in A´shtí, the powers of an honorary magistrate.”
“Karanja. A small octroi town in the A´rví tahçíl of the Wardah district. It was founded some 260 years by Nawáb Muhammad Khán Niyází of A´shtí.” Extracts from C. Grant's Gazetteer of the Central Provinces of India, second edition, 1870, pp. 7 and 236.
↩Abul Fath, who on p. 318 has erroneously been called Abdul Fath, was the son of Fazíl Beg, Mun'im's brother. Badáoní II., 56 has Fazáil Beg, but the Akbarnámah and the Maásir have Fazíl.
↩The Lucknow edition of the Akbarnámah (III., 642) has also Durjan, and (by mistake) Síl for Sabal Singh. The Subhán Singh mentioned in the same passage, would also appear to be a son of Mán Singh.
↩ For the geographical details of this
passage I am indebted to Mr. J. G. Delmerick.
The Tuzuk has Pílah of Tílah;
Bhakrá for Bhakrálah, and the Persian
word khánah for Káhan (
On the same page of Sayyid Ahmad's edition of the Tuzuk, we have to read Khattar and Dilah-zák, for Khar and Dilah-zák. The Khattars occupy the district called Kháṭar, and the Dilah-záks are found in the Ch'hach valley of the Indus.
Poṭ'hwár is the country between the Jhelam and the Sohan; but Jahángír extends it to the Márgalah pass from Hatiá (30 miles from the Jhelam).
↩So according to Mr. Delmerick.
↩So according to Mr. Delmerick.
↩The Dutch traveller DeLaët has an interesting passage regarding Abulfazl's death (De Imperio Magni Mogulis, Leyden, 1631, p. 209). He calls Bir Singh Radzia Bertzingh Bondela.
↩So Pádisháhnámah, II., 732. The Maásir calls him Bad Singh or Bud Singh.
↩Badáoní (III., 74) calls it Manba'u nafáis-il'uyún.
↩
Islám Khán was married to a sister of Abulfazl, by whom he had a son called Hoshang. Islám Khán died as governor of Bengal on the 5th Rajab, 1022. Tuzuk, p. 126.
↩The Pádisháhnámah (II., 64), where Mukarram Khán's expedition is related, distinguishes between Kúch Hájú and Kúch Bihár. The former was in the beginning of Jahángír's reign under Paríchhat, the latter under Lachmí Naráin. Hájú is the name of a famous leader of the Kúch people, who in ethnological works is said to have expelled the Kachárís and founded a dynasty which lasted two hundred years. His descendants still exercise jura regalia in Kúch Bihár Proper. Materials for a history of Kúch Bihár will be found in the Akbarnámah (Lucknow Edition, III., p. 208, annals of the 41st year); in the Tuzuk i Jahángírí (pp. 147, 220, 221, 223); in the Pádisháhnámah I., 496; II., 64 to 79, 87, 88, 94; and in the Fath i A´shám; vide also Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, Vol. VII; Stewart's History of Bengal, p. 96; and above, pp. 315, 340, 343.
↩Wrongly called in the Bibl. Indica Edition of the Pádisháhnámah (I., 167), Ghazalí Khán.
Ghaznín's jágír before Akbar's conquest of Gujrát, as detailed by Bird (p. 124) includes portions of Nágor and Mírt'ha, and fixes the revenue at nearly 10 lacs of rupees, with 7,000 horse. This can only have been nominal. Abulfazl, in his description of Çúbah Ajmír, IIIrd book, mentions 3½ lacs of rupees, with 2000 horse, as the jama' of Jálor and Sáṇchor (S. W. of Jálor).
↩The word dongar which occurs in the names of places from Soraṭh to Málwah and Central India, is a Gond word meaning a forest. There are many Dongarpúrs, Dongargáṉws, Dongartáls, Dongars, &c. Similarly, the word bir in Munḍárí signifies a jungle, whence Birbhúm (Western Bengal). Thus also Jháṛkand, or jungle region, the general name of Chutiá Nágpúr. The above-mentioned Dongarpúr lies on the N. W. frontier of Gujrát (Akbarn,. III., 169, 170, 477).
↩The maps give a Manoharpúr, north of Amber, about Lat, 27° 20'.
↩Vide Dowson, Elliot's Historians, I., p. 248.
↩Jahángír says that Khúbú's mother was dearer to him than his own mother.
↩Gajpatí's brother, Bairí Sál, had been killed (Akbarn., III., 162).
↩Vide Wüstenfeld's Yacut, II., 164.
↩The siege of Húglí commenced on the 2nd Zí Hajjah, 1041, or 11th June, 1632, and the town was taken on the 14th Rabí' I, 1042, or 10th September, 1632. The village of Haldípúr, mentioned in the Pádisháhnámah as having for some time been the head quarters of the Mughul army, is called on our maps Holodpur, and lies N. W. of Húglí.
The Portuguese church at Bandel (a corruption of bandar?) bears the year 1599 on its keystone.
↩The two large stone elephants which stood upon the gate were taken down by Aurangzíb in Rajab, 1079, because the Muhammadan law forbids sculpture. Maás. 'A´lamgírí, p. 77.
↩So the Maásir. The Bibl. Ind. Edition of the Pádisháhnámah, I., 348, has Bándhú. So likewise for Salwání (Pád. I., 290), the Maásir has Lánjhí (Gondwánah), where Kh. J. after the fight near Dholpúr and his march through the Bundelah State for the first time rested.
Bhánder lies N. E. of Jhánsí. Sehoṉdá lies N. of Kálinjar, on the Ken.
↩
Champánír, according to Bird, is also called Mahmúdábád. The Maásir has Champánír-Muhammadábád.
↩Born A. H. 738, died at the age of 111 (lunar) years, on the 10th Shawwál, 849. Shaikh Ahmad lies buried at Sark'hej near Ahmadábád. The biographical works on Saints give many particulars regarding this personage, and the share which he had, as one of the four Gujráti Ahmads, in the foundation of Ahmadábád (founded 7th Zí Qa'dah 813). Khazínatul Açfiá (Láhor), p. 957’.
Khaṭṭú, where Shaikh Ahmad was educated by his adoptive father Shaikh Is-háq i Maghribí (died 776, A. H.) lies east of Nágor.
↩ The Díbájah (preface) of the Tuzuk
(p. 20) and the Iqbálnámah (p. 54) agree
verbatim in Ghiás Beg's history. They
do not mention Qazáq Khán. For Yazd
of the Maásir, Sayyid Ahmad's text of
the Tuzuk has Marw; and the Bibl.
Indica edition of the Iqbálnámah has
The words son of are not in the Maásir, but in the Tuzuk and the Iqbálnámah. Two A´ghá Mullás have been mentioned on p. 369, and under No. 278, p. 497.
↩It is said that Núr Jahán at her death in 1055 was in her seventy-second year. She would thus have been born in A. H. 984; hence Ghiás Beg's flight from Persia must have taken place immediately after the death of his father.
It is well to bear this in mind; for when Núr Jahán was married by Jahángír (in 1020), she must have been as old as 34 (solar) years, an age at which women in the East are looked upon as old women.
↩Where he had some distant relations, as Ja'far Beg (No. 98).
↩Who according to custom had the same name as his grandfather; vide p. 497, No. 278.
↩ The Tuzuk and the Iqbálnámah
have Ruqaiyah Sulṭán Begum (p. 309).
The Maásir has Salímah Sulṭán Begum
(p. 309). The Iqbálnámah (p. 56) has
wrong
In accordance with the name of her husband Núruddín Jahángír.
↩As the diamond when reduced to powder was looked upon in the East as a deadly poison, so was the cornelian (yáqút) supposed to possess exhilarating properties. Mufarrih means an exhilarative.
↩So the Tuzuk and the Iqbálnámah.
↩Dudámí, weighing two dáms; pánchtoliyah, weighing five tolahs. The latter was mentioned on p. 94. Farsh i chandaní, carpets of sandalwood colour.
↩Elphinstone has by mistake 2 lacs per mensem. The highest allowance of Begums on record is that of Mumtáz Mahall, viz. 10 lacs per annum. Vide Pádisháhn., I., 96.
↩In the Pádisháhnámah Núr Jahán is again called Núr Mahall.
↩Also called Muhammad Ṭálíb. Vide Pádisháhn., II., 248.
↩It seems therefore that he was the son of Muhammad Sharíf.
↩ Dalpat is called in the Akbarnámah
The maps shew a small place of the name of Pratáb near Bhojpúr.
It is said that the Bhojpúr Rájahs call themselves Ujjainiahs, because they claim descent from the ancient Rájahs of Ujjain in Málwah.
In the 17th year of Sháhjahán, Dharnídhar Ujjainiah is mentioned to have several in the second expedition against Palámau; Journal, As. Soc., Bengal, for 1871, No. II, p. 123.
↩If we can trust the Lucknow edition of the Akbarnámah, B. could not have been imprisoned for a long time; for in the end of the 44th year of Akbar's reign, he served again at court (Akbarn., III., 825).
↩He is not to be confounded with another Shaikh Kabír, who in the 25th year served in Bengal at the outbreak of the military revolt; in the 26th year, in Kábul; and in the 32nd year against the Táríkís under Maṭlab Khán (No. 83). He died in the 36th year, in the war with the Jám and Muzaffar of Gujrát (Akbarn., III., 283, 408, 541, 621, where the Lucknow edition calls him the son of Mukammal Khán.
↩Kháfí Khán calls him wrongly (I, 273) Shujá' Khán and Rustam Khán.
↩