A'in-i Akbarī - The Ain-i-Akbarī, Volume 1

it. During the siege, R. called his family to his camp; but Saltán Deodah fell upon the caravan, killed several relations of R., and then withdrew to Abúgaṛh.¹ R. in the meantime took Sarohí, and hastened to Abúgaṛh, which Saltán surrendered. R. left a garrison there, and took Saltán to Court.

In the 26th year, when Mírzá Muhammad Hakím, Akbar's brother, threatened to invade the Panjáb, R. together with several other grandees was sent in advance. They were soon followed by Prince Murád. When the imperial army, in the end of the same year, returned to A´grah, R. and several others were sent as tuyúldárs to the Panjáb. In the 28th year, he served in Bengal.

In the 30th year, R. and Ismá'íl Qulí Khán (vide No. 46) led successfully an expedition against the Balúchís. In the following year (19th Rajab, 994), R.'s daughter was married to Prince Salím. In the 35th year, he went for some time to Bíkánír, and served, in the end of the 36th year, in Sindh under M. 'Abdurrahím (No. 29).

In the 38th year, Akbar paid R. a visit of condolence. The son of Rájah Rámchand Baghelah of Bándhú died suddenly on his way to Bándhú, to which he had only lately, after the death of his father, been appointed. The young Rájah had married a daughter of R. Akbar interceded for their young children, and prevented R.'s daughter from burning herself. Soon after, R. stayed away from Court for some reason, during which time one of his servants complained of him to Akbar. The emperor called the man to court; but R. concealed him, and gave out, he had run away. Akbar was annoyed and excluded R. for some time from the darbárs; but after some time he restored him and sent him as governor to Súrat, with the order to assist in the Dak'hin wars. R., however, delayed in Bíkánír, and when he had at last left, delayed on the road to Súrat. Akbar advised him to be obedient; but seeing that he would not go, called him to Court, but without allowing him to attend the darbárs. After some time he was pardoned.

In the 45th year, R. was ordered to accompany Abulfazl to Násik; but as his son Dalpat² (No. 252) had caused disturbances in Bíkánír (vide p. 359), R. got leave to go home. In the following year, he went again to court. In the 48th year, he served under Prince Salím against the Ráná of Udaipúr.

At the death of the emperor, R. was a Commander of Four Thousand. Jahángír, on his accession, made him a Commander of Five Thousand. When the emperor set out for the Panjáb to pursue Khusrau, R. was put in charge of the travelling harem; but on the road he left without order and went to Bíkánír. In the second year, when Jahángír returned from Kábul, R., at the advice of Sharíf Khán, presented himself before the emperor with a fautah round his neck, to shew his willingness to suffer punishment for his crimes, and was again pardoned. He died in 1021.

His sons. 1. Dalpat (No. 252). He was a Commander of Five Hundred. In the 36th year, he served in the Sind war, but was looked upon as a coward. In the 45th year, when Akbar was in the Dak'hin, Muzaffar Husain Mírzá, in consequence of his differences with Khwájagí Fathullah, had fled; and Dalpat, under the pretext of following him up, had gone to Bíkánír and created disturbances. In the 46th year, his father brought him to his senses. D. asked to be pardoned, and was ordered again to come to Court.

In the third year of Jahángír's reign (1017), he appears to have offended the emperor; but at the request of Khán Jahán Lodí he was pardoned. After the death of his father, D. came from the Dak'hin to Court, was appointed successor, and got the title of Rái, although his younger brother (by another mother), Súr Singh, claimed the right of succession, which Rái Singh had promised him from affection to his mother. Súr Singh, however, disgusted Jahángír by the bold way in which he preferred his claim.

D. was then ordered to join M. Rustam i Çafawí (No. 8), the governor of Sind. In the 8th year, it was reported to Jahángír that Súr Singh had attacked and defeated his brother, who in consequence had created disturbances in Hiçár. Háshim, the Faujdár of that Sirkár, caught him and sent him fettered to court, where he was executed as a warning to others.

For Dalpat's son, Mahes Dás, and grandson, Ratan, vide Pádisháhnámah, pp. 635, 723; 684, 729.

2. Súr Singh. After the death of his brother he rose to favor. In Histories he is generally called Ráo Súr Singh, a title which he received from Sháhjahán. He died in 1040. He had two sons, Karan and Satr Sál, the former of whom inherited the title of Ráo (vide Pádisháhnámah II, p. 727).

45. Sha´h Quli´ Mahram i Bahárlü.

He was in Bairám's service and distinguished himself in the war with Hemú. It was Sháh Qulí that attacked Hemú's elephant, though he did not know who his opponent was. The driver, however, made him a sign, and he led the elephant with Hemú, whose eye had been pierced by an arrow, from the battle-field, and brought the wounded commander to Akbar.¹ Soon after, before the end of the first year, Sh. Q. served with Muhammad Qásim Khán (No. 40) against Hájí Khán in Nágor and Ajmír.

In the third year, it was brought to Akbar's notice, that Sh. Q. was passionately attached to a dancing boy of the name of Qabúl Khán; and as the emperor had the boy forcibly removed,¹ Sh. Q. dressed as a Jogí, and went into the forests. Bairám traced him with much trouble, and brought him back to court, where the boy was restored to him.

Like Bábá Zambúr, he remained faithful to Bairám to the last, and was pardoned together with his master in Tilwárah (p. 317).

After Bairám's death, he was rapidly promoted and made an Amír. In the 20th year, when Khán Jahán (No. 24) was sent from the Panjáb to Bengal, Sh. Q. was appointed Governor of the Panjáb, rising higher and higher in Akbar's favour.

It is said that the Emperor, from goodwill towards him, admitted him to his female apartments. After the first time he had been allowed to enter the Harem, he went home, and had his testicles removed (majbúb). From this circumstance, he was every where called Mahram,² i. e. one who is admitted to the Harem and knows its secrets.

In the 34th year, Akbar, after his return from Zábulistán, crossed the Bahat (Jhelum) near Rasúlpúr, and encamped at Hailán. During his stay there, he mounted a female elephant, and was immediately attacked by a mast male elephant. Akbar was thrown down and sustained severe contusions. A rumour of his death spread over the whole country; in some provinces even disturbances broke out. The Rájpúts of Shaikháwat, especially, plundered the districts from Mewát to Rewárí; and in the 35th year, Akbar had to send Sh. Q. against them. He soon restored order.

In the 41st year, he was made a commander of Four Thousand, and soon after of Five Thousand. The Ṭabaqát says that in 1001 he had been a commander of Three Thousand for thirty years.

He died at A´grah in 1010. At Nárnaul, where he chiefly lived, he erected splendid buildings, and dug large tanks. When he felt death approaching, he gave the soldiers of his contingent two years' pay in advance, and left, besides, many legacies. As he had no heirs, his remaining property lapsed to the state (Tuzuk, p. 22).

46. Isma´'i´l Quli´ Kha´n, brother of Khán Jahán (No. 24).

He must not be confounded with No. 72. He was caught in the battle near Jálindhar (p. 317). He joined Akbar's service with his brother, under whom he mostly served. When his brother had died in Bengal, he came with the immense property he had left behind him to Court, and was favorably received. In the 30th year, he was sent against the Balúchís (vide No. 44). On his arrival in Balúchistán, the people soon submitted, and their chiefs, Ghází Khán Wajhiyah and Ibráhím Khán, repaired to Court, and were allowed to retain the country. In the 31st year, when Bhagwán Dás (No. 27), on account of his madness, had not been allowed to go to Zábulistán, I. Q. was sent there instead. But he committed certain improprieties and fell into disgrace, and was ordered to go from Bhakkar to Makkah. He begged hard to be forgiven; but he was not allowed to see the Emperor, and was sent against the Yúsufzaís.

At that time epidemics were raging in Waijúr, and the chiefs of the Yúsufzaís came forward and submitted to I. Q., whilst Zain Khán (No. 34), governor of Zábulistán, pressed hard upon Jalálah Raushání, who had left Teráh and entered Waijúr. Zain Khán therefore entered the district, determined to use the opportunity to wipe off the disgrace of his former defeat. The arrival of Çádiq Khán (No. 43), however, who had been sent from Court, to occupy the district, and capture Jalálah, annoyed I. Q. still more, as he thought that that duty might have been left to him as T'hánahdár of the district. I. Q. forgot himself so far as to allow Jalálah to escape. He then went to Court, where he was severely reprimanded for his conduct.

In the 33rd year, he was made Governor of Gujrát. In the 36th year, when Prince Murád had been made Governor of Málwah, I. Q. was appointed his atálíq or Vakíl; but he gave no satisfaction, and was called to Court, Çádiq Khán having been appointed in his stead.

In the 39th year, he was sent to Kálpí, to look after his jágír. In the 42nd year (1005), he was made a Commander of Four Thousand.

He was given to luxury, and spent large sums on carpets, vessels, dress, &c. He kept 1200 women, and was so jealous of them, that whenever he went to Court, he put his seal over the strings attached to their night-drawers. The women resented this and other annoyances, made a conspiracy, and poisoned him.

Three sons of his are mentioned below—1. Ibráhím Qulí (No. 322), a commander of Three Hundred; 2. Salím Qulí (No. 357), and 3. Khalíl Qulí (No. 358), both commanders of Two Hundred. They do not appear to have distinguished themselves.

47. Mi´rza´ Ja´ni´ Beg, ruler of T'hat'hah.

He belonged to the Arghún clan, and therefore traced his descent to Chingiz Khán. Abulfazl in the Akbarnámah gives his tree as follows:—

Shujá' Beg, better known as Sháh Beg, Zul-nún's son, held Qandahár during the absence of his father, and succeeded him in the government. He was bent on conquest. In 890, he took Fort Sewe from Jám Nizámuddín (generally called in Histories Jám Nandá), king of Sindh. He continued to interfere, as related by Abulfazl below in the Third Book, (Çúbah of Sindh), and managed at last, in 929, to conquer the country, thus compensating himself for the loss of Qandahár, which had been occupied by Bábar. A short time before his death, which took place in 930,¹ he invaded Multán, then in the hands of the Langáhs.

Sháh Beg Arghún was succeeded by his son Mírzá Sháh Husain Arghún, who took Multán from Sulṭán Husain Langáh (vide Third Book, Çúbah of Multán). M. Sháh Husain Arghún was afflicted with a peculiar fever, which only left him when he was on the river Indus. He therefore used to travel down the Indus for six months of the year, and upwards for the remaining portion. On one occasion, he went towards Bhakkar, when some of the nobles deserted him, and elected Mírzá Muhammad 'I´sá, third ancestor of M. Jání Beg, as their chief. M. Sháh Husain, assisted by his foster brother, Sulṭán Mahmúd, Governor of Bhakkar, opposed him; but he had at last to come to terms, and cede a large part of Sindh to M. 'I´sá. On Sháh Husain's death, in 963, the whole country fell to 'I´sá.

In this manner the older branch of the Arghúns came to the throne of T'hat'hah.

'I´sá died in 975, and was succeeded by his son M. Muhammad Báqí, who successfully crushed the revolt of his younger brother, M. Ján Bábá. M. Báqí, in 993, committed suicide during an attack of insanity; and as his son, M. Páyandah Muhammad, was also subject to fits of madness, the government passed into the hands of M. Jání Beg, the son of M. Páyandah.

Akbar had often felt annoyed that, notwithstanding his frequent stays in the Panjáb, M. Jání Beg had shewn no anxiety to pay him a visit. In the 35th year therefore (999), when the Khán Khánán was ordered to invade Qandahár, he was told to send some one to M. J. B., and draw his attention to this neglect; if no heed was paid, he was to invade Sindh on his return. Multán and Bhakkar being the tuyúl of the Khán Khánán, he did not move into Qandahár by way of Ghaznín and Bangash, but chose a round-about way through his jágír. In the meantime the conquest of T'hat'hah had been determined upon at Court, and the Khán Khánán set out at once for Sindh (vide p. 335, and Brigg's Firishtah). After bravely defending the country, M. J. B. had at last to yield. In the 38th year (1001), accompanied by the Khán Khánán, he paid his respects to Akbar at Láhor, was made a Commander of Three Thousand, and received the Çúbah of Multán as tuyúl, Sindh itself being assigned to M. Sháhrukh (No. 7). But before this arrangement was carried out, a report reached Akbar that the Arghún clan, about 10000 men, women, and children, moved up the river, to follow M. J. B. to his new tuyúl, and that great distress had thereby been caused both among the emigrants and those who were left behind. Akbar felt that under such circumstances policy should yield to mercy, and M. J. B. was appointed to Sindh. Láharí Bandar, however, became kháliçah, and the Sirkár of Siwistán which had formerly paid peshkash, was parcelled out among several grandees.

In the 42nd year, M. J. B. was promoted to a command of Three Thousand and Five Hundred. He was much liked by Akbar for his character, religious views (vide p. 209), pleasing manners, and practical wisdom. It is perhaps for this reason that Abulfazl has placed him first among the Commanders of Three Thousand, though names much more renowned follow. From his youth, M. J. B. had been fond of wine, but had not indulged in excesses; his habitual drinking, however, undermined his health, and brought on delirium (sarsám), of which he died, in 1008, at Burhánpúr in the Dak'hin, after the conquest of A´sír.

A short time before his death, he offended Akbar by declaring that had he had an A´sír, he would have held it for a hundred years.

M. J. B. was fond of poetry; he was himself a poet and wrote under the takhalluç of Halímí.¹

Mírzá Ghází Beg, son of M. Jání Beg. At the death of his father, he was only 17 years old; and though not at Court, Akbar conferred Sindh on him. He was opposed by Mírzá 'I´sá Tarkhán, son of Mírzá Ján Babá (brother of M. Muhammad Báqí, grandfather of M. Jání Beg); but Khusrau Khán Chirgis, an old servant of the Arghúns and Vakíl of his father, espoused his cause, and M. 'I´sá Tarkhán fled from Sindh. The army which M. Ghází Beg and Khusrau Khán had at their disposal, seems to have made them inclined to rebel against Akbar; but the Emperor sent promptly Sa'íd Khán (No. 25) and his son Sa'dullah² to Bhakkar, and M. Ghází Beg came to Court, and was confirmed in the government of Sindh.

After the accession of Jahángír, M. Ghází Beg received Multán in addition to Sindh, was made a Commander of Seven Thousand, and was sent to relieve Qandahár (Tuzuk p. 33, 72, 109), which had been besieged by Husain Khán Shámlü, the Persian Governor of Harát. He also received the title of Farzand (son). Sháh 'Abbás of Persia often tried to win him over, and sent him several khil'ats.

He died suddenly at the age of twenty-five in 1018,¹ the word Ghází being the Táríkh of his death. Suspicion attaches to Lutfullah, his Vakíl and son of Khusrau Khán Chirgis, who appears to have been treated unkindly. M. Ghází does not appear to have had children.

Like his father, he was a poet. He wrote under the takhalluç of Vaqárí, which he had bought of a Qandahár poet. He played nearly every instrument. Poets like Ṭálibí of A´mul, Mullá Murshid i Yazdjirdí, Mír Ni'matullah Váçilí, Mullá Asad Qiççahkhwán, and especially Fughfúrí of Gílán enjoyed his liberality. The last left him, because his verses were too often used for dakhl (vide p. 102, note 6). In his private life, M. Ghází was dissolute. Not only was he given to wine, but he required every night a virgin; girls from all places were brought to him, and the women of the town of T'hat'hah are said to have been so debauched, that every bad woman, even long after his death, claimed relationship with the Mírzá.

Abulfazl, in the Akbarnámah (38th year), has a valuable note regarding the meaning and the history of this ancient title. The title was hereditary, and but rarely given. Chingiz Khán conferred it on Qishliq and Bátá for having given him correct information regarding the enemy. The title in this case, as in all others, implied that the holder was excused certain feudal services, chiefly attendance at Court (taklíf i bár). Chingiz Khán, moreover, did not take away from the two nobles the royal share of the plunder. Under Timur, a Tarkhán had free access to every place of the palace, and could not be stopped by the macebearers; nor was he or his children liable to be punished for any crime, provided the number of his or their crimes did not exceed the number nine.²

Some say, a Tarkhán had seven distinctions and privileges—1. a ṭabl; 2. a túmántogh; 3. a naqqárah; 4. he can confer on two of his men a qushún togh, or chatr togh;³ 5. his Qur (p. 109) was carried (qúr i ú níz bardárand). Among the Mughuls no one but the king was allowed to use a quiver. 6. He could enclose (qurq) a forest as his private hunting ground, and if any one entered the enclosure, he forfeited his personal liberty. 7. He was looked upon as the head of the clan to which he belonged. In the statehall the Amírs sat behind him to his right and left arranged in form of a bow (kamánwár).

When Tughluq Timur conferred this title upon an Amír,¹ he put all financial matters (dád o sitad) ‘as far as a Hazárí’ (?) in his charge; nor were his descendants, to the ninth generation, liable to be called to account; but should their crimes exceed the number nine, they were to be called to account. When a Tarkhán had to answer for blood shed by him (pádásh i khún), he was placed on a silver white horse two years old, and a white cloth was put below the feet of the animal. His statement was made by a chief of the Barlás clan (vide p. 341, note), and the sentence was communicated to him by a chief of the Arkíwat () clan. His neck vein was then opened, the two chiefs remaining at his side, and watching over him till he was dead. The king was then led forth from the palace, and sat down to mourn over him.

Khizr Khwájah in making Mír Khudádád a Tarkhán, added three new privileges. 1. At the time of wedding feasts (túí), when all grandees have to walk on foot, and only the yasáwal (chief mace bearer) of the king is on horseback to keep back the crowds, the Tarkhán also proceeds on horseback. 2. When during the feast the cup is handed to the king from the right side, another cup is at the same time handed to the Tarkhán from the left. 3. The Tarkhán's seal is put on all orders; but the seal of the king is put to the beginning of the last line and below his.

Abulfazl, in concluding these remarks, says that these distinctions are extraordinary enough; he believes it possible that a king may grant a virtuous man immunity for nine crimes; but he thinks it absurd to extend the immunity to nine generations.

48. Iskandar Kha´n, a descendant of the Uzbak Kings.

He distinguished himself under Humáyún who on his return to India made him a Khán. After the restoration, he was made Governor of A´grah. On Hemú's approach, he left A´grah, and joined Tardí Beg at Dihlí. Both opposed Hemú, Iskandar commanding the left wing (júranghár). His wing defeated the rightwing (burunghár) and the van (haráwal) of Hemú, and hotly pursued them, killing many fugitives. The battle was almost decided in favor of the Imperialists, when Hemú with his whole force broke upon Tardí Beg, and put him to flight. The victorious Iskandar was thus obliged to return. He afterwards joined Akbar at Sarhind, fought under Khán Zamán (No. 13) against Hemú, and received after the battle for his bravery the title of Khán 'A´lam.

As Khizr Khwájah Khán,² the Governor of the Panjáb, had retreated before Sikandar Khán Súr, and fortified himself in Láhor, leaving the country to the Afgháns, Akbar appointed Iskandar to move to Siyálkoṭ and assist Khizr Khwájah.

Afterwards he received Audh as tuyúl. ‘From want of occupation,’ he rebelled in the tenth year. Akbar ordered Ashraf Khán (No. 74) to bring him to Court but Isk. joined Khán Zamán (No. 13). Together with Bahádur Khán (No. 22), he occupied Khairábád (Audh), and attacked Mír Mu'izzulmulk (No. 61). Bahádur ultimately defeated the Imperialists; but Isk. had in the first fight been defeated and fled to the north of Audh.

When in the 12th year Khán Zamán and Bahádur again rebelled, Isk. in concert with them occupied Audh. He was attacked by Muhammad Qulí Khán Barlás (No. 31), and besieged in Avadh. When Isk. heard that Khán Zamán and Bahádar had been defeated and killed, he made proposals of peace, and managed during the negotiation to escape by boat with his family to Gorák'hpúr, which then belonged to Sulaimán, king of Bengal. He appears to have attached himself to the Bengal Court, and accompanied, in 975, Báyazíd, Sulaimán's son, over Jhárkand to Oṛísá. After Sulaimán's return from the conquest of Oṛísá,¹ Isk.'s presence in Bengal was looked upon as dangerous, as Sulaimán wished at all hazards to be at peace with Akbar, and the Afgháns waited for a favorable opportunity to kill Iskandar. He escaped in time, and applied to Mun'im Khán, who promised to speak for him. At his request, Isk. was pardoned. He received the Sirkár of Lak'hnau as tuyúl, and died there in the following year (980).

49. A´caf Kha´n 'Abdul Maji´d (of Harát), a descendant of Shaikh Abú Bakr i Táibádí.

His brother Vazír Khán has been mentioned above (No. 41). Shaikh Zainuddín Abú Bakr i Táibádí² was a saint (çáhib kamál) at the time of Timur. When Timur, in 782, set out for the conquest of Harát, which was in the hands of Malik Ghiásuddín, he sent, on his arrival at Táibád, a messenger to the Shaikh, to ask him why he had not paid his respects to the conqueror of the world. “What have I,” replied the Shaikh, “to do with Timur?” Timur, struck with this answer, went himself to the Shaikh, and upbraided him for not having advised Malik Ghiás. “I have indeed done so,” said the Shaikh, “but he would not listen, and God has now appointed you over him. However, I now advise you, too, to be just, and if you likewise do not listen, God will appoint another over you.” Timur afterwards said that he had seen many dervishes; every one of them had said something from selfish motives, but not so Shaikh Abú Bakr, who had said nothing with reference to himself.

Khwájah 'Abdul Majíd was a Grandee of Humáyún, whom he served as Díwán. On Akbar's accession, he also performed military duties. When the Emperor moved to the Panjáb, to crush Bairám's rebellion, 'Abdul Majíd received the title of A´çaf Khán, regarding which vide the note after this biographical notice. Subsequently A´çaf was appointed Governor of Dihlí, received a flag and a drum, and was made a Commander of Three Thousand. When Fattú, a servant of 'Adlí, made overtures to surrender Fort Chanáḍh (Chunar), A., in concert with Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus, took possession of it, and was appointed Governor of Kaṛah-Mánikpúr on the Ganges. About the same tíme, Ghází Khán Tannúrí, an Afghán noble who had for a time been in Akbar's services, fled to Bhat'h G'horá, and stirred up the Zamíndárs against Akbar. A., in the 7th year, sent a message to Rájah Rám Chand, the ruler of Bhat'h, to pay tribute to Akbar, and surrender the enemies. But the Rájah prepared for resistance. A. marched against the Rájah, defeated him, and executed Ghází Khán. The Rájah, after his defeat, shut himself up in Bándhú,¹ but obtained Akbar's pardon by timely submission, chiefly through the influence of several Rájahs at Court. A. then left the Rájah in peace; but the spoils which he had collected and the strong contingent which he had at his disposal (vide p. 241, l. 18) made him desirous of further warfare, and he planned the famous expedition against Gaḍha-Katangah,² or Gondwánah, south of Bhat'h, which was then governed by Durgáwatí,³ the heroine of Central India. Her heroic defence and suicide, and the death of her son, Bír Sáh, at the conquest of Chaurágaḍh (about 70 miles west of Jabalpúr), are wellknown. The immense spoils which A. carried off, led him temporarily into rebellion, and of the 1000 elephants which he had captured, he only sent 200 to Court. But when Khán Zamán (No. 13), in the 10th year, rebelled and besieged Majnún Khán Qáqshál (No. 50) in Mánikpúr, A. came with 5,000 troopers to his relief, presented himself before Akbar, who had marched against Khán Zamán, and handed over the remainder of the Gaḍha spoils. He thereby regained Akbar's confidence and was appointed to follow up the rebels. At this juncture, the imperial Mutaçaddís, whom A. before had handsomely bribed, reported from envy his former unwillingness to hand over the spoils, and exaggerated his wealth. Hypocritical friends mentioned this to A.; and afraid of his personal safety, he fled to Gaḍha (Çafar, 973).

Akbar looked upon his flight as very suspicious, and appointed Mahdí Qásim Khán (No. 36) to Gaḍhá. A. then left Central India ‘with a sorrowful heart,’ and joined, together with his brother (No. 41), Khán Zamán at Jaunpúr. But he soon saw that Khán Zamán only wanted his wealth and watched for a favorable moment to kill him. A. therefore made use of the first opportunity to escape. Khán Zamán had sent his brother Bahádur (No. 22) against the Afgháns, and A. was to accompany him. Vazír Khán, whom Khán Zamán had detained, managed likewise to escape, and was on the road to Mánikpúr, which A. had appointed as place of rendez-vous. No sooner had A. escaped than Bahádur followed him up, defeated his men, and took A. prisoner. Bahádur's men immediately dispersed in search of plunder, when suddenly Vazír Khán fell over Bahádur. Bahádur made some one a sign to kill A., who sat fettered on an elephant, and A. had just received a wound in his hand and nose, when Vazír in time saved his life, and carried him away. Both reached, in 973, Kaṛah, and asked Muzaffar Khán (No. 37) to intercede for them with the emperor. When Muzaffar, in 974, was called by the emperor to the Panjáb, he took Vazír with him, and obtained full pardon for the two brothers. A. was ordered to join Majnún Qáqshál at Kaṛah-Mánikpúr. His bravery in the last struggle with Khán Zamán induced Akbar, in 975, to give him Piyág as tuyúl, vice Hájí Muhammad Sístání (No. 55), to enable him to recruit a contingent for the expedition against Ráná Udai Singh. A. was sent in advance (manqalá). In the middle of Rabí' I, 975, Akbar left A´grah for Chítor. The Ráná had commissioned Jai Mall, who had formerly been in Mírt'ha, to defend the fort, whilst he himself had withdrawn to the mountains. During the siege, which lasted four months and seven days, A. distinguished himself, and when, on the 25th Sha'bán, 975, the fort fell A. was made Governor of Chítor.

Neither the Maásir, nor the Ṭabaqát, mentions the year of his death. He must have been dead in 981, because the title of A´çaf Khán was bestowed upon another noble.¹

A´çaf was the name of the Vazír of Sulaimán (Solomon), who like his master is proverbial in the East for his wisdom. During the reign of Akbar three grandees received this title. Badáoní, to avoid confusion, numbers them A´çaf Khán I., II., and III. They are—

'Abdul Majíd, A´çaf Khán I., d. before 981. (No. 49).
Khwájah Mirzá Ghiásuddín 'Alí, A´çaf Khán II., d. 989. (No. 126).
Mírzá Ja'far Beg, A´çaf Khán III., (No. 98).

The three A´çafs were Díwáns or Mír Bakshís. The third was nephew to the second, as the following tree will shew:

Jahángír conferred the title of ‘A´çaf Khán’ (IV.) on Abul Hasan, elder brother of Núr Jahán, and father of Mumtáz Mahall (or Táj Bíbí, Sháhjahán's wife), whose mother was a daughter of A´çaf Khán II. During the reign of Sháhjahán when titles containing the word Daulah¹ were revived, A´çaf Khán was changed to A´çafuddaulah, and this title was conferred on A´çafuddaulah Jumlatul Mulk Asadjang (Sháhjahán-Aurangzeb), a relation of A´çaf Khán IV. Under Ahmad Sháh, lastly, we find A´çafuddaulah Amír ul Mamálik, whose name like that of his father, Nizám ul Mulk A´çaf-Jáh, occurs so often in later Indian History.

50. Majnu´n Kha´n i Qa´qsha´l.²

He was a grandee of Humáyún, and held Nárnaul as jágír. When Humáyún fled to Persia, Hájí Khán besieged Nárnaul, but allowed Majnún Khán to march away unmolested, chiefly at the request of Rájah Bihárí Mall, who, at that time, was with Hájí Khán (vide p. 329).

On Akbar's accession, he was made Jágírdár of Mánikpúr, then the east frontier of the Empire. He remained there till after the death of Khán Zamán (No. 13), bravely defending Akbar's cause. In the 14th year, he besieged Kálinjar. This fort was in the hands of Rájah Rám Chand, ruler of Bhat'h, who during the Afghán troubles had bought it, for a heavy sum, from Bijlí Khán, the adopted son of Paháṛ Khán. When, during the siege, the Rájah heard of the fall of Chítor and Rantanbhúr, he surrendered Kálinjar to M. (29th Çafar, 977). Akbar appointed M. Commander of the Fort, in addition to his other duties.

In the 17th year (980), he accompanied Mun'im Khán (No. 11) on his expedition to Gorák'hpúr. At the same time the Gujrátí war had commenced, and as Bábá Khán Qáqshál³ had words with Shahbáz Khán, (No. 80), the Mír Tozak, regarding certain arrangements, he was reproved by Akbar. But the rumour spread in Mun'im's army that Bábá Khán, Jabárí (Majnún's son), Mírzá Muhammad, and other Qáqsháls, had killed Shahbáz Khán, and joined the rebellion of the Mírzás in Gujrát; and that Akbar had therefore ordered Mun'im to imprison Majnún. In consequence of these false rumours, M. and others of his clan withdrew from Mun'im, who in vain tried to convince them of the absurdity of the rumours; but when M. soon after heard that Bábá Khán and Jabárí had been rewarded by Akbar for their brave behaviour in the Gujrátí war, he was ashamed of his hastiness, and rejoined Mun'im who, in the meantime, had taken Gorák'hpúr.

M. accompanied Mun'im on his Bengal expedition. When, in 982, Dáúd retired to Oṛísá, and Kálá Paháṛ,¹ Sulaimán Manklí and Bábú Manklí had gone to G'horág'hát, Mun'im sent M. against them. M. conquered the greater part of Northern Bengal, and carried off immense spoils. On the death of Sulaimán Manklí, the acknowledged ruler of G'horág'hát, a great number of the principal Afghán nobles were caught, and M. with the view of securing peace, married the daughter of Sulaimán Manklí to his son Jabárí. He also parcelled out the whole country among his clan. But Bábú Manklí and Kálá Paháṛ had taken refuge in Kúch Bihár, and when Mun'im was in Kaṭak, they were joined by the sons of Jaláluddín Súr, and fell upon the Qáqsháls. The latter, without fighting, cowardly returned to Ṭánḍah, and waited for Mun'im, who, on his return from Oṛísá, sent them with reinforcements to G'horág'hát. The Qáqsháls re-occupied the district. Majnún died soon after at G'horág'hát.

The Ṭabaqát says that he was a Commander of Five Thousand and had a contingent of 5,000 troopers.

His son Jabárí² distinguished himself by his zeal and devotion. The enforcing of the Dágh law led him and his clan into rebellion. Jabárí then assumed the title of Khán Jahán. When the Qáqsháls left Ma'çúm (p. 326), Jabárí went to Court. Akbar imprisoned him, but pardoned him in the 39th year.

51. Shuja´'at Kha´n, Muqi´m i 'Arab.

He is the son of Tardí Beg's sister (No. 12). Humáyún made Muqím a Khán. On the emperor's flight to Persia, he joined Mírzá 'Askarí. When Humáyún took Qandahár on his return, Muqím, like most old nobles, presented himself before the emperor with a sword hanging from his neck, and was for a short time confined. After his release, he remained with Mun'im Khán (No. 11) in Kábul, and followed him to India, when Akbar called Mun'im to take Bairám's place.

In the 9th year, Muqím distinguished himself in the pursuit of 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak (No. 14), ‘the king of Mandú’, and received the title of Shujá'at Khán, which Akbar had taken away from the rebellious 'Abdullah.

In the beginning of the 15th year, Akbar honored him by being his guest for a day.

In the 18th year, he accompanied the Emperor on his forced march to Ahmadábád (p. 325). Once he slandered Mun'im, and Akbar sent him to the Khán Khánán to do with him what he liked; but Mun'im generously forgave him, and had him restored.

In the 22nd year, he was made a Commander of Three Thousand, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Málwah.

In 988, when troubles in Bihár and Bengal had broken out, Shujá'at Khán, at Akbar's order, left Sárangpúr for Fathpúr (Badáoní II, 284). At the first stage, 'Iwaz Beg Barlás who complained of arrears of pay and harsh treatment of the men, created a tumult, made a man of the name Hájí Shiháb Khán leader, fell upon Shujá'at's tent, and killed his son Qawím Khán.¹ Shujá'at himself was mortally wounded. Some of his adherents, at last, managed to put the dying Sh. on an elephant, and led him off to Sárangpúr. Though Sh. had expired before they reached the town, they did not spread the news of his death, and thus kept the greater part of the soldiers together, and joined Akbar in Sárangpúr.

Akbar punished the rebels severely. According to p. 284, Akbar once saved Shujá'at's life in the jungles.

From Badáoní (II, 284), we learn that Qawím Khán was a young man, renowned for his musical talents.

Muqím Khán (No. 386) is Shujá'at Khán's second son. He was promoted under Akbar to a Commandership of seven hundred.

Qáim Khán was the son of Muqím Khán. Qáim's son, 'Abdurrahím, was under Jahángír a Commander of seven hundred and 400 horse, got the title of Tarbiyat Khán, and was made, in the 5th year, Faujdár of Alwar. Qáim's daughter, Çálihah Bánú, was received (3rd year) by Jahángír in his harem, and went by the title of Pádisháh Mahall. She adopted Miyán Joh, son of the above 'Abdurrahím. Miyán Joh was killed by Mahábat Khán, when near the Bahat (Jhelam) he had taken possession of Jahángír's person.

No. 52. Sha´h Buda´gh Kha´n, a descendant of U´ymáqs² of Miyánkál of Samarqand.

The Turkish Budágh means ‘a branch of a tree.’ He distinguished himself under Humáyún, and was made by Akbar a Commander of Three Thousand.

In the 10th year, he accompanied Mír Mu'izzul Mulk (No. 61) against Bahádur No. 22). Though the imperialists were defeated, B. Kh. fought bravely, and was captured. His son, 'Abdul Maṭlab (No. 83), ran away. In the 12th year, B. Kh. went with Shibábuddín Ahmad (No. 26) against the Mírzás in Málwah, received Sárangpúr as tuyúl, fought under 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) in the battle at Patan (18th Ramazán 980), and was for a long time Governor of Mandú, where he died. The Ṭabaqát says, he had the title of Amírul Umará. He was alive in 984, when he met Akbar at Mohiní.

Inside Fort Mandú, to the south, close to the walls, he had erected a building, to which he gave the name of Nílkánt'h, regarding the inscriptions on which the Maásir gives a few interesting particulars.

No. 53. Husain Kha´n (Tukriyah), sister's son of Mahdí Qásim Khán (No. 36).

‘He is the Bayard and the Don Quixote of Akbar's reign.’ In his jiháds he was sans peur, and in his private life sans reproche; he surpassed all grandees by his faithfulness and attachment to his masters, but his contingent was never in order; he was always poor, though his servants in consequence of his liberality lived in affluence. He slept on the ground, because his Prophet had enjoyed no greater luxuries; and his motto in fight was ‘death or victory;’ and when people asked him, why he did not invert the order and say ‘victory or death,’ he would reply, ‘O! I do long to be with the saints that have gone before.’

He was the patron of the Historian Badáoní,¹ who served Husain as almoner to his estate (Shamsábád and Patiálí).

Husain Khán was not only sister's son, but also son-in-law to Mahdí Qásim Khán (No. 36). He was in Bairám's service. In the second year, after the conquest of Mánkoṭ, Akbar made him Governor of Láhor, where he remained four months and four days. When Akbar, in Çafar 965, marched to Dihlí, he appointed H. Kh. Governor of the Panjáb. During his incumbency, he shewed himself a zealous Sunní. As the Christians did with the Jews, he ordered the Hindús as unbelievers to wear a patch (Hind. tukrá) near the shoulders, and thus got the nickname of Tukriyah, ‘Patcher.’

Like Sháh Qulí Khán Mahram (No. 45), he stuck to Bairám to the last, and did not meet Akbar at Jhújhar; but after Bairám had been pardoned, he entered Akbar's service. When Mahdí Qásim Khán, from dislike to Gaḍha, went by way of the Dak'hin to Makkah, H. Kh. accompanied him a short distance on the road. On his return, he reached Satwás in Málwah, when the rebellion of the Mírzás broke out, and in concert with Muqarrib Khán, the tuyúldár of that place, he tried to fortify himself in Satwás. But Muqarrib lost heart and fled; and H. Kh. was forced to leave the Fort, and asked Ibráhím Husain Mírzá for an interview. Though urged to join the Mírzá, H. Kh. remained faithful to Akbar.

In the 12th year, when Akbar moved against Khán Zamán, H. Kh. was to take a command, but his contingent was not ready. In the 13th year his jágír was transferred from Lak'hnau, where he and Badáoní had been for about a year, to Kánt o Golah.¹ His exacting behaviour towards Hindús and his religious expeditions against their temples annoyed Akbar very much. In the 19th year, when the Emperor went to Bihár, H. Kh. was again absent; and when Akbar returned after the conquest of Hájípúr, he confiscated H.'s jágír; but on satisfying himself of his harmlessness, he pardoned him, restored his jágír, and told him to get his contingent ready. His mania, however, again overpowered him. He made an expedition against Basantpúr in Kamáon, which was proverbially rich, and got wounded by a bullet in the shoulder. Akbar was almost convinced that he had gone into rebellion, and sent Çádiq Khán (No. 43) to him to bring him by force to Court. H. Kh. therefore left Gaṛh Muktesar, with the view of going to Mun'im Khán, through whose influence he hoped to obtain pardon. But he was caught at Bárha, and was taken to Fathpúr Síkrí, where in the same year (983) he died of his wounds.

The Ṭabaqát says, he was a Commander of Two Thousand; but according to the Akbarnámah, he had since the 12th year been a Commander of Three Thousand.

His son, Yúsuf Khán, was a grandee of Jahángír. He served in the Dak'hin in the corps of 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21), who, in the 5th year, had been sent with 10,000 men to reinforce Prince Parwíz, the Khán Khánán, and Mán Singh, because on account of the duplicity of the Khán Khánán (Tuzuk p. 88) the imperialists were in the greatest distress (vide pp. 327 and 336). Yúsuf's son, 'Izzat Khán, served under Sháhjahán, (Pádísháhn. II, 121).

54. Mura´d Kha´n, son of Amír Khán Mughul Beg.

His full name is Muhammad Murád Khán. In the 9th year, he served under A´çaf Khán (No. 49) in Gaḍha Katangah. In the 12th year, he got a jágír in Málwah, and fought under Shihábuddín Ahmad against the Mírzás. After the Mírzás had returned to Gujrát, M. got Ujjain as tuyúl.

In the 13th year, the Mírzás invaded Málwah from Khandesh, and Murád Khán, together with Mír 'Azízullah, the Díwán of Málwah, having received the news two days before the arrival of the enemies, shut themselves up in Ujjain, determined to hold it for Akbar. The Emperor sent Qulij Khán (No. 42) to their relief, when the Mírzás retreated to Mandú. Followed up by Qulij and Murád, they retreated at last across the Narbaddah.

In the 17th year, the Mírzás broke out in Gujrát, and the jágírdárs of Málwah assembled under the command of M. 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21). Murád held a command in the left wing, and took part, though not very actively, in the confused battle near Patan (Ramazán, 980).

In 982, he was attached to Mun'im's expedition to Bengal. He conquered for Akbar the district of Fathábád, Sirkár Boglá (S. E. Bengal), and was made Governor of Jalesar (Jellasore) in Oṛísá, after Dáúd had made peace with Mun'im.

When in 983, after Mun'im's death, Dáúd fell upon Nazar Bahádur, Akbar's Governor of Bhadrak (Oṛísá), and treacherously killed him, Murád wisely retreated to Ṭánḍah.¹

Subsequently M. was again appointed to Fathábád, where he was when the Bengal rebellion broke out. Murád at Fathábád, Qiyá Khán in Oṛísá, Mirzá Naját at Sátgáṉw, were almost the only officers of Akbar's Bengal corps, that did not take part in the great military revolt of 988. Qiyá was killed by Qutlú (p. 343), and Murád died at Fathábád, immediately after the first outbreak of the revolt in 988, ‘before the veil of his loyalty was rent.’

After his death, Mukand, the principal Zamíndár of Fathábád, invited Murád's sons to a feast, and treacherously murdered them.

Vide No. 369.

55. Ha´ji´ Muhammad Kha´n of Sístán.

He was in the service of Bairám, who was much attached to him. In 961, when Bairám held Qandahár, rumours of treason reached Humáyún. The Emperor went from Kábul to Qandahár, and personally investigated the matter, but finding Bairám innocent, he went back, taking Hájí Muhammad with him, who during the investigation had been constantly referred to as inclined to rebellion.²

After the conquest of Hindústán, H. M., at Bairám's request, was made a Khán, and was rapidly promoted.

In the 1st year of Akbar's reign, H. M. was ordered to accompany Khizr Khwájah (p. 365, note 2) on his expedition against Sikandar Súr. Tardí Beg's (No. 12) defeat by Hemú had a bad effect on the Emperor's cause; and Mullá 'Abdullah Makhdúm ulmulk who, though in Akbar's service, was said to be devoted to the interests of the Afgháns, represented to Sikandar that he should use this favorable opportunity and leave the Sawáliks. As related above, Khizr Khwájah moved against Sikandar, leaving H. M. in charge of Láhor. Being convinced of Makhdúm's treason, H. M. tortured him, and forced him to give up sums of money which he had concealed.

In 966, Bairám fell out with Pír Muhammad (No. 20), and deprived him of his office and emoluments which were given to H. M. When Bairám fell into disgrace, he sent H. M. with several other Amírs to Dihlí with expressions of his humility and desire to be pardoned. But H. M. soon saw that all was lost. He did not receive permission to go back to Bairám. After Bairám had been pardoned (p. 318), H. M. and Muhammad Tarson Khán (No. 32) accompanied him on his way to Hijáz as far as Nágor, then the frontier of the Empire. Once, on the road, Bairám charged H. M. with faithlessness, when the latter gently reminded him that he had at least never drawn his sword against his master.

H. M. was present in almost every campaign, and was promoted to the post of Sih-hazárí. In the 12th year, when Akbar set out for the conquest of Chítor, he sent H. M. and Shibábuddín Ahmad (No. 26) from Gágrún against the sons of Sulṭán Muhammad Mírzá, who had fled from Sambhal and raised a revolt in Málwah. H. M. then received the Sirkár of Mandú as jágír.

In the 20th year, H. M. accompanied Mun'im Khan on his expedition to Bengal and Oṛísá, and got wounded in the battle of Takaroí (20th Zí Qa'dah, 982). He then accompanied the Khán Khánán to Gaur, where soon after Mun'im's death he, too, died of malaria (983).

This battle is one of the most important battles fought by Akbar's generals. It crushed the Afgháns, and decided the possession of Bengal and Upper Oṛísá. The MSS. of the Akbarnámah and the Maásir have Takarohí, and Takaroí. My copy of the Sawánih has the former spelling. A few copies of the Akbarnámah have Nakrohí. In Badáoní and the Ṭabaqát the battle of Takaroí is called the battle of (vide p. 318), which may be Bajhorah, Bachhorah, Bajhorh, or Bachhorh. Stewart's account of Mun'im's Oṛísá expedition (Vth Section), differs in many particulars from the Akbarnámah and the Ṭabaqát. He places the battle in the environs of Kaṭak, which is impossible, and his ‘Bukhtore’ is a blunder for ba chittuá, ‘in Chittuá,’ the final alif having assumed the shape of a re, and the that of . The Lucknow lithograph of the Akbarnámah, which challenges in corruptness the worst possible Indian MS., has ba chitor, in Chitor!

The Akbarnámah, unfortunately, gives but few geographical details. Todar Mall moved from Bardwán over Madáran¹ into the Parganah of Chittuá (), where he was subsequently joined by Mun'im. Dáúd had taken up a strong position at , Harpúr or Haripúr, “which lies intermediate (barzakhe) between Bengal and Oṛísá.” The same phrase (barzakhe), in other passages of the Akbarnámah, is applied to Chittuá itself. Dáúd's object was to prevent the Imperialists from entering Oṛísá, into which led but few other roads; “but Ilyás Khán Langáh shewed the victorious army an easier road,” and Mun'im entered the country, and thus turned Dáúd's position. The battle then takes place (20th Zí Qa'dah, 982, or A. D., 3rd March, 1575). After the battle Todar Mall leads the pursuit, and reaches with his corps the town of Bhadrak. Not long after, he writes to Mun'im to come and join him, as Dáúd had collected his troops near Kaṭak, and the whole army moves to Kaṭak, where a peace was concluded, which confirmed Dáúd in the possession of Kaṭak.

Now from the facts that the battle took place soon after the Imperialists had left Chittuá, which lies a little E. E. N. of Mednípúr (Midnapore), and that after the victory Rájah Todar Mall, in a pursuit of several days, pushed as far as Bhadrak, I was led to conclude that the battle must have taken place near Jalesar (Jellasore), and probably north of it, as Abulfazl would have mentioned the occupation of so large a town. On consulting the large Trigonometrical Map of Oṛísá lately published, I found on the road from Mednipúr to Jalesar the village of Mogulmaree¹ (Mughulmárí, i. e., Mughul's Fight), and about seven miles southwards, half ways between Mughulmárí and Jalesar, and two miles from the left bank of the Soobanreeka river, the village of Tookaroe.

According to the map the latitude of Mughulmárí is 22°, and that of Tookaroe, 21° 53 nearly.

There can be no doubt that this Tookaroe is the , Takaroí, of the Akbarnámah.

The battle extended over a large ground. Badáoní (II, p. 195, l. 3) speaks of three, four kos, i. e., about six miles, and thus the distance of Takaroí from Mughulmárí is accounted for.

I can give no satisfactory explanation of the name , by which the battle is called in the Ṭabaqát and Badáoní (II, 194, l. 2). It looks as if the name contained the word chaur which occurs so often in the names of Parganahs in the Jalesar and Balesar districts.

In Badáoní (Edit. Bibl. Indica, p. 196), and the Ṭabaqát, it is said that Todar Mall in his pursuit reached Kalkalgháṭí (?), not Bhadrak.

56. Afzal Kha´n, Khwájah Sulṭán 'Alí² i Turbatí.

Regarding Turbatí, vide No. 37. He was Mushrif (accountant) of Humáyún's Treasury, and was, in 956, promoted to the post of Mushrif i Buyútát (store accountant). In 957, when Mírzá Kámrán took Kábul, he imprisoned A. Kh., and forced him to pay large sums of money. On Humáyún's return to India, A. Kh. was made Mír Bakhshí, and got an 'alam. He was together with Tardí Beg (No. 12) in Dihlí, when Humáyún died. In the battle with Hemú, he held a command in the centre (qol), and his detachment gave way during Hemú's charge. A. Kh., together with Pír Muhammad (No. 20) and Ashraf Khán (No. 74), fled from the battle-field, partly from hatred towards Tardí Beg—the old hatred of Khurásánís towards Uzbaks—, and retreated to Akbar and Bairám. As related above, Tardí Beg was executed by Bairám for this retreat, and A. Kh. and Ashraf Khán were convicted of malice and imprisoned. But both escaped and went to Makkah. They returned in the 5th year, when Bairám had lost his power, and were favorably received at Court. A. Kh. was made a Commander of three thousand.

‘Nothing else is known of him.’ Maásir.

57. Sha´hbeg Kha´n, son of Ibráhím Beg Harík (?)¹

He is sometimes called Beg Khán (p. 313). He was an Arghún; hence his full name is Sháh Beg Khán Arghún. Under Jahángír he got the title of Khán Daurán.

He was in the service of Mírzá Muhammad Hakím of Kábul, Akbar's brother, and was Governor of Pasháwar. When after the Prince's death, Mán Singh, in 993, crossed the Níláb (p. 340) for Kábul, Sháh Beg took M. M. Hakím's two sons, Kai Qubád and Afrásiyáb, to Akbar, and received a mançab. Sh. B. distinguished himself in the war with the Yúsufzaís, and got Khusháb as jágír. He then served under the Khán Khánán in Sindh, and was for his bravery promoted to a command of 2500. In the 39th year Akkar sent him to Qandahár (p. 313), which Muzaffar Husain had ceded. During the time of his Governorship, Sh. B. succeeded in keeping down the notorious Kákar () tribe. In the 42nd year, he was made a Commander of 3500. In the 47th year, Ghaznín was placed in his charge (vide No. 63).

Immediately after the accession of Jahángír, Husain Khán Shámlü, the Persian Governor at Harát, thinking Akbar's death would lead to disturbances, made war upon Sh. B. and besieged Qandahár, which he hoped to starve out. To vex him, Sh. B. gave every night feasts on the top of the castle before the very eyes of the enemies (Tuzuk, p. 33). One day, Husain Khán sent an ambassador into the Fort, and Sh. B., though provisions had got low, had every available store of grain spread out in the streets, in order to deceive the enemies. Not long after, Husain Sháh received a reprimand from Sháh 'Abbás for having besieged Qandahár ‘without orders,’ and Husain Khán, without having effected anything, had to raise the siege.

When Jahángír in 1016 (18th Çafar) visited Kábul,² Sh. B. paid his respects, was made a Commander of 5000, and received the title of Khán Daurán. He was also made Governor of Kábul (in addition to Qandahár), and was ordered to prepare a financial settlement for the whole of Afghánistán. After having held this office till the end of 1027, he complained of the fatigues incident to a residence in Kábul, horse-travelling and the drizzly state of the atmosphere of the country,¹ paid in the beginning of 1028 his respects at Court (Tuz., p. 257), and was appointed Governor of T'hat'hah.² He resigned, however, in the same year (Tuz., p. 275) and got the revenue of the Parganah of Khusháb assigned as pension (75,000 Rs.).

Before he went to T'hat'hah, he called on A´çaf Khán to take leave, and A´çaf recommended to him the brothers of Mullá Muhammad of T'hat'hah, who had been a friend of A´çaf. Sháhbeg had heard before that the Mullá's brothers, in consequence of A´çaf's support, had never cared for the Governors of the province; hence he said to A´çaf, “Certainly, I will take an interest in their welfare, if they are sensible (sarhisáb); but if not, I shall flay them.” A´çaf got much annoyed at this, opposed him in everything, and indirectly forced him to resign.

Sh. B. was a frank Turk. When Akbar appointed him Governor of Qandahár, he conferred upon him an 'alam and a naqqárah (p. 50); but on receiving the insignia, he said to Faríd (No. 99), “What is all this trash for? Would that His Majesty gave me an order regarding my mançab, and a jágír, to enable me to get better troopers for his service.” On his return, in 1028, from Kábul, he paraded before Jahángír his contingent of 1000 picked Mughul troopers, whose appearance and horses created much sensation.

He was much given to wine drinking. He drank, in fact, wine, cannabis, opium, and kúknár, mixed together, and called his beverage of four ingredients Chár Bughrá (p. 60, l. 13), which gave rise to his nickname Chár Bughrá Khur.

His sons. 1. Mírzá Sháh Muhammad, Ghaznín Khán, a well educated man. Jahángír, in 1028, made him a Commander of One Thousand, 600 horse.

2. Ya'qúb Beg, son-in-law to Mírzá Ja'far A´çaf Khán (III) (No. 98), a Commander of Seven Hundred, 350 horse. The Maásir says, he was a fatalist (azalparast), and died obscure.

3. Asad Beg (Tuz. p. 275), a Commander of Three Hundred, 50 horse. The Maásir does not mention him.

The Tuzuk, p. 34, mentions a Qásim Beg Khán, a relation of Sh. B. This is perhaps the same as No. 350.

Sháhbeg Khán Arghún must not be confounded with No. 148.

58. Kha´n 'A´lam Chalmah Beg,³ son of Hamdam who was Mírzá Kámrán's foster brother.

Chalmah Beg was Humáyún's Safarchí, or table attendant. Mírzá Kámrán had, in 960, been blinded, and at the Indus asked for permission to go to Makkah. Before he left, Humáyún, accompanied by some of his courtiers, paid him a visit, when the unfortunate prince, after greeting his brother, quoted the verse—

‘The fold of the poor man's turban touches the heaven, when a king like thee casts his shadow upon his head.’

And immediately afterwards he said the following verse extempore—

‘Whatever I receive at thy hands is kindness, be it the arrow of oppression or the dagger of cruelty.’

Humáyún felt uncomfortable and tried to console him. He gave next day orders that any of Kámrán's old friends might accompany him free to Makkah; but as no one came forward, he turned to Chalmah Beg, and said, “Will you go with him, or stay with me?” Chalmah Beg, though he knew that Humáyún was much attached to him, replied that he thought he should accompany the Prince in the ‘gloomy days of need and the darkness of his solitude.’ The Emperor approved of his resolution, and made liberal provisions for Kámrán and his companion.

After Kámrán's death, Chalmah Beg returned to India, and was favorably received by Akbar, who made him a Commander of 3000, bestowing upon him the title of Khán 'A´lam. He served under the emperor against the Mírzás in Gujrát, and was presesnt in the fight at Sarnál (p. 333, No. 27).

In the 19th year, when Akbar moved against Dáúd in Patna, Khán 'A´lam commanded a corps, and passing up the river in boats towards the mouth of the G'handak, effected a landing, though continually exposed to the volleys of the enemies. Akbar praised him much for his daring. In the same year he was attached to Mun'im's corps. In the battle of Takaroí (p. 375), he commanded the haráwal (van). He charged the Afgháns, and allowing his corps to advance too far, he was soon hard pressed upon and gave way, when Mun'im sent him an angry order to fall back. But before his corps could be brought again into order, Gújar Khán, Dáúd's best general, attacked the Imperialists with his line of elephants, which he had rendered fierce looking by means of black quṭáses (Yak tails) and skins of wild beasts attached to them. The horses of the Imperialists got frightened, nothing could make them stand, and their ranks were utterly broken. Kh. 'A´.'s horse got a sword cut, and reared, throwing him on the ground. He sprang up, and mounted it again, but was immediately thrown over by an elephant, and killed by the Afgháns who rushed from all sides upon him (20th Zí Qa'dah, 982).

It is said that before the battle he had presentiment of his death, and begged of his friends not to forget to tell the Emperor that he had willingly sacrificed his life.

Kh. 'A´. was a poet and wrote under the Takhalluç of Hamdamí (in allusion to the name of his father).

A brother of his, Muzaffar, is mentioned below (No. 301) among the Commanders of Three Hundred, where for , in my Text edition, p. 229, read .

59. Qa´sim Kha´n, Mír Bahr Chamanárái (?) Khurásán.¹

He is the son of Mírzá Dost's sister, who was an old servant of the Tímúrides. When Mírzá Kámrán was, in 954, besieged in Kábul, Humáyún had occupied Mount Aqábín, which lies opposite the Fort of Kábul. Whilst the siege was going on, Qásim Khán and his younger brother, Khwájagí Muhammad Husain (No. 241), threw themselves down from a turret between the A´hanín Darwázah and the Qásim Barlás bastion, and went over to Humáyún, who received them with distinction.

Soon after Akbar's accession, Q. Kh. was made a Commander of Three Thousand. He superintended the building of the Fort of A´grah, which he completed “after eight years at a cost of 7 krors of tankahs, or 35 lacs of rupees. The Fort stands on the banks of the Jamnah river, E. of the town of Agrah, on the place of the old Fort, which had much decayed. The breadth of the walls is 30 yards, and the height from the foundation to the pinnacles 60 gaz. It is built of red sandstone, the stones being well joined together and fastened to each other by iron rings which pass through them. The foundation every where reaches water.”¹

In the 23rd year, Q. was made Commander of A´grah. In the beginning of Sha'bán 995 (32nd year), he was ordered to conquer Kashmír, ‘a country which from its inaccessibility had never tempted the former kings of Dihlí.’ Though six or seven roads lead into Kashmír, the passes are all so narrow, that a few old men might repel a large army. The then ruler of Kashmír was Ya'qúb Khán, son of Yúsuf Khán Chak. He had fortified a pass;² but as his rule was disliked, a portion of his men went over to Q., whilst others raised a revolt in Srínagar. Thinking it more important to crush the revolt, Ya'qúb left his fortified position, and allowed Q. to enter the country. No longer able to oppose the Imperialists, he withdrew to the mountains, and trusted to an active guerilla warfare; but disappointed even in this hope, he submitted and became ‘a servant of Akbar.’ The Kashmírís, however, are famous for love of mischief and viciousness, and not a day passed without disturbances breaking out in some part of the country. Q. tired of the incessant petty annoyances, resigned his appointment (vide No. 35). In the 34th year he was made Governor of Kábul. At that time a young man from Andaján (Farghánah) gave out that he was a son of Sháhrukh.³ He met with some success in Badakhshán, but was defeated by the Túrán Sháh. The pretender then made friendship with the Zábulí Hazárahs, and when Q., on one occasion, had repaired to Court, he entered Akbar's territory, giving out that he was going to pay his respects to the Emperor. But Háshim Beg, Q.'s son, who officiated during the absence of his father, sent a detachment after the pretender, who now threw himself on the Hazárahs. But Háshim Beg followed him, and took him a prisoner to Kábul. Q., on his return from India, let him off, and even allowed him to enter his service. The pretender in the meantime re-engaged his old men, and when he had five hundred together, he waited for an opportunity to fall on Q. At this juncture, Akbar ordered the pretender to repair to Court. Accompanied by his ruffians, he entered at noon Q.'s sleeping apartments, when only a few females were present, and murdered his benefactor (1002). Háshim Beg soon arrived, and fired upon the pretender and his men. In the melée, the murderer was killed.

For Qásim's brother vide No. 241, and for his son, No. 226.

60. Ba´qi´ Kha´n, (elder) brother of Adham Khán (No. 19).

His mother is the same Máhum Anagah, mentioned on p. 323. “From Badáoní [II, 340] we learn that Báqí Khán died in the 30th year as Governor of Gaḍha-Katangah.” This is all the Maásir says of him.

His full name is Muhammad Báqí Khán Kokah. From Badáoní II. 81, we see that Báqí Khán took part in the war against Iskandar Khán and Bahádur Khán (972-73), and fought under Mu'izzulmulk (No. 61) in the battle of Khairábád, in which Budágh Khán (No. 52) was captured. The battle was lost, chiefly because Báqí Khán, Mahdí Qásim Khán (No. 36), and Husain Khán Tukriyah (No. 53) had personal grievances—their Uzbak hatred—against Mu'izzul-Mulk and Rájah Todar Mall.

61. Mi'r Mu'izzul-Mulk i Músawí, of Mashhad.

He belongs to the Músawí Sayyids of Mashhad the Holy, who trace their descent to 'Alí Músá Razá, the 8th Imám of the Shí'ahs. A branch of these Sayyids by a different mother is called Razawís.

In the 10th year, Akbar moved to Jaunpúr to punish Khán Zamán (No. 13), who had despatched his brother Bahádur and Iskandar Khán Uzbak (No. 48) to the district of Sarwár.¹ Against them Akbar sent a strong detachment (vide No. 60) under Mu'izzulmulk. Bahádur, on the approach of the Imperialists, had recourse to negotiations, and asked for pardon, stating that he was willing to give up all elephants. M. M., however, desired war, and though he granted Bahádur an interview, he told him that his crimes could only be cleansed with blood. But he reported the matter to Akbar, who sent Lashkar Khán (No. 90) and Rájah Todar Mall to him, to tell him that he might make peace with Bahádur, if he was satisfied of his good intentions. But here also the rancour of Khurásánís towards Uzbaks decided matters, and Todar Mall only confirmed M. M. in his resolution.¹ Although a few days later the news arrived that Akbar had pardoned Khán Zamán, because he sent his mother and his uncle Ibráhím Khán (No. 64) to Court as guarantees of his loyalty, M. M. attacked Bahádur near Khairábád. Muhammad Yár, son of Iskandar Khán's brother, who commanded the van of the rebels, fell in the first attack, and Iskandar who stood behind him, was carried along and fled from the field. The Imperialists thinking that the battle was decided, commenced to plunder, when suddenly Bahádur, who had been lying in wait, fell upon M. M.'s left wing and put it to flight. Not only was Budágh Khán (No. 52) taken prisoner, but many soldiers went over to Bahádur. Flushed with victory, he attacked the centre, where the grandees either fled or would not fight from malice (vide No. 60). Todar Mall's firmness was of no avail, and the day was lost.

After the conquest of Bihár, M. M. got the Parganah of A´rah (Arrah) as jágír. In the 24th year, the nobles of Bihár under Ma'çúm i Kábulí, tuyúldár of Patna, rebelled. They won over M. M., and his younger brother Mír 'Alí Akbar (No. 62); but both soon left the rebels, and M. M. went to Jaunpúr recruiting, evidently meditating revolt independently of the others. In the 25th year, Akbar ordered Asad Khán Turkmán, jágírdár of Mánikpúr, to hasten to Jaunpúr, and convey M. M. with all his suspicious adherents to Court. Asad Khán succeeded in catching M. M., and sent him by boat to the Emperor. Near Itáwah, however, the boat ‘foundered,’ and M. M. lost his life.

62. Mi´r 'Ali´ Akbar, (younger) brother of the preceding.

He generally served with his brother, and held the same rank. In the 22nd year, he presented Akbar, according to the Ṭabaqát, with a Maulúdnámah, or History of the birth of the Emperor. It was in the hand-writing of Qází Ghiásuddín i Jámí, a man of learning, who had served under Humáyún, and contained an account of the vision which Humáyún had in the night Akbar was born. The Emperor saw in his dream the new born babe, and was told to call his name Jaláluddín Muhammad Akbar. This Maulúdnámah Akbar prized very much, and rewarded Mír 'Alí Akbar with a Parganah² as in'ám.

When his brother was sent to Bihár, M. 'A. A. was ordered to accompany him. He established himself at Zamániyah, which “lies 6 kos from Gházípúr” (vide p. 320), and rebelled like his brother in Jaunpúr. After the death of his brother, Akbar ordered M. 'Azíz (No. 21), who had been appointed to Bihár, to send M. 'A. A. fettered to Court. Notwithstanding his protests that he was innocent, he was taken to the Emperor who imprisoned him for life.

63. Shari´f Kha´n, brother of Atgah Khán (No. 15).

He was born at Ghaznín. After Bairám's fall, he held a tuyúl in the Panjáb, and generally served with his elder brother Mír Muhammad Khán (No. 16).

On the transfer of the Atgah Khail from the Panjáb, Sh. was appointed to the Sirkár of Qannauj. In the 21st year, when Akbar was at Mohiní, he sent Sh., together with Qází Khán i Badakhshí (No. 144), Mujáhid Khán, Subhán Qulí Turk, against the Ráná. He afterwards distinguished himself in the conquest of Koṉbhalmír. In the 25th year, he was made atálíq to Prince Murád, and was in the same year sent to Málwah as Governor, Shujá'at Khán (No. 51) having been killed. His son Báz Bahádur (No. 188) was ordered to join his father from Gujrát. In the 28th year, he served against Muzaffar, and distinguished himself in the siege of Bahronch, which was held for Muzaffar by Chirkis i Rúmí and Naçírá, brother of Muzaffar's wife. The former having been killed, Naçírá escaped in the 7th month of the siege, through the trench held by Sharíf, and the Fort was taken. In the 30th year, he was sent with Shihábuddín (No. 26) to the Dak'hin, to assist Mírzá 'Azíz (No. 21).

In the 35th year, he went from Málwah to Court, and was made in the 39th year Governor of Ghaznín, an appointment which he had long desired. There he remained till the 47th year, when Sháh Beg (No. 57) was sent there.

‘Nothing else is known of him.’ Maásir.

His son, Báz Bahádur (No. 188), held a jágír in Gujrát, and was transferred to Málwah as related above. He served in the siege of A´sír, and in the Ahmadnagar war. In the 46th year, he was caught by the Talingahs, but was released, when Abulfazl made peace, and the prisoners were exchanged.

64. Ibra´hi´m Kha´n i Shaiba´ni´ (uncle of Khán Zamán, No. 13).

He served under Humáyún. After the conquest of Hindústán, Humáyún sent him with Sháh Abul Ma'álí to Láhor, to oppose Sikandar Súr, should he leave the Sawáliks. After the fall of Mánkoṭ, he received the Parganah of Sarharpúr,¹ near Jaunpúr, as jágír, and remained with Khán Zamán. During Khán Zamán's first rebellion, Ibráhím Khán and Khán Zamán's mother repaired at Mun'im Khan's request to Court as hostages of his loyalty, Ibráhím appearing, as was customary, with a shroud and a sword round his neck, which were only taken off when the Emperor's pardon had been obtained.

In the 12th year, however, Khán Zamán again rebelled, and Ibráhím went with Iskandar (No. 48) to Audh. When the latter had gone to Bengal, Ibráhím, at Mun'im's request, was pardoned, and remained with the Khán Khánán.

In the Ṭabaqát, Ibr. is called a Commander of Four Thousand.

His son, Ismá'íl Khán, held from Khán Zamán the town of Sandelah in Audh. In the 3rd year, Akbar gave this town to Sulṭán Husain Khán Jaláir. Ismá'íl opposed him with troops which he had got from Khán Zamán; but he was defeated and killed.

65. Khwa´jah Jala´luddi´n Mahmu´d Buju´q, of Khurásán.

The MSS. of the A´ín have Muhammad, instead of Mahmúd, which other histories have, and have besides a word after Muhammad which reads like and . This should be no doubt bujuq, the scriptio defectiva of the Turkish bujúq, ‘having the nose cut,’ as given in the copy of the Maásir.

Jaláluddín was in the service of M. 'Askarí. He had sent him from Qandahár to Garmsír, to collect taxes, when Humáyún passed through the district on his way to Persia. The Emperor called him, and Jalál presented him with whatever he had with him of cash and property, for which service Humáyún conferred on him the title of Mír Sámán, which under the circumstances was an empty distinction. On Humáyún's return from Persia, Jalál joined the Emperor, and was ordered, in 959, to accompany the young Akbar to Ghaznín, the tuyúl of the Prince. His devotion to his master rendered him so confident of the Emperor's protection, that he treated the grandees rudely, and incessantly annoyed them by satirical remarks. In fact, he had not a single friend.

Akbar on his accession made him a Commander of Two Thousand Five Hundred, and appointed him to Ghaznín. His enemies used the opportunity and stirred up Mun'im Khán, who owed Jalál an old grudge. Jalál soon found his post in Ghaznín so disagreeable, that he determined to look for employment elsewhere. He had scarcely left Ghaznín, when Mun'im called him to account. Though he had promised to spare his life, Mun'im imprisoned him, and had a short time after his eyes pierced. Jalál's sight, however, had not been entirely destroyed, and he meditated a flight to India. Before he reached the frontier, Mun'im's men caught him and his son Jaláluddín Mas'úd.¹ Both were imprisoned and shortly afterwards murdered by Mun'im.

This double murder is the foulest blot on Mun'im's character, and takes us the more by surprise, as on all other occasions he shewed himself generous and forbearing towards his enemies.

66. Haidar Muhammad Kha´n, Akhtah Begí.

He was an old servant of Humáyún, and accompanied him to Persia. He gave the Emperor his horse, when in the defeat near Balkh Humáyún's horse had been shot. On the march against Kámrán who had left Kábul for Afghánistán, the imperialists came to the River Surkháb, Haidar, with several other faithful Amírs, leading the van. They reached the river Siyáh-áb, which flows near the Surkháb, before the army could come up. Kámrán suddenly attacked them by night; but Haidar bravely held his ground. He accompanied the Emperor to Qandahár and to India, and was appointed to Bayánah (Bad. I., 463), which was held by Ghází Khán Súr, father of Ibráhím Khán. After the siege had lasted some time, Haidar allowed Ghází to capitulate; but soon after, he killed Ghází. Humáyún was annoyed at this breach of faith, and said he would not let Haidar do so again.

After Akbar's accession, H. was with Tardí Beg (No. 12) in Dihlí, and fought under Khán Zamán (No. 13) against Hemú. After the victory, he went for some reason to Kábul. At Mun'im's request, he assisted Ghaní Khán (vide p. 318) in Kábul. But they could not agree, and H. was called to India. He accompanied Mun'im, in the 8th year, on his expedition to Kábul and continued to serve under him in India.

In the 17th year, H. served with Khán i Kalán (No. 16) in Gujrát. In the 19th year, he was, together with his brother Mírzá Qulí, attached to the Bengal army, under Mun'im. Both died of fever, in 983, at Gaur (vide p. 376).

A son of H. is mentioned below (No. 326.)

Mírzá Qulí, or Mírzá Qulí Khán, Haidar's brother, distinguished himself under Humáyún during the expedition to Badakhshán. When Kámrán, under the mask of friendship, suddenly attacked Humáyún, M. Q. was wounded and thrown off his horse. His son, Dost Muhammad, saved him in time.

According to the Ṭabaqát, M. Q. belonged to the principal grandees (umará i kibár), a phrase which is never applied to grandees below the rank of Commanders of One Thousand. His name occurs also often in the Akbarnámah. It is, therefore, difficult to say why his name and that of his son have been left out by Abulfazl in this list.

67. I'tima´d Kha´n, of Gujrát.

He must not be confounded with No. 119.

I'timád Khán was originally a Hindú servant of Sulṭán Mahmúd, king of Gujrát. He was ‘trusted’ (i'timád) by his master, who had allowed him to enter the harem, and had put him in charge of the women. It is said that, from gratitude, he used to eat camphor, and thus rendered himself impotent. He rose in the king's favor, and was at last made an Amír. In 961, after a reign of 18 years, the king was foully murdered by a slave of the name of Burhán, who besides killed twelve nobles. I'timád next morning collected a few faithful men, and killed Burhán. Sulṭán Mahmúd having died without issue, I't. raised Razíul Mulk, under the title of Ahmad Sháh, to the throne. Razí was a son of Sulṭán Ahmad, the founder of Ahmadábád; but as he was very young, the affairs of the state were entirely in I't.'s hands. Five years later, the young king left Ahmadábád, and fled to Sayyid Mubárik of Bukhárá,¹ a principal courtier; but I't. followed him up, defeated him, and drove him away. Sulṭán Ahmad then thought it better to return to I't., who now again reigned as before. On several occasions did the king try to get rid of his powerful minister; and I't. at last felt so insecure, that he resolved to kill the king, which he soon afterwards did. I't. now raised a child of the name of Nat'hú ()² to the throne, “who did not belong to the line of kings;” but on introducing him to the grandees, I't. swore upon the Qorán, that Nat'hú was a son of Sulṭán Mahmúd: his mother when pregnant had been handed over to him by Sulṭán Mahmúd, to make her miscarry; but the child had been five months old, and he had not carried out the order. The Amírs had to believe the story, and Nat'hú was raised to the throne under the title of Sulṭán Muzaffar.

This is the origin of Sulṭán Muzaffar, who subsequently caused Akbar's generals so much trouble (vide pp. 326, 334, 335).

I't. was thus again at the head of the government; but the Amírs parcelled out the country among themselves, so that each was almost independent. The consequence was, that incessant feuds broke out among them. I't. himself was involved in a war with Chingiz Khán, son of I'timádul Mulk, a Turkish slave. Chingiz maintained that Sulṭán Muzaffar, if genuine, should be the head of the state; and as he was strengthened by the rebellious Mírzás, to whom he had afforded protection against Akbar, I't. saw no chance of opposing him, left the Sulṭán, and went to Dúngarpúr. Two nobles, Alif Khán and Jhujhár Khán, took Sulṭán Muzaffar to him, went to Chingiz in Ahmadábád, and killed him (Chingiz) soon after. The Mírzás seeing how distracted the country was, took possession of Bahroṉch and Súrat. The general confusion only increased, when Sulṭán Muzaffar fled one day to Sher Khán Fúládí and his party, and I't. retaliated by informing Sher Khán that Nat'hú was no prince at all. But Sher Khán's party attributed this to I't.'s malice, and besieged him in Ahmadábád. I't. then fled to the Mírzás, and soon after to Akbar, whose attention he drew to the wretched state of Gujrát.

When Akbar, in the 17th year, marched to Patan, Sher Khán's party had broken up. The Mírzás still held Bahroṉch; and Sulṭán Muzaffar, who had left Sher Khán, fell into the hands of Akbar's officers (vide No. 361). I'timád and other Gujrátí nobles had in the meantime proclaimed Akbar's accession from the pulpits of the mosques and struck coins in his name. They now waited on the Emperor. Barodah, Champánír, and Súrat were given to I't. as tuyúl; the other Amírs were confirmed, and all charged themselves with the duty of driving away the Mírzás. But they delayed and did nothing; some of them, as Ikhtiyárul-Mulk, even fled, and others who were attached to Akbar, took I't. and several grandees to the Emperor, apparently charging them with treason. I't. fell into disgrace, and was handed over to Shahbáz Khán (No. 80) as prisoner.

In the 20th year, I't. was released, and charged with the superintendence of the Imperial jewels and gold vessels. In the 22nd year, he was permitted to join the party who under Mír Abú Turáb (vide p. 198) went to Makkah. On his return, he received Patan as jágír.

In the 28th year, on the removal of Shihábuddín Ahmad (No. 26), he was put in charge of Gujrát, and went there accompanied by several distinguished nobles, though Akbar had been warned; for people remembered I't.'s former inability to allay the factions in Gujrát. No sooner had Shiháb handed over duties than his servants rebelled. I't. did nothing, alleging that Shiháb was responsible for his men; but as Sulṭán Muzaffar had been successful in Kát'híwár, I't. left Ahmadábád, and went to Shiháb, who on his way to Court had reached Karí, 20 kos from Ahmadábád. Muzaffar used the opportunity and took Ahmadábád, Shiháb's men joining his standard.

Shiháb and I't. then shut themselves up in Patan, and had agreed to withdraw from Gujrát, when they received some auxiliaries, chiefly in a party of Gujrátís who had left Muzaffar, to try their luck with the Imperialists. I't. paid them well, and sent them under the command of his son, Sher Khán, against Sher Khán Fúládí, who was repulsed. In the meantime M. 'Abdurrahím (No. 29) arrived. Leaving I't. at Patan, he marched with Shiháb against Muzaffar.

I'timád died at Patan in 995. The Ṭabaqát puts him among the Commanders of Four Thousand.

In Abulfazl's opinion, Gujrátís are made up of cowardice, deceit, several good qualities, and meanness; and I'timád was the very type of a Gujrátí.

No. 68. Pa´yandah Kha´n, Mughul, son of Hájí Muhammad Khán Kokí's brother.

Hájí Muhammad and Sháh Muhammad, his brother, had been killed by Humáyún for treason on his return from Persia. Hájí Muhammad was a man of great daring, and his value, when he was faithful, was often acknowledged by the Emperor.

Páyandah, in the 5th year of Akbar's reign came with Mun'im from Kábul, and was ordered to accompany Adham Khán (No. 19) to Málwah. In the 19th year, he accompanied Mun'im to Bengal. In the 22nd year, he served under Bhagwán Dás against Ráná Partáb. In the Gujrát war, he commanded M. 'Abdurrahím's (No. 29) haráwal.

In the 32nd year, he received G'horág'hát as jágír, whither he went.

This is all the Maásir says regarding Páyandah.

His full name was Muhammad Páyandah. He had a son Walí Beg who is mentioned below (No. 359).

From the Tuzuk, p. 144, we see that Páyandah died in 1024 A. H. Jahángír, in 1017, had pensioned him off, as he was too old. Tuz., p. 68.

No. 69. Jagannat'h, son of Rájah Bihárí Mall (No. 23).

He was a hostage in the hands of Sharafuddín Husain (No. 17; vide p. 329). After some time he regained his freedom and was well received by Akbar. He generally served with Mán Singh. In the 21st year, when Ráná Partáb of Maiwár opposed the Imperialists, Jagannát'h during an engagement when other officers had given way, held his ground, and killed with his own hands the renowned champion Rám Dás, son of Jai Mall. In the 23rd year, he received a jágír in the Panjáb, and was, in the 25th year, attached to the van of the army which was to prevent Mírzá Muhammad Hakím from invading the Panjáb. In the 29th year, he again served against the Ráná. Later he accompanied Mírzá Yúsuf Khán (No. 35) to Kashmír. In the 34th year, he served under Prince Murád in Kábul, and accompanied him, in the 36th year, to Málwah, of which the Prince had been appointed Governor. In the 43rd year, after several years' service in the Dak'hin, he left Murád without orders, and was for some time excluded from Court. On Akbar's return from the Dak'hin, J. met the emperor at Rantanbhúr, his jágír, and was then again sent to the Dak'hin.

In the 1st year of Jahángír, he served under Prince Parwíz against the Ráná, and was in charge of the whole army when the emperor, about the time Khusrau had been captured, called Parwíz to Court (Tuzuk, p. 33). In the same year, J. suppressed disturbances which Dalpat (p. 359) had raised at Nágor.

In the 4th year, he was made a Commander of Five Thousand, with 3000 horse.

Rám Chand,¹ his son. He was under Jahángír a Commander of Two Thousand, 1500 horse.

Rájah Manrúp, a son of Rám Chand. He accompanied Prince Sháhjahán on his rebellion, and got on his accession a Command of Three Thousand, with 2000 horse. He died in the 4th year of Sháhjahán. He had a son Gopál Sing'h.

70. Makhsu´s Kha´n, (younger) brother of Sa'íd Khán (No. 25).

He served under his brother in Multán. In the 23rd year, he served under Shahbáz Khán (No. 80) against Gajpatí, and three years later, he accompanied Prince Murád to Kábul, where he also served under Akbar, who had gone thither and pardoned his brother, M. Muhammad Hakím.

Subsequently, Makhçúç served under Prince Salím. In the 49th year, he was a Commander of Three Thousand.

He was alive in the beginning of Jahángír's reign. The author of the Maásir has not recorded the date of his death.

He had a son Maqçúd who did not get on well with his father, for which reason Jahángír would not give him a mançab.

71. The author of the A´i´n, Abulfazl, son of Shaik Mubárik of Nágor.

Abulfazl's biography will be found elsewhere.

72. Isma 'i´l Kha´n Duldai.

Duldai, or Dúldai, is the name of a subdivision of the Barlás clan (vide p. 341, note).

The Maásir calls him Ismá'íl Qulí Beg Dúldai. A similar difference was observed in the name of Husain Qulí Khán (No. 24), and we may conclude that Beg, at least in India, was considered a lower title than Khán, just as Beglar Begí was considered inferior to Khán Khánán.

Ismá'íl Qulí was a grandee of Bábar and Humáyún, distinguished in the field and in council. When Humáyún besieged Qandahár, and the Grandees one after the other left M. 'Askarí, Ism. also joined the Emperor, and was appointed, after the conquest of Qandahár, Governor of Dáwar. When Kábul was besieged, Ism. and Khizr Khwájah (vide p. 365, note 2) attacked Sher 'Alí, an officer of Mírzá Kámrán, who at the prince's order had followed up and plundered the Persian caravan (qáfilah i wiláyat) on its way to Cháríkán;¹ but as the roads were occupied by the Imperialists, Sher 'Alí could not reach Kábul, and marched towards Ghaznín, when he was overtaken and defeated. Ism. and Khizr spoiled the plunderer, and went again to Humáyún. A short time after, Ism. and several other grandees left the emperor, because they resented the elevation of Qaráchah Khán, and followed Mírzá Kámrán to Badakhshán. Humáyún followed them up and caught them together with Kámrán, Ism. among them. Ism. was, however, pardoned at Mun'im's request.

Ism. accompanied the emperor on his march to India, and was sent, after the capture of Dihlí, together with Sháh Abul Ma'álí to Láhor.

“Nothing else is known of him.” Maásir.

73. Mi´r Babus (?), the I´ghur.

The I´ghurs are a well known Chaghtái tribe. The correct name of this grandee is a matter of doubt, as every MS. has a different lectio; vide my Text edition, p. 224, note 6. The Maásir has left out the name of this grandee; nor do I find it in the List of the Ṭabaqát.

74. Ashraf Kha´n Mi´r Munshi´, Muhammad Açghar of Sabzwár (?).

He was a Husainí Sayyid of Mashhad (Maásir, Mir-át ul' A´lam). The author of the Ṭabaqát says, he belonged to the 'Arabsháhí Sayyids; ‘but people rarely make such fine distinctions.’ Abulfazl says, he was of Sabzwár; but in the opinion of the Maásir, this is an error of the copyists.

Ashraf Khán was a clever writer, exact in his style, and a renowned calligrapher, perhaps the first of his age in writing the Ta'líq and Nasta'líq characters (p. 101, l. 14). He also understood jafar, or witchcraft.

Ashraf was in Humáyún's service, and had received from him the post and title of Mír Munshí. After the conquest of Hindústán, he was made Mír 'Arz and Mír Mál. At Akbar's accession, he was in Dihlí and took part in the battle with Hemú (p. 365, No. 48). He was imprisoned by Bairám, but escaped and went to Makkah. He returned in 968, when Akbar was at Máchhíwárah on his way to the Siwáliks where Bairám was. He was well received and got a mançab. In the 6th year, when the emperor returned from Málwah, he bestowed upon him the title of Ashraf Khán.

In the 19th year, he went with Mun'im to Bengal, was present in the battle of Takaroí, and died in the twentieth year (983)¹ at Gaur (vide p. 376).

Ashraf was a poet of no mean pretensions.

His son, Mír Abul Muzaffar (No. 240) held a Command of 500. In the 38th year, he was Governor of Awadh.

Ashraf's grandsons, Husainí and Burhání, held inferior commands under Sháhjahán.

75. Sayyid Mahmu´d of Ba´rha, [Kúndlíwál].

‘Sayyid Mahmúd was the first of the Bárha Sayyids that held office under the Tímúrides.’ He was with Sikandar Súr (Badáoní II, 17) in Mánkoṭ, but seeing that the cause of the Afgháns was hopeless, he left Sikandar and went over to Akbar. He was a friend of Bairám, and served in the first year under 'Alí Qulí Khán Zamán (No. 13) against Hemú. In the second year, he took part in the expedition against Hájí Khán in Ajmír (vide Nos. 40, 45). In the 3rd year, he conquered with Sháh Qulí Mahram (No. 45) Fort Jaitáran,² and served in the same year under Adham Kokah against the Bhadauriyahs of Hatkánt'h (vide p. 323, last line).

After Bairám's fall, Sayyid Mahmúd got a jágír near Dihlí. In the 7th year, he brought Mun'im Khán to Court (vide p. 318). In the 17th year, he served under the Khán i Kalán (No. 16) and the emperor in Gujrát, was present in the battle of Sarnál, and followed up Mírzá Ibráhím Husain. On every occasion he fought with much bravery. Towards the end of the 18th year, he was sent with other Sayyids of Bárha, and Sayyid Muhammad of Amrohah (No. 140) against Rájah Madhukar, who had invaded the territory between Sironj and Gwáliár. S. Mahmud drove him away, and died soon after, in the very end of 981.

Sayyid Mahmúd was a man of rustic habits, and great personal courage and generosity. Akbar's court admired his valour and chuckled at his boorishness and unadorned language; but he stood in high favor with the emperor. Once on his return from the war with Madhukar, he gave in the State hall a verbal account of his expedition, in which his “I” occurred oftener than was deemed proper by the assembled Amírs. “You have gained the victory,” interrupted A´çaf Khán, in order to give him a gentle hint, “because His Majesty's good fortune (iqbál i pádisháhí) accompanied you.” Mistaking the word ‘Iqbál’ for the name of a courtier, “Why do you tell an untruth?” replied Mahmúd, “Iqbál i Pádisháhí did not accompany me: I was there, and my brothers: we licked them with our sabres.” The emperor smiled, and bestowed upon him praise and more substantial favors.

But more malicious were the remarks of the Amírs regarding his claim to be a Sayyid of pure blood. Jahángír (Tuzuk, p. 366) also says that people doubt the claim of the Bárha family to be Sayyids. Once Mahmúd was asked how many generations backwards the Sayyids of Bárha traced their descent. Accidentally a fire was burning on the ground near the spot where Mahmúd stood. Jumping into it, he exclaimed, “If I am a Sayyid, the fire will not hurt me; if I am no Sayyid, I shall get burnt.” He stood for nearly an hour in the fire, and only left it at the earnest request of the bystanders. “His velvet-slippers shewed, indeed, no trace of being singed.”

For Sayyid Mahmúd's brother and sons, vide Nos. 91, 105, and 143.

In MSS. we find the spelling bárha, and bárah. The lexicographist Bahár i 'Ajam (Tek Chand) in his grammatical treatise, entitled Jawáhir ul Hurúf, says that the names of Indian towns ending in form adjectives in , as , Tattah or T'hat'ha, forms an adjective tatawí; but of no adjective is formed, and you say sádát i bárha, instead of sádát i barhawí.

The name Bárha has been differently explained. Whether the derivation from the Hindí numeral bárah, 12, be correct or not, there is no doubt that the etymology was believed to be correct in the times of Akbar and Jahángír; for both the Ṭabaqát and the Tuzuk derive the name from 12 villages in the Duáb (Muzaffarnagar District), which the Sayyids held.

Like the Sayyids of Bilgrám, the Bárha family trace their origin to one Sayyid Abul Farah of Wásiṭ;¹ but their nasabnámah, or genealogical tree, was sneered at, and even Jahangír, in the above quoted passage from the Tuzuk, says that the personal courage of the Sayyids of Bárha—but nothing else—was the best proof that they were Sayyids. But they clung so firmly to this distinction, that some of them even placed the title of Sayyid before the titles which they received from the Mughul emperors, as Sayyid Khán Jahán (Sayyid Abul Muzaffar), and several others.

But if their claim to be Sayyids was not firmly established, their bravery and valour had become a by-word. Their place in battle was the van (haráwal); they claimed to be the leaders of the onset, and every emperor from the times of Akbar gladly availed himself of the prestige of their name. They delighted in looking upon themselves as Hindústánís (vide p. 336). Their military fame completely threw to the background the renown of the Sayyids of Amrohah, of Mánikpúr, the Khánzádahs of Mewát, and even families of royal blood as the Çafawís.

The Sayyids of Bárha are divided into four branches, whose names are—1. Tihanpúrí; 2. Chatbanúrí, or Chátrauṛí;¹ 3. Kúndlíwál; 4. Jagnerí. The chief town of the first branch was Jánsaṭh; of the second, Sambalhaṛah; of the third, Majhaṛah; of the fourth Biḍaulí on the Jamnah. Of these four lines Muhammadan Historians, perhaps accidentally, only mention two, viz., the Kúndlíwál () to which Sayyid Mahmúd (No. 75) belonged; and the Tihanpúrí (), of which Sayyid Khán Jahán was a member.

The Histories of India do not appear to make mention of the Sayyids of Bárha before the times of Akbar; but they must have held posts of some importance under the Súrs, because the arrival of Sayyid Mahmúd in Akbar's camp (p. 389) is recorded by all Historians as an event of importance. He and other Sayyids were, moreover, at once appointed to high mançabs. The family boasts also traditionally of services rendered to Humáyún; but this is at variance with Abulfazl's statement that Sayyid Mahmúd was the first that served under a Timuride.

The political importance of the Sayyids declined from the reign of Muhammad, Sháh (1131 to 1161), who deposed the brothers Sayyid 'Abdullah Khán and Sayyid Husain 'Alí Khán, in whom the family reached the greatest height of their power. What a difference between the rustic and loyal Sayyid Mahmúd under Akbar, and the above two brothers, who made four Timurides emperors, dethroned and killed two, and blinded and imprisoned three!²

The Sayyids of Bárha are even now-a-days numerous and ‘form the characteristic element in the population of the Muzaffarnagar district’ (Leeds' Report).

Abulfazl mentions nine Sayyids in this List of grandees, viz.—

The Akbarnámah mentions several other Sayyids without indicating to what family they belong. Thus S. Jamáluddín, a grandson of S. Mahmúd (vide under 91); S. Sálim; S. Fáth Khán, (Bad. II., 180); &c.

The following trees are compiled from the Tuzuk, Pádisháhnámah, and Maásir.

The Pádisháhnámah (I., b., 312, 319; II., p. 733, 734, 735, 741, 752) mentions also S. Mák'han, d. 9th year of Sháhjahán; S. Síkhan; S. 'Abdullah; S. Muhammad, son of S. Afzal; S. Khádim; S. Sálár; S. Shiháb.

For the following notes, I am indebted to R. J. Leeds, Esq., C. S., Mirzapore, who kindly sent me two Urdú MSS. containing a short family history of the Sádát i Bárha, composed in 1864 and 1869 by one of the Sayyids themselves. As Mr. Leeds has submitted together with his Report ‘a detailed account in English of the history of the Sayyids,’ the following extracts from the Urdú MSS. will suffice.

The date of the arrival in India of the above-mentioned Abul Farah from Wásiṭ is doubtful. The two MSS. mention the time of Iltitmish (Altamsh), and trace the emigration to troubles arising from Hulágú's invasion of Baghdád and the overthrow of the empire of the Khalífahs; while the sons of Abul Farah are said to have been in the service of Shihábuddín Ghorí—two palpable anachronisms.

Abul Farah is said to have arrived in India with his twelve sons, of whom four remained in India on his return to his country. These four brothers are the ancestors of the four branches of the Sayyids. Their names are—

1. Sayyid Dáúd, who settled in the mauza' of Tihanpúr.

2. Sayyid Abulfazl, who settled in the qaçbah of Chhatbanúrá ().

3. Sayyid Abulfazáil, who settled in the mauza' of Kúndlí.

4. Sayyid Najmuddín Husain, who settled in the mauza' of Jhujar.

These four places are said to lie near Patiálá in the Panjáb, and have given rise to the names of the four branches. Instead of Chhatbanúrí, the name of the second branch, the MSS. have also Chhátrauḍí, , or , and Jagnerí () instead of Jhujarí, although no explanation is given of these alterations.

From Patiálá, the four brothers went to the Duáb between the Ganges and Jamnah, from where a branch was established at Bilgrám in Audh.

The etymology of bárha is stated to be uncertain. Some derive it frrm báhir, outside, because the Sayyids excamped outside the imperial camp; some from bárah imám, the twelve Imáms of the Shí'ahs, as the Sayyids were Shí'ahs; some derive it from twelve (bárah) villages which the family held, just as the district of Balandshahr, Tahçíl Anúpshahr, is said to contain a bárha of Pat'háns, i. e. 12 villages belonging to a Pathán family; and others, lastly, make it to be a corruption of the Arabic abrár, pious.

The descendants of S. Dáúd settled at Dhásirí; and form the Tihanpúrí branch, those of S. Abulfazl at Sambalhaṛah, and form the Chhatbanúrí or Chhátrauṛí branch; those of S. Abulfazáil went to Majhaṛah, and are the Kúndlíwáls; and those of S. Najmuddín occupied Biḍaulí, and form the Jhujarí, or Jagnerí, branch.

The eighth descendant of S. Dáúd was S. Khán Qír (?) ()¹. He had four sons—

1. Sayyid 'Umar Shahíd, who settled in Jánsaṭh, a village then inhabited by Játs and Brahmins. To his descendants belong the renowned brothers mentioned on p. 392, (g).

The occurrence of the name 'Umar shews that he, at any rate, was no Shí'ah.

2. Sayyid Chaman, who settled at Chatorah (), in the Parganah of Jolí-Jánsaṭh. To his descendants belongs S. Jalál, who during the reign of Sháhjahán¹ is said to have founded K'harwah Jalálpúr in 'Iláqah Sirdhanah, district Mírat'h. His son S. Shams left the imperial service; hence the family declined. He had two sons, Asad 'Alí and 'Alí Açghar, whose descendants still exist in Chatorah and Jalálpúr respectively. They are very poor, and sold in 1843-44 the bricks of the ruined family dwellings in Chatorah for Rs. 10,000 to the Government for the construction of works of irrigation. The buildings in Chatorah are ascribed to S. Muhammad Çaláh Khán, who served in Audh, and died childless.

3. Sayyid Huná (). He settled at Bihárí, Muzaffarnagar. He had six sons—

I. Sayyid Quṭb, whose descendants occupy the village of Biláspúr in the Muzaffarnagar District. From this branch come the Rat'herí Sayyids.

II. S. Sulṭán, whose descendants hold Sirdháolí.

III. S. Yúsuf, whose posterity is to be found in Bihárí and Dhalnah (one MS. reads Dubalnah).

IV. and V. S. Ján and S. Mán, had no offspring.

VI. S. Naçíruddín. To his descendants belongs S. Khán Jahán i Sháhjahání, p. 392 (d.). On him the Sayyids appear to look as the second founder of their family. His first son, S. Mançúr built Mançúrpúr, and his descendant hold now-a-days Mançúrpúr and K'hataulí; his second son Muzaffar Khán [Sher Zamán] built Muzaffarnagar, where his descendants still exist, though poor or involved.

4. Sayyid Ahmad. He settled at in Jolí-Jánsaṭh, where his descendants still are. The MSS. mention Tátár Khán, and Díwán Yár Muhammad Khán as having distinguished themselves in the reign of Aurangzíb.

One of the descendants of S. Abulfazl is called S. Hasan Fakhruddín who is said to have lived in the reign of Akbar at Sambalhaṛah, the rájahs of which place were on friendly terms with the family. His son, S. Nadhah, is said to have had four sons—

I. Sayyid 'Alí.

II. Sayyid Ahmad, a descendant of whom, S. Raushan 'Alí Khán, served under Muhammad Sháh.

III. S. Tájuddín, whose son, S. 'Umar, settled at Kakraulí.

IV. S. Sálár (perhaps the same on p. 392, l. 11 from below), who had two sons S. Haidar Khán, and S. Muhammad Khán. The descendants of the former settled at Míránpúr, which was founded by Nawáb S. Shahámat Khán, evidently the same as on p. 392, (l. 10). S. Muhammad Khán settled at K'hatorah (“a village so called, because it was at first inhabited by Káiths”). Among his descendants are S. Nuçrat Yár Khán, (p. 392), and Ruknuddaulah.

S. Abul Fazáil settled at Majhaṛah, which is said to have been so called, because the site was formerly a jungle of múnj grass. The MSS. say that many Sayyids of the branch are mafqúd-ulkhabar, i. e., it is not known what became of them. The Kúndlíwáls which now exist, are said to be most uneducated and live as common labourers, the condition of Majhaṛah being altogether deplorable.

The Kúndlíwals are now scattered over Majhaṛah, Háshimpúr, Tisang,¹ Tanderah, &c.

The son of S. Najmuddín, S. Qamaruddín, settled at Biḍaulí. A descendant of his, S. Fakhruddín left Biḍaulí and settled at in Jolí-Jánsaṭh, and had also zamíndárís in Chandaurí Chandaurah, Tulsípúr, and K'harí. Now-a-days many of this branch are in Biḍaulí, 'Iláqah Pánípat, and Dihlí.

The chief places where the Sayyids of Bárha still exist are—Míránpúr, K'hataulí, Muzaffarnagar, Jolí, Tis-ha, Bak'herah, Majhaṛah, Chataurah, Sambalhaṛah, Tisang, Biláspúr, Mornah, Sandháolí, Kailáodah, Jánsaṭh.

After the overthrow of the Tihanpúrí brothers [p. 392, (g.)], many emigrated. Sayyids of Bárha exist also in Lak'hnau, Barelí, 'Aṉwlah, in Audh; also in Nagínah, Maiman, and Chándpúr in the Bijnor district. A branch of the Jolí Sayyids is said to exist in Púrniah (Bengal), and the descendants of the saint 'Abdullah Kirmání of Bírbhúm claim likewise to be related to the Bárha Sayyids.

During the reign of Aurangzíb, the Sayyids are said to have professed Sunní tendencies.

The political overthrow of the Sádát i Bárha under Muhammad Sháh (vide Elphinstone, Vth edition, p. 693) was followed by the disastrous fight at Bhaiṉnsí (), which lies on the K'hataulí road, where the Sayyids were defeated by the Imperialists, and robbed of the jewels and gold vessels which their ancestors during their palmy days had collected.

76. 'Abdullah Kha´n Mughul.

I cannot find the name of this grandee in the Maásir or the Ṭabaqát. He has been mentioned above, p. 309, l. 21. Akbar's marriage with his daughter displeased Bairám, because 'Abdullah's sister was married to Kámrán, of whose party Bairám believed him to be. When Bairám, during his rebellion (p. 317), marched from Dípálpúr to Jálindhar, he passed over Tihárah, where 'Abdullah defeated a party of his friends under Walí Beg (p. 329, No. 24).

'Abdullah Khan Mughul must not be confounded with 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak (No. 14).

77. Shaikh Muhammad i Bukhárí.

He was a distinguished Hindústání Sayyid, and maternal uncle (tughái) to Shaikh Faríd i Bukhárí (No. 99). Akbar liked him for his wisdom and faithfulness. Fattú Kháçah Khail Afghán handed over the Fort of Chanáṛ to Akbar, through the mediation of Shaikh Muhammad.

In the 14th year, Akbar gave him a tuyúl in Ajmír, and ordered him to take charge of Shaikh Mu'ín i Chishtí's tomb, as the khádims were generally at feud about the emoluments and distribution of vows presented by pilgrims. Nor had the efficacy of their prayers been proved, though they claimed to possess sufficient influence with God to promise offspring to the barren and childless.

In the 17th year, Shaikh M. was attached to the corps under Mírzá 'Azíz (No. 21), whom Akbar had put in charge of Ahmadábád. After the Emperor's victory at Sarnál, Ibráhím Mírzá joined Husain Mírzá, Sháh Mírzá, and 'A´qil Mírzá, at Patan (Gujrát); but having quarrelled with them, he left them, and invaded the District of A´grah. The other three Mírzás remained in Patan, and entered into a league with the Fúládí party (vide No. 67). Mírzá 'Azíz had been re-inforced by the Málwah contingent under Quṭbuddín (No. 28), Sháh Budágh (No. 52), and Maṭlab Khán (No. 83). His army was further increased by the contingent of Shaikh M., whom Akbar had ordered to move from Dholqah to Súrat. Mírzá 'Azíz Kokah left Sayyid Hámid (No. 78) in Ahmadábád, and moved against the Mírzás in Patan. The Mírzás and Sher Khán Fúládí, however, wished to delay the fight, as their re-inforcements had not arrived, and Sher Khán sent proposals of peace through Shaikh M. to M. 'Azíz. Sháh Budágh advised M. 'Azíz not to listen to them, as the enemies only wished to gain time, and 'Azíz drew up his army. He himself, Sháh Budágh, Mu'ínuddín i Farankhúdí (No. 128), Ma'çúm Khán and his son, and Maṭlab Khán (No. 83) stood in the centre (qol); Quṭbuddín (No. 28), and Jamáluddín Injú (No. 164), on the right wing; Shaikh Muhammad, Murád Khán (No. 54), Sháh Muhammad (No. 95), Sháh Fakhruddín (No. 88), Muzaffar Mughul, Páyandah (No. 68), Hájí Khán Afghán, and the son of Khawáç Khán, on the left wing; Dastam Khán (No. 79), Naurang Khán (vide p. 334), Muhammad Qulí Toqbái (No. 129), and Mihr 'Alí Sildoz (No. 130), led the van (haráwal); Báz Bahádur (No. 188) occupied the Altimash (between the van and the commander); and Mírzá Muqím and Chirgis Khán formed the reserve behind the centre. The centre of the enemies was held by Sher Khán Fúládí and Junaid i Kararání; the right wing by the three Mírzás; the left wing by Muhammad Khán (Sher Khán's eldest son) and Sádát Khán; and their van was led by Badr Khán, younger son of Sher Khán. The battle then commenced in the neighbourhood of Patan, 18th Ramazán, 980 (22nd January, 1573). The left wing of the Imperialists was defeated by the Mírzás. Murád Khán (No. 54) preferred to look on. Sháh Muhammad (No. 95) was wounded, and carried off by his men to Ahmadábád. Shaikh Muhammad himself was killed with several of his relations, as the son of Sayyid Baháuddín, and Sayyid Ja'far, brother of Shaikh Faríd (No. 99). The Mírzás also fell upon Sháh Fakhruddín and repulsed him. Quṭbuddín even was hard pressed, when M. 'Azíz by a timely attack with his centre put the enemies to flight. As usual, the soldiers of the enemies had too early commenced to plunder.

Sher Khán fled to Júnágaḍh, and the Mírzás to the Dak'hin.

78. Sayyid Ha´mid i Bukhárí.

Sayyid Hámid was the son of S. Mírán, son of S. Mubárik. Sayyid Mubárik was a Gujrátí Courtier (vide p. 385, note) who, it is said, arrived from Bukhárá with but a horse. One day he was attacked by a mast elephant, when he discharged an arrow that entered the forehead of the animal so deep, that only the notch of the arrow was visible. From this event, the people of Gujrát swore by S. Mubárik's arrow. He gradually rose to higher dignities. When I'timád Khán (No. 67) raised Nat'hú to the throne, under the title of Muzaffar Sháh, S. Mubárik got several Mahalls of the Patan, Dholqah, and Dandoqah (W. of the Peninsula) Districts. After his death, Dholqah and Dandoqah were given to his son, Sayyid Mírán and after him to his grandson Sayyid Hámid.

When Akbar, on his invasion of Gujrát, arrived on 1st Rajab, 980, at Patan, Sayyid Hámid went over to him, and was favorably received. During the war of Mírzá 'Azíz Kokah with the Mírzás (vide No. 77), S. H. was put in charge of Ahmadábád. In the 18th year, Dholqah and Dandoqah were again given him as tuyúl. Subsequently, he served under Quṭbuddín in Kambháit.

In the 22nd year, he was appointed to Multán, and served in the end of the same year with M. Yúsuf Khán i Razawí (No. 35), against the Balúchís. In the 25th year, when M. Muhammad Hakím invaded Láhor, S. H. with the other tuyúldárs of the Panjáb assembled and joined the army of Prince Murád, S. H. commanding the left wing. He also served under Akbar in Kábul. On the Emperor's return, he was permitted to go from Sirhind to his jágír.

In the 30th year, he served under Mán Singh in Kábul. On his arrival at Pasháwar, his jágír, S. H. sent most of his men to Hindústán, and lived securely in Bigrám (on our Maps, Beghram), leaving his affairs in the hands of a man of the name of Músá. This man oppressed the Mahmand and Gharbah (?) Khail tribes, ‘who have ten thousand homes near Pasháwar’. The oppressed Afgháns, instead of complaining to Akbar, chose Jalálah i Taríkí as leader, and attacked S. H. He first resolved to shut himself up in Bigrám; but having received an erroneous report regarding the strength of the enemies, he left the town, and was defeated and killed (31st year). The Maásir says, he was killed in 993. In this fight, forty of his relations and clients also perished. The Afgháns then besieged the Fort, which was held by Kamál, son of S. H. He held it till he was relieved.

S. Kamál, during Akbar's reign, was promoted to a command of Seven Hundred, and, on the accession of Jahángír, to a Hazáríship. He was made Governor of Dilhí, vice Shaikh 'Abdul Wahháb, also a Bukhárí Sayyid (Tuz. p. 35, l. 8 from below). Kamál served under Faríd i Bukhárí (No. 99) in the expedition against Prince Khusrau, and commanded the left wing in the fight near Bhairoṉwál, rendering timely assistance to the Sayyids of Bárha who, as was customary, led the van.

Sayyid Ya'qúb, son of S. Kamál, was a Commander of Fifteen Hundred, 1000 horse, and died in the third year of Sháhjahán's reign. The Maásir says, in the 2nd year.

The two lists of Sháhjahán's grandees given in the Pádisháhnámah (I, b., 322; II, 740) mention another son of Sayyid Hámid, of the name of Sayyid Báqir, who held a Command of Five Hundred, 400 horse.

79. Dastam Kha´n, son of Rustam i Turkistání.

The correct name of this grandee is Dastam , a very unusual name, though most MSS. of the A´ín and many of the Akbarnámah give , Rustam. The Maásir correctly places his name under the letter D.

His father's name was Rustam. His mother—her name is not clearly written in the MSS. of the Maásir and Akbarnámah, which I have seen, either Najíbah or Bakhyah—was a friend of Máhum Anagah (vide No. 19), and had free access to the Harem. Dastam appears to have been a play-fellow of Prince Akbar.

Dastam Khán, in the 9th year, served under Mu'izzul Mulk (No. 61) against 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak (No. 14). In the 17th year, he served under Mírzá 'Azíz Kokah in the battle of Patan (vide No. 77), distinguished himself in the war with Muhammad Husain Mírzá, and got a flag. In the 22nd year, he was appointed to the Çúbah of Ajmír, and got Rantanbhúr as tuyúl. His administration was praiseworthy: he kept down the rebellious, and protected the oppressed.

In the 25th year, Uchlá, son of Balbhadr, and Mohan, Súr Dás, Tilúksí, sons of Rájah Bihárí Mall's brother, came without permission from the Panjáb to Lúní (?), their native town, and caused disturbances. Dastam, from a wish not to be too hard on Kachhwáhahs, advised them to return to obedience; but his leniency only rendered the rebels more audacious. Akbar then ordered D. to hold out threats, and if this was not sufficient, to proceed against them. D. had at last to do so; but he did it hastily, without collecting a sufficient number of troops. In the fight,¹ the three nephews of the Rájah were killed. Dastam received a wound from Uchlá, who had attacked him from an ambush. Wounded as he was, he attacked Uchlá, and killed him. Immediately afterwards he fainted and fell from his horse. His men put him again on horseback—a usual expedient, in order not to dishearten the soldiers. The rebels were totally defeated and their estates plundered (988).

Dastam died of his wounds, two days later, at Sherpúr. Akbar said that even D.'s mother could not feel the loss of her son as much as he did, because D., with the exception of three years, had never been away from him.

The Maásir says, he was a Commander of Three Thousand. Rantanbhúr was then given to Mírzá 'Abdurrahím (No. 29) as jágír.

A son of Dastam is mentioned below (No. 362).

80. Shahba´z Kha´n i Kambú.

Regarding the tribe called Kambú, vide Beames' Edition of Sir H. Elliot's Glossary, I, 304. The Persian hemistich quoted (Metre Hazaj)—

‘The Afgháns are the first, the Kambús the second, and the Kashmírís the third, set of scoundrels' must be very modern; for during the reigns of Akbar and Jahángír, it was certainly a distinction to belong to this tribe, as will be seen just now.

The sixth ancestor of Shahbáz was Hájí Ismá'íl, a disciple of the renowned saint Baháuddín Zakariyá of Multán. Once a beggar asked the saint to give him an ashrafí, or goldmuhr, for the name of every prophet he would mention; but as Baháuddín could not pay the money, Hájí Ismá'íl took the beggar to his house, and gave him an Ashrafí for each of the ten or twenty names he mentioned. Another time, Hájí Ismá'íl acknowledged to the saint that his power of understanding was defective, whereupon the saint prayed for him, and from that time the Kambús are proverbial in Hindústán for sagacity and quickness of apprehension.

Shahbáz at first devoted himself to a life of abstinence and austerity, as his ancestors had done; but the excellent way in which he performed the duties of kotwál, drew Akbar's attention to him, and he was made an Amír and appointed Mír Tozak (quarter master).

In the 16th year, when Lashkar Khán (No. 90) fell into disgrace, Sh. was appointed Mír Bakhshí. In the 21st year, he was sent against the rebels in Jodhpúr, especially against Kallah, son of Rái Rám, and grandson of Rái Máldeo, and was ordered to take Fort Siwánah. Shahbáz first took Fort Daigúr (?)¹, where a large num- of Ráṭhor rebels were killed; after this he took Dúnárah, from where he passed on to Siwánah, which on his arrival capitulated (984).

In the same year, Shahbáz was sent against Rájah Gajpatí.² This Rájah was the greatest Zamíndár in Bihár, and had rendered good services during Mun'im's expedition to Bengal. But when Dáúd, king of Oṛísá, invaded Bengal after Mun'im's death at Gaur in 983, Gajpatí rebelled and plundered several towns in Bihár. Farhat Khán (No. 145) tuyúldár of A´rah, his son Farhang Khán, and Qaráṭáq Khán, opposed the Rájah, but perished in the fight. When Shahbáz approached, Gajpatí fled; but Sh. followed him up, and gave him no rest, and conquered at last Jagdespúr, where the whole family of the Rájah was captured. Sh. then conquered Shergaḍh, which was held by Srí Rám, Gajpatí's son. About the same time, Sh. took possession of Rahtás. Its Afghán commander, Sayyid Muhammad, who commanded the Fort on the part of Junaid i Kararání, had been hard pressed by Muzaffar (No. 37); he therefore fled to Shahbáz, asked for protection, and handed over the Fort. Sh. then repaired to court, where he received every distinction due to his eminent services.

In the 23rd year (986), Sh. marched against the proud Ráná Partáb, and besieged the renowned Fort of Koṉbhalmír (called on our maps Komalnair, on the frontier between Udaipúr and Jodhpúr, Lat. 25° 10'). The Ráná, unable to defend it, escaped in the disguise of a Sannásí, when the Fort was taken. Gogandah and Udaipúr submitted likewise. Sh. erected no less than 50 t'hánahs in the hills and 35 in the plains, from Udaipúr to Púr Manḍal. He also prevailed upon the rebellious Daudá, son of Rái Surjan Háḍá (No. 96), to submit, and took him to Court. After this, Sh. was sent to Ajmír, where disturbances frequently occurred.

When the military revolt of Bengal broke out, Sh. was ordered to go to Bihár; but he did not agree with M. 'Azíz Kokah—for Sh. could not bear to be second or third —and carried on the war independently of him, defeated 'Arab Bahádur, and marched to Jagdespúr. At that time the report reached him that Ma'çúm Khán Farankhúdí (No. 157) had rebelled, and 'Arab Bahádur and Niyábat Khán had joined him. Sh. therefore marched to Audh, and met the enemies near Sulṭánpúr Bilahrí, 25 kos from Awadh (Faizábád). Ma'çúm, by a timely centre-attack, put Sh. to flight, and followed him up, Sh. fighting all the way to Jaunpúr, a distance of 30 kos. Accidentally a rumour spread in the army of the enemies, that Ma'çúm had been killed, which caused some disorder. At this moment, Sh.'s right wing attacked the enemies, Ma'çúm got wounded, and withdrew to Awadh (Faizábád). Sh. now pursued him, and seven miles from that town, after a hard fight, totally routed him. Ma'çúm could not hold himself in Awadh, and his army dispersed.

After this, Sh. went again to Court, where he was received by the emperor on his return from Kábul. At court, Sh. generally gave offence by his pride; and when once, at a parade, the Bakhshís had placed the young Mírzá Khán (No. 29) above him, he gave openly vent to his anger, was arrested, and put under the charge of Rái Sál Darbárí (No. 106).

But an officer of Sh.'s usefulness could ill be spared, and when M. 'Azíz in the 28th year applied for transfer from Bihár, Sh. with other Amírs was sent there. He followed up Ma'çúm Khán Kábulí to G'horág'hát, and defeated him. He then followed him to Bháṭí (p. 342), plundered Baktarápúr, the residence of 'I´sá, took Sunnárgáṉw, and encamped on the Brahmaputra. 'I´sá afforded Ma'çúm means and shelter; but being hard pressed by the imperialists, he made proposals of peace: an Imperial officer was to reside as Sunnárgáṉw; Ma'çúm was to go to Makkah; and Sh. was to withdraw. This was accepted, and Sh. crossed the river expecting the terms would be carried out. But the enemies did nothing; and when Sh. prepared to return, his officers shewed the greatest insubordination, so that he had to retreat to Ṭánḍah, all advantages being thus lost. He reported matters to Court, and the tuyúldárs of Bihár were ordered to join him. Sh. then took the field and followed up Ma'çúm. In the 30th year, he and Çádiq Khán (vide No. 43) quarrelled. Subsequently, Sh. marched again to Bháṭí, and even sent a detachment ‘to Kokrah (), which lies between Oṛísá and the Dak'hin.’ Modhú Singh, the Zamíndár of the district, was plundered, and had to pay tribute. In the 32nd year, when Sa'íd (No. 25) was made Governor of Bengal, and the disturbances had mostly been suppressed, Sh. returned to Court. In the 34th year, he was made Kotwál of the army. He was then sent against the Afgháns of Sawád; but he left his duties without order, and was again imprisoned.

After two years he was released, was made atálíq to M. Sháhrukh, who had been appointed to Málwah and was on his way to Prince Murád in the Dak'hin. During the siege of Ahmadnagar, the inhabitants of Shahr i Nau, ‘which is called Burhánábád,’ asked the Imperialists for protection; but as they were mostly Shí'ahs, Sh., in his bigotry, fell upon them, plundered their houses, especially the quarter called Langar i Duwázdah Imám, the very name of which must have stunk in Sh.'s nostrils. The inhabitants ‘seeing that they could not rely on the word of the Mughuls,’ emigrated. The Prince was irritated; and when Çádiq Khán (No. 43) was appointed his atálíq, Sh. left without permission for Málwah. Akbar gave his jágír to Sháhrukh, and transferred Shahbáz.

In the 43rd year, Sh. was sent to Ajmír as Commander of the manqalá of Prince Salím (Jahángír), whom Akbar has asked to go from Iláhábád against the Ráná. But Sh. was now above seventy years old, and as he had been in the habit of eating quicksilver, he commenced to suffer from pain in his hands and wrists. He got well again, but had in Ajmír another attack; he rallied again, but died suddenly in the 44th year (1008). Salím took quickly possession of Sh.'s treasures, went back to Iláhábád without having done anything, and continued in his rebellious attitude towards his father.

Shahbáz had expressed a dying wish to be buried in Ajmír within the hallowed enclosure of Mu'ín i Chishtí. But the custodians of the sacred shrine refused to comply, and Sh. was buried outside. At night, however, the saint appeared in the dreams of the custodians, and told them that Shahbáz was his favourite, whereupon the hero was buried inside, north of the dome.

Shahbáz was proverbial for his rigid piety and his enormous wealth. His opposition to Akbar's ‘Divine Faith’ has been mentioned above (p. 188). He would neither remove his beard to please the emperor, nor put the word muríd (disciple) on his signet. His Sunní zeal, no doubt, retarded his promotion as much as his arrogance; for other less deserving officers held higher commands. He observed with great strictness the five daily prayers, and was never seen without the rosary in his hand. One day the emperor took a walk along the tank at Fathpúr and seized Shahbáz's hand to accompany him. It was near the time of the 'açr, or afternoon prayer, and Sh. was restless and often looked up to the sun, not to miss the proper time. Hakím Abul Fath (No. 112) saw it from a distance, and said to Hakím 'Alí who stood near him, “I shall indeed call Shahbáz a pious man, if he insists on saying the prayer, alone as he is with the emperor;” (for the prayer had been abolished by Akbar at Court). When the time of prayer had come, Sh. mentioned it to the emperor. “Oh,” replied Akbar, “you can pray another time, and make amends for this omission.” But Sh. drew away his hand from the grasp of the emperor, spread his dupaṭṭah shawl on the ground, and said not only his prayer, but also his vird (voluntary daily religious exercise), Akbar slapping all the while his head, saying, ‘Get up!’ Abul Fath stepped up, and interceded for Shahbáz, whose persistency he admired.

Abulfazl says that Shahbáz was an excellent and faithful servant; but he blames him for his bigotry. In liberality, he says, he had no equal, and people whispered that he found the Páras stone (vide Book III, Çúbah of Málwah). His military contingent was always complete and in good order; during his fights near the Brahmaputr he had 9000 horse. Every Thursday evening, he distributed 100 Ashrafís to the memory of the renowned Ghausussiqlain ('Abdul Qádir i Jílání). To Kambús he gave so much, that no Kambú in India was in bad circumstances.

During the time he was Mír Bakhshí, he introduced the Dágh law, the most important military reform of Akbar's reign (vide pp. 242, 255, 256).

Shahbáz's brother, Karamullah, was likewise pious. He died in 1002 at Saronj (Maásir). The Maásir mentions a son of Shahbáz, Ilhámullah. He was Wáqi'ahnawís (p. 258) of the Sirkár of Baglánah, where he died.

The Tuzuk (p. 248) mentions another son of his, Ranbáz Khán, who during the reign of Sháhjahán was a Commander of Eight Hundred, 400 horse. he was, in the 13th year, Bakhshí and Wáqi'ahnawís of the corps which was sent to Bangash. He held the same rank in the 20th year of Sháhjahán's reign.¹

81. Darwi´sh Muhammad Uzbak.

The Maásir says nothing about this grandee; the MSS. of the Ṭabaqát merely say that he was dead in 1001.

From the Akbarnámah (Lucknow Edition, II, p. 137) we see that he was a friend of Bairám. He was sent by Bairám together with Muzaffar 'Alí (No. 37, and p. 317, l. 3) to Sher Muhammad Díwánah, who despatched both fettered to Court.

His name occurs again in the Akbarnámah (Lucknow Edition, II, p. 250,—where for Darwísh Uzbak Khwájah, read Darwísh Uzbak o Muzaffar Khwájah). From the fact that Abulfazl has given his name in this list, it is evident that Akbar pardoned him on Bairám's submission.

82. Shaikh Ibra´hi´m, son of Shaikh Músá, elder brother of Shaikh Salím of Fathpúr Síkrí.

His father, Shaikh Músá, lived a retired life in Síkrí. As Akbar had at first no children, he asked the Síkrí Shaikhs to pray for him, which they did; and as at that time one of Akbar's wives became pregnant (with Salím), Akbar looked upon the Shaikhs with particular favor. To this lucky circumstance, the Síkrí family owes its elevation.

Shaikh Ibráhím lived at first at Court, chiefly in the service of the princes. In the 22nd year, he was made T'hánahdár of Láḍlái, and suppressed the disturbances. In the 23rd year, he was made Governor of Fathpúr Síkrí. In the 28th year, he served with distinction under M. 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) in Bihár and Bengal, and was with Vazír Khán (No. 41) in his expedition against Qutlú of Oṛísá. When Akbar, in the 30th year went to Kábul, he was made Governor of A´grah, which post he seems to have held till his death in 999 (36th year).

According to the Ṭabaqát, he was not only the brother, but also the son-in-law of Shaikh Salím i Síkríwál.

83. 'Abdul Matlab Kha´n, son of Sháh Budágh Khán (No. 52).

The Maásir makes him a Commander of Two Thousand Five Hundred.

'Abdul Maṭlab accompanied Sharafuddín Husain (No. 17) on his expedition to Mírt'ha. In the 10th year, he served together with his father under Mu'izzulmulk (No. 61) against Iskandar and Bahádur Khán, and fled from the battle-field of Khairábád (pp. 372, 382). In the 12th year, he served under Muhammad Qulí Khán Barlás (No. 31) against Iskandar Khán in Audh. He then retired to his tuyúl in Málwah.

In the 17th year, he belonged to the auxiliaries of M. 'Azíz Kokah and was present in the battle of Patan (p. 396). In the 23rd year, when Quṭbuddín's men (No. 28) brought Muzaffar Husain Mírzá from the Dak'hin to Court, 'Abdul Maṭlab attached himself as convoy, and saw the Mírzá safely to Court. In the 25th year, he accompanied Ismá'íl Qulí Khán (No. 46) on his expedition against Niyábat Khán 'Arab. In the following year, he received a reprimand for having murdered Fath Daulat, son of 'Alí Dost. He was, however, subsequently pardoned, and was put in command of the left wing of the army which was sent to Kábul. In the 27th year, Akbar honored him by being his guest in Kálpí, his jágír.

In the 30th year, he accompanied M. 'Azíz Kokah to the Dak'hin, and was sent, two years later, against Jalálah Táríkí, the Afghán rebel. One day, Jalálah fell upon the van of the Imperialists, which was commanded by Beg Núrín Khán (No. 212), Salím Khán (No. 132), and Sheroyah Khán (No. 168). They were in time assisted by Muhammad Qulí Beg, and routed Jalálah, who escaped to the mountains. 'Abdulmaṭlab “had not the good fortune of even mounting his horse to take part in the fight.” He seems to have taken this to heart; for when the victorious army returned to Bangash, he had an attack of madness and was sent to Court. He died soon after.

His son, Sherzád, was under Jahángír, a Commander of Three Hundred, 200 horse.

84. I'tiba´r Kha´n, the Eunuch.

His name, like that of many other Eunuchs, was 'Ambar. He was one of Bábar's Eunuchs. When Humáyún left Qandahár for 'Iráq, he despatched I'tibár and others to conduct Maryam Makání (Akbar's mother) to his camp. In 952, he left Kábul and joined the emperor, who attached him to Prince Akbar's suite.

In the 2nd year of Akbar's reign, he accompanied Akbar's mother and the other Begums from Kábul to India. Akbar appointed him Governor of Dihlí, where he died.

He must not be confounded with No. 86.

85. Ra´jah Bi´r Bal [Bír Baṛ], the Brahman.

He was a Brahman of the name of Mahesh Dás (Maásir; the Ed. Bibl. Indica of Badáoní, II. p. 161, calls him Brahman Dás), and was a Bhát, or minstrel, a class of men whom the Persians call bádfarosh, ‘dealers in encomiums.’ He was very poor, but clear-headed, and remarkable for his power of apprehension. According to Badáoní, he came soon after Akbar's accession from Kálpí to Court, where his bonmots in a short time made him a general favourite. His Hindí verses also were much liked, and Akbar conferred on him the title of Kab Rái, or (Hindu) Poet Laureate,¹ and had him constantly near himself.

In the 18th year, Rájah Jai Chand of Nagarkoṭ, who was at Court, happened to displease the emperor, and was imprisoned. Nagarkoṭ was given to Kab Rái as jágír. He also received the title of Rájah Bír Baṛ. But Jai Chand's son, Budh Chand (or Budhí Ch., or Badí Ch.,—the MSS. differ) shut himself up in Nagarkoṭ, and Husain Qulí Khán (No. 24) was ordered to conquer it. The invasion of Ibráhím Husain Mírzá, as related above, forced Husain Qulí to raise the siege, and Bír Baṛ, in all probability, did not get his jágír. He accompanied Akbar on his forced march to Patan and Ahmadábád, 24th Rabí' II, 981. (Vide note to No. 101.)

He was often employed in missions. Thus in the 21st year, he was sent with Rái Lon Karan to Dúngarpúr, the Rái of which town was anxious to send his daughter to Akbar's Harem. In the 28th year, again, B. B. and Zain Kokah (No. 34) conducted Rájah Rám Chand (No. 89) to Court.

Bír Baṛ spent his time chiefly at Court. In the 34th year, Zain Khán Kokah marched against the Yúsufzaís in Bijor² and Sawád; and as he had to ask for reinforcements, Bír Baṛ was sent there together with Hakím Abul Fath (No. 112). It is said that Akbar determined by lot whether Abulfazl or Bír Baṛ should go, and the lot fell on the latter, much against Akbar's wish.

The result of this campaign has been related above (pp. 204, 344). Bír Baṛ and nearly 8000 Imperialists were killed during the retreat—the severest defeat which Akbar's army ever suffered.³

How Akbar felt Bír Baṛ's loss, has been mentioned on p. 205. There is also a letter on this subject in Abulfazl's Maktúbát.

The following passages from Badáoní (Ed. Bibl. Ind., pp. 357, 358) are of interest—

“Among the silly lies—they border on absurdities—which during this year (995) were spread over the country, was the rumour that Bír Baṛ, the accursed, was still alive, though in reality he had then for some time been burning in the seventh hell. The Hindús by whom His Majesty is surrounded, saw how sad and sorry he was for Bír Baṛ's loss, and invented the story that Bír Baṛ had been seen in the hills of Nagarkoṭ, walking about with Jogís and Sannáṣís. His Majesty believed the rumour, thinking that Bír Baṛ was ashamed to come to Court on account of the defeat which he had suffered at the hands of the Yúsufzaís; and it was, besides, quite probable that he should have been seen with Jogís, inasmuch as he had never cared for the world. An Ahadí was therefore sent to Nagarkoṭ, to enquire into the truth of the rumour, when it was proved that the whole story was an absurdity.”

“Soon after, His Majesty received a report that Bír Baṛ had been seen at Kálinjar (which was the jágír of this dog), and the collector of the district stated that a barber had recognized him by certain marks on his body, which the man had distinctly seen, when one day Bír Baṛ had engaged him to rub his body with oil; from that time, however, Bír Baṛ had concealed himself. His Majesty then ordered the barber to come to court; and the Hindú Krorí (collector) got hold of some poor innocent traveller, charged him with murder, and kept him in concealment, giving out that he was Bír Baṛ. The Krorí could, of course, send no barber to Court; he therefore killed the poor traveller, to avoid detection, and reported that it was Bír Baṛ in reality, but he had since died. His Majesty went actually through a second mourning; but he ordered the Krorí and several others to come to Court. They were for some time tortured as a punishment for not having informed His Majesty before, and the Krorí had, moreover, to pay a heavy fine.”

Bír Baṛ was as much renowned for his liberality, as for his musical skill and poetical talent. His short verses, bon-mots, and jokes, are still in the mouths of the people of Hindústán.

The hatred which Badáoní, Shahbáz Khán (No. 80), and other pious Muslims shewed towards Bír Baṛ (vide pp. 183, 188, 192, 199, 204) arose from the belief that Bír Baṛ had influenced Akbar to abjure Islám.

Bír Baṛ's eldest son, Lálah, is mentioned below among the commanders of Two Hundred (No. 387). He was a spendthrift; and as he got no promotion, and his property was squandered away, he resigned court life, and turned faqír, in order to live free and independent (end of 46th year).

86. Ikhla´s Kha´n I'tibár, the Eunuch.

The Maásir does not give his name. The list of Akbar's grandees in the Ṭabaqát has the short remark that Ikhláç Khán was a Eunuch, and held the rank of a Commander of One Thousand.

87. Baha´r Kha´n, (Muhammad) Açghar, a servant of Humáyún.

The name of this grandee is somewhat doubtful, as some MSS. read Bahádur Khán. The Maásir does not give his name. The list of the Ṭabaqát mentions a ‘Bahár Khán, a Kháçah Khail Afghán, who held a command of Two Thousand.’ Bahár Khán Kháçah Khail is also mentioned in several places in the Akbarnámah. He is therefore most probably the same as given by Abulfazl in this list. Perhaps we have to read Paháṛ Khán, instead of Bahár Khán; vide No. 407. The notice in the Ṭabaqát implies that he was dead in 1001.

88. Sha´h Fakhruddi´n, son of Mír Qásim, a Músawí Sayyid of Mashhad.

Sháh Fakhruddín came, in 961, with Humáyún to India. In the 9th year of Akbar's reign, he served in the army which was sent against 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak (No. 14). In the 16th year, he was in the manqalá, or advance corps, commanded by Khán i Kalán (No. 16). When Akbar arrived at Patan, he sent Sh. F. and Hakím 'Ainulmulk to Mír Abú Turáb and I'timád Khán (No. 67). On the road he fell in with the former, and went to I'timád whom he likewise induced to pay his respects to Akbar. He was among the auxiliaries of M, 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) and was present in the battle of Patan (p. 396). He was also among the grandees who accompanied Akbar on his forced march to Gujrát (p. 325, note, where according to the Akbarnámah we have to read 24th Rabí' II., for 4th Rabí' I). After this, he was made Governor of Ujjain, and received the title of Naqábat Khán.¹ In the end of the 24th year, he was made Governor of Patan (Gujrát), vice Tarsoṉ Muhammad Khán (No. 32), where he soon after, probably in the beginning of 987, died (986, Ṭabaqát).

89. Ra´jah Ra´m Chand Baghelah.

A few MSS. read Bhagelah, which form Tod says is the correct one. Baghelah, however, is the usual spelling.

Rám Chand was Rájah of Bhat'h (or Bhattah, as the Maásir spells it). Among the three great Rájahs of Hindústán, whom Bábar mentions in his Memoirs, the Rájahs of Bhat'h are the third.

Rám Chand was the patron of the renowned musician and singer Tánsín, regarding whom vide the List of Musicians at the end of this book. His fame had reached Akbar; and in the 7th year, the emperor sent Jaláluddín Qúrchí (No. 213) to Bhat'h, to induce Tánsín to come to A´grah. Rám Chand feeling himself powerless to refuse Akbar's request, sent his favorite with his musical instruments and many presents to A´grah, and the first time that Tánsín performed at court, the Emperor made him a present of two lak'hs of Rupees. Tánsín remained with Akbar. Most of his compositions are written in Akbar's name, and his melodies are even now-a-days everywhere repeated by the people of Hindústán.

When A´çaf Khán (I.) led his expedition to Gaḍha (p. 367),² he came in contact with Rám Chand; but by timely submission the Rájah became ‘a servant’ of Akbar. In the 14th year, Rám Chand lost Fort Kálinjar, as related on p. 369. He sent his son, Bír Bhadr, to Court, but from distrust would not pay his respects personally. In the 28th year, therefore, when Akbar was at Sháhábád, he ordered a corps to march to Bhat'h; but Bír Bhadr, through the influence of several courtiers, prevailed upon the Emperor to send a grandee to his father and convey him to court. Rájah Bír Baṛ and Zain Kokah were selected for this office, and Rám Chand came at last to court, where he was well received.

R. Ch. died in the 37th year, and Bír Bhadr succeeded to the title of Rájah. But on his way from court to Bhat'h, he fell from his palanquin, and died soon after, in the 38th year (1001; vide p. 358). His sudden death led to disturbances in Bándhú of which Bikramájít, a young relation of Rám Chand, had taken possession. Akbar therefore sent Rájah Patrdás (No. 196) with troops to Bándhú, and the Mughuls, according to custom, erected throughout the district military stations (t'hánahs). At the request of the inhabitants, Akbar sent Ismá'íl Qulí Khán (No. 46) to Bándhú, to convey Bikramájít to court (41st year), their intention being to prevent Bándhú from being conquered. But Akbar would not yield; he dismissed Bikramájít, and after a siege of eight months and several days, Bándhú was conquered (42nd year).

In the 47th year, Durjodhan, a grandson of Rám Chand, was made Rájah of Bándhú. In the 21st year of Jahángír's reign, Amr Singh, another grandson of Rám Chand, acknowledged himself a vassal of Dihlí. In the 8th year of Sháhjahán, when 'Abdullah Khán Bahádur marched against the refractory zamíndár of Ratanpúr, Amr Singh brought about a peaceful submission. Amr Singh was succeeded by his son Anúp Singh. In the 24th year, when Rájah Paháṛ Singh Bundelah, Jágírdár of Chaurágaḍh, attacked Anúp, because he had afforded shelter to Dairám, a zamindár of Chaurágaḍh, Anúp Singh, with his whole family, withdrew from Rewá (which after the destruction of Bándhú had been the family seat) to the hills. In the 30th year, however, Sayyid Çalábat Khán, Governor of Iláhábád (vide p. 392) conducted him to Court, where Anúp turned Muhammadan. He was made a Commander of Three Thousand, 2,000 horse, and was appointed to Bándhú and the surrounding districts.

90. Lashkar Kha´n, Muhammad Husain of Khurásán.

He was Mír Bakshí and Mír 'Arz. In the 11th year, Muzaffar Khán (No. 37) had him deposed. In the 16th year, he came one day drunk to the Darbár, and challenged the courtiers to fight him. Akbar punished him by tying him to the tail of a horse, and then put him into prison.

He was subsequently released, and attached to Mun'im's Bengal corps. In the battle of Takaroí (p. 375), he was severely wounded. Though his wounds commenced to heal, he did not take sufficient care of his health, and died, a few days after the battle, in Oṛísá.

He is mentioned as having had a contingent of 2,000 troopers (Maásir, 1,000).

The Maásir has a long note in justification of the extraordinary punishment, which Akbar inflicted on him.

The title of Lashkar Khán was conferred by Jahángír on Abul Hasan Mashhadí, and by Sháhjahán on Ján Nisár Khán Yádgár Beg.

91. Sayyid Ahmad of Bárha.

He is the younger brother of Sayyid Mahmúd (p. 392). In the 17th year, he served in the manqalá, which, under the command of Khán i Kalán (No. 16) was sent to Gujrát. After the conquest of Ahmadábád, he was ordered with other Amírs to pursue the sons of Sher Khán Fúládí (p. 396), who had removed their families and property from Patan to I´dar. A portion of their property fell into the hands of the Imperialists. When Akbar afterwards encamped at Patan, he gave the town to Mírzá 'Abdurrahím (No. 29), but appointed S. A. as Governor. In the same year, Muhammad Husain Mírzá, Sháh Mírzá, and Sher Khán Fúládí, besieged Patan; but they dispersed on the approach of M. 'Azíz.

In the 20th year, S. A. and his nephews S. Qásim and S. Háshim quelled the disturbances in which Jaláluddín Qúrchí (No. 213) had lost his life. In 984, he served under Shahbáz Khán (No. 80) in the expedition to Siwánah. According to the Ṭabaqát, which calls him a Commander of Three Thousand, he died in 985.

Abulfazl mentioned Sayyid Ahmad above on p. 289, l. 4 from below.

Sayyid Ahmad's son, S. Jamáluddín, was killed by the untimely explosion of a mine during the siege of Chítor (p. 368).

This S. Jamáluddín must not be confounded with the notorious S. Jamáluddín who was executed in 993 (Badáoní II, 345). He was a grandson of S. Mahmúd (No. 75), S. Qásim being called his uncle.

92. Ka´kar 'Ali´ Kha´n i Chishtí.

He came with Humáyún to Hindústán. In the 11th year (973), he was sent together with Sháh Qulí Náranjí (No. 231) to Gaḍha-Katangah, because Mahdí Qásim Khán (No. 36) had gone without leave to Makkah. Kákar served also under Mu'izzul-Mulk (No. 61), and was present in the battle of Khairábád. He took part in the bloody fight at Sarnál (middle of Sha'bán, 980; vide p. 333). He was then attached to Mun'im's corps, and served in the siege of Patna, during which he and his son were killed (end of 981; Maásir, 980).

93. Rai´ Kalya´n Mall, Zamíndár of Bíkánír.

He is the father of Rái Singh (No. 44), and has been mentioned above, p. 357.

94. Ta´hir Kha´n, Mír Farághat, son of Mír Khurd, who was atálíq to Prince Hindál.

His name is not given in the Maásir. The Ṭabaqát merely says that he was a grandee of Humáyún, and reached, during the reign of Akbar, the rank of a Commander of Two Thousand. According to the same work, he had a son Báqí Khán, who likewise served under Akbar.

From the Akbarnámah (Lucknow Edition, II, p. 274) we see that he was one of Akbar's companions. Together with Dastam Khán (No. 79), Qutluq Qadam Khán (No. 123), Peshrau Khán (No. 280), Hakím ul Mulk, Muqbil Khán, Shimál Khán (No. 154), he assisted in the capture of the wild and mad Khwájah Mu'azzam, brother of Akbar's mother.

95. Sha´h Muhammad Kha´n of Qalát.

As Qalát belongs to Qandahár, he is often called Sháh Muhammad Khán i Qandahárí. The Maásir says, that the name of the town of Qalát is generally spelt with a , Q; but that the Hazárahs pronounce Kalát, with a K.

Sháh Muhammad Khán was a friend of Bairám, and was with him in Qandahár, which Humáyún had given Bairám as jágír. Bairám, however, left it entirely in S. M.'s hands. Bahádur Khán (No. 22) was then Governor of Dáwar, and had bribed several grandees to hand over Qandahár to him; but S. M. discovered the plot and killed the conspirators. Bahádur then marched against Qandahár. S. M. knew that he could expect no assistance from Humáyún, and wrote to Sháh Ṭahmásp of Persia that it was Humáyún's intention to cede Qandahár; he should therefore send troops, defeat Bahádur, and take possession of the town. Ṭahmásp sent 3000 Turkmán troopers furnished by the jágírdárs of Sístán, Faráh, and Garmsír. Their leader, 'Alí Yár, surprised Bahádur and defeated him so completely, that Bahádur could not even keep Dáwar. He therefore fled to India. S. M. had thus got rid of one danger; he treated the Persian Commander with all submissiveness, but would not hand over the town. Sháh Ṭahmásp then ordered his nephew, Sulṭán Husain Mírzá, son of Bahrám Mírzá (vide No. 8, p. 313), Walí Khalífah Shámlü, and others, to besiege Qandahár. The siege had lasted for some time, when Sulṭán Husain Mírzá felt disgusted and withdrew. Ṭahmásp felt annoyed, and sent again Sulṭán Husain Mírzá with 'Alí Sulṭán, Governor of Shíráz, to Qandahár with positive orders to take the town. 'Alí Sulṭán was shot during the siege, and Sulṭán Husain Mírzá remained encamped before the town without doing anything. At this juncture, Akbar, who in the meantime had succeeded to the throne, ordered S. M. to hand over Qandahár to the Persians, according to Humáyún's promise, and come to India.

This account of the cession of Qandahár, observes the author of the Maásir, differs from Munshí Sikandar's version in his great work entitled 'A´lamárái Sikandarí. According to that history, Ṭahmásp, at the very first request of Sháh Muhammad, sent Sulṭán Husain Mírzá with Walí Khalífah and other nobles to Qandahár. They defeated Bahádur; but as S. M. would not hand over Qandahár, Ṭahmásp sent 'Alí Sulṭán with a stronger army, and appointed Sulṭán Husain Mírzá governor of Dáwar and Qandahár. Sháh Muhammad held out for six months; but as he got no assistance from India, he capitulated, and withdrew to Hindústán.

Be this as it may, S. M. arrived in the end of the third year of Akbar's reign in India, was made a Khán, and gradually rose to the rank of a Commander of Two Thousand. In the beginning of the 6th year (968), he led the van in the battle near Sárangpúr, in which Báz Bahádur lost Málwah, and served, in the 9th year, in the war against 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak (No. 14). In the 12th year, he was made governor of Kot'ha. In the 17th year, he was among the auxiliaries of Mírzá 'Azíz Kokah, and was wounded in the battle of Patan (p. 396).

Regarding 'A´dil Khán, S. M.'s son, vide below, No. 125.

96. Rai´ Surjan Háḍá.

He is often merely called Rái Háḍá. The Háḍás are a branch of the Chauháns. The Sirkár of Rantanbhúr is called after them Háḍautí.

Rái Surjan was at first in the service of the Ráná, and defied the Mughuls, because he thought himself safe in Rantanbhúr. Akbar, after the conquest of Chítor (p. 368), besieged in the end of the 13th year, Rantanbhúr, and R. S., despairing of holding out longer—the siege having lasted about a month—sent his sons Daudá and Bhoj (No. 175) to Akbar's camp to sue for peace. The Emperor received them well, and gave each a dress of honor. When they were taken behind the tent enclosure to put on the garments, one of their men, suspecting foul play, rushed sword in hand towards the audience tent, and killed several people, among them Shaikh Baháuddín Majzúb of Badáon, but was cut down by one of Muzaffar Khán's men. As R. S.'s sons were entirely innocent, the accident did not change Akbar's goodwill towards them; and he sent them back to their father. At R. S.'s request, Husain Qulí Khán (No. 24) was then sent to the Fort and escorted R. S. to the Emperor. Rantanbhúr was annexed (Shawwál, 976, or beginning of the 14th year).

R. S. was made Governor of Gaḍha-Katangah from where, in the 20th year, he was transferred to Fort Chanáḍh (Chunár).

Soon after, Daudá fled and created disturbances in Búndí. Zain Khán Kokah (No. 34), R. S. and his second son Bhoj were therefore sent to Búndí, which was conquered in the beginning of 985. After the conquest, R. S. was made a commander of Two Thousand. Daudá who had escaped, submitted, in the 23rd year, to Shahbáz Khán (p. 400). Not long after, Daudá fled again. He died in the 30th year.

R. S. served in the 25th year, after Muzaffar's (No. 37) death, in Bihár. The Maásir does not mention the year of his death. From the Ṭabaqát, it is clear, that he had been dead for some time in 1001.

For R. S.'s son, Rái Bhoj, vide below, No. 175.

97. Sha´ham Kha´n Jaláir.

Jaláir is the name of a Chaghtái tribe.

Sháham's father was Bábá Beg, who had been under Humáyún governor of Jaunpúr. Bábá Beg took also part in the battle of Chausá, in which Humáyún was defeated by Sher Sháh. The Emperor fled to A´grah, and ordered Bábá Beg and other grandees to bring up the camp and the Begums. In attempting to rescue the ladies of the Harem, Bábá Beg was killed by an Afghán near the imperial tent.

Sháham Khán was made an Amír by Akbar.

In the beginning of the 4th year (966), he served together with the two Jaláirs mentioned below, Hájí Muhammad Khán i Sístání (No. 55), Chalmah Beg (58), Kamál Khán Ghakkar, and Qiyá Khán Gung (No. 33), under Khan Zamán (No. 13) in the Jaunpúr District against the Afgháns. The war continued till the sixth year, in which Sher Sháh, son of 'Adlí, Mubáriz Khán, after Bairám's death, made a final attempt to overthrow the Mughuls. In the 10th year, Sh. Kh. served against Khán Zamán.

In the 19th year, he served under Mun'im in the Bengal and Oṛísá wars, was present in the battle of Takaroí and pursued with Todar Mall the Afgháns to Bhadrak (p. 375). After Mun'im's death at Gaur (p. 376), the grandees put Sh. Kh. in command of the army till the Emperor should send a new commander. In the 21st year, he took part in the battle near A´g Mahall (p. 331). In the 24th year, he was jágírdár of Hájípúr (opposite Patna). After Muzaffar's death (No. 37) in 988, before Todar Mall had arrived, he defeated and killed Sa'íd i Badakhshí, one of the Bengal rebels. Subsequently, he pursued 'Arab Bahádúr, whom Shahbáz Khán (p. 400) had defeated. In the 26th year, Sh. Kh. was stationed at Narhan. In this year, Ma'çúm Khán i Farankhúdí (No. 157) had been driven by the imperialists from Bahráich over Kalyánpúr to Muhammadábád, which he plundered, and prepared to attack Jaunpúr. Sh. Kh. from Narhan, Paháṛ Khán (No. 407) from Gházípúr, and Qásim from Jaldpúr, united their contingents, and pursued Ma'çúm so effectually, that he applied to M. 'Azíz Kokah, to intercede for him with the Emperor. In the 32nd year, he was made Governor of Gaḍha, and soon after, of Dihlí. In the end of the same year, he accompanied Sulṭán Murád, who conducted M. Sulaimán (No. 5) to court. In the beginning of the 33rd year, he assisted Çádiq Khán (No. 43) in his expedition against Jalálah Táríkí in Teráh.

In the 43rd year, after a stay of fourteen years in the Panjáb, Akbar made Dihlí his residence. It was proved that Sh. had been oppressive, and he was therefore reprimanded. Two years later, he served in the A´sír war, and died during the siege of that fort, Zí Hajjah, 1009.

The Ṭabaqát says that Sháham Khán was in 1001, a Commander of Two Thousand.

The Akbarnámah mentions two other Jaláir Grandees—

1. Sulṭán Husain Khán Jaláir. He was mentioned above, p. 384, l. 2.

2. Muhammad Khán Jaláir. The Ṭabáqat says of him, ‘he is an old Amír, and is at present (1001) mad.’ He served under Khán Zamán in the war with Hemú. In the beginning of the 4th year, all three Jaláirs served under Khán Zamán against the Afgháns in the Jaunpúr District.

98. A´saf Kha´n (III.), [Mírzá Qiwámuddín] Ja'far Beg, son of Badí'uzzamán of Qazwín.

His father Mírzá Badí'uzzamán was the son of A´ghá Mullá Dawátdár of Qazwín (vide p. 369). M. Badí', during the reign of Sháh Ṭahmásp, had been vazír of Káshán, and Ja'far had also been introduced at the Persian Court.

In the 22nd year of Akbar's reign (985), Ja'far Beg came to India, and was presented to Akbar by his uncle M. Ghiásuddín 'Alí A´çaf Khán II. (No. 126), on his return from the I´dar expedition. The new Dágh law having then been introduced (vide p. 242), Akbar made Ja'far a Commander of Twenty (Bístí) and attached him to the Dákhilís (p. 232) of his uncle. According to Badáoní (III., 216) people attributed this minimum of royal favour to the malice of Ja'far's uncle. The post was so low, that Ja'far threw it up in disgust, and went to Bengal, to which province Muzaffar Khán (No. 37) had just been appointed governor. He was with him, when the Bengal military revolt broke out, and fell together with Shamsuddín i Kháfí (No. 159) into the hands of the rebels. Ja'far and Shams found means to escape, the former chiefly through his winning manners. On arriving at Fathpúr, Ja'far met with a better reception than before, was in a short time made a Commander of Two Thousand, and got the title of A´çaf Khán. He was also appointed Mír Bakhshí, vice Qází 'Alí. In his first expedition, against the Ráná of Udaipúr, A´çaf was successful.

In the 32nd year, he was appointed T'hánahdár of Sawád (Swat), vice Ismá'íl Qulí Khán, who had been reprimanded (p. 361, where for Waijúr read Bijor). In the 37th year, Jalálah Raushání fled to 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak, king of Túrán; but finding no support, he returned to Teráh, and stirred up the A´frídí and U´rakzaí Afgháns. A´çaf was sent against him, and with the assistance of Zain Khán Kokah, defeated Jalálah. The family of the rebel fell into the hands of the imperialists; his women were given to Wahdat 'Alí, who was said to be Jalálah's brother, while the other members of his family were taken to Court.

In the 39th year, A´çaf was sent to Kashmír, M. Yúsuf Khán (No. 35) having been recalled. He re-distributed the lands of the Jágír holders, of whom Ahmad Beg Kábulí (No. 191), Muhammad Qulí Afshár, and Hasan 'Arab, were the most important. The cultivation of Za'farán (saffron, vide p. 84) and hunting were declared monopolies, and the revenue was fixed according to the assessment of Qází 'Alí, i. e., at one lac of kharwárs, at 24 dáms each (vide p. 346). A´çaf only stayed three days in Kashmír, and returned to Láhor. In the 42nd year, when Kashmír had become all but desolated through the oppressions of the Jágír holders, A´çaf was made Governor of the province. In the 44th year, (beginning of 1008), he was appointed Díwán i kul, vice Patr Dás (No. 196).

In 1013, Prince Salím (Jahángír) rebelled against Akbar; but a reconciliation was effected by Akbar's mother, and Salím was placed for twelve days under surveillance. After this, he received Gujrát as tuyúl, and gave up the Çúbahs of Iláhábád and Bihár, of which during his rebellion he had taken possession. Bihár was given to A´çaf who, moreover, was appointed to a Command of Three Thousand.

On Jahángír's accession, A´çaf was called to court, and appointed atálíq to Prince Parwíz, who had taken the command against the Ráná. The expedition was, however, interrupted by the rebellion of Prince Khusrau. In the 2nd year, 1015, Jahángír, after suppressing Khusrau's revolt, left Láhor for Kábul, and as Sharíf Khán Amír ul Umará remained dangerously ill in India, A´çaf was made Vakíl and Commander of Five Thousand. He also received a pen-box studded with jewels.¹ But he never trusted Jahángír, as the Emperor himself found out after A´çaf's death (Tuzuk, p. 109).

From the time of Akbar's death, the kings² of the Dak'hin had been restless, and Malik 'Ambar had seized upon several places in the Bálág'hát District. The Khán Khánán, (No. 29), with his usual duplicity, had done nothing to recover the loss, and Jahángír sent Prince Parwíz to the Dak'hin, with A´çaf Khán as atálíq, and the most renowned grandees of the Court, as Rájah Mán Singh (No. 30), Khán Jahán Lodí, Khán i A'zam, (No. 21), 'Abdullah Khán, “each in himself sufficient for the conquest of a country.” But incessant drinking on the part of the Prince, and the jealousy and consequent insubordination of the Amírs, spoiled everything, and the Mughuls suffered a check and lost their prestige (p. 326). Not long after, in 1021, A´çaf died at Burhánpúr. The Táríkh of his death is—

. A hundred times Alas! for Açaf Khán!

The Tuzuk (p. 108) says that he died at the age of sixty-three.

A´çaf Khán is represented as a man of the greatest genius. He was an able financier, and a good accountant. A glance is said to have been sufficient for him to know the contents of a page. He was a great horticulturist, planting and lopping off branches with his own hands in his gardens; and he often transacted business with a garden spade in his hand. In religious matters, he was a free-thinker, and one of Akbar's disciples (p. 209). He was one of the best poets of Akbar's age, an age most fruitful in great poets. His Masnawí, entitled Núrnámah, ranks after Nizám's Shírín Khusrau. Vide below among the poets of Akbar's reign.

A´çaf kept a great number of women, and had a large family.

His sons. 1. Mírzá Zain ul'ábidín. He was a commander of Fifteen Hundred, 500 horse, and died in the second year of Sháhjahán's reign. He had a son Mírzá Ja'far, who like his grandfather was a poet, writing under the same takhalluç (Ja'far). He, Záhid Khán Kokah, and M. Sháfí (Pádisháhnámah; Sáqí, Maásir), son of Saif Khán, were such intimate friends, that Sháhjahán dubbed them sih yár, ‘the three friends.’ He later resigned the service, and lived in A´grah on the pension which Sháhjahán granted and Aurangzíb increased. He died in 1094.

2. Suhráb Khán. He was under Sháhjahán a Commander of Fifteen Hundred, 1,200 horse, and died in the 13th year of Sháhjahán.

3. Mírzá 'Alí Açghar. He was a hasty youth, and could not bridle his tongue. In the Parendah expedition, he created dissensions between Sháh Shujá' and Mahábat Khán. He served in the war against Jujhár Bandelah, and perished at the explosion of a tower in Fort Dhamúní, as related in the Pádisháhnámah. He had just been married to the daughter of Mu'tamid Khán Bakhshí (author of the Iqbálnámah i Jahángírí); but as no cohabitation had taken place, Sháhjahán married her to Khán Daurán. He was a Commander of Five Hundred, 100 horse.

4. Mírzá 'Askarí. He was in the 20th year of Sháhjahán a Commander of 500, 100 horse.

The lists of grandees in the Pádisháhnámah mention two relations of A´çaf— 1. Muhammad Çálih, son of Mírzá Sháhí, brother or nephew of A´çaf. He was a Commander of One Thousand, 800 horse, and died in the second year of Sháhjahán's reign. 2. Muqím, a Commander of Five Hundred, 100 horse.

99. Shaikh Fari´d i Bukha´ri´.

The Iqbálnámah, according to the Maásir, says, he belonged to the Músawí Sayyids; but this is extraordinary, because the Bukhárí Sayyid's trace their descent to Sayyid Jalál i Bukhárí, seventh descendant of Imám 'Alí Naqí Alhádí.

The fourth ancestor of Shaikh Faríd was Shaikh 'Abdulghaffár of Dihlí, who when dying desired his family to give up depending on Sayúrghál tenures, but rather to enter the military service of the kings. This they seem to have done.

Shaikh Faríd was born as Dihlí (Tuzuk, p. 68). He entered Akbar's service early. In the 28th year, when M. 'Azíz (No. 21) resigned from ill-health the command of the Bihár army, S. F. accompanied Vazír Khán (No. 41) to the neighbourhood of Bardwán, where Qutlú of Oṛísá had collected his Afgháns. Qutlú having made proposals of peace, S. F. was ordered to meet him. In doing so he nearly perished through Qutlú's treachery (vide Stewart's Bengal). In the 30th year, he was made a Commander of 700, and gradually rose, till the 40th year, to a command of 1500. He was also appointed Mír Bakhshí, and had also for some time the Daftar i Tan in his charge, i. e., he had to settle all matters relating to the grants of Jágír holders.

His elevation under Jahángír, was due to the decided support he gave Jahángír, immediately before his accession, and to the victory he obtained over Prince Khusrau at Bhairoṉwál. When Prince Salím occupied Iláhábád during his rebellion against his father, appointing his servants to mançabs and giving them jágírs, Akbar favoured Prince Khusrau so openly, that every one looked upon him as successor. Soon after, a sort of reconciliation was effected, and Salím's men were sent to Gujrát. When Akbar lay on the death-bed, he ordered Salím to stay outside the Fort of A´grah; and M. 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) and Rájah Mán Singh, who from family considerations favoured Khusrau's succession, placed their own men at the gates of the fort, and asked Shaikh Faríd to take the command. But Sh. F. did not care for their arrangements and went over to Prince Salím outside, and declared him emperor, before Akbar had closed his eyes. On the actual accession, S. F. was made a commander of 5000, received the title of Çáhibussaif wa-lqalam,¹ and was appointed Mír Bakhshí.

A short time after, on the 8th Zí Hajjah, 1014, Prince Khusrau suddenly left A´grah, and went plundering and recruiting to Láhor. Sh. F., with other Bukhárí and many Bárha Sayyids, was sent after him, whilst Jahángír himself followed soon after, accompanied by Sharíf Khán Amír ul Umará, and Mahábat Khán, who were hostile to Sh. F., and took every possible opportunity of slandering him. Sulṭán Khusrau had gone to Láhor, and besieged the town, when he heard of Sh. F.'s arrival with 12000 horse at the Ab i Sulṭánpúr. He raised the siege, and arrived at the Biáh, which Sh. F. had just crossed. Khusrau was immediately attacked. The fight was unusually severe. The Bárha and Bukhárí Sayyids had to bear the brunt of the fight, the former in the van under the command of Saif Khán, son of Sayyid Mahmúd Khán Kundlíwál, (p. 392) and Sayyid Jalál. There were about 50 or 60 of the Bárha Sayyids opposed to 1500 Badakhshí troopers, and had not S. Kamál (p. 397) come in time to their rescue, charging the enemy with loud cries of Pádisháh salámat, the Bárha Sayyids would have been cut down to a man. Sayyid Saif Khán got seventeen wounds, and S. Jalál died a few days after the battle. About four hundred of Khusrau's troopers were killed, and the rest dispersed. Khusrau's jewel-box fell into the hands of the Imperialists. The fight took place in the neighbourhood of Bhairoṉwál.² In the evening Jahángír arrived, embraced S. F., and stayed the night in his tent. The District was made into a Parganah of the name of Fathábád, and was given Sh. F. as a present. He received, besides, the title of Murtazá Khán, and was appointed governor of the Çúbah of Gujrát.

In the 2nd year, S. F. presented Jahángír an immense ruby made into a ring, which weighed 1 misqál, 15 surkhs, and was valued at 25000 Rs. As the relations of the Shaikh oppressed the people in Gujrát, he was recalled from Ahmadábád (Tuzuk, p. 73). In the 5th year, he was made governor of the Panjáb. In 1021, he made preparations to invade Kángrah. He died at Pat'hán in 1025, and was buried at Dihlí (Tuz. p. 159). At the time of his death, he was a Commander of Six Thousand, 5000 horse.

Sayyid Ahmad, in his work on the antiquities of Dihlí, entitled Asáruççanádíd, No. 77, says that the name of S. F.'s father was Sayyid Ahmad i Bukhárí. Of Faríd's tomb, he says, nothing is left but an arcade (dálán). But he wrongly places the death of the Shaikh in the 9th year or 1033 A. H., instead of in the eleventh year, or 1025. Sayyid Ahmad also mentions a Sarái built by Shaikh Faríd in Dihlí, which has since been repaired by the English Government, and is now used as a jail (, jel khánah).

According to the Tuzuk, p. 65, Salímgaḍh (Dihlí) belonged to S. Faríd. It had been built by Salím Khán the Afghán during his reign in the midst (dar miyán) of the Jamnah. Akbar had given it to Faríd.¹

When Shaikh Faríd died, only 1000 Ashrafís were found in his house, which very likely gave rise to the Táríkh of his death—

dad, khurd burd (1025, A. H.).

‘He gave, and left (carried off) little.’

Shaikh Faríd was indeed a man of the greatest liberality. He always gave with his own hands. Once a beggar came to him seven times on one day, and received money; and when he returned the eighth time, Faríd gave him again money, but told him not to tell others; else they might take the money from him. He gave widows a great deal, and his jágír lands were given as free land tenures to the children of his servants or soldiers who had been killed. When in Gujrát, he had a list made of all Bukhárí Sayyids in the province,² and paid for every marriage feast and outfit; he even gave pregnant women of his clan money for the same purpose for the benefit of their yet unborn children. He never assisted singers, musicians, or flatterers.

He built many saráis. The one in Dihlí has been mentioned above. In Ahmadábád, a mahallah was adorned by him and received as a memorial of him the name of Bukhárá. In the same town he built the Masjid and Tomb of Sháh Wajíhuddín (died 988; Badáoní III, 43). He also built Farídábád near Dihlí, the greater part of the old parganah of Tilpaṭ being included in the parganah of Farídábád (Elliot's Glossary, Beames' Edition, II, p. 123). In Láhor also, a Mahallah was built by him, a large bath, and a chauk, or bazar. The Government officers under him received annually three khil'ats; to his footmen he gave annually a blanket, and his sweepers got shoes. He never made alterations in his gifts.

His contingent consisted of 3000 picked troopers. Neither in the reign of Akbar, nor that of Jahángír, did he build a palace for himself. He always lived as if on the march. He paid his contingent personally, little caring for the noise and tumult incident to such offices. One of his best soldiers, an Afghán of the name of Sher Khán, had taken leave in Gujrát, and rejoined after an absence of six years, when Sh. Faríd was in Kalánúr on his march to Kángrah. The Shaikh ordered Dwárká Dás his Bakhshí, to pay the man his wages, and the Bakhshí wrote out the Descriptive Roll, and gave the man one day's pay. But Faríd got angry, and said, “He is an old servant, and though he comes rather late, my affairs have not fared ill on account of his absence; give him his whole pay.” The man got 7000 Rs., his whole pay for six years.

“Night and day,” exclaims the author of the Maásir, “change as before, and the stars walk and the heavens turn as of old, but India has no longer such men. Perhaps they have left for some other country!”

Shaikh Faríd had no son. His daughter also died childless. He had adopted two young men, Muhammad Sa'íd and Mír Khán. They lived in great pomp, and did not care for the emperor. Though often warned, they would noisily pass the palace in pleasure boats to the annoyance of the Emperor, their boats being lighted up with torches and coloured lamps. One night they did so again, and Mahábat Khán, whom Jahángír had given a hint, sent one of his men and killed Mír Khán. Sh. F. demanded of the emperor Mahábat's blood; but Mahábat got together several ‘respectable’ witnesses who maintained before the emperor that Mír Khán had been killed by Muhammad Sa'íd, and Shaikh F. had to remain quiet.

Muhammad Sa'íd was alive in the 20th year of Sháhjahán, and was a Commander of Seven Hundred, 300 horse (Pádisháhn. II, 743).

Sayyid Ja'far, Sh. F.'s brother, was also in Akbar's service. He was killed in the battle of Patan (p. 397, l. 5).

The Pádisháhnámah (I, b., 316, 313; II, 739) also mentions Sayyid Badr, son of Shaikh Faríd's sister, a Commander of 700, 500 horse; and Sayyid Bhakar, son of Sh. F.'s brother, a Commander of Five Hundred, 300 horse.

100. Sama´nji´ Kha´n, son of Chalmah Beg.

For Samánjí we often find in MSS. Samájí. The Turkish samán means hay, so that Samánjí, or Samánchí would mean one who looks after the hay.

The name of this grandee is neither given in the Maásir, nor the Ṭabaqát. Nor have I come across his name in the Akbarnámah. It remains, therefore, doubtful whether he is the son of No. 58.

Another Samánjí Khán will be found below, No. 147.

101. Tardi´ Kha´n, son of Qiyá Khán Gung (No. 33).

He has been mentioned above, on p. 344. The Ṭabaqát says that, in 1001, he was governor of Patan (Gujrát).¹

102. Mihtar Kha´n, Anísuddín, a servant of Humáyún.

The word mihtar, pr. a prince, occurs very often in the names of Humáyún's servants. Thus in the Akbarnámah (Lucknow Edition, Vol. I. p. 269,—a very interesting page, which gives the names of the grandees, &c., who accompanied the emperor to Persia).

Mihtar Khán was the title of Anís (-uddín). He was Humáyún's treasurer on his flight to Persia, and returned with the emperor.

In the 14th year, when Rantanbhúr had been conquered (vide No. 96), the fort was put in his charge. In the beginning of the 21st year (beginning of 984), he accompanied Mán Singh on his expedition against Ráná Partáb of Maiwár, and distinguished himself as leader of the Chandáwul (rear). In the 25th year, he held a jágír in Audh, and distinguished himself in the final pursuit of Ma'çúm Khán Farankhúdí (No. 157).

Anís was gradually promoted. He was at the time of Akbar's death a Commander of Three Thousand. According to the Ṭabaqát, he was in 1001 a Commander of 2500.

He died in the 3rd year of Jahángír's reign, 1017, eighty-four years old. If I read the MSS. of the Maásir correctly, he was a Kátí, and looked upon his tribe with much favour. He was a man of great simplicity. It is said that he paid his contingent monthly.

Múnis Khán, his son, was during the reign of Jahángír a Commander of Five Hundred, 130 horse. Abú Ṭálib, son of Múnis Khán, was employed as treasurer (Khizánchí) of the Çúbah of Bengal.

103. Ra i Durga´ Sísodiah.

Rái Durgá is generally called in the Akbarnámah, Rái Durgá Chandráwaṭ (). The home of the family was the Parganah of Rámpúr, also called Islámpúr, near Chítor.

In the 26th year of Akbar's reign, Rái Durgá accompanied Prince Murád on his expedition against Mírzá Muhammad Hakím of Kábul. In the 28th year, he was attached to Mírzá Khán's (No. 29) corps, and distinguished himself in the Gujrát war. In the 30th year, he was with M. 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) in the Dak'hin. In the 36th year, he followed Prince Murád to Málwah, and later to the Dak'hin.

In the 45th year, Akbar sent him after Muzaffar Husain Mírzá. He then accompanied Abulfazl to Násik, and went afterwards home on leave. He returned, but after six weeks went again home, apparently without permission.

He died towards the end of the 2nd year of Jahángír's reign.

According to the Tuzuk (p. 63), he had served Akbar for upwards of forty years. Jahángír says, he had at first been in the service of Ráná U´dai Singh, and reached, during the reign of Akbar, the dignity of a Commander of Four Thousand. He is said to have been a good tactician.

The Ṭabaqát says that he was in 1001 a Commander of Fifteen Hundred.

The Maásir continues the history of his descendants, from which the following tree has been taken.

Ráo Ratan Singh turned Muhammadan, and got the title of Muslim Khán (Aurangzíb-Jahándár Sháh).

104. Ma´dhu´ Singh, son of Rájah Bhagwán Dás (No. 27).

He was present in the fight at Sarnál (p. 333). In the beginning of the 21st year (Muharram, 984) he served under Mán Singh against Ráná Kíká, and distinguished himself in the battle of Gogandah (21st Rabí' I., 984).² In the 30th year, he accompanied Mírzá Sháhrukh (No. 7) on his expedition to Kashmír. In the 31st year, after the death of Sayyid Hámid (No. 78), he took the contingent of Rájah Bhagwán from T'hánah Langar, where he was stationed, to 'Alí Masjid, where Mán Singh was.

In the 48th year, he was made a Commander of Three Thousand, 2000 horse. According to the Ṭabaqát, he had been, in 1001, a Commander of 2000.

His son, Chatr Sál, or Satr Sál, was at the end of Jahángír's reign a Commander of Fifteen Hundred, 1000 horse. He was killed together with his two sons, Bhím Singh and Anand Singh, in the Dak'hin, in the 3rd year of Sháhjahán's reign. His third son, Ugar Sen, was a Commander of Eight Hundred, 400 horse (vide Pádisháhn. I., p, 294; I., b., pp. 305, 314.)

105. Sayyid Qa´sim, and 143. Sayyid Ha´shim, sons of Sayyid Mahmúd Khán of Bárha, Kúndlíwál (No. 75).

In the 17th year, S. Qásim served under Khán 'A´lam (No. 58), in the pursuit of Muhammad Husain Mírzá, who after his defeat by M. 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) had withdrawn to the Dak'hin.

S. Háshim served, in the 21st year, with Rái Rái Singh (No. 44) against Sulṭán Deorah, ruler of Sarohí, and distinguished himself in the conquest of that place.

In the 22nd year, both brothers served under Shahbáz Khán (No. 80) against the Ráná. In the 25th year, when Chandr Sen, son of Máldeo, raised disturbances, both brothers, who had jágírs in Ajmír, were ordered to march against him. Both again distinguished themselves in the 28th year, and served in the haráwal of Mírzá Khán (No. 29) in the Gujrát war.

S. Háshim was killed in the battle of Sarkich, near Ahmadábád. S. Qásim was wounded. He was subsequently appointed T'hánahdár of Patan. When Mírzá Khán went to Court, leaving Qulij Khán as Governor of Ahmadábád, Qásim was again appointed to a command and operated successfully against Muzaffar, Jám (zamíndár of Little Kachh), and K'hangár (zamíndár of Great Kachh).

On the transfer of Mírzá Khán, Khán i A'zam (No. 21) was appointed Governor of Gujrát. Qásim continued to serve in Gujrát, and distinguished himself especially in the 37th year. Later, he commanded the left wing of Sulṭán Murád's Dak'hin corps.

Qásim died in the 44th year (1007). He was at his death a Commander of 1500.

Regarding their sons, vide p. 392.

106. Rai´ Sa´l Darba´ri´, Shaikháwat.

He is also called Rájah Rái Sál Darbárí, and is the son of Rájah Sojá, son of Rái Rái Mall Shaikháwat, in whose service Hasan Khán Súr (father of Sher Sháh) was for some time.

As remarked above (p. 328, No. 23), the Kachhwáhahs are divided into Rájáwats and Shaikháwats. To the latter branch belong Rájahs Loṉ Karan, Rái Sál, &c. the former contains Mán Singh's posterity (the present rulers of Jaipúr).

The term Shaikháwat, or Shekháwat, as it is generally pronounced, is explained as follows. One of the ancestors of this branch had no sons. A Muhammadan Shaikh, however, had pity on him, and prayed for him till he got a son. From motives of gratitude, the boy was called Shaikh.¹ Hence his descendants are called the Shaikháwat Branch.

Rái Sál was employed at Court, as his title of Darbárí indicates. He was in charge of the Harem. During the reign of Jahángír, he was promoted, and served in the Dak'hin. He died there at an advanced age. He had twenty-one sons, each of whom had a numerous posterity.

Whilst Rái Sál was in the Dak'hin, Mádhú Singh and other grandchildren of his, collected a lot of ruffians, and occupied Rái Sál's paternal possessions.² But Mat'hurá Dás, a Bengalí, who was Rái Sál's Munshí and Vakíl, recovered a portion of his master's lands.

After Ráí Sál's death, his sons and grandsons lived, according to the custom of the Zamíndárs of the age, in feud with their neighbours and with each other. Rájah Girdhar, Rái Sál's son, is almost the only one that distinguished himself at Court.

From the Akbarnámah we see that Rái Sál entered early Akbar's service; for he was present in the battle of Khairábád (p. 382), in the fight at Sarnál (p. 333), and accompanied the Emperor on his forced march to Patan and Ahmadábád (p. 416, note).

The Pádisháhnámah (I., b., p. 314) mentions another son of Rái Sál's, Bhoj Ráj, who was a Commander of Eight Hundred, 400 horse.

The Ṭabaqát says that Rái Sál was, in 1001, a Commander of Two Thousand. Abulfazl calls him in this list a Commander of 1250. This mançab is unusual, and Rái Sál stands alone in this class. It does not occur in the lists of Grandees in the Pádisháhnámah. From other histories also it is clear that the next higher Mançab after the Hazárí was the Hazár o pánçadí, or Commander of Fifteen Hundred.

107. Muhibb 'Ali´ Kha´n, son of Mír Khalífah.

This grandee must not be confounded with Muhibb 'Alí Khán Rahṭásí (p. 422).

Muhibb 'Alí Khán is the son of Mír Nizámuddín 'Alí Khalífah, the “pillar of Bábar's government.” He had no faith in Humáyún, and was opposed to his accession. He therefore favoured Mahdí Khwájah, Bábar's son-in-law. Mahdí, a short time before Bábar's death, assumed a royal deportment. One day, Mír Khalífah happened to be in Mahdí's tent; and when he left, Mahdí, thinking himself alone, put his hand to his beard, and exclaimed, “Thou shalt by and by follow me.” He had scarcely uttered these words, when he observed Muqím i Harawí¹ in the corner of the tent. Muqím reported these words to Mír Khalífah, and upbraided him for giving Mahdí his support. Mír Khalífah thereupon changed his mind, forbade people to visit Mahdí, and raised, on Bábar's death, Humáyún to the throne.

His son Muhibb 'Alí Khán distinguished himself under Bábar and Humáyún. His wife was Náhíd Begum, daughter of Qásim Kokah. Qásim had sacrificed himself for Bábar. Bábar had fallen into the hands of 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak, when Qásim stepped forward and said that he was Bábar. He was cut to pieces, and Bábar escaped. In 975, Náhíd Begum went to T'hat'hah, to see her mother, Hájí Begum (daughter of Mírzá Muqím, son of Mírzá Zul-nún). After Qásim Kokah's death, Hájí Begum married Mírzá Hasan, and after him, Mírzá 'I´sá Tarkhán, king of Sindh (p. 362). Before Náhíd Begum reached T'hat'hah, Mírzá 'I´sá died. His successor, Mírzá Báqí ill-treated Hájí Begum and her daughter. Hájí Begum therefore collected a few desperate men and watched for an opportunity to get hold of M. Báqí's person. The plot was, however, discovered, and Hájí Begum was put into prison. Náhíd Begum escaped and went to Bhakkar, where she was well received by Sulṭán Mahmúd, ruler of the District. He persuaded her to ask Akbar to send her husband Muhibb 'Alí to Bhakkar; and he would give him an army, if he liked to attack T'hat'hah. Náhíd Begum did so on coming to court, and Akbar, in the 16th year (978), called for Muhibb, who had then retired from court-life, and ordered him to proceed to Bhakkar.

Muhibb set out, accompanied by Mujáhid Khán, a son of his daughter. Sa'íd Khán (No. 25), Governor of Multán, had also receiyed orders to assist Muhibb; but at Sulṭán Mahmúd's request, Muhibb came alone, accompanied by only a few hundred troopers. When he arrived at Bhakkar, Sulṭán Mahmúd said that he had changed his mind: he might go and attack T'hat'hah without his assistance; but he should do so from Jaisalmír, and not from Bhakkar. Muhibb, though he had only 200 troopers, resolved to punish Sulṭán Mahmúd for his treachery, and prepared himself to attack Bhakkar. Mahmúd had 10000 horse assembled near Fort Máth'ílah (). Muhibb attacked them, dispersed them, and took soon after the fort itself. He then fitted out a larger corps, and moved to Bhakkar, where he again defeated Mahmúd. The consequence of this victory was, that Mubárak Khán, Sulṭán Mahmúd's vazír, left his master and went with 1500 horse over to Muhibb. But as Mubárak's son, Beg Oghlú, was accused of having had criminal intercourse with a concubine of Sulṭán Mahmúd, Muhibb wished to kill Beg Oghlú. Mubárak, who had not expected this, now tried to get out of Muhibb's power. Muhibb therefore killed Mubárak, and used the money which fell into his hands, to complete his preparations for the siege of Bhakkar.

The siege had lasted three years, when famine and disease drove the inhabitants to despair. The swelling which is peculiar to the district, decimated the people; and the bark of the Sirs tree (p. 228), the best remedy for it, could only be had for gold. Sulṭán Mahmúd, at last, sent a message to Akbar, and offered the fort as a present to Prince Salím, if Muhibb were recalled, and another grandee sent in his stead, who was to take him (Mahmúd) to court; for he said, he could not trust Muhibb. Akbar accepted the proposal, and sent Mír Gesú, Bakáwal-begí, to Bhakkar.¹ Before Mír Gesú arrived, Sulṭán Mahmúd had died. New complications arose on his arrival. Mujáhid Khán just besieged Fort Ganjábah,² and his mother Sámi'ah Begum (Muhibb's daughter) who felt offended at Akbar's proceedings, despatched a few ships against Mír Gesú, and nearly captured him. In the meantime Muqím i Harawí also arrived and dissuaded Muhibb from hostilities against Mír Gesú. The latter now entered Bhakkar (981), and the inhabitants handed the keys over to him.

But neither Muhibb nor Mujáhid felt inclined to leave for the Court, though their stay was fraught with danger. Muhibb therefore entered into an agreement with Mír Gesú, according to which Mujáhid should be allowed to go to T'hat'hah, and that he himself with his whole family should be accommodated in Loharí. The arrangement had been partially carried out, when Mír Gesú despatched a flotilla after Mujáhid. Muhibb upon this withdrew to Mát'hílah. Sámi'ah Begum fortified the environs, and when attacked by Gesú's men, she successfully repulsed them for one day and one night. Next day, Mujáhid arrived in forced marches, defeated the enemy,¹ and occupied the land east of the river.

In the meantime, Akbar had sent Muhammad Tarson Khán (No. 32) as governor to Bhakkar, and Muhibb thought it now wise to go to Court.

In the 21st year, Muhibb received an appointment at Court, as a sort of Mír 'Arz. As he gave the emperor satisfaction, Akbar, in the 23rd year, allowed him to choose one of four appointments, the office of Mír 'Arz, the guard of the Harem, the governorship of a distant province, or the governorship of Dihlí. Muhibb chose the last, and entered at once upon his office.

He died as Governor of Dihlí in 989.

Muhibb is placed in the Ṭabaqát among the Commanders of Four Thousand.

Regarding the town of Bhakkar, Abulfazl says that it is called in old books Mançúrah. Six rivers united pass by it in several branches; two branches lie to the south, one to the north. The town at the latter branch, is called Bhakkar. On the second branch another town lies, called Loharí, and near it is the Indus.

Mírzá Sháh Husain Arghún, king of T'hat'hah, had Bhakkar fortified, and appointed as Commander his foster-brother Sulṭán Mahmúd. After Sháh Husain's death, Sulṭán Mahmúd declared himself independent at Bhakkar, and Mírzá 'I´sá Tarkhán (p. 362) at T'hat'hah. Both were often at war with each other. Sulṭan Mahmúd is said to have been a cruel man.

As Bhakkar was conquered and annexed before T'hat'hah, it was attached to the Çúbah of Multán.

[Muhibb 'Ali´ Kha´n Rahta´si´].

Like Muhibb 'Alí Khán, son of Mír Khalífah, Muhibb 'Alí Khán Rahtásí is put in the Ṭabaqát among the Commanders of Four Thousand. It is impossible to say why Abulfazl has not mentioned him in this list. His name, however, occurs frequently in the Akbarnámah and other histories. As he was a long time Governor of Rahtás in S. Bihár, he is generally called Rahtásí. This renowned Fort had passed, in 945, into the hands of Sher Sháh. During his reign, as also that of Salím Sháh, Fath Khán Batní commanded the Fort. Subsequently it came into the hands of Sulaimán and Junaid i Kararání. The latter appointed Sayyid Muhammad commander. As related above (p. 400), he handed it over to Shahbáz Khán (No. 80), at the time of the war with Gajpatí and his son Srí Rám (984).

In the same year, Akbar appointed Muhibb 'Alí Khán governor of Rahtás, and Shahbáz Khán made over the Fort to him.

Muhibb rendered excellent services during the Bengal Military Revolt. His son also, Habíb 'Alí Khán (vide No. 133), distinguished himself by his bravery, but was killed in a fight with one Yúsuf Miṭṭí, who had collected a band of Afgháns and ravaged S. Bihár. His death affected his father so much, that he became temporarily insane.

In the 31st year, two officers having been appointed to each Çúbah, Muhibb was ordered to join Vazír Khán (No. 41), Governor of Bengal. In the 33rd year, Bihár was given to the Kachhwáhahs as jágír, and Akbar called Muhibb to Court, intending to make him governor of Multán. But as the emperor was just about to leave for Kashmír (997), Muhibb accompanied him.

Soon after entering Kashmír, Muhibb took ill, and died, on the emperor's return, near the Koh i Sulaimán. Akbar went to his sick-bed and saw him the moment he died.

In the Akbarnámah (III, p. 245) a place Muhibb 'Alípúr¹ is mentioned, which Muhibb founded near Rahtás.

108. Sulta´n Khwa´jah, 'Abdul 'Azím, son of Khwájah Kháwand Dost.

He is also called Sulṭán Khwájah Naqshbandí.² His father Kháwand Dost was a pupil of Khwájah 'Abdushshahíd, fifth son of Khwájah 'Abdullah (generally called Khwájagán Khwájah; vide No. 17, p. 322), son of the renowned saint Khwájah Náçiruddín Ahrár (born 806, died 29th Rabí' I, 895).

When 'Abdushshahíd came from Samarqand to India, he was well received by Akbar, and got as present the Parganah Chamárí. He remained there some time, but returned in 982 to Samarqand, where he died two years later.

Sulṭan Khwájah, though neither learned in the sciences nor in taçawwuf (mysticism), had yet much of the saintly philosopher in him. He possessed in a high degree the confidence and the friendship of the emperor. In 984, he was made Mír Hajj, and as such commanded a numerous party of courtiers during the pilgrimage to Makkah. Never before had so influential a party left for Arabia: Sulṭán Khwájah was to distribute six lacs of rupees and 12000 khil'ats to the people of Makkah.

On his return in 986 (23rd year), he was made a Commander of One Thousand, and appointed Çadr of the realm (p. 273). He held that office till his death, which took place in the 29th year (992). He was buried outside the Fort of Fathpúr, to the north.

His daughter, in the beginning of the 30th year, was married to Prince Dányál.

His son, Mír Khwájah, was in the 46th year a Commander of 500.

According to Badáoní and Abulfazl, Sulṭán Khwájah belonged to the elect of the ‘Divine Faith’ (vide p. 204).

109. Khwa´jah 'Abdullah, son of Khwájah 'Abdullaṭíf.

His name is not given in the Maásir and the Ṭabaqát. The Akbarnámah mentions a Khwájah 'Abdullah who served in the war against 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak (No. 14), in Málwah (971-72), during the last rebellion of Khán Zamán (No. 13), and in the fight at Sarnál (middle Sha'bán, 980; vide p. 333). He also accompanied the emperor on his forced march to Patan and Ahmadábád. Vide the Lucknow Edition of the Akbarnámah, II, 285, 287, 367; III, 24.

110. Khwa´jah Jaha´n, Amíná of Harát.

His full name is Khwájah Amínuddín Mahmúd of Harát. The form Amíná is modern I´rání, which likes to add a long á to names.

Amín was an excellent accountant and a distinguished calligrapher. He accompanied Humáyún on his flight to Persia. On the return of the emperor, he was made Bakhshí of Prince Akbar.

On Akbar's accession, Amín was made a Commander of One Thousand, and received the title of Khwájah Jahán. He was generally employed in financial work, and kept the great seal. In the 11th year, he was accused by Muzaffar Khán (No. 37) of want of loyalty shewn in the rebellion of Khán Zamán. Amín was reprimanded, the great seal was taken from him, and he was dismissed to Makkah.

On his return, he was pardoned. In the 19th year (981-82), Akbar besieged Hájípúr; but Amín had been compelled by sickness to remain behind at Jaunpúr. When the emperor returned from Hájípúr over Jaunpúr to A´grah, Amín followed him. On the march, he was once charged by a mast elephant: his foot got entangled in a tent rope, and he fell to the ground. The accident had an injurious effect on Amín, convalescent as he was. He died near Lak'hnau, in the beginning of Sha'bán, 982.

According to the chronology of the Ṭabaqát, his death took place in 983.

A son of Amín's brother is mentioned. His name was Mírzá Beg. He was a poet and wrote under the takhalluç of Shahrí. He withdrew from Court, and died in 989.

Jahángír also conferred the title of Khwájah Jahán on the officer (Dost Muhammad of Kábul) who had served him as Bakhshí while Prince.

111. Ta´ta´r Kha´n, of Khurásán.

His name is Khwájah Ṭáhir Muhammad. In the 8th year, he accompanied Sháh Budágh Khán (No. 52) and Rúmí Khán (No. 146), and pursued Mír Sháh 'Abul Ma'álí, who withdrew from Hiçár Fírúzah to Kábul.

He was then made governor of Dihlí, where he died in 986.

The Ṭabaqát says, he was for some time Vazír, and died in 985.

Regarding his enmity with Mullá Núruddín Tarkhán, vide Badáoní III, 199.

112. Haki´m Abulfath, son of Mullá 'Abdurrazzáq of Gílán.

His name is Masíhuddín Abulfath. Mauláná 'Abdurrazzáq, his father, was a learned and talented man, and held for a long time the post of Çádr of Gílán. When Gílán, in 974, came into the possession of Ṭahmásp, Ahmad Khán, ruler of the country was imprisoned, and 'Abdurrazzáq was tortured to death. Hakím Abulfath, with his distinguished brothers Hakím Humám (No. 205) and Hakím Núruddín,¹ left the country, and arrived, in the 20th year, in India (p. 175). They went to Court and were well received. Abulfath, in the 24th year, was made Çadr and Amín of Bengal. At the outbreak of the military revolt, he was captured with several other officers (vide Nos. 98 and 159); but he escaped from prison, and went again to Court. He rose higher and higher in Akbar's favour, and possessed an immense influence in state matters and on the emperor himself. Though only a commander of One Thousand, he is said to have had the power of a Vakíl.

As related above (p. 344), he accompanied Bír Baṛ on the expedition against the Yúsufzaís in Sawád and Bijor. On his return, he was reprimanded; for the emperor, correctly enough, ascribed the disastrous issue of the campaign to Abulfath's insubordinate conduct towards Zain Kokah (No. 34).

In the 34th year, (997), he went with the emperor to Kashmír, and from there to Zábulistán. On the march he fell sick, and died. According to Akbar's order, Khwájah Shamsuddín (No. 159) took his body to Hasan Abdál, and buried him in a vault which the Khwájah had made for himself (Tuzuk, p. 48). On his return, the emperor said a prayer at Abulfath's tomb.

The great poet 'Urfí of Shíráz (vide below, among the poets) is Abul Fath's encomiast. Faizí also has composed a fine marsiah, or elegy, on his death.

Abulfazl and Badáoní speak of the vast attainments of Abulfath. A rare copy of his Munshiát¹ is preserved in the Library of the As. Soc. Bengal (No. 780). He had a profound contempt for old Persian poets: thus he called Anwarí diminutively Anwariak; and of Khaqání he said, he would give him a box on the ears if he were to come to him, to rouse him from his sleepiness, and would send him to Abulfazl, who would give him another box, and both would then show him how to correct his verses (Badáoní III, 167).

Badáoní mentions Abulfath's influence as one of the chief reasons why Akbar abjured Islám (p. 175).

Abulfath had a son, Fathullah. He was killed by Jahángír, as he was an accomplice of Khusrau (Tuzuk, p. 58).

A grandosn of Abulfath is mentioned in the Pádisháhnámah (II, p. 739). His name is Fath Ziá; he was a Commander of Nine Hundred, 150 horse.

113. Shaikh Jama´l, son of Muhammad Bakhtyár.

His full name is Shaikh Jamál Bakhtyár, son of Shaikh Muhammad Bakhtyár. The Bakhtyár clan had possessions in Jalesar, near Dihlí.

Shaikh Jamál's sister held the post of superintendent in Akbar's harem, and procured for her brother a command of One Thousand. Jamál's elevation excited much envy. One day, after taking some water, he felt suddenly ill. Rúp also, one of Akbar's servants, who had drunk of the same water, took immediately ill. Akbar had antidotes applied, and both recovered.

In the 25th year, he accompanied Ismá'íl Qulí Khán (No. 46) on his expedition against the rebel Niyábat Khán. Níyábat Khán was the son of Mír Háshim of Níshápúr; his name was 'Arab. Before his rebellion, he held Jhosí and Arail (Jalálábás) as jágír. In the fight, which took place near ‘Kantit, a dependency of Pannah,’² Shaikh Jamál was nearly killed, Niyábat Khán having pulled him from his horse.

In the 26th year, he marched with Prince Murád against Mírzá Muhammad Hakím of Kábul.

Shaikh Jamál drank a great deal of wine. One day, he brought such a smell of wine to the audience hall, that Akbar felt offended, and excluded him from Court. Jamál therefore squandered and destroyed the things he had with him, and assumed the garb of a jogí. This annoyed the emperor more, and Jamál was put into prison. Soon after, he was pardoned; but he continued his old vice, and brought delirium tremens on himself. In the 30th year, when Akbar set out for Zábulistán, Shaikh Jamál had to remain sick in Lúdhiánah. He died there in the same year (993).

Jamál has been mentioned above on p. 191.

114. Ja'far Kha´n, son of Qazáq Khán.

He is generally called in the histories Ja'far Khán Taklú, Taklú being the name of a Qizilbásh tribe.

His grandfather, Muhammad Khán Sharafuddín Oghlú Taklú, was at the time of Humáyún's flight governor of Harát and lallah¹ to Sulṭán Muhammad Mírzá, eldest son of Sháh Ṭahmasp i Çafawí. At the Sháh's order, he entertained Humáyún in the most hospitable manner. When he died, he was succeeded in office by his son Qazáq Khán. But Qazáq shewed so little loyalty, that Ṭahmásp, in 972, sent Ma'çúm Beg i Çafawí against him. Qazáq fell ill, and when the Persians came to Harát, he died. Ma'çúm seized all his property.

Ja'far thinking himself no longer safe in Persia, emigrated to India, and was well received by Akbar. He distinguished himself in the war with Khán Zamán, and was made a Khán and a commander of One Thousand. From Badáoní (II, p. 161,) we see that he had a jágír in the Panjáb, and served under Husain Qulí Khán (No. 24) in the expedition to Nagarkoṭ.

According to the Ṭabaqát, Ja'far's father did not die a natural death, but was killed by the Persians.

Ja'far had been dead for some time in 1001.

115. Sha´h Fana´i´, son of Mír Najafí.

His name is not given in the Maásir and the Ṭabaqát. From the Akbarnámah (Lucknow Edition, II, 170, 172) we see that he served in the conquest of Málwah and took part in the battle near Sárangpúr (beginning of the 6th year; vide No. 120).

The poet Fanáí who is mentioned in Badáoní (III, 296), the Ṭabaqát, and the Mir-át ul 'A´lam, appears to be the same. He travelled a good deal, was in Makkah, and distinguished himself by personal courage in war. Akbar conferred on him the title of Khán. He was a Chaghtái Turk of noble descent. Once he said, in Akbar's presence, that no one surpassed him in the three C's,—chess, combat, composition, when the emperor replied that he had forgotten a fourth, viz. conceit. For some reason, he was imprisoned, and when set at liberty, it was found that he had become mad. He ran into the wilderness, and was no more heard of.

116. Asadullah Kha´n, of Tabríz.

His name is not given in the Maásir and the Ṭabaqát. An Asadullah Khán is mentioned in the Akbarnámah (end of the 12th year). He served under Khán Zamán (No. 13), and commanded the town of Zamániá (p. 320, l. 4 from below). After Khán Zamán's death, he wished to make over the town to Sulaimán, king of Bengal. But Mun'im (No. 11) sent a man to him to convince him of his foolishness, and took quickly possession of the town, so that the Afgháns under their leader, Khán Khánán Lodí, had to withdraw. This incident, however, brought the Afgháns into contact with Mun'im; and as they found him a tractable man, a meeting was arranged, which took place in the neighbourhood of Patna. This meeting was of importance, inasmuch as Khán Khánán Lodí, on the part of Sulaimán, promised to read the Khuṭbah, and to strike coins in Akbar's name. Bengal therefore enjoyed peace till the death of Sulaimán in 980¹.

The Akbarnámah mentions another officer of a similar name, Asadullah Turkmán. He was mentioned above on p. 382.

117. Sa'a´dat 'Ali´ Kha´n, of Badakshán.

From the Akbarnámah (III, 295) we see that he was killed in 988 in a fight with the rebel 'Arab Bahádur. Shahbáz Khán had sent Sa'ádat to a Fort² near Rahtás, where he was surprised by 'Arab, defeated and slain. It is said that 'Arab drank some of his blood.

118. Ru´psi´ Baira´gi´, brother of Rájah Bihárí Mall (No. 23).

The Maásir says that Rúpsí was the son of Rájah Bihárí Mall's brother. He was introduced at Court in the 6th year.

According to the Ṭabaqát, he was a commander of Fifteen Hundred.

Jaimall, Rúpsí's son, was the first that paid his respects to Akbar (p. 329). He served some time under Sharafuddín (No. 17), jágírdár of Ajmír, and was T'hánahdár of Mírt'ha. When Sharaf rebelled, Jaimall went to Court. In the 17th year, he served in manqalá of Khán Kalán (Vide No. 129), and accompanied the emperor on the forced march to Patan and Ahmadábád (p. 416, note). In the 21st year, he served in the expedition against Daudá, son of Rái Surjan (No. 96), and the conquest of Búndí (Muharram, 985). Subsequently, he was sent by Akbar on a mission to the grandees of Bengal; but on reaching Chausá, he suddenly died.

Jaimall's wife, a daughter of Mot'h Rájah (No. 121), refused to mount the funeral pile; but U´dai Singh, Jaimall's son, wished to force her to become a Suttee. Akbar heard of it, and resolved to save her. He arrived just in time. Jagnát'h (No. 69) and Rái Sál (No. 106) got hold of U´dai Singh, and took him to Akbar, who imprisoned him.

The story of the heavy armour which Jaimall wore in the fight with Muhammad Husain Mírzá, after Akbar's forced march to Patan and Ahmadábád, is known from Elphinstone's History (Fifth Edition, p. 509, note). Rúpsí was offended, because the emperor ordered Karan (a grandson of Máldeo) to put on Jaimall's armour, and angrily demanded it back. Akbar then put off his own armour. Bhagwán Dás, however, thought it necessary to ask the emperor to pardon Rúpsí's rudeness.

119. I'tima´d Kha´n, Khwájahsará.

He has been mentioned above p. 13, note. His appointment to Bhakkar was made in 984, when Sayyid Muhammad Mír 'Adl (vide No. 140) had died.

Maqçúd 'Alí, who killed I'timád, is said to have been blind on one eye. When he explained to I'timád his miserable condition, his master insulted him by saying that some one should put urine into his blind eye. Maqçúd stabbed him on the spot. According to another account, I'timád was murdered by Maqçúd, whilst getting up from bed.

I'timád built I'timádpúr, 6 kos from A´grah. He had there a villa and a large tank. He also lies buried there.¹

120. Ba´z Baha´dur, son of Shajáwal Khán [Súr].

Abulfazl says below (Third Book, Çúbah of Málwah) that his real name was Báyazíd.

Báz Báhadúr's father was Shujá'at Khán Súr, who is generally called in histories Shajáwal, or Sajáwal, Khán. The large town Shajáwalpúr, or Sajáwalpúr, in Málwah bears his name;² its original name, Shujá'atpúr, which Abulfazl gives below under Sirkár Sárangpúr, Málwah, appears to be no longer in use.

When Sher Sháh took Málwah from Mallú (Qádir Khán), Shujá'at Khán was in Sher Sháh's service, and was made by him governor of the conquered province. In Salím's reign, he returned to Court; but feeling dissatisfied with the king, he returned to Málwah. Salím despatched a corps after him, and Shujá'at fled to the Rájah of Dúngarpúr. Some time after, he surrendered to Salím and remained with him, Málwah being divided among the courtiers. Under 'Adlí, he was again appointed to Málwah. After a short time, he prepared himself to assume the royal purple, but died (962).

Báz Báhadur succeeded him. He defeated several opponents, and declared himself, in 963, king of Málwah. His expedition to Gaḍha was not successful, Rání Dúrgáwatí (p. 367) having repulsed him. He now gave himself up to a life of ease and luxury: his singers and dancing women were soon famous throughout Hindústán, especially the beautiful Rúpmatí, who is even now-a-days remembered.

In the very beginning of the 6th year of Akbar's reign, Adham Kokah (No. 19) was ordered to conquer Málwah. Pír Muhammad Khán (No. 20), 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak (No. 14), Qiyá Khán Gung (No. 33), Sháh Muhammad Khán of Qandahár (No. 95) and his son 'A´dil Khán (No. 125), Çádiq Khán (No. 43), Habíb 'Alí Khán (No. 133), Haidar Muhammad Khán (No. 66), Muhammad Qulí Toqbái (No. 129), Qiyá Khán (No. 184), Mírak Bahádur (No. 208), Samánjí Khán (No. 147), Páyandah Muhammad Mughul (No. 68), Mihr 'Alí Sildoz (No. 130), Sháh Fanáí (No. 115), and other grandees accompanied Adham. They met Báz Bahádur three kos from Sárangpúr and defeated him (middle of 968).¹ Báz Bahádur fled to the jungles on the Khandesh frontier. He collected a new army, but was defeated by Pír Muhammad, who had succeeded Adham. He then fled to Mírán Sháh of Khándesh, who assisted him with troops. Pír Muhammad in the mean time conquered Bíjágaḍh, threw himself suddenly upon Burhánpúr, sacked the town, and allowed an indiscriminate slaughter of the inhabitants. B. B. marched against him, and defeated him. As related above, Pír Muhammad fled, and was drowned in the Narbaddá. The imperialists thereupon got discouraged, and the jágírdárs left for A´grah, so that Báz Bahádur without opposition re-occupied Málwah.

In the 7th year, Akbar sent 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak to Málwah. Before he arrived, B. B. fled without attempting resistance, and withdrew to the hills. He lived for some time with Bharjí, Zamíndár of Baglánah, and tried to obtain assistance from Chingiz Khán and Sher Khán of Gujrát, and lastly even from the Nizám ul Mulk. Meeting nowhere with support, B. B. went to Ráná U´dai Singh. He then appears to have thrown himself on Akbar's generosity; for in the 15th year, Akbar ordered Hasan Khán Khizánchí² to conduct Báz Bahádur to Court. He now entered the emperor's service, and was made on his arrival a commander of One Thousand. Some time later, he was promoted to a mançab of Two Thousand. He had been dead for some time in 1001.

Báz Bahádur and his Rúpmatí lie buried together. Their tomb stands in the middle of a tank in Ujjain. Vide No. 188.

121. U´dai Singh, Mot'h Ra´jah, son of Rái Máldeo.

The Ṭabaqát says that he was in 1001 a commander of Fifteen Hundred and ruler of Jodhpúr.

Akbar, in 994, married U´dai Singh's daughter to Jahángír. On p. 8 of the Tuzuk, Jahángír says that her name was Jagat Gosáiní. She was the mother of Prince Khurram (Sháhjahán); vide p. 310, l. 19.

Mírzá Hádí in his preface to Jahángír's Memoirs (the Tuzuk i Jahángírí) has the following remark (p. 6): ‘Rájah U´dai Sing is the son of Rájah Máldeo, who was so powerful that he kept up an army of 80,000 horse. Although Ráná Sánká, who fought with Firdaus-makání (Bábar) possessed much power, Máldeo was superior to him in the number of soldiers and the extent of territory; hence he was always victorious.’

From the Akbarnámah (Lucknow Edition, III. p. 183) we see that Mot'h Rájah accompanied in the 22nd year Çádiq Khán (No. 43), Rájah Askaran, and Ulugh Khán Habshí (No. 135) on the expedition against Madhukar (26th Rabí' I, 985). In the 28th year, he served in the Gujrát war with Muzaffar (Akbarnámah, III, 422).

Another daughter of Mot'h Rájah was married to Jaimall, son of Rúpsí (No. 118).

122. Khwa´jah Sha´h Mancu´r, of Shíráz.

Mançúr was at first Mushrif (accountant) of the Khúshbú Khánah (Perfume Department). Differences which he had with Muzaffar Khán (No. 37) induced Sh. Mançúr to go to Jaunpúr, where Khán Zamán made him his Díwán. Subsequently he served Mun'im Khán Khánán in the same capacity. After Mun'im's death, he worked for a short time with Todar Mall in financial matters. In the 21st year (983), he was appointed by the emperor Vazír. He worked up all arrears, and applied himself to reform the means of collecting the land revenue. The custom then was to depend on experienced assessors for the annual rate of the tax; but this method was now found inconvenient, because the empire had become greater; for at different places the assessment differed, and people and soldiers suffered losses. For this reason, the Khwájah, in the 24th year, prepared a new rent roll, based upon the preceding Dahsálah roll, and upon the prices current in the 24th year. The empire itself which did not then include Oṛísá, T'hat'hah, Kashmír, and the Dak'hin, was divided into 12 parts, called Çúbahs; and to each çúbah a sipahsálar (Military Governor), a Díwán, a Bakhshí (Military Paymaster and Secretary), a Mír'Adl, a Çadr, a Kotwál, a Mír Bahr, and a Wáqi'ah Nawís (p. 258) were to be appointed. The strictness which the Khwájah displayed towards jágír-holders led to serious results. In the 25th year, he lowered the value of the jágírs of the grandees in Bengal by one-fourth of their former value, and those in Bihár by one-fifth. As Bengal and South Bihár were then not completely subjugated, and the Afgháns still mustered large forces in Eastern and Southern Bengal, in Oṛísá, and along the Western frontier of Bengal, Mançúr's rigour was impolitic; for Akbar's officers looked upon the old jágír emoluments as very moderate rewards for their readiness to fight the Afgháns. Akbar some time before, in consideration of the troubled state of both provinces, and the notorious climate of Bengal, had doubled the allowances of Bengal officers and increased by 50 per cent. the emoluments of those in Bihár. This Mançúr cut down: he allowed Bengal officers an increase of 50, and Bihár officers an increase of only 20 per cent. He then wrote to Muzaffar to enforce the new arrangements. But the dissatisfaction was also increased by the innovations of the emperor in religious matters, and his interference with Sayurghál tenures brought matters to a crisis. The jágír-holders in Jaunpúr, Bihár, and Bengal rebelled. That religious excitement was one of the causes of this Military revolt, which soon after was confined to Bengal, is best seen from the fact that not a single Hindú was on the side of the rebels.¹ Todar Mall tried to prevent the outbreak by reporting Mançúr and charging him with unnecessary harshness shewn especially towards Ma'çúm Khán i Farankhúdí (No. 157) and Muhammad Tarson (No. 32). Akbar deposed Mançúr and appointed temporarily Sháh Qulí Mahram (No. 45); but having satisfied himself of the justice of Mançúr's demands, he reinstated him in his office, to the great anxiety of the courtiers.

In the same year, Mírzá Muhammad Hakím, at Ma'çúm Khán i Kábulí's instigation, threatened to invade the Panjáb, and Akbar prepared to leave for the north. Mançúr's enemies charged him with want of loyalty, and shewed Akbar letters in the hand-writing of Mírzá M. Hakím's Munshí, addressed to Mançúr. Accidentally Malik Sání, Hakím's Díwán, who had the title of Vazír Khán, left his master, and paid his respects to Akbar at Sonpaṭ. As he put up with Mançúr, new suspicions got afloat. Several words which Mançúr was said to have uttered, were construed into treason, and letters which he was said to have written to M. M. Hakím were sent to Akbar. Another letter from Sharaf Beg, his collector, was likewise handed to the emperor, in which it was said that Farídún Khán (maternal uncle to M. M. Hakím) had presented the Beg to the Mírzá. Akbar, though still doubtful, at the urgent solicitations of the grandees, gave orders to arrest Mançúr: he should remain in arrest till any of the grandees should stand bail for him; but as none dared to come forward, they ordered the Khidmat Rái (p. 252) to hang Man'çúr on a tree near Sarái Koṭ K'hachwah (beginning of 989).²

This foul murder gave the nobles the greatest satisfaction. But when Akbar came to Kábul (10th Rajab 989), he examined into Mançúr's treasonable correspondence. It was then found, to the sorrow of Akbar, that every letter which had been shewn to him had been a forgery, and that Mançúr was not guilty of even one of the malicious charges preferred against him.

It is said, though at the time it was perhaps not proved, that Karamullah, brother of Shahbáz Khán i Kambú (p. 402, l. 19) had written the letters, chiefly at the instigation of Rájah Todar Mall.

Mançúr had been Vazír for four years.

123. Qutlugh Qadam Kha´n, A´khtah-begí.¹

The Turkish word qutlugh means mubárak, and qadam i mubárak, is the name given to stones bearing the impression of the foot of the Prophet. The Ṭabaqát calls him Qutlú, instead of Qutlugh, which confirms the conjecture in note 2, p. 356.

Qutlugh Qadam Khán was at first in the service of Mírzá Kámrán, and then went over to Humáyún.

In the 9th year of Akbar's reign, he assisted in the capture of Khwájah Mu'azzam, and served in the same year in Málwah against 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak (No. 14). In the battle of Khairábád, he held a command in the van.

In the 19th year, he was attached to Mun'im's Bengal corps, and was present in the battle of Takaroí (p. 375). He was no longer alive in 1001.

His son, Asad (?) Khán, served under Prince Murád in the Dak'hin, and was killed by a cannon ball before Daulatábád.

124. 'Ali´ Quli´ Kha´n, Indarábí.

Indaráb is a town of Southern Qunduz. The straight line drawn from Kábul north-wards to Tálíkhán passes nearly through it.

'Alí Qulí had risen under Humáyún. When the Emperor left Kábul for Qandahár to enquire into the rumours regarding Bairám's rebellion, he appointed 'Alí Qulí governor of Kábul. Later, he went with Humáyún to India.

In the first year of Akbar's reign, he served under 'Alí Qulí Khán Zamán (No. 13) in the war with Hemú, and accompanied afterwards Khizr Khwájah (p. 365, note 2) on his unsuccessful expedition against Sikandar Súr.

In the fifth year, he served under Atgah Khán (No. 15), and commanded the van in the fight in which Bairám was defeated.

The Ṭabaqát says that he was commander of Two Thousand, and was dead in 1001.

125. 'A´dil Kha´n, son of Sháh Muhammad i Qalátí (No. 95).

He served under Adham Khán (No. 19) in Málwah, and took a part in the pursuit of 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak. Later, he assisted Muhammad Qulí Khán Barlás (No. 31) on his expedition against Iskandar Uzbak, and was present at the siege of Chítor (p. 368). In the beginning of the 13th year (Ramazán, 975), Akbar was on a tiger-hunt between Ajmír and Alwar. 'A´dil, who was at that time mu'átab, i. e., under reprimand and not allowed to attend the Darbárs, had followed the party. A tiger suddenly made its appearance, and was on the point of attacking the Emperor, when 'A´dil rushed forward and engaged the tiger, putting his left hand into its mouth, and stabbing with the dagger in his right at the animal's face. The tiger got hold of both hands of his opponent, when others came up and killed the brute with swords. In the struggle, 'A´dil received accidentally a sword cut.

He died of his wounds after suffering for four months. In relating his end, Abulfazl says that the wrath of heaven overtook him. He had been in love (ta'alluq i kháṭir) with the wife of his father's Díwán; but he was not successful in his advances. His father remonstrated with him, and 'A´dil in his anger struck at him with a sword.

Qiyám Khán, brother of 'A´dil Khán. Jahángír made him a Khán. He served the Emperor as Qaráwalbegí (officer in charge of the drivers).

126. Khwa´jah Ghia´suddi´n ['Alí Khán, A´çaf Khán II.] of Qazwín.

He is not to be confounded with Mír Ghiásuddín 'Alí Khán (No. 161). For his genealogy, vide p. 368. The family traced its descent to the renowned saint Shaikh Shihábuddín Suhrawardí,¹ a descendant of Abú Bakr, the Khalífah.

Khwájah Ghiás was a man of learning. On his arrival from Persia in India, he was made a Bakhshí by Akbar. In 981, he distinguished himself in the Gujrátí war, and received the title of A´çaf Khán. He was also made Bakhshí of Gujrát, and served as such under M. 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21). In the 21st year, he was ordered to go with several other Amírs to I´dar, ‘to clear this dependency of Gujrát of the rubbish of rebellion.’ The expedition was directed against the Zamíndár Naráin Dás Rát'hor. In the fight which ensued, the van of the Imperialists gave way, and Muqím i Naqshbandí, the leader, was killed. The day was almost lost, when A´çaf, with the troops of the wings, pressed forward and routed the enemies.

In the 23rd year, Akbar sent him to Málwah and Gujrát, to arrange with Shiháb Khán (No. 26) regarding the introduction of the Dágh (pp. 242, 256).

He died in Gujrát in 989.

Mírzá Núruddín, his son. After the capture of Khusrau, (p. 414) Jahángír made A´çaf Khán III. (No. 98), Núruddín's uncle, responsible for his safety. Núruddín who was an adherent of the Prince, found thus means to visit Khusrau, and told him that at the first opportunity he would let him escape. But soon after, Khusrau was placed under the charge of I'tibár Khán, one of Jahángír's eunuchs, and Núruddín had to alter his plans. He bribed a Hindú, who had access to Khusrau, and sent the Prince a list of the names of such grandees as favoured his cause. In four or six months, the number had increased to about 400, and arrangements were made to murder Jahángír on the road. But it happened that one of the conspirators got offended, and revealed the plot to Khwájah Waisí, Díwán of Prince Khurram, who at once reported matters to his august father. Núruddín and Muhammad Sharíf, son of I'timáduddaulah, and several others were impaled. The paper containing the list of names was also brought up; but Jahángír, at the request of Khán Jahán Lodí, threw it into the fire without having read it; “else many others would have been killed.”

127. Farrukh Husain Kha´n, son of Qásim Husain Khán. His father was an Uzbak of Khwárazm; his mother was a sister of Sulṭán Husain Mírzá.

The Maásir and the Ṭabaqát say nothing about him. A brother of his is mentioned in the Akbarnámah (II., p. 335).

128. Mu'i´nuddi´n [Ahmad] Kha´n i Farankhúdí.¹

Mu'ín joined Humáyún's army when the Emperor left Kábul for Hindústán. In the 6th year of Akbar's reign, he was made Governor of A´grah during the absence of the Emperor in the Eastern provinces. In the 7th year, when 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak was ordered to re-conquer Málwah, Mu'ín was made a Khán. After the conquest, he divided the province into kháliçah and jágír lands, and performed this delicate office to Akbar's satisfaction. In the 18th year, Mu'ín was attached to Mun'im's Bihár corps. He then accompanied the Khán Khánán to Bengal, was present in the battle of Takaroí, and died of fever at Gaur (vide p. 376).

The Ṭabaqát merely says of him that he had been for some time Mír Sámán.

For his son vide No. 157.

Badáoní III., p. 157) mentions a Jámi' Masjid built by Mu'ín at A´grah.

129. Muhammad Quli´ Toqbai´.

Toqbái is the name of a Chaghtái clan.

Muhammad Qulí served under Adham Khán (No. 19) in the conquest of Málwah (end of the 5th and beginning of the 6th year), and in the pursuit of Mírzá Sharafuddín (No. 17) in the 8th year. In the 17th year (980), he served in the Manqalá of Khán i Kalán (No. 16)². In the 20th year, he was attached to Mun'im's corps, and was present in the battle of Takaroí, and the pursuit of the Afgháns to Bhadrak (p. 375).

130. Mihr 'Ali´ Kha´n Sildoz.

Sildoz is the name of a Chaghtái clan. According to the Ṭabaqát, he was at first in Bairám's service. In the end of the 966, Akbar sent him to Fort Chanáḍh (Chunár), which Jamál Khán, the Afghán Commander, wished to hand over to the Imperialists for a consideration (vide Badáoni II., 32). Akbar offered him five parganahs near Jaunpúr, but Jamál did not deem the offer sufficiently advantageous, and delayed Mihr 'Alí with vain promises. Mihr 'Alí at last left suddenly for A´grah.

On his journey to Chanáḍh, he had been accompanied by the Historian Badáoní, then a young man, whom he had given lodging in his house at A´grah. On his return from the Fort, Badáoní nearly lost his life during a sudden storm whilst on the river. Badáoní calls him Mihr 'Alí Beg, and says that he was later made a Khán and Governor of Chítor.

He served under Adham Khán (No. 10) in Málwah, and in the Gujrát wars of 980 and 981. In the 22nd year, Akbar was on a hunting tour near Hiçár, and honored him by being his guest. In the following year, he attended Sakínah Bánú Begum, whom Akbar sent to Kábul to advise his brother, Mírzá Muhammad Hakím. In the 25th year, he served under Todar Mall against the rebel 'Arab.

The Ṭabaqát makes him a Commander of Fifteen Hundred, and says that he was dead in 1001.

131. Khwa´jah Ibra´hi´m i Badakhshi´.

He is not mentioned in the Maásir and the Ṭabaqát. From the Akbarnámah (II., p. 207) we see that he was Jágírdár of Sakít (in the Mainpúrí District). Near this town there were eight villages inhabited by robbers. In consequence of numerous complaints, Akbar resolved to surprise the dacoits. A great number were killed, and about one thousand of them were burnt in dwellings in which they had fortified themselves. Akbar exposed himself to great dangers: no less than seven arrows stuck in his shield, and his elephant fell with one foot into a grain pit, which threw the officer who was seated behind him with much force upon him. The fight chiefly took place in a village called in the MSS. or .

The Ṭabaqát mentions a Sulṭán Ibráhím of Aubah (near Harát) among Akbar's grandees. His name is not given in the A´ín. He was the maternal uncle of Nizamuddin Ahmad, author of the Ṭabaqát. He conquered Kamáon and the Dáman i Koh.

132. Sali´m Kha´n Ka´kar.

Several MSS. of the A´ín call him Salím Khán Kákar 'Alí. The Akbarnámah calls him Salím Khán Kákar, or merely Salím Khán, or Salím Khán Sirmúr. The Ṭabaqát has Salím Khán Sirmúr Afghán.

He served in the beginning of the 6th year in the conquest of Málwah, and later under Mu'izzulmulk (No. 61) in Audh, and was present in the battle of Khairábád. In 980, he took a part in the fight of Sarnál. He then served in Bengal, and was jágírdár of Tájpúr. In the 28th year, he accompanied Shahbáz Khán (No. 80) to Bháṭí. As there were no garrisons left in Upper Bengal, Vazír Khán having gone to the frontier of Oṛísá, Jabárí (vide p. 370, note 2) made an inroad from Kúch Bihár into G'horá'ghát, and took Tájpúr from Salím's men, and Púrniah from the relations of Tarson Khán (No. 32). Jabárí moved as far as Ṭánḍah. The Kotwál, Hasan 'Alí, was sick, and Shaikh Allah Baksh Çadr fled in precipitate haste. Fortunately, Shaikh Faríd arrived, and Jabárí withdrew to Tájpúr. In the 32nd year, Salím served under Maṭláb Khán (No. 83) against the Táríkís, and shortly after, in the 33nd year, under Çádiq Khán against the same Afghán rebels.

He was no longer alive in 1001.

133. Habi´b 'Ali´ Kha´n.

He is not to be confounded with the Habíb 'Alí Khán mentioned on p. 422.

Habíb was at first in the service of Bairám Khán. In the third year, when Akbar had marched to A´grah, he ordered Habíb to assist Qiyá Khán (No. 33) in the conquest. Towards the end of the fourth year, Akbar sent him against Rantanbhúr. This fort had formerly been in the possession of the Afgháns, and Salím Sháh had appointed Jhujhár Khán governor. On Akbar's accession, Jh. saw that he would not be able to hold it against the Imperialists, and handed it over to Rái Surjan (No. 96), who was then in the service of Ráná U´dai Singh. But Habíb had to raise the siege. Abulfazl attributes this want of success partly to fate, partly to the confusion which Bairám's fall produced.

In the 6th year (968), he served under Adham (No. 19) in Málwah. According the Ṭabaqát, he died in 970.

134. Jagma´l, younger brother of Rájah Bihárí Mall (No. 23).

He must not be confounded with No. 218. Jagmál was mentioned on p. 329. In the 8th year, he was made governor of Mírt'ha. In the 18th year, when Akbar marched to Patan and Ahmadábád, he was put in command of the great camp.

His son Kangár. He generally lived with his uncle Rájah Bihárí Mall at Court. When Ibráhím Husain Mírzá threatened to invade the A´grah District, he was ordered by the Rájah to go to Dihlí. In the 18th year, he joined Akbar at Patan. In the 21st year, he accompanied Mán Singh's expedition against Ráná Partáb. Later, he served in Bengal, chiefly under Shahbáz Khán (No. 80). When Shahbáz returned unsuccessfully from Bháṭí (p. 401), Kangár, Sayyid 'Abdullah Khán (No. 189), Rájah Gopál, Mírzádah 'Alí (No. 152) met a detachment of rebels and mistook them for their own men. Though surprised, the Imperialists held their ground and killed Naurúz Beg Qáqshál, the leader. They then joined Shahbáz, and arrived after a march of eight days at Sherpúr Múrcha.

According to the the Ṭabaqát, Kangár was in 1001 a Commander of Two Thousand. The phraseology of some MSS. implies that he was no longer alive in 1001.

135. Ulugh Kha´n Habshi´, formerly a slave of Sulṭán Mahmúd of Gujrát.

Ulugh Khán is Turkish for the Persian Khán i Kalán (the great Khán).

He rose to dignity under Mahmúd of Gujrát. The word Habshí, for which MSS. often have Badakhshí, implies that he was of Abyssinian extraction, or a eunuch. In the 17th year, when Akbar entered for the first time Ahmadábád, he was one of the first Gujrátí nobles that joined the Imperialists.

In the 22nd year, he served with distinction under Çádiq (No. 43) against Rájah Madhukar Bandelah, Zamíndár of U´ndchah. In the 24th year, he followed Çadiq, who had been ordered to assist Rájah Todar Mall on his expedition against the rebel 'Arab (Niyábat Khán) in Bihár. He commanded the left wing in the fight in which Khabíṭah (p. 356, note 1) was killed.

He died in Bengal.

136. Maqcu´d 'Ali´ Kor.

The Ṭabaqát says that Maqçúd was at first in Bairám Khán's service. He had been dead for a long time in 1001.

From the Akbarnámah (II., 96) we see that he served under Qiyá Khán (No. 33) in the conquest of Gwáhár.

137. Qabu´l Kha´n.

From the Akbarnámah (II., p. 450, last event of the 15th year of Akbar's reign) we see that Qabúl Khán had conquered the District of Bhambar on the Kashmír frontier. One of the Zamíndárs of the District, named Jalál, made his submission, and obtained by flattery a great power over Qabúl, who is said to have been a good-hearted Turk. Jalál not only managed on various pretexts to send away Qabúl's troops, but also his son Yádgar Husain (No. 338), to Naushahrah. The Zamíndárs of the latter place opposed Yádgár, and wounded him in a fight. Exhausted and wounded as he was, Yádgár managed to escape and took refuge with a friendly Zamíndár. About the same time Jalál collected his men and fell over Qabúl, and after a short struggle killed him (5th Rámazan, 978).

Akbar ordered Khán Jahán to invade the District. The lands of the rebellious Zamíndárs were devastated and summary revenge was taken on the ringleaders.

Yádgár Husain recovered from his wounds. He is mentioned below among the commanders of Two Thousand.

The Akbarnámah mentions another Qabúl Khán among the officers who served in the Afghán war in Bengal under Mun'im Khán Khánán. He was present in the battle of Takaroí and pursued the Afgháns under Todar Mall to Bhadrak (p. 375).

Neither of the two Qabúl Kháns is mentioned in the Ṭabaqát and the Maásir.

138. Ku´chak 'Ali´ Kha´n i Kola´bi´.

Koláb is the name of a town and a district in Badakhshán, Long. 70°, Lat. 38°. The District of Koláb lies north of Badakhshán Proper, from which it is separated by the A´mú (Oxus); but it was looked upon as part of the kingdom of Badakhshán. Hence Kúchak 'Alí is often called in the Akbarnámah Kúchak 'Alí Khán i Badakhshí.

He served under Mun'im Khán against Khán Zamán, and was present at the reconciliation at Baksar (Buxar) in the 10th year.

He also served under Mun'im Khán in Bengal, and held a command in the battle of Takaroí (p. 375).

His sons are mentioned below, No. 148, and No. 380.

139. Sabdal Kha´n, Sumbul, a slave of Humáyún.

140. Sayyid Muhammad, Mír 'Adl, a Sayyid of Amrohah.

Amrohah, formerly a much more important town than now, belongs to Sirkár Sambal. Its Sayyids belonged to old families of great repute throughout India. Mír Sayyid Muhammad had studied the Hadís and law under the best teachers of the age. The father of the Historian Badáoní was his friend. Akbar made Sayyid Muhammad Mír 'Adl. When the learned were banished from Court (ikhráj i 'ulamá), he was made governor of Bhakkar.² He died there two years later in 985 or 986.

From the Akbarnámah we see that S. Muhammad with other Amrohah Sayyids served, in the 18th year, under S. Mahmúd of Bárha in the expedition against Rájah Madhukar.

He advised the Historian Badáoní to enter the military service of the emperor, instead of trusting to learning and to precarious Madad i Ma'ásh tenures, an advice resembling that of 'Abdulghaffár (vide No. 99, p. 413). S. Muhammad's sons were certainly all in the army; vide No. 251, 297, 363.

141. Razawi´ Kha´n, Mírzá Mírak, a Razawí Sayyid of Mashhad.

He was a companion of Khán Zamán (No. 13). In the 10th year, he went to the camp of the Imperialists to obtain pardon for his master. When in the 12th year Khán Zamán again rebelled, Mírzá Mírak was placed under the charge of Khán Báqí Khán (No. 60), but fled from his custody (at Dihlí, Badáoní II, 100). After Khán Zamán's death, he was captured, and Akbar ordered him daily to be thrown before a mast elephant; but the driver was ordered to spare him as he was a man of illustrious descent. This was done for five days, when at the intercession of the courtiers he was set at liberty. Shortly afterwards, he received a mançab and the title of Razawí Khán. In the 19th year, he was made Díwán of Jaunpúr, and in the 24th year, Bakhshí of Bengal in addition to his former duties.

At the outbreak of the Bengal Military Revolt (25th year), he was with Muzaffar Khán (No. 37). His harsh behaviour towards the dissatisfied grandees is mentioned in the histories as one of the causes of the revolt. When the rebels had seceded (9th Zí Hajjah, 987) and gone from Ṭánḍah to Gaur, Muzaffar sent Razawí Khán, Rái Patr Dás (No. 196), and Mír Ahmad Munshí to them to try to bring them back to obedience. Things took indeed a good turn and everything might have ended peacefully, when some of Rái Patr Dás's Rájpúts said that the opportunity should not be thrown away to kill the whole lot. Rái Patr Dás mentioned this to Razawí Khán, and through him, it appears, the rebels heard of it. They took up arms and caught Rái Patr Dás. Razawí Khán and Mír Ahmad Munshí surrendered themselves.

The Maásir says that nothing else is known of Razawí Khán. The Ṭabaqát says that he was a Commander of Two Thousand and was dead in 1001.

Mírzá Mírak is not to be confounded with Mírak Khán, ‘an old grandee, who died in 975’ (Ṭabaqát); or with Mírak Bahádur (208).

Sháhjahán conferred the title of Razawí Khán on Sayyid 'Alí, son of Çadruççudúr Mírán S. Jalál of Bukhárá.

142. Mi´rza´ Naja´t Kha´n, brother of Sayyid Barkah, and

149. Mi´rza´ Husain Kha´n, his brother.

Both brothers, according to the Ṭabaqát, were dead in 1001. Their names are often wrongly given in MSS., which call them Najábat, instead of Naját, and Hasan instead of Husain.

From the Akbarnámah (I, 411) we see that both brothers accompanied Humáyún on his march to India.

Mírzá Naját served, in the 10th year, against Khán Zamán (No. 13). In the end of the 21st year, he was attached to the corps which under Shiháb Khán (No 26) moved to Khandesh, the king of which, Rájah 'Alí Khán, had shewn signs of disaffection. Later, he served in Bengal. When the Military Revolt broke out, Bábá Khán Qáqshál (vide p. 369, note 3), Jabárí (p. 370), Vazír Jamíl (No. 200), Sa'íd i Toqbái, and other grandees, marched on the 9th Zí Hajjah, 987, from Ṭánḍah to Gaur across the Ganges. Mír Naját was doubtful to which party to attach himself; and when Muzaffar sent his grandees [Mír Jamáluddín Husain Injú (No. 164), Razawí Khán (No. 141), Tímúr Khán (No. 215), Rái Patr Dás (No. 196), Mír Adham, Husain Beg, Hakím Abulfath (No. 112), Khwájah Shamsuddín (No. 159), Ja'far Beg (No. 98), Muhammad Qulí Turkmán (No. 203), Qásim Khán i Sístání, 'Iwaz Bahádur, Zulf 'Alí Yazdí, Sayyid Abú Is-háq i Çafawí (No. 384), Muzaffar Beg, &c.] to the banks of the Ganges, where the rebels had drawn up their army, Mír Naját stayed with Vazír Jamíl, although Muzaffar, who was Naját's father-in-law, fully expected him to join. He must have soon after left the rebels and gone to Southern Bengal; for in the end of the 25th year he was at Sátgáṉw (Húglí). Abulfazl mentions him together with Murád Khán at Fathábád (No. 54), and Qiyá Khán in Oṛísá (No. 33), as one of the few that represented Imperialism in Bengal (Akbarn. III, 291). But these three were too powerless to check the rebels. Murád died, and Qiyá was soon after killed by the Afgháns under Qutlú, who looked upon the revolt as his opportunity. Mír Naját also was attacked by Qutlú and defeated near Salímábád (Sulaimánábád), S. of Bardwán. He fled to the Portuguese governor of Húglí.¹ Bábá Khán Qáqshál sent one of his officers to get hold of Naját; but the officer hearing of Qutlú's victory, attacked the Afgháns near Mangalkoṭ, N. E. of Bardwán. Qutlú, however, was again victorious.

143. Sayyid Ha´shim, son of Sayyid Mahmúd of Bárha. Vide No. 105, p. 419.

144. Gha´zi´ Kha´n i Badakhshi´.

In MSS. Ghází is often altered to Qází, and Badakhshí to Bakhshí, and as Ghází Khán's first title was Qází Khán, his name is often confounded with No. 223. Other Ghází Kháns have been mentioned above, on pp. 367, 384.

Ghází Khán's name was Qází Nizám. He had studied law and Hadís under Mullá 'Içámuddín Ibráhím, and was looked upon as one of the most learned of the age. He was also the muríd of Shaikh Husain of Khwárazm, a renowned Çúfí. His acquirements procured him access to the court of Sulaimán, king of Badakhshán (No. 5), who conferred upon him the title of Qází Khán. At the death of Humáyún, Sulaimán wishing to profit by the distracted state of the country, moved to Kábul and besieged Mun'im (No. 11). After the siege had lasted for some time, Sulaimán sent Qází Khán to Mun'im to prevail on him to surrender. But Mun'im detained him for several days, and treated him ‘to the most sumptuous fare, such as Badakhshís cannot enjoy even in peaceful times.’ The good dinners made such an impression on Qází Khán, that he advised Sulaimán to raise the siege, as there was no lack of provisions in the fort. Sulaimán thereupon returned to Badakhshán.

Subsequently, Qází Khán left his master, and went to India. At Khánpúr, he was introduced to the emperor on his return from Jaunpúr (Akbarn. III, 85). He received several presents, and was appointed Parwánchí writer (p. 263). Akbar soon discovered in him a man of great insight, and made him a commander of One Thousand. He also bestowed upon him the title of Ghází Khán, after he had distinguished himself in several expeditions.

In the 21st year, Ghází Khán commanded the left wing of Mán Singh's corps in the war with the Ráná. Though his wing gave way, he returned with the troops and joined the van, and fought bravely. He then received Awadh as tuyúl, and distinguished himself in Bihár against the rebellious grandees.

He died at Awadh in the 29th year (992) at the age of seventy, about the same time that Sulṭán Khwájah died (No. 108).

Ghází Khán is the author of several works (vide Badáoní III, 153).

The sijdah, or prostration, which formed so important a part in the ceremonies of the court, was his invention (vide p. 159, note).

His son Husámuddín. Akbar made him a commander of One Thousand, and sent him with the Khán Khánán (No. 29) to the Dak'hin. Suddenly a change came over Husám, and though a young man, he expressed to the commander his wish to resign the service and live as faqír at the tomb of Nizámuddín Auliá in Dihlí. The Khán Khánán persuaded him in vain to give up this mad idea; but Husám next day laid aside his clothes, smeared his body over with clay and mud, and wandered about in the streets and bazars. Akbar permitted his resignation. Husám lived for thirty years as an ascetic in Dihlí. Khwájah Báqí Billah (born at Kábul and buried at Dihlí) conferred on him power of ‘guiding travellers on the road of piety.’ He died in 1034. His wife was Abulfazl's sister. She gave at the request of her husband her ornaments to Darwíshes, and fixed an annual sum of 12000 Rupees as allowance for the cell of her husband. Vide Tuzuk, p. 80.

145. Farhat Kha´n, Mihtar Sakáí, a slave of Humáyún.

The MSS. have Sakáí and Sakáhí. Farhat Khán is first mentioned in the war between Humáyún and Mírzá Kámrán, when many grandees joined the latter. In a fight, Beg Bábá of Koláb lifted up his sword to strike Humáyún from behind. He missed and was at once attacked by Farhat and put to flight. When Humáyún left Láhor on his march to Sarhind, where Sikandar Khán was, Farhat was appointed Shiqdár of Láhor.¹ Subsequently, Mír Sháh Abul Ma'álí was appointed Governor of Láhor. He sent away Farhat, and appointed his own men instead. Farhat therefore joined Prince Akbar on his arrival in the Panjáb.

After Akbar's accession, Farhat was made Tuyúldár of Korrah. He distinguished himself in the war with Muhammad Husain Mírzá near Ahmadábád. When the Mírzá was brought in a prisoner, Farhat refused him a drink of water which he had asked for; but Akbar gave him some of his own water, and remonstrated with Farhat for his cruelty. In the 19th year, he served in Bihár and was made jágírdár of A´rah. In the 21st year (984), Gajpatí (p. 400) devastated the district. Farhang Khán, Farhat's son, marched against him, but was repulsed and slain. Farhat then moved against the enemy to avenge the death of his son, but met with the same fate (vide No. 80).

146. Ru´mi´ Kha´n, Ustád Jalabí (?), of Rúm.

He is not mentioned in the Ṭabaqát and the Maásir, and but rarely in the Akbarnámah. In the 20th year, he and Báqí Khán (No. 60) and 'Abdurrahmán Beg (No. 186) accompanied a party of Begums from Court on their road to Makkah. The party consisted of Gulbadan Begum, Salímah Sulṭán Begum, Hájí Begum, Gul'azár Begum, Sulṭán Begum (wife of Mírzá 'Askarí), Umm Kulsúm Begum (granddaughter of Gulbadan Begum), Gujnár A´ghá (one of Bábar's wives), Bíbí Çafiyah, Bíbí Sarw i Sahí and Sháham A´ghá (wives of Humáyún), and Salímah Khánum (daughter of Khizr Khwájah). They left in Rajab, 983.

Rúmí Khán has also been mentioned above (No. 111).

147. Sama´nji´ Kha´n Qurghu´ji´. Vide No. 100.

He was a grandee of Humáyún. During the reign of Akbar, he reached the dignity of a Commander of Fifteen Hundred. The Ṭabaqát says, he was, in 1001, a Commander of 2000. In the same work, he is called a Mughul.

In the beginning of the 6th year (middle of 968), he served in Málwah under Adham Khán (No. 19) and was present in the battle of Sárangpúr. In the 9th year, he accompanied Muhammad Qásim Khán i Níshápúrí (No. 40) and pursued 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak (No. 14). In the 13th year, he was ordered, together with Ashraf Khán Mír Munshí (No. 74), to go to Rantanbhúr and suppress the disturbances created by Mírzá Muhammad Husain in Málwah. Later, he held a jágír in A´rah.¹ He joined at first the rebellious grandees, but convincing himself of their selfishness, he went back to the Imperial camp.

In the 39th year, he was allowed to come to Court, and died a few years later. His sons received employments in the army.

From the Akbarnámah (III, 156) we see that he also served in the 21st year under Khán Jahán (No. 24), and was present in the battle of A´g Mahall. In the 30th year, he was in Málwah and was ordered to join the Dak'hin corps. Two years later, he served under Shiháb Khán (No. 26) against Rájah Madhukar.

148. Sha´hbeg Kha´n, son of Kúchak 'Alí Khán of Badakhshán (No. 138).

His name is not given in the Maásir and the Ṭabaqát. Amír Beg, a Pánçadí under Sháhjahán, appears to be his son.

149. Mi´rza´ Husain Kha´n, brother of Mírzá Naját Khán (vide No. 142).

150. Haki´m Zanbi´l, brother of Mírzá Muhammad Ṭabíb of Sabzwár.

Zanbíl means ‘a basket.’ In the list of the physicians of the Court, lower down, he is called Hakím Zanbíl Beg. Badáoní says, he was a muqarrib, or personal attendant on the emperor.²

151. Khuda´wand Kha´n i Dak'hini´.

Khudáwand Khán was a Nizámsháhí Grandee. As his father was born at Mashhad, Kh. is often called Mashhadí. He was of course a Shí'ah.

He was a man of imposing stature, and well-known for his personal courage. When Khwájah Mírak of Içfahán, who had the title of Chingiz Khán, was the Vakíl of Murtazá Nizám Sháh, Kh. rose to dignity. He held several districts in Barár as jágír. The Masjid of Rohank'herah³ was built by him.

In 993, when Mír Murtazá of Sabzwár (No. 162) commanded the army of Barár, and was no longer able to withstand Çalábat Khán Chirgis in the Dak'hin, Kh. accompanied M. Murtazá to Hindústán. Both were well received by Akbar, and Kh. was made a Commander of One Thousand. He received Paṭan in Gujrát as tuyúl.

He was married to Abulfazl's sister, and died in the end of the 34th year, before the middle of 998 (Badáoní II, 372, where in the Táríkh of his death the word Dak'hiní must be written without a h).

Once Abulfazl had invited several grandees, Khudáwand among them. The dishes placed before Kh. contained fowls and game and different kinds of vegetables, whilst the other guests had roast meat. He remarked it, took offence, and went away. Although Akbar assured him that Abulfazl had treated him to fowls and game according to a Hindústání custom, Kh. disliked Abulfazl, and never went again to his house. ‘Hence Dak'hinís are notorious in Hindústán for stupidity.’

The Ṭabaqát puts Kh. among the Commanders of Fifteen Hundred, and says that he died in 995. The Maásir has 997.

152. Mi´rza´dah 'Ali´ Kha´n, son of Muhtarim Beg.¹

He served in the 9th year in Málwah during the expedition against 'Abdullah Khán Uzbak (No. 14). In the 17th year, he served in the Gujrát war under the Khán i Kalán (No. 16). Two years later, he commanded an expedition against Qásim Khán Kású, who with a corps of Afgháns ravaged the frontiers of Bihár. In the 23rd year, he accompanied Shahbáz Khán in the war with Ráná Partáb.² He then served in Bihár under Khán i A'zam (25th year) and in Bengal under Shahbáz Khán (vide No. 134, p. 436). In the 30th year (993), he was present in the fight with Qutlú near Mangalkoṭ (Bardwán). In the 31st year, he was ordered to join Qásim Khán (No. 59), who was on his way to Kashmír. Not long after, in 995 (32nd year), he was killed in a fight with the Kashmírís who defeated an Imperial detachment under Sayyid 'Abdullah Khán (No. 189).

Badáoní (III, p 326) says, he was a poet. He places his death in 996.

153. Sa'a´dat Mi´rza´, son of Khizr Khwájah Khán (p. 365, note 2).

154. Shima´l Kha´n Chelah.

Chelah means ‘a slave.’ The Ṭabaqát says he was a Qurchí, or armour-bearer of the emperor, and a genial companion. He was made a Hazárí, and was no longer alive in 1001.

In the 9th year, he assisted in the capture of Khwájah Mu'azzam. In the 20th year, he served in the war against Chandr Sen, during which Jalál Khán (No. 213) had lost his life, and afterwards under Sayyid Ahmad (No. 91) and Shahbáz (No. 80) in the expedition to Siwánah.

155. Sha´h Gha´zi´ Kha´n, a Sayyid from Tabríz.

The Ṭabaqát calls him a Turkmán, and says, he was dead in 1001. He served, in the 19th year with Mírzádah 'Alí Khán (No. 152) against Qásim Khán Kású.

He may be the Sháh Ghází Khán mentioned below under No. 161.

156. Fa´zil Kha´n, son of Khán i Kalán (No. 16).

He was mentioned above, on p. 322.

157. Ma'cu´m Kha´n, son of Mu'ín uddín Ahmad Farankhúdí (No. 128).

He is not to be confounded with Ma'çúm Khán i Kábulí (p. 431, note).

Ma'çúm was made a Hazárí on the death of his father, and received Gházípúr as tuyúl. He joined Todar Mall in Bihár, though anxious to go over to the rebels (p. 351). Not long afterwards, Mírzá Muhammad Hakím, Akbar's brother, threatened to invade the Panjáb, and as the emperor had resolved to move personally against him, Ma'çúm thought it opportune to rebel. He seized Jaunpúr and drove away Tarson Khán's men (No. 32). As Akbar had known him from a child, he was inclined to pardon him, provided he left Jaunpúr and accepted Awadh as tuyúl. This M. did; but he continued to recruit, and when Sháh Qulí Mahram and Rájah Bír Baṛ had failed to bring him to his senses, Shahbáz Khán, on hearing of his conduct, determined to punish him. The events of the expedition have been related on p. 400.

After his defeat near Awadh, M. threw himself into the town; but as several rebel chiefs had left him, he absconded, without even taking his family with him. He applied to two Zamíndárs for assistance; but the first robbed him of his valuables, and the latter waylaid him, and had it not been for a bribe, M. would not have escaped. About this time one of his friends of the name of Maqçúd joined him and supplied him with funds. M. collected men and surprised and plundered the town of Bahráich. Vazír Khán (No. 41) and others moved from Hájípúr against him; but M. escaped them. After plundering the town of Muhammadábád, he resolved to surprise Jaunpúr, when the tuyúldárs of the district marched against him. Being hard pressed, he applied to M. 'Azíz Kokah (No. 21) to intercede for him. Akbar again pardoned him, and gave him the Parganah Mihsí, Sirkár Champáran, as tuyúl. But M. continued in a rebellious attitude, and when M. 'Azíz prepared to punish him, he applied for leave to go to Court. He arrived, in the 27th year, in A´grah, and was again pardoned, chiefly at the request of Akbar's mother.

Soon after, on going home one night from the Darbár, he was killed on the road. An enquiry was ordered to be held, but without result, and people believed that Akbar had connived at the murder. Compare with this the fate of Nos. 61 and 62, two other Bihár rebels.

158. Tolak Kha´n Qu´chi´n.

Tolak commenced to serve under Bábar. He joined Humáyún on his return from Persia. When the emperor had seized on Kábul, and M. Kámrán came near the town under the mask of friendship, many of Humáyún's grandees went over to him, and the emperor was obliged to retreat northwards to Zahák () and Bámiyán, where he hoped to find faithful officers. He sent, however, Tolak and several others to Kábul, to bring him correct information, but Tolak alone returned. For his faithfulness he was made Qurbegí.

Tolak accompanied Humáyún to India. After the emperor's death he belonged to those who supported the young Akbar, and was instrumental in the capture at a dinner party of Mír Sháh Abul Ma'álí. Afterwards, T. went to Kábul, where he remained for a long time. In the 7th year of Akbar's reign, he was suddenly imprisoned by the young and hasty Ghaní Khán, son of Mun'im Khán (No. 11), who was in charge of Kábul. Tolak managed to escape, and went to Bábá Khátún, his jágír, collecting men to take revenge on Ghaní. A favourable opportunity presented itself, when Ghaní one day had left Kábul for a place called Khwájah Sayyárán (), to waylay a caravan from Balkh. He was just feasting with his companions, when Tolak Khán fell upon them. Ghaní, who was drunk, was caught, and Tolak marched to Khwájah Awásh (), a place two kos distant from Kábul. But he was opposed by Fazíl Beg (Mun'im's brother) and his son Abulfath (called wrongly Abdul Fath, on p. 318), and thought it advisable to let Ghaní go. Ghaní immediately collected men and pursued Tolak, who now prepared himself to go to Hindústán. Ghaní overtook him near the A´b i Ghorband, and killed Bábá Qúchín and several other relations and friends of Tolak. Tolak himself and his son Isfandiyár managed to cut their way through the enemies, and arrived safely in India. Akbar gave Tolak a jágír in Málwah, where he remained for a long time.

In the 28th year, T. served under the Khán Khánán (No. 29) in Málwah and Gujrát, and defeated Sayyid Daulat in Kambháit. He distinguished himself in the fights with Muzaffar, and served under Qulij Khán (No. 42) in the conquest of Bahroṉch. In the 30th year, he was attached to the corps which under M. 'Azíz Kokah was to be sent to the Dak'hin. Having indulged in slander during the disagreement between M. 'Azíz Kokah and Shihábuddín, he was imprisoned. After his release he was sent to Bengal, where in the 37th year he served under Mán Singh against the Afgháns.

He died in the beginning of the 41st year (1004).

159. Khwa´jah Shamsuddi´n Khawa´fi´.

Khawáfí means ‘coming from Khawáf,’ which is a district and town in Khurásán. Our maps have ‘Kháff’ or ‘Kháf,’ due west of Harát, between Lat. 60° and 61°. According to the Mu'jamulbuldán, “Khawáf is a large town belonging [at the time the author wrote] to the revenue district of Níshápúr. Near it lies on one side Búshanj which belongs to the district of Harát, and on the other Zúzan. Khawáf contains one hundred villages and three towns (Sanján, Síráwand, and Kharjard).” Amín Rází in his excellent Haft Iqlím says that the district of Khawáf is famous for the kings, ministers, and learned men it has produced. The dynasty called, A´l i Muzaffar, of whom seven kings ruled for 59 years over Fáris and Shíráz,¹ were Khawáfís. The author of the Zakhíratulkhawánín says that the people of Khawáf were known to be bigoted Sunnís. When Sháh 'Abbás i Çafawí, in the beginning of his reign, came to Khawáf, he forced the inhabitants to abuse, as is customary with Shí'ahs, the companions of the Prophet (sabb i çihábah); but as the people refused to do so, he had seventy of the principal men thrown down from a Masjid. Although then no one was converted, the Khawáfís are now as stanch Shí'ahs as they were formerly bigoted Sunnís.

Khwájah Shamsuddín was the son of Khwájah 'Alá uddín, who was a man much respected in Khawáf. Shams accompanied Muzaffar Khán (No. 37), his countryman, to Bihár and Bengal. At the outbreak of the Military Revolt, he was caught by the rebels, and Ma'çúm i Kábulí had him tortured with a view of getting money out of him. Shams was half dead, when at the request of 'Arab Bahádur he was let off and placed under 'Arab's charge, who lay under obligations to him. But Shams eluded his vigilance, and fled to Singrám, Rájah of K'harakpúr (Bihár).¹ As the roads were all held by the rebels, Shams could not make his way to the Imperial army. He collected men, attacked the rebels, and carried off some of their cattle; and when some time after dissensions broke out among the mutineers, he found means to escape. Akbar received him with every distinction, and appointed him, in the same year (26th), to superintend the building of Fort Aṭak on the Indus, near which the Imperial camp then was.²

After this, Shams was for some time Díwán of Kábul. In the 39th year, when Qulij Khán (No. 42) after the death of Qásim Khán (No. 59) was made Çúbahdár of Kábul, Shams was made Díwán of the empire (Díwán i kul), vice Qulij.³ When Akbar, in the 43rd year, after a residence of fourteen years in the Panjáb, moved to A´grah, to proceed to the Dak'hin, the Begums with Prince Khurram (Sháhjahán) were left in Lábor, and Shams was put in charge of the Panjáb, in which office he continued, after Akbar's mother had returned, in the 44th year, with the Begums to A´grah.

Shams died at Láhor in the 45th year (1008). The family vault which he had built near Bábá Hasan Abdál having been used for other purposes (p. 425), he was buried in Láhor in that quarter of the town which he had built, and which to his honour was called Khawáfípúrah.

He is said to have been a man of simple manners, honest and faithful, and practical in transacting business.

Like Shaikh Faríd i Bukhárí (No. 99), whom he in many respects resembles, he died childless.

His brother, Khwájah Múmin Khawáfí, was made, on his death, Díwán of the Panjáb. Múmin's son, 'Abdul Kháliq, was a favourite of A´çaf Khán IV. (p. 369). He was killed by Mahábat Khán, when A´çaf had been removed by Mahábat from Fort Aṭak and imprisoned.

160. Jagat Singh, eldest of Rájah Mán Sing (No. 30).

Kuṉwar Jagat Singh served in the 42nd year under Mírzá Ja'far A´çaf Khán (No. 98) against Rájah Bású, zamíndár of Mau and Paṭ'hán (Núrpúr, N. E., Panjáb). In the 44th year (1008), when Akbar moved to Málwah, and Prince Salím (Jahángír) was ordered to move against Ráná Amr Singh, Mán Singh was called from Bengal, and Jagat Singh was ordered to go to Bengal as náib of his father. While still at A´grah, he died from excessive drinking. Regarding J. S.'s daughter, vide p. 310 and No. 175.

Mahá Sing, Jagat's younger son, was appointed in his stead. His youth and inexperience inclined the Afgháns under 'Usmán and Shujáwal Khán to attack him. They defeated him and Partáb Singh, son of Rájah Bhagwán Dás, (No. 336), near Bhadrak in Oṛísá (45th year). Mán Singh hastened to Bengal, and after defeating in 1009 the Afgháns near Sherpúr 'Atáí, between Shiúṛí (Sooree) in Bírbhúm and Murshidábád, recovered Lower Bengal and Oṛísá.

Mahá Singh died soon after, like his father, from excessive drinking.

161. Naqi´b Kha´n, son of Mír 'Abdullaṭíf of Qazwín.

Naqíb Khán is the title of Mír Ghiásuddín 'Alí. His family belongs to the Saifí Sayyids of Qazwín, who were known in I´rán for their Sunní tendencies. His grandfather Mír Yahyá was ‘a well known theologian and philosopher, who had acquired such extraordinary proficiency in the knowledge of history, that he was acquainted with the date of every event which had occurred from the establishment of the Muhammadan religion to his own time.’

‘In the opening of his career, Mír Yahyá was patronized by Sháh Ṭahmásp i Çafawí, who called him Yahyá Ma'çúm,¹ and was treated by the king with such distinction, that his enemies, envious of his good fortune, endeavoured to poison his patron's mind against him, by representing that he and his son, Mír 'Abdullaṭíf, were the leading men among the Sunnís of Qazwín. They at last prevailed so far as to induce the king, when he was on the borders of A´zarbáiján, to order Mír Yahyá and his son, together with their families, to be imprisoned at Içfahán. At that time, his second son, 'Alá-uddaulah was in A´zarbáiján, and sent off a special messenger to convey this intelligence to his father. Mír Yahyá being too old and infirm to fly, accompanied the king's messenger to Içfahán, and died there, after one year and nine months, in A. H. 962, at the age of 77 years.’²