Nuzhat al-Qulūb - The Geographical Part of the Nuzhat-al-Qulub

Foreign Countries: to the westward of Īrān. Little Armenia. Ossetes and Russians. Ifrīqīyah. Alān and Sūdāq. Andalusia, and the City of Brass. The Arab Desert. The Berber Country. Circassia. Abyssinia. Ḥijāz. Ḥimyar. Sabā. Syria. Upper Egypt and the Almohad Country. Tripoli (of Barbary). Toledo. Tangiers. The Frank Country and Byzantium. Palestine. Coptos. Caracorum. Qayruwān. Qulzum (Suez). Lower Egypt. Maghrib, the City of Women, and the City of the Children of Israel. The Two Pyramids. Greece

The Western Side. This comprises twenty-seven kingdoms.

Little Armenia. Of the Fourth Clime. Its most famous cities are Sīs, Qarīn and Ṭarūn, but there are many other towns, also districts and lands without count. The climate here is cold though generally equitable; most cereals, and fruits of all kinds, being grown.

Ās and Rūs.¹ Of the Seventh Clime. Its largest cities are Kūtābah (Kitovia or Kieff) and Arbā. There are many other towns, and plains with excellent pasture-lands. The people here have cattle and horses in countless herds, for the wealth and sustenance of these folk is therefrom. The Russian furs are found here in great quantities.

Ifrīqīyah. A broad and extensive kingdom of the Second and Third Climes. Its most celebrated towns are Tripoli, Mah- diyyah, Tunis, Tāhart, Sijilmāsah, Constantine, Qafṣah, Ḥāmmah, Sumāṭ, Milyānah and Qamūdah². Its capital was Carthage, which from the exceeding excellence of the city was likened to Paradise; and its walls were of marble. It fell to ruin during the Caliphate of `Othman, [] when there were civil wars be- tween Moslems. Of its remaining relics are still to be seen two columns of marble, each 15 ells in circumference with a height of 40 ells; from which some idea may be formed of its other buildings. At the present day the capital is called Ifrīqīyah³.

Alān and Sūdāq¹. A great kingdom of the Fifth Clime, with spacious lands and many plains. The people here for the most part are nomads, owning horses and cattle, and their live- lihood is from these.

Andalus (Spain). A mighty and spacious kingdom of the Third and Fourth Climes. In the Ṣuwar-al-Aqālīm it is re- ported that in old days Spain was counted as part of the Roman Empire, but since the times of Islam it has formed a kingdom by itself. Its capital formerly was Cordova, and throughout the west there was no greater, wealthier, or more flourishing city. It had stone walls, and its people were very opulent. At the present day it has come to be but of medium extent, and the capital of Spain is now Seville. Of its other famous cities are Jaen, Saragossa, Tudela, Lerida, Faraj² which is also known as Guadalaxara, Cuenca, Carcasonne, Alcantara, Castilla (close to Elvira), Calatayud, Almeria, Valencia, Cadiz, Truxillo, Coria, Merida, Ecija, Cabra, and Rayyah (Regio, the district of Malaga). Granada also is a fine city, with three Friday Mosques. Firrich is a large town where there are iron mines and numerous marble quarries; of its fruits hazel nuts are abundant. Then there is the district called Buhayrah (the Lake, Lago de la Janda), with many towns and villages, where the olive grows abundantly³. The City of Brass, which is one of the most wonderful construc- tions in the world, is of these parts. The circuit of its walls is 4 leagues, and their height to the battlements is more than 50 ells, and there are no gates. Some say that Alexander the Great built it, but the more reliable account is that it was con- structed by the demons at the command of king Solomon— upon whom be peace—and this is the view given by the com- mentators in explanation of the verse of the Qurān (ch. XXXIV. v. II) where God most high says—And we made a fountain of molten brass to flow for Solomon, and of [] the Jinn were some who worked in his presence, by the will of his Lord. The walls of this city were made from that fountain of molten brass. But few of the children of men have ever been there; but in the time of the Omayyad Caliphs (of Cordova) one man got there, and on his return he gave the Caliph an account of the place. The Caliph thereupon sent men back with him, and they heard from within the city a mighty voice crying out, but by reason of the might of the walls they could find no means of effecting an entry. For as often as by some contrivance anyone of them reached the top of the wall, he would forthwith give a laugh and then fall down within the city. At last they promised a certain one much money, and having made a ladder whereby this man should get to the summit of the wall and thence look down into the city, they bound a strong rope about his middle, and he thus went up the ladder. But as soon as he too began to look down into the city he gave a laugh and would have fallen within the wall had they not pulled at the rope. But in doing so the man was cut into two halves, and one half fell into the city, while the other being caught by the rope was pulled back by his companions. What had taken place within the city, none ever knew for certain; but those who had been sent by the Caliph reported to him it was supposed that King Solomon had, probably, imprisoned the demons within the city, and that these happenings were of their doing. Near by the City of Brass was a lake, where the waves ran high, and round the same many reeds grew. Long before the time of the discoveries just mentioned the first governor, Mūsā ibn Nuṣayr, in the days of the Omayyads (of Syria) had despatched fishermen to this lake who had brought up from its depths vessels made of copper soldered down and sealed. When one was broken open, a form, like that of a man but of gold and fully armed, came forth, and flew into the air crying out—O Prophet of God, never will we do this again against thee! On which, those who were present understood that Solomon—upon whom be peace—had imprisoned the demons therein. Near the City of Brass there had been set up two stone tablets, on which were inscribed certain details concerning the (future) prophets—peace be upon them all—and mention here was also made of our Prophet—upon whom be peace—and many profit- able admonitions and precepts were added thereto. The above account is taken from the History of Maghrib, and Qazvīnī states that the reason why every one at the sight of the City of Brass fell to laughter, was that therein lay a mountain of Bāhat (or Laughing) stone. Now the peculiarity of this stone is, that when any man casts his eyes thereon, he falls into convulsions of laughter, and he laughs so violently that he forthwith dies; [] therefore the demons have great content in the presence there of this stone. Yāqūt further reports¹ that the peninsula of Gabes (or rather Cadiz) is at the western extremity of Andalusia, and here they have set a talisman, which is to prevent the entry of the Berber folk into Spain; for the Spanish people were ever greatly molested by the Berbers. This talisman, however, in the year 540 (1145) became of no avail².

The Arab Desert. This includes many plains and mountains being of the Second and Third Climes. In length it extends from Syria to the Persian Gulf, and in breadth from Mecca to Najaf, being each way 200 leagues across. The inhabitants are nomad Arabs of innumerable tribes, and although the heat is very great and the land waterless, yet the climate here is most healthy. In regard to the excellence of the climate it is quoted as follows: Obedience spake and said: ‘I take my seat in Syria’: the Plague replied: ‘And I go with you.’ Fertility spake and said: ‘I go to `Irāq.’ Hypocrisy replied: ‘And I go with you.’ Then Health spake and said: ‘I go to live in the Desert’: and Healing replied: ‘And I go with you.’ Thus the people who live in the desert suffer little from illness, whereby as it is reported a doctor was asked—‘How comes it, think you, that the desert folk need no doctors?’ He replied—‘For the same reason that no wild animal needs the veterinary surgeon.’ In these regions corn crops and vegetables grow well, and in divers parts there are numerous inhabited places. Their wealth and susten- ance is by the yearly foaling of their camels and horses. Then they have cattle, and eat also the meat of various wild animals, such even as the Sūsmār (or green lizard), and other such like, whereby they are ever in a state of legal impurity.

The Berber Country. This kingdom lies in the First and Second Climes. Its most celebrated place is Fās¹, a very large city near the sea shore, having water in abundance, so that its river turns 600 mills. There are here, too, many other towns, great and small, with fine buildings.

Circassia. This is a kingdom of the Sixth Clime. It in- cludes many plains and pasture lands, its inhabitants are nomads, and these folk get their living from the produce of their herds and flocks.

Abyssinia. This kingdom is of the First and Second Climes. Its capital is Jarmā², in the First Clime, lying in longitude 30° and in latitude 9°, which [] is a large town, having many dis- tricts and dependencies. Of other famous cities here are Bujā, Zayla` and `Aydhāb, with other places, for there are numerous provincial towns in this province.

Ḥijāz. A kingdom of the Second Clime. Its glory lies in the possession of Mecca and Medina—which may God ennoble— but these cities have already been described in Book I. Of its other celebrated towns are Ṭāif and Najrān, this last the abode of the People of the Pits (mentioned in the Qurān, ch. LXXXV. v. 4), also Ḥijr of the Banī Rabī`ah tribe. Further Qarn-al- Manāzil and Tihāmah, with many other towns and plains. The people here make their livelihood by commerce, and by their horses.

Ḥimyar. A kingdom of much extent in the First Clime.

Sabā. A kingdom of the Second and Third Climes. It is alluded to in the Qurān (ch. XXXIV. v. 14) where God—be He exalted—says:—A sign there was to Sabā in their dwelling places: —two gardens, the one on the right hand, and the other on the left: ‘Eat ye of your Lord’s supplies, and give thanks to him: goodly is the country, and gracious is the Lord.’

Shām (Syria). This is of the Third and Fourth Climes, and its capital is the city of Damascus, which has already been de- scribed. Of other famous places are the following: Ḥimṣ (Emessa), Ḥamāh, Ḥalab (Aleppo), `Akkah (Acre), Salamīyah, Anṭākīyah (Antioch), Lādhiqīyah, Ajnadayn, Qinnasrīn, Ṭaba- rīyah (Tiberias), Shamshāṭ, the Balqā, Fīq, Ṣūr (Tyre), Ṭarābulūs, Ba`albak, Mar`ash, Raḥbah, Dayr-Khālid, Bīrah, Tadmur (Pal- myra) and Ūrdun (the Jordan). The finest building in this kingdom was the Mosque or Church in Antioch, which is thus described in the Diary of Malik Shāh;—‘In the Mosque of this place is to be seen a column, four square, made of a single beam of Sanawbar wood, which is 40 ells in height, and the side I ell in width. In the church is to be seen a dome covering a space measuring 40 ells square, with a height of 80 ells; and the lowest section thereof is built of squared stones, the next section being of burnt bricks well-mortared, while the uppermost part has a ceiling of wood, the outer roof being covered with tin plates. Other buildings in this town are of a like magnificence, and in the city of Tadmur (Palmyra) also there are many mighty and magnificent constructions.’ In the Ṣuwar-al-Aqālīm it is stated that in earlier days Syria was accounted as a part of the Roman empire, but subsequent to the times of Islam it has been reckoned among the kingdoms of Īrān, and thus even down to the year 571 (1175), when the Ayyubite Sultans annexed it to Egypt, [] and to Egypt it still now belongs. The fortress of Tabūk lies on the frontier between Syria and the Tihāmah. The people of Al-Aykah (mentioned in the Qurān, ch. XV. v. 78, and elsewhere) were of this place, to whom the prophet Shu`ayb (Jethro) was sent. Madyan (Midian), which was the abode of the prophet Shu`ayb, lies six days march distant therefrom: the tribe of Madyan taking their name from the place. Or according to another account they are named after Madyan son of Abraham, and the place was named after him. In Madyan is the Well where Moses drew water for the sheep belonging to the daughters of Shu`ayb. The story is well known, and is alluded to in the Qurān (ch. XXVIII. vv. 22 to 24) where God—be He exalted— has said: And when (Moses) arrived at the water of Madyan, he found at it a company of men watering. And he found beside them two women keeping back their flock. ‘Why do ye,’ said he, ‘thus?’ They said ‘We shall not water till the shepherds shall have driven off: for our father is very aged.’ So he watered for them, then retired to the shade. The Rock of Moses, according to one account, is to be seen at Antioch; and the Cavern of the Companions of the Cave (the Sleepers of Ephesus) is in a mountain on the frontier of Tarsus.

Ṣa`īd (Upper Egypt) and the Country of `Abd-al-Mūmin (the Almohad). This is a great kingdom of the Second and Third Climes. The capital and the most famous of its cities is Marrākish (Morocco City), and there are innumerable other pro- vincial towns and places. Most of the country is of the hot region. The population have received Islam, and reached a high degree in matters of piety and faith, and they attend to no other matters than the Law (of the Qurān).

Tripoli (of Barbary). A kingdom of the Second and Third Climes. Its most famous city is Fazzān, but it has many other towns.

Toledo. This is a fine city situated on the summit of a high hill. Most of its houses are built of stone, and it lies close to the river Tagus, whose stream is almost as great as that of the Tigris. It is of the Fifth Clime, and in many books it is counted as being in Andalusia: others hold it to be a kingdom by itself, for many broad lands and districts belong to it. In the Ṣuwar-al-Aqālīm it is stated that in this country there are many Sammūr (Sable- martens).

Tangiers. A great kingdom of the Second and Third Climes. Its capital is the City of Tangiers, to which belong many dis- tricts and regions with provincial towns, and dependencies.

The Frank Country. This is a great kingdom of the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Climes [], and beyond these again. Its capital is the city of Byzantium, which is now called Constanti- nople, and which was built by the second Emperor of the Romans, whose name was Constantine. It is also known as Istambūl, and it is of the Sixth Clime, its longitude being 49° 50’, and its lati- tude 45°. When it was founded the sign of Cancer was in the ascendant. Ibn Khurdādbih states that the city stands on a peninsula, which on three sides, east, west and south is washed by the Greek Sea, while on the north it is connected with the mainland. From east to west the peninsula measures 6 leagues across. The city has two walls; and the height of the inner wall is 72 ells, its width is 12 ells and it has 1225 towers, on each of which monks keep watch. The outer wall is 42 ells in height and 8 ells in width. Between the two walls lies an open space measuring 60 ells across. There is in this city a church, named after the disciples Peter and Paul, the length of which is 300 ells, and it is 200 ells in the breadth, the height of its walls being 100 ells. The ceiling is of brass plates, and these too cover all the walls inside in the fore-part of the church. There is also in the city another church which is called the Holy House, it is one mile in length, and here is the altar where they make sacrifice. Near this altar is a throne of green stone, like the emerald, 24 ells long by 6 ells broad, which is fixed against the wall of the fore-part of the sanctuary, and round this wall are set images of Jesus—upon whom be peace—and of Mary his Mother, beside whom stand twelve figures representing the Disciples. All these statues are made of pure gold, and each is two and a half ells in height, the eyes being formed of resplendent red rubies. This church has 28 golden doors, and near to 1000 Mann-weight of brass and copper has been used herein, besides ivory, ebony, sandal wood and teak, with other materials beyond count. There is in the city so great a number of houses, that there are more than 4000 bath-houses, and there are churches in the like pro- portion.

Palestine (Filasṭīn). This is a great kingdom of the Third Clime, which takes its name from Filasṭīn son of Aram son of Shem the son of Noah: but some say Filasṭīn was of the progeny of Ham, [] and others account him of the sons of Japhet. In some books Palestine is reckoned as part of the kingdom of Syria, but in most it is held to be a separate province. Its capital is the Holy City (Jerusalem) which has already been described in Book I. Of its other famous towns are these: Kan`ān (Canaan) and Zu- ghar (Zoar), Ramlah, the Balqā, Gaza and Ascalon, Bārīn, Shalīm (Salem), Ṣāfiyah and Arīḥā (Jericho), which last was the capital city of the Giants who oppressed Moses—upon whom be peace; but according to another account their capital was in the Balqā. The cities of the people of Lot (Sodom and Gomorrah), according to most authorities, were situated in Palestine to the south-east of Jerusalem, in a district that was extremely fertile and pleasant. One account says there were seven cities, another gives the number as five only, to wit Ṣab`ah, Ṣughar, Ghumurrah, Admāh and Sa- dūm, which last was the largest city of all. Each city had a great population with many villages in its dependency. The cause of the destruction of these cities was their abundant abominations, and disobedience to the commands of God. The story thereof is well known, being given at length in all histories and com- mentaries. At the present day their place is known as the Place that is Overthrown and Overwhelmed. Here no plant grows, and there is profound gloom everywhere, for without fail a place that has suffered the wrath of God is ever thus. Now according to some accounts these cities stood in the Great Desert between Kirmān and Quhistān (in Persia) where highway-men make their expeditions; but the authority for this attribution is not reliable. The pre-eminence of Palestine, according to the Commentary of Kalbī, is set forth in the words of the Qurān (ch. v. v. 24) where God—be He exalted—has said: Enter, O my people, the Holy Land, which God hath destined for you; and again He has also referred in the Qurān (ch. XXI. v. 71) to the Land which we have blessed for all human beings, which evidently relates to Palestine¹.

Qufṭ (Coptos). This is of the Second Clime; and it is a very spacious district, being both broad and long—none more so.

Qarāqurum (Caracorum). This is of the Seventh Clime, and being a broad district is mostly inhabited by nomads. They have few villages or towns, and their sustenance is chiefly from their flocks and herds.

Qayruwān. A great city of the Third Clime. It was the capital of the Bani Aghlab, and immediately outside Qayruwān they had built the city of Raqqādah, ultimately joining the two towns to make one, which came to have many other townships and districts of its dependencies. Of such were Qābis (Gabes) [] lying I league from the sea, a fine large city, where ex- cellent stuffs are woven, and there is fruit in plenty here. Further Zawīlah and Ṣabrah of Qayruwān, Sūsah and Safāqis (Sfax), besides many other places².

Qulzum (Clysma: Suez). This is a moderate sized town of the dependencies of Egypt, in the Second Clime. It lies on the Red Sea, called the Sea of Qulzum which thus takes its name from this city, more especially in its beginning, in the part where it is called the Tongue of the Sea. This city more properly should be included in the description of Egypt, but the Sea to which it gives its name being so well known it seemed better to give a separate notice of it here.

Miṣr (Lower Egypt). A kingdom long and broad, of the Third Clime. Cairo and Alexandria we have already described in Book III, but there are here many other famous districts and towns, such as Damietta, Manf (Memphis), `Arīsh, Antūhī, Aylah, Fuwwah, Qays and Minyah<sup>3</sup>. Then there is Qufṭ (Coptos), where there is a pious foundation (Waqf) dating from the caliphate of `Alī; and Yāqūt states that excepting here and at Ḥubs al Ju- yūshī there are no other such foundations in all Egypt. The Fayyūm in the time of Joseph—peace be upon him—was a desolate plain, and Joseph by command of God most high brought thither a canal from the Nile, and in the space of seventy days converted this plain into populous and well cultivated lands; thereupon Pharaoh said ‘This indeed is as the work of one thousand days’—(in Arabic Alf Yaum) which coming to be pronounced Al-Fayyūm became the name of the district. Joseph laid out many other districts along this canal, and still at this present day it is as the granary of Egypt. The district begins at what is known as Old Miṣr.

Maghrib (the West). This is of the First Clime, and be- yond; for it is a mighty limitless kingdom. Its greatest town is Madīnat-al-Fīl (the City of the Elephant), otherwise called Qaṭānīyah¹, which is a very large place, with many wonderful churches. Also there are Ghānah and Qimrāṭah and Qaṣr-al- Fulūs (the Palace of Farthings) with many other great towns². In the Ṣuwar-al-Aqālīm it is stated that in Maghrib, down near the equator where the wind comes from, there is a desert measuring near 500 leagues across every way, most of which is moving-sand. Here the heat and drought prevent any habita- tions, and by some account this is named Mafāzah-al-`Ālij (the Wilderness of the Sand-hill). A Tradition of the Prophet—upon whom be peace—affirms that he said: [] He who, when he is about to lie down on his carpet to sleep, recites the verse—‘I ask pardon of God, and there is no God but He, the Living, the Eternal before whom I make repentance’—verily God will forgive him his sins, even though they be (innumerable) as the sands of the Wilder- ness of `Ālij. In the Jāmi`-al-Ḥikāyat it is related that on one side of this desert there is moving-sand, across which is but a single road, and this road is only open one day in each week, namely on the Saturday. In the middle of these sands stands a city where all the inhabitants are women³, and if a man should manage to get there, by the effect of the climate his manhood goes from him, and in a short time he dies. Among these women the act of generation is effected by means of a certain spring, in which when the woman has sat she becomes pregnant and bears a daughter. For if at any time a boy is born, he dies in childhood. Also when these women have their courses, if they sit in this spring the second day their courses return upon them, and the issue is so abundant that they come near to dying therefrom. By the ordinance of God most high these women have no feeling of desire, and this to such a point that if a woman from there comes to our lands, and a man goes in unto her, she is mightily offended. After a time, however, our climate has its good effect, and she comes to have love for a man. These women have ac- cepted Islam, and in the matter of faith and practice have attained a high degree: and in the management of worldly affairs, where elsewhere men labour—as in agriculture, and in the crafts and the like—with them women alone do the work. Among them all things are in common, and all riches with them are shared equally. High and low station do not exist, and disputes as to sovereignty and loss of goods have no place among them. It is further forbidden for any of them personally to acquire riches or to seek wealth, and they desire no ornaments, and being true believers none among them is addicted to vileness, for in verity they hold to religion and to righteousness. Surely women such as these are to be preferred for excellence to most men.

In another part of this desert, among the moving-sands, is a city where one of the tribes of the Children of Israel is settled. These people, after the destruction of Pharaoh and his Egyptians, made their petition to God most high, saying—‘O Lord leave us not yet again among men to be afflicted by their evil doings, but lead us to some place where we may be able to worship Thee free from the evil suggestion and distraction of Satan.’ [] Wherefore, by the favour of God most high, they were set free of the Satanic evil promptings, being brought to this spot where the sand became as their bulwark. For here, in every year, there was but one day during which the road was open to their country, so that sometimes perchance other men might have knowledge of their state, and assist them in their duty to God—be He exalted and glorified. Mention also is made of them in the words of the Qurān (ch. VII. v. 159) And among the people of Moses there is a certain number who guide others with truth, and practise what is right according to it. In books de- scriptive of the Ascent into Heaven (of Muḥammad) it is stated that the Prophet—upon whom be peace—when on his Night Journey, visited this city, and saw these people, addressing to them the salutation of Peace (as though they were Moslems). Then between him and them question and answer proceeded, as follows. He questioned: ‘I see among you that all your houses are of one height and plan and form, being without any excess of grandeur, so that none has superiority or rank above the others; what is therefore the cause of this?’ They answered: ‘The reason is that we are all of one descent, and were born of our parents solely for the intent that we might serve God Al- mighty, in whose service none of us has superiority, one over the other. And we are but passing through this great house of the world, wherefore it were but folly, during this our passage and journeying, to set our hearts on adorning what is but a post-house on the high-road.’ He enquired: ‘Before the door of every house I perceive there is a tomb; why have you made this?’ They answered: ‘In order that we may not forget death, and in all our works may strive to acquire the garment of mercy for the grave.’ He asked: ‘Seeing that without taking proper care for food and raiment, religious observance is neither permissible nor (except on occasion) even acceptable, whence comes your food and raiment that you have no anxiety therefor?’ They answered: ‘We are all like the women of a house dependent on the master thereof for provisions; the Master of our house is God most high, our daily bread is from His hands. We sow in the fields seed- corn and cotton and other crops, and God sends rain from heaven upon them; then we make harvest and carry away the crops which we store all in one place, and in accordance with his need each of us takes therefrom a sufficiency, and God most high giving us His blessing this suffices us until the next year.’ He asked: ‘What flesh for eating do you make use of?’ They replied: ‘We have sheep on our plains, also enough corn and other crops, the same being common to all of us: and most of us eat but little flesh of animals.’ He enquired: ‘Have you weights and measures among you [] that each may know how much he takes away?’ They answered: ‘Nay, for seeing that none takes more than that for which he has need, what use is it to measure the same?’ He asked: ‘Are there craftsmen here, or no?’ They answered: ‘All here are craftsmen, but none sell their wares for each only makes what the other has need of.’ He asked: ‘Is there any post for judge or governor here, who when a dispute arises among you may give judgement?’ They replied: ‘Since we are all children of God, and He gives to each what is necessary to him, how can any dispute arise between us that should need the giving of judgement for which we must go before judge or governor?’ He asked: ‘Since there be neither judge nor governor, if a fine for a crime were imposed on one of you, how would it be enforced?’ They replied: ‘Although up to the present time we have not received the light of the religion of Islam, yet the grace of God has hitherto barred the way for us against the evil suggestion of Satan: and without the suggestion of Satan dis- obedience does not come to any of the sons of Adam. Now, however, that we are prepared to receive the light of the religion of Islam, we hope that our obedience may reach a higher degree than formerly, and no unrighteousness or sinfulness may come upon us.’ He asked: ‘Lives there any physician here?’ They replied: ‘By the command of God most high sickness does not exist here, only peaceful life: and when the death-sickness comes, of a truth the physician cannot make it pass, and where deadly illness is not, there is there no need for a physician.’ He said: ‘At this moment the sound of wailing reaches my ear, also the sound of rejoicing from another quarter, what then is the cause of this?’ They replied: ‘The rejoicing is for this reason, that one of us has departed in death, having the true faith: and the wailing is because a child is born, but we know not yet whether he will hold to the faith or not.’ Then the Prophet—upon whom be peace—seeing that in all matters they thus held by righteous- ness and the true faith, before taking his leave of them, offered up this most excellent prayer, saying: ‘O God! grant even to all of us pardon in respect of the excellence of these their works: and through obedience to Thee, and by Thy dominion and Thy angels, and Thy prophets, and through Thy mercy, O Most Merciful of the Merciful, keep us all from doing contrary to the like of these their doings.’

The Two Pyramids. These stand on the borders of Egypt in the Third Clime, and they are the most wonderful construc- tions in the whole world. In the History of Maghrib it is stated that they were built by the prophet Idrīs—upon whom be peace— (who is Enoch). Outside, on the stone covering of these Pyramids, there are figures visible, for the most part cut into the same, and this was done in order that when the world came to be devastated by the Flood, and by other such catastrophes, the former race of men having been overwhelmed, and the arts obliterated, [] then another people should arise to whom these figures and carvings should show forth the manner of those lost arts. Some, however, say that the Pyramids are Pharaonic buildings, being their burial places, and that they were thus firmly founded with the intent that the lapse of time should have no effect on the building, and that their bodies should never be exposed, but remain ever concealed. Others report that by reason of their great antiquity the builder of the Pyramids cannot be known, for the writing that is inscribed on the face of each is in a script that no one of our times can read; wherefore the true account which might have been obtained from these words cannot to-day be known. Now as regards the date of their foundation, it is well known that in the mouth of the people is the saying: The Pyramids were built, when the constellation of Aquila was in Cancer. The explanation of which is as follows:—seeing that at the present day the constellation of Aquila is in the after part of Capricorn, and that for each Sign of the Zodiac no less than 2000 years must be reckoned to complete the cycle of precession, therefore, from the date of the foundation of the Pyramids to the present time, it would follow that more than 12,000 years must have passed: but true knowledge lies only with God most high. There are in all seven Pyramids, of which the largest is called the Pyramid Maydūm, and by Ibn Khurdādbih, and in the History of Maghrib and elsewhere, the following dimensions are given of this same. The plan is 400 ells square for each side, rising from a base of 20 ells (square), which lies 30 ells down below the surface, and (the superstructure) is brought to a pyramidal form in such a fashion that each face thereof forms a triangle, the height likewise being 400 ells, with a square platform on the top measuring 20 ells by 20 ells. Thus the pyramidal mass is four square below, but octagonal above, and all through this pyramid the stones are so exactly set one to the other that it appears to be but of one single block, without any joint. In- side is a chamber, very deep down, into which you may descend by a long rope. Here are the sepulchres of the dead Pharaohs, of whom some limbs and bones still remain intact, this preserva- tion of bodies being one of the qualities of the soil of Egypt. The structure of the Pyramid is completely solid, except for this one chamber, for no other hollow space can be seen. The whole is built up of cut stone, each block, like its neighbour, being 25 ells by 25 ells with a depth of 3 ells, and the stone used is in colour red with black markings. After the same fashion also is built the square platform below, measuring 100 ells by 100 ells. It is asserted [] that the great Pyramid took 300 years to build, and the little Pyramid 70 years, the others having been completed in times proportionate to the above.

Yūnān (Greece). A very broad and extensive province, of the Fifth and Sixth Climes. It had of old an immense popula- tion, and many sages were of this country, who cultivated diverse sciences such as mathematics, divinity, logic, the arts and crafts, philosophy, divination, history, astronomy and astrology, medicine and other such like. The greatest city here was called Macedonia, and the quality of its air promoted brilliancy in genius, sharpness in intellect, strength of memory with excellent wit and learning. Alexander the Great, with all his might of conquest, was unable at first to overcome this country, because of the wisdom of the people. However, as the land lay in a hollow, he proceeded to cut a channel to it from the Sea of the Greeks and Franks, in order that these provinces might thus be drowned in the waters. This is the place known as the Cut of Alexander¹. But many say that Alexander’s Cut is in those parts of the Sea of the Greeks and Franks which occupy the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Climes, seeing that the Cut which Alexander made is by the tomb of Hercules, being in fact the Strait of Gibraltar which leads to the Circumambient Ocean. Those learned in astronomy however place but little reliance on this attribution, and assert the Cut of Alexander to be, as aforesaid, in the first account. It is also said that when a ship passes across and reaches the province of Macedonia, by some peculiarity of its air the passengers of the ship forthwith have brought back to their recollection all that they have ever thought of and done:—but God alone knows the truth in this matter.

Wonders and marvels. The Well of the Wind: the Well of Worms. Inter- mittent springs. Moving hillocks. Mount Damāvand pit. Tree at Busṭām. Spring-water against Locusts. Pit of the Pigeons. Other intermittent springs. Hermaphrodites; and other monstrosities. Fidelity of a dog. Poisonous vapours. Intermittent springs and dropping wells. Armless men. Medi- cinal springs. Twins coupled together. The mill of Jonah. Hot and cold springs. Other pigeon pits. Febrifuge water. Miraculous rain-stone of Ardabīl. Poisonous tree and grass. The Bākū fires.

CONCLUSION. Describing the wonders of the land and sea throughout the habitable world. Now it will be found that some of the following accounts are of a nature that the mind cannot compass, but in view of the omnipotence of God most high, and there being (as it is said) no limit to His power, therefore to these things a full credence should be vouchsafed: and we have divided the same into two parts, namely a valedictory part, and frag- mentary notes.

Valedictory: giving a description of the wonders met with in the land of Īrān, and we shall describe each according to its province.

In Khurāsān, Qūmis, Māzandarān and Quhistān. Qazvīnī reports that 5 leagues distant from Dāmghān there is a well that is named Bād-Khānī (House of Wind), and if any filthy matter be thrown into it, the wind blows and cold and rain forthwith come, but as soon as they cease throwing such things into it, the weather clears; and according as the filth thrown in be more or less, the wind is higher and the cold [] is the more intense. This condition of things too is well known throughout all the country round. It is also said that between Ghaznayn and Jaypāl there is another well, where the same effects are to be noticed. Qazvīnī again reports that at the village of Siyāh Sang (Black Stone) in the Rūghad district of Māzandarān, there are found worms at the bottom of a certain spring; and those who fetch water should they trample under foot any part of one of these worms, the water that he has got in his bucket will turn fetid, as too the water got by all who come after him, but those who came before him their water remains sweet. Further it is reported that when in Māzandarān they have cut down and burnt a forest in order to get the land as fields for cultivation, then during the first year this land that has been burnt out, without being sown, will produce a crop of sweet water-melons.

It is reported that in the year 528 (1134) a woman in the province of Balkh gave birth to a child that was formed like half a human being, or rather from head to foot the child was in two halves. In another year a child was born with a body having two heads, four hands, and two feet. To the south-west of Dāmghān and 3 leagues distant, is a hot spring, and anyone who having the scab sits for a time therein gets rid of his ail- ment: further he who is afflicted with the colic may also obtain relief here. Qazvīnī again reports that at the village of Īlābistān, lying between Isfarāyin and Jurjān, there is a cave from which water flows forth; then little by little and for no known reason it ceases to flow, and will remain thus cut off until the people of the country round, men and women, in their best clothes all assemble here, bringing instruments of music which they play in front of the entrance to the cavern, with dancing and singing. Then that same day the water begins to flow again. Qazvīnī and Yāqūt both describe a certain spring at Bāmiyān, and how- ever much you may throw filthy matter into this it will always be thrown out again on to the ground round about it. Further, if any one should wish to throw a stone into the middle of this spring, if he stand on the brink his foot will slip and he will fall in [] and sink to the bottom.

In the neighbourhood of Herāt there are two hillocks, one beside the other; and one is called Īrān while the other is called Tūrān. If in any year an army is about to march from Tūrān (the Turks) against Īrān (the Persians), then a stone from the Tūrān hillock begins to slip and rolls down: and when it comes to strike against the Īrān hillock, it makes such a noise that all the inhabitants of those parts hear it. The celebrated Khwājah `Imād-ad-Dīn of Khwāf narrates that, in a mountain near Herāt, is a pit from whence a strong wind ever blows; and it is so strong that if several Mann-weight of stones be thrown into the pit, these by the force of the wind are hurled back again. Hence it is that no one has ever come to the bottom of this pit. Qazvīnī states that on Mount Damāvand is a very deep pit: so deep that no one knows its depths: and by day a vapour rises therefrom, while by night fire is seen. If anything be thrown into it, the force of the vapour is such as to throw it forth again. The same author describes a spring called Farāvaz, and washing in its waters causes a quartan fever to abate. Then there is that spring called Arvand in Sīstān, where numerous reeds grow; and those portions of them which stand in the water are petrified, while the parts that rise above the water level are like any other reed.

At Busṭām is the shrine of the Shaykh of Shaykhs Abū `Abd- Allāh Dāstānī and on his tomb stands a withered tree. Now when any one of the descendants of the Shaykh comes to be on the point of death, a branch of this tree breaks off. In certain documents it is stated that this tree was originally the Staff of our Prophet—upon whom be peace,—and generation after generation it was inherited by his descendants, till it came to the Imām Ja`far-aṣ-Ṣādiq. The Imām Ja`far gave it to Bāyazīd of Busṭām¹, and Bāyazīd stated in his testament that 200 years after his day a certain Darvīsh would come out of Dāstān, and then this Staff should be given to him. Therefore when the Shaykh of Shaykhs Dāstānī made his appearance this Staff became his, and after his death, by the provisions of his will, it was planted in the earth of his grave, above his breast. The same forthwith became a tree, and put forth branches. During the incursion of the Ghuzz one of its branches was cut off, and the tree withered; but of those who had thus cut off its branch most of them perished that same day; [] and from that time onwards the tree has always had the terrible property aforesaid inherent in it (killing all who cut it).

In Persian `Iraq, Kurdistān, Luristān and Jīlān. Qazvīnī reports that there is a well in the neighbourhood of Nihāvand, in the Hamadān province, which has the same peculiarity in the matter of the worms found in its waters as has been described above concerning the well of Siyāh Sang in Rūghad. At Su- mayram in Luristān there is a spring, and should locusts appear in any neighbouring land they send two men, who must neither of them have drunk wine or committed fornication, to fetch water from this spring and carry it to the land to which the locusts have come; and this water must never be set down on the way. Thereupon birds that are like starlings appear and follow that water, and they soon make an end of the locusts. This matter is famous throughout all that land, for it is related that King Solomon made a pact with the locusts that they should do no more damage, and he took this spring to be a witness in the same, also he com- manded the starlings that if ever again the locusts did damage, it would be the part of the starlings to make an end of them. Hence it is that the spring has this property. In the Ṭālish districts there is a spring, whose water, when it has run a certain distance, petrifies, and in winter time it does no harm to drink of this. At the village of `Abd Allah Ābād, in the Kharraqān dis- trict of Hamadān, there is a spring the waters of which are thrown up to the height of a fathom, and any thing that is thrown into it is tossed back again. In the neighbourhood of Janbadhaq there is a pit in which live many pigeons. No one has found the bottom of the pit, though they have gone down into it for more than 500 ells, for by reason of the excessive cold they have been unable to go further. The common folk say that king Kay Khusraw hid his World-Displaying Cup in this pit.

Qazvīnī states that in the mountain of Nihāvand of the Hamadān province there is a cleft; and whenever the people of those parts lack water for their fields or mill streams they have but to go to that cleft and make their demand for water with a loud shouting, and thereupon water flows forth from the cleft. Then when what is needed for their wants has come forth, they go back and call that there has been [] water enough, where- upon the water ceases to flow. Further the same authority states that a similar source exists in the Ray district and in Rustamdār. In Qazvīn is the spring called Ardbīhishtak. People go to this in the melon season, and drink of its water as it flows, which acts as a purge. But if the water be carried away to some other place, it no longer possesses purgative properties. In the Ṣuwar- al-Aqālīm it is reported that in the Qazvīn district at the village of Nāshqīn clothes and other stuffs take no colour (when dyed), while in the village of Arasht iron exposed does not take rust, and in the village of Kanjiyān no dew falls; all which peculiar- ities may be noticed within the space of a league.

At a village in the Qūlanjān district, near Qūmishah, during the reign of Uljaytū Sulṭān a girl noticed a swelling beginning to form on her belly, and after some days she had pains in her lower parts. Then an opening came and the male organs ap- peared, and the girl became a man. In the Jāmi`-al-Ḥikāyat further it is related that in Baghdād a man of the name of Muḥammad had a daughter, and on her marriage night when her husband entered in unto her, by the force of his act there appeared in her a man’s members, and lo! she had become a boy. Then he (who had been a girl) took a wife, and children were born to him. In the district of Qazvīn at the village of Bayqān there is a morass, that is some thousand ells round, where reeds grow. Often the roots of the reeds will cleave together, and with the soil round them will get detached from the bottom of the morass, and float about like a boat on the surface of the water, whereby boys who get upon them may make their sport therein. Thus every year some five or six thousand dīnārs accrue to the owner of this village from the crop of reeds here. In mount Alvand near Hamadān there were many great snakes which did hurt to the people round and about, so in times gone by they made a deep wide pit in which, by a talisman, they imprisoned the snakes. To this day it is full of snakes, and every other snake that comes into those parts perforce goes and throws himself into this pit, and cannot get out of it again. In the Zubdah-at-Tawārīkh it is related that at Mān-Rūd in Little Lur there is a kind of snake that has a second head also on his tail, and near each head are seen two arms. In the very year (when this book was written) in the district of Qazvīn a woman gave birth to a daughter, the lower half of whose body was like that of any other girl-child, but above and from her navel upwards there were two bodies, having four arms and two heads. Now both these bodies were endowed with motion, and the upper portion of one body lived for about a month after the other part had died, and these children survived in all for some five or six months. The author of the History of Maghrib relates that in the year 522 (1128) he came to Abhar, and the Qāḍī Abū-l-Bashar al-Asadī told him that at the hill of Rustam Kūh, near Abhar, there was a wonderful cave. For in this cave there was a hole in the roof, from which bundles of slender twigs appeared bound together with rope; if now a bundle were seized and taken away, another immediately made its appearance, but otherwise it would remain and keep its place.

In this very year (as we write), in the market of Qazvīn, a man who was a stranger died in the night. He had a dog, and this [] dog threw himself on the ground beside his master’s body; but when it was taken away to the burial ground and committed to the grave, the dog followed after. Then the dog went back to the place where his master had died, and there began to beat himself against the ground so that he killed himself. Of these facts all the people of the market were witness, and one and all attest the fidelity shown by that dog. There is in the Rūdbār mountain some three leagues distant from Qazvīn a spring that is called Ankūl. During the last days of summer the water here is still frozen to ice, and as the weather becomes cooler the ice becomes less thick. When ice fails in the city of Qazvīn they bring it down from here. During the reign of Sulṭān Abū Sa`īd I saw a man in Sulṭāniyyah who had a short beard, but all the upper part of his body was covered with long hair like a bear. Except for the beard there was no other hair on the face. His speech was quite understandable, and he was wont to beg alms.

In Fārs, Kirmān and Shabānkārah.

Qazvīnī reports that at Hindiyān in Fārs there is a pit lying in a valley between two hills, and from it a vapour arises of so poisonous a nature that any bird who passes over the mouth of this pit falls dead from these emanations. The same author further says that in Shabānkārah there is a spring called Rūd-Khārah from which sufficient water to turn two or three mills pours forth. This flows during thirty years; then for thirty years it ceases to flow; and no water comes forth [] until another thirty years be past, when it again begins to flow; and so it goes on unceasingly. In the same work it is stated that at the village of `Abd-ar-Raḥ- mān there is a well some two fathoms in depth, and whenever water is needed, whether it be for field-irrigation, or to turn their mills, the people will go thither and cry out for water. Then as much water as is needful for their purposes comes forth, but as soon as their necessities have been served, the well goes dry again. Then there is the Ṣāhik well at Arrajān in Fārs, the bottom of which can never be reached; and so much water as is necessary for the needs of the people this well likewise gives forth.

In the Ṣuwar-al-Aqālīm it is stated that in Ardashīr Khūrah there is a well of which, if anyone drink, he will be purged; and if any be libidinous, the drinking of that water will have on him an excellent effect. In the same work it is reported that at the village called Dīh Murjān there is a cave from the roof of which water drips down. If a single person should enter, the water is only just sufficient for his need, but if more enter, howsoever many they be, still the water will always suffice for them all. It is said this is from a talisman. In the same work it is said that in Dasht Bārīn, at a mountain, there is a source called the Spring of Nūḥ (Noah). Its water is an excellent prophylactic against disease, and for dissipating all humours; so that they carry much of this water into all the countries round.

In Arabian `Irāq and Khūzistān.

Qazvīnī states that between Ahwāz and Baṣrah there is a river, and at certain times a building like a tower appears in the river and the sound as of trumpets and drums is given forth from this tower. In the same work, and on the authority of Sinān ibn Thābit-al-Harrānī, it is reported that he saw a woman who had no arms at all, and whatever work is ordinarily done by the hands, she did with her feet. I too myself saw a man at Ḥillah who worked as a tailor with his feet, and in the time of Ghāzān Khān there was a man like this who lived at Tabrīz, and he was wont to dance on a tightrope in the New Maydān in that city. At Baghdād, on the Tigris bank below the Dār-ash-Shāṭi’iyyah¹, there is a piece of ground some hundred ells in length, where clothes that are washed immediately become perfectly clean, while [] at all other places on the Tigris bank such perfect cleansing as is here found cannot be effected.

In Diyār Bakr and Armenia.

Qazvīnī relates that in Armenia there is a spring called Zarā- vand, and if anyone suffering from boils or ulcers bathes in its waters these disappear from his body. Also if he drink of this water any evil humours that may be in his body are expelled. People from all the country round come to this place, and many regain their health. The same author reports that in Armenia in the meadow called Yāsī Chaman, there is a spring where the water gushes forth with such violence that the sound made by it can be heard at a great distance away: any animal that falls into it forthwith perishes; and its waters when drunk are violently purgative. According to the Jāmi`-al-Ḥikāyat the author of the Daylamite History reports that some gifts were brought for presentation to Nāṣir-ad-Dawlah from Armenia, and with these were two men who were joined together back to back. They were some 25 years of age, and in matters of eating and drinking, sleeping and waking, each might do differently from the other. The story of Hāshim and `Abd-ash-Shams, the two sons of `Abd- Manāf the grandfather of the Prophet, may be cited in confirma- tion of the above, for they too were born coupled together after this fashion, and their father cut them apart with a sword. The same authority states that in the city of Nashawā (Nakhchivān) there is a mill which the water continuously turns, and there is never any need to stop it for repairs. Whenever a charge has to be put into the mill, or the same removed, he who does this has but to say: ‘By the truth of Jonah the prophet: Stop!’ and it will immediately cease to turn, and the water runs off till the charging is effected. Then that person says,—‘By the truth of Jonah: Back to thy former state!’ and forthwith the mill resumes its work.

In Rūm (Asia Minor) and Gurjistān (Georgia).

Qazvīnī reports that at Malaṭīyah in Rūm there is a spring the waters of which after they have flowed some distance petrify, and in winter no harm results from drinking the water. The same author also states that between Āq Shahr and Antākīyah (Antioch of Pisidia) there is a spring which [] no sooner does it run dry than the neighbouring city forthwith catches fire. Sulṭān `Alā- ad-Dīn Kay Khusraw the Saljūq made trial of this, and found that it was so.

In Ādharbāyjān, Mūghān, Arrān and Shīrvān.

Qazvīnī relates that at the village of Shīrgīrān near Marāghah there are two springs lying side by side, one pouring forth very hot water, the other water that is extremely cold; and hence it is impossible to keep the hands in both springs at once. The same author states that in this province also there is a spring called Washalah, and whosoever drinks of its waters vomits up all victuals that he may have in his belly. The same author further states¹ that in the plain of the villages of Janbadhaq near Marāghah there is a pit where numerous pigeons are found, and they spread a net over the mouth of the pit and thus catch the pigeons. The pit is more than 500 ells in depth, and one may go down into it and come to the light again. In this same district there are wells where no water is reached before a depth of 50 ells. In Alexandria also there is a pit where they catch many pigeons after the like fashion. Qazvīnī also reports that near Khoi there is a spring named Qūṭūr, the water of which when mixed with honey is taken against fevers. The remarkable thing is that honey usually brings on fever, but mixed with this water it serves to cure it. In the same work it is said that in another part of this province is a spring, the water of which coming forth immediately petrifies, and this to such a degree that if it be allowed to flow into a brick-mould, stone bricks are formed by it. The author of the History of Maghrib states that in the year 522 (1128) he came to Ardabīl and saw there a stone of the weight of 200 Manns, exactly like an iron ball. The Qāḍī Bahā-ad-Dīn Sa`īd of Ardabīl told him, that when the town folk wanted rain, they brought this ball into the city of Ardabīl, whereupon rain fell: but no sooner was it carried forth again from the town, than the rain would cease. The writer of this present work may add, however, that many times he also has seen this stone at Ardabīl lying before the door of the Mosque, but that on these occasions no rain ever fell. Further, it is the firm belief of the people of Ardabīl that this stone, without being touched by mortal hand, moves from one door to another door of the Mosque. [] I myself, however, always found it in one con- dition and in one place. Further, although its appearance is that of a stone, it undoubtedly is of iron, for it has been molten and worked in the furnace by heat, as is shown by the slag upon it. Further the surface is not intractable to the graving-tool, for there has been some writing engraved on it, and had it been a stone the engraving of it after this wise had not been possible¹.

At the foot of mount Sablān is found a tree round and about which much grass grows; but no beast or bird dare either taste of the fruit of the tree, or touch the grass: for to eat of either is to die; hence it is believed that for sure this is the dwelling place of demons. In the province of Bākūyah (Bākū), according to the same authority the ground is hot with fire: so much so that both bread and meat can be cooked by being laid on the same. This fire is not extinguished by rain, but rather burns fiercer. I myself have seen this; and a further wonder is this, that in those parts lies a meadow in which if anyone should dig a little ditch, fire will burst forth in a flame through the cutting. The same authority states, that over against this district there is a moun- tain in which is a fissure, from which a stream flows forth. In this stream pieces of copper are found of the weight of one or two scruples; and these are exported to foreign countries. In the early part of the reign of Abū Sa`īd I saw in the province of Arrān a calf which had four eyes, two like those of a man, and two like those of a cow. In the plain round the village called Dīh-Bār of the district of Tabrīz is a spring, and any one drink- ing of its waters finds himself well purged: hence the people there at their need often come and drink therefrom.

Marvels by Land in Foreign Countries. The Bridge of Vomiting. The Laughing-stone of Tibet. The Poison-Hill. The Double-headed Horse. The Brazen Horseman in Andalusia. The Scorpion-water of Antioch. The Padlocked Chamber in Toledo; and king Roderic. The Lebanon Fruit. The Iron Horse and the Sabbatical River. Shell-fish curing Leprosy. The Ox Spring at Acre, and the Spring at Zoar. The Granada Olive Tree. The Seven Intermittent Springs near Tiberias. The Qiblah at Jerusalem. The Church of the Raven in Spain. The Sphinx. The Column at Heliopolis. The Seven Tali mans of Nimrod. Mount Etna. Giant Bones in Bulghār. Fountains in India. The Eagle’s Spring. Wonders by Sea

Fragmentary notes: describing the wonders to be found in other parts of the inhabited world, both by land and by sea.

Of those by land, namely on dry ground, we shall mention according to each province the account of its marvels.

In the Ṣuwar-al-Aqālīm, and also by Qazvīnī, it is reported that in the Samarqand mountains is a spring that in summer- time has its water covered with ice, while in winter you may cook an egg therein (so hot it is). Qazvīnī also says that in the province of Farghānah, in the mountain of Asbarah, there is found a stone in the shape of fingers [] which can be burnt. This they use in place of charcoal; and its ashes are employed for soap. In the same author it is stated that in Turkistān there is a mountain known as the Fire Mountain. In this mountain is a cave, and one who should go into it forthwith dies; and there is also another cave where if any creeping or flying, or running creature should even pass before its mouth, forthwith that creature dies. The same authority relates that in the Makrān province there is a river over which is built a bridge. Anyone who crosses by that bridge forthwith vomits up all the victuals in his belly; hence when the people here have need of an emetic they pass across this same bridge. Further it is said, that in the district of Shāsh (Tashkend) there is on the summit of a certain pass a spring; whenever the weather is clear and cloudless no drop of water is to be found therein: but when the sky gets to be over- cast the basin of the spring becomes full of water. According to the same author it is said, that in the country of Tibet there is a stone of fine colour, and transparent; now every foreigner who looks at this stone falls to laughter against his will, and laughs so much that he dies. On the natives of the land, however, this stone has no effect.

The work of Jayhānī may be quoted, who states that in the Khotan province there is a mountain, which is called Kūh Samm (Poison Hill), and it is for this reason. There is here a valley, through which the usual high road from China to Tibet passes, and in that valley the high road is clearly marked out, and many images have been set up here on either side. Should anyone who passes by that high road wander [] away from the straight line, his breath is caught by the vapours arising from the ground here round about, and he perishes therefrom. In the same work also it is reported that the king of Sanjāb sent to Nūḥ ibn Manṣūr, the Samanid Amīr, a horse which had two heads, and two legs, and two wings with which it could fly. In the Jāmi`-al-Ḥikāyat it is related that the author had seen a woman whose face and body were all covered with hair like a bear, and she had no teeth in the lower jaw, hence her speech could not be understood. It was said that a bear had had connection with her mother, and thus she had come to be born in this condition. The same authority and also the writer of the History of Maghrib report that in Andalusia, at the frontier of a desert place known as the Valley of Ants, a talisman has been set, the same being a man and horse made of brass, which face towards the desert. Anyone about to pass him is warned by a sign from this figure of brass, and should then desist from so doing; and if such a one pays no attention to the sign, but goes forward and passes by the figure, then in that desert there are ants, each of the size of a dog, who will kill any man who comes among them; but these ants are stopped by the brazen figure from passing over to this side of the limit.

Ibn Khurdādbih describes how in the country of the people of `Ād there is a talisman on a tower of brass, whereon also stands a brazen horseman. When the Sacred Months (of the Pilgrimage) come round, living water flows out from this tower, and the people of these parts make a provision of so much of this water as will last them for the remainder of the year, and until the same season comes round again. In the Diary of Malik Shāh it is stated that in the district of Artāḥ near Antioch there is a spring, and when they sprinkle the water from this on any place where there are scorpions, every one of those scorpions must come out of his hole and collect round this water, whereby people may easily destroy them, and so be free of their annoyance. In the same work it is stated that in the city of Antioch they are wont to build houses with gardens upon their roofs, where they grow orange trees and lemons and the like; which same gardens they water after the usual fashion, while in the house they make fire and (of the water and fire) neither affects the other harmfully. Ibn Khurdādbih describes how in the palace of the king of the Visigoths (at Toledo) there was a chamber padlocked. [] None of the kings would ever dare to open this room; nay more, each had added another padlock thereto, until there were twenty-four padlocks in all. At length came Roderic who was to be the last of the kings, and he had insisted on opening those locks, and fain would know what was inside the chamber, in spite of all that the bishops and priests could plead to the contrary, forbidding this that he would do. So he broke open the door, and within saw many figures in the likeness of the Arabs, some riding camels, some horses, and carrying arrows. Then it came to pass that in this same year the Moslems crossed from the Arab lands and conquered all that country.

Qazvīnī reports that near Ḥimṣ in Syria there is a chain of mountains, known as the Lebanon. Here all kind of fruit-trees grow, of their own accord, and without any to cultivate them they produce good fruit. This fruit, however, in the place itself has no flavour or taste, but when it is carried across the Snow River, which is in those parts, it forthwith acquires both flavour and taste. The same author relates that in the mountain called Wāsiṭ in Andalusia there is a cavern whence a tunnel leads out, and here there stands a horseman of iron. If the hand of a human being touch this horseman he disappears, but as soon as the hand is withdrawn he reappears again. If now one should persist in the touching of the figure a fire bursts forth from the tunnel, and cannot be extinguished until much vinegar has been thrown upon it. The same authority states that also in Andalusia there is a river called Nahr-as-Sabt (the Sabbatical River), because it was only possible to cross it on a Saturday. On its bank the figure of a man in brass had been set up, and on his breast was written Cross not here; else it will be impossible to return. Qazvīnī and the author of the History of Maghrib relate that at Alexandria there is a spring wherein certain shell-fish are found. At a particular time, when they are in season, if the shell-fish from this spring be taken and cooked, then those who suffer from leprosy having eaten of them with their broth, they get relief from this malady. The same authority records that at Acre in Syria is a source known as the Ox-Spring, because the ox which God Almighty gave to Adam, wherewith he might plough the land, came forth from this [] spring. To this day the fountain is a place of visitation, and there is a shrine here dedicated to `Alī the Commander of the Faithful. If the water from this spring be used to irrigate fields that are sown but do not yet sprout, the sprouts forthwith come up, grow well and produce a good crop. The same authority states that in the neighbour- hood of Jerusalem is a spring called Zughar (Zoar), and named after one of the daughters of the prophet Lot. For she who bore this name came to die here; and it is also reported that in the end of time this spring will go dry, which same will be a true sign of the coming of the Day of Resurrection. In the same work it is stated that at Qāṭūn¹ in Egypt there is a spring which throws up water, and drops from this which fall on the ground become fire.

Qazvīnī relates that in the plain of Granada, which lies in Andalusia, there is a church before which stands an olive tree: also a spring gushes forth here, but only during one day in each year. This spring waters the tree and that same day too the tree bears fruit, producing olives. These olives suffice for the people of this church during the whole of the year; and they will carry away some of this water as a medicament; also on no other day of the year but this one day does the spring flow. In the same work it is stated that on a mountain in Andalusia there are two springs side by side, there being not more than three ells space between them, and one pours forth water so hot that meat can be boiled therein, while the other has water so cold that it turns to ice. The same author further states that there is in Egypt a mountain called Kūh-i-Ṭāhir, where a spring of sweet water comes forth, and is collected in a tank from which on all sides it runs away. But if any unclean man, or a menstruous woman, comes to the side of this tank the water suddenly stops, and until he or she goes away the water in the tank does not flow off nor does it flow in from the spring. Further Qazvīnī reports that at the village of Minyah Hishām, near Tiberias in Syria, there are seven springs, and the water here for seven successive years flows forth, and then for seven other years ceases to come, and this state of things never changes. Ibn Khurdādbih recounts [] that in the Qiblah (or Mecca-niche of the Mosque) at Jeru- salem there is a white stone, on which, but inscribed by no mortal hand, is read the inscription:—In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful; there is no God but God, Muḥammad is His prophet, and Ḥamzah was his helper. Also on another stone is inscribed:—`Alī is the vice-gerent of God.

In the History of Maghrib and in Banākitī it is reported that on the peninsula of the Majma`-al-Baḥrayn (Confluence of the Two Seas in Spain) there is a column of white stone a hundred ells in height, which shines by night. On the top of the column stands the figure of a man, and beyond it there is no road any- where. They have built a magnificent church beside this column, and it has a great dome covering it, on the summit of which a raven is ever perched, and for this reason it has been named the Church of the Raven. Now whenever guests are about to arrive at this place, the raven by his croaking announces the number of the same, whereby the people of the church know what to prepare of provisions for their entertainment. No one is able to explain the true cause of this, but praise be to God most high, for it is one of His wondrous works. In the History of Maghrib it is stated that on the western border of Egypt the moving-sands were very troublesome, and in past times for a talisman they carved a human figure (of the Sphinx) in marble, of very awesome aspect, and by a spell laid on this they pre- vented the moving-sands from over passing the figure, and doing hurt to the cultivated lands. This figure (of the Sphinx) from its awesomeness they called Abū-l-Hawl (the Father of Terror). By the same authority it is described how at the city of `Ayn Shams (Heliopolis) in Egypt a company of the Jinn (Demons) made, by command of king Solomon, a square column of red marble flecked with black spots, of a height of more than one hundred ells. On its summit were set three figures of men, made in brass, of which the midmost figure was the tallest, the two on either hand being smaller. From below these figures water oozes forth from the column and flows down, being caught in a tank. Further in this district there are neither underground water- courses, nor streams of any sort, and all their water is from wells. Ibn Khurdādbih, however, states that the water from this column never reaches the ground, but only comes down as far as the middle point, beyond which it does not pass, being stopped here: and he adds that this column is the work of king Hūshang. By the same authority it is reported [] that at Ascalon is a shrine called Mashhad-i-Ṭāhir, in which there are always visible the traces of fresh blood on the ground, for it is said that it was here that Cain slew Abel, and this same is his blood which may still be seen.

In the Ṣuwar-al-Aqālīm it is reported that in the Jifār dis- trict, which belongs to Egypt, there were many most productive villages that were the pleasure grounds of Pharaoh. But by reason of their iniquity God Almighty became wroth, and their grounds brought forth serpents, each a span long, and from the presence of these serpents this rich land forthwith passed to being a desert and uncultivated. This fact is alluded to in the Qurān (ch. VII. v. 133) where it is said: We destroyed the works of Pharaoh and the structures of his people: wherefore from that time till now this country is known as `Arīsh (the Structure). In the Jāmi`-al-Ḥikāyat it is reported that a woman in Jerusalem in times past gave birth to a child whose hands were like those of a human being, but its feet were as those of a calf, and its face was like that of no living creature. In the Jāmi`-al-Ḥikāyat also it is said that certain Sages in the time of Nimrod made for him seven talismans in seven cities;—these accounts, however, are difficult of credence. In one place there was the image of a duck, and when any stranger entered that city the duck would quack, whereby they forthwith investigated into the condition of that stranger. In the second city there was a drum, and if anyone lost anything, he struck the drum with his hand, and a voice came forth indicating the thief. In the third city was a mirror, and anyone who had a well-beloved friend on a journey could, on a certain day of the year, if he had no news of him, by looking into the mirror see his friend, no matter where he was, or what he was doing. In the fourth city there was a tank, and Nimrod on a certain day in the year would give a banquet beside the same; then for every guest would be poured into this tank the diverse drinks required, whether it were wine, or rose water, or sherbet, or vinegar or the like, and although these were all thus mixed together, yet the cupbearer would serve to each guest from the tank the drink that had been poured in for him. In the fifth city was a great basin of water, beside which, when there was litigation, the judge would sit, and cause them to bring thither both plaintiff and defendant, commanding them to cross over that water. Then he who spoke the truth would be able to cross, but he who lied would be drowned. In the sixth city there was a tank, and all around it were the representations of the various countries that were under the government of Nimrod. Then if any of their towns were in revolt against Nimrod, [] and the representation thereof were touched by a wand taken from the tank, within the year that town would be inundated. In the seventh city there was a tree that stood before the gate of the palace of Nimrod, and no matter how many men sought its shade, that number of men were shaded by it. Now with regard to all these blessings, seeing that Nimrod would not accept the truth, nor show gratitude for the same, nor give worship to the true God, and that he called Abraham a liar, attempting to throw him into the fire, and afterwards expelling him from the kingdom —therefore God Almighty in His just anger took back all His benefits, and slew Nimrod with a swarm of gnats, that thus he might become a warning example to the people of the earth.

By the same authority it is reported that in Little Armenia there is a Fire-temple, the roof of which is plastered over with cement, and below the gutter from the roof is a tank in which the water is collected that falls on the roof. The people are wont to drink of this, and if but little rain should fall, then with some of the water that is left they wash the roof of this Fire-temple, and forthwith rain again falls, and so the tank is refilled. Ibn Khurdādbih states that near Rūmīyah (New Rome or Con- stantinople) in the Frank country there is a tree on which are diverse birds like starlings, made of brass. Now when the season for olives is come they set those brazen birds a-whistling, and the wild starlings imagining that these are captive birds bring to them each three olive berries, two in the claws and one in the beak, and laying them down before the brass birds, so leave them. This trick being thus carried out many olives are collected, and the guardians of this tree get a sufficiency to serve their wants and needs for the space of a whole year, and yet in that country for a distance of twenty leagues round there are no olive trees. Qazvīnī says that the writer of the History of Sicily states that in that kingdom is a mountain of very great height, so that its summit is never free from snow, and here there is a mine for sulphur. By day vapour is seen to rise from here, and by night fire is visible, and thus the summit of this mountain is never at any time free from both fire and snow. In the History of Magh- rib it is further stated that in Sicily there is a mountain which is called Jabal-an-Nār (the Mountain of Fire, Etna). Smoke by day and by night flames are visible issuing from its summit, and the light therefrom shines for ten leagues round, so that the people of these districts are able to do work by night [] from its illumination. At times great blocks of stone are hurled forth by this mountain into the air. Such stones as fall on any beast will burn it up, and such as fall into water the fire in the stone is not thereby extinguished and its burning is in no wise diminished by the water. Trees, however, and plants take no hurt therefrom, and it is only animals that are burnt.

Qazvīnī states that in the Baḥr-i-Khazar (the Caspian) there is an island where there are snakes in such countless numbers that the ground is covered by them. And they lie one on the other so that birds lay their eggs on the top of them, and hatch their chicks, and the snakes are unable to do any hurt to either the eggs or the young ones of the birds. Further any man who comes to carry away the eggs, or chicks, or the birds, to him likewise the snakes can do no hurt. The same authority reports that on the further side of Darband there is a spring gushing forth between two trees that is called `Ayn-ath-Thawāb (the Spring of Recompense). On the eve of each Friday people go thither, and at a certain time of night a light shines forth from that spring like the light of the sun. In the same work it is stated that in Bulghār bones like those of the (giant) people of `Ād are found. The top of the skull of one of these was like a cupola for size, and the teeth were a span across and four spans in length; and for hardness, these bones were better than ivory. The same author further states that he saw a man in Bulghār who must have been of the race of the (giant) people of `Ād. His height was over seven ells, and his strength and his limbs were in proportion. The Lord of Bulghār had made him the chief of his soldiers, and had had made for him arms suitable to his size, and his strength was equal to that of a thousand men.

Ibn Khurdādbih reports that near by the Bahr-i-Khazar (the Caspian) is found an extensive country, where it always rains. For this reason it is that the people there can get no opportunity to winnow their corn out of doors: hence they bring it in, in the ear, and winnow it at their leisure as needed. It would appear that this country must be Gīlān, for there it is most times raining, as above described. The same author says that near Ṣan`ā in Yaman is a place where a mighty fire bursts forth. Qazvīnī re- ports that in the province of Asfār<sup>1</sup> there is a brook the water of [] which runs for one year, and stops running during eight years, then in the ninth year it again begins to run, and so on unceasingly. The same author states that the Imām (Shāfi`ī) reported having seen in Yaman a woman who bore a child, which lived and grew up. This was a girl and the lower half of her body up to below the chest was like in form to that of any other woman; but from the chest upwards she was made after the fashion of two women, having two heads, and two chests, and four arms. She could do all usual things, and had got herself a husband. By the same author it is said that in the Ṣan`ā province there is a mountain on which two kiosks stand, and these by night shine brightly like stars, but it is impossible for anyone to get up close to them, in order to see how this is, and ascertain what is their condition. Further they are said to have been built by the Jinn (Demons). Qazvīnī reports that in India they had made the images of two lions, and water came forth from their mouths, which same irrigated the lands of two villages. But the people of one village thinking to increase their own water supply, broke the mouth of the lion that was their neighbours’ supply. The water from this source stopped flowing, but the water from their own fountain was not increased. And the people of the other village then went and in retaliation broke the mouth of the lion that was their neighbours’, when the spring here likewise stopped flowing. Thus by senseless evil doing both villages came to ruin.

In the same author it is said that in India there is a spring called `Ayn-al-`Uqāb (the Eagle’s Spring), and for this reason that when an eagle becomes old and weak, he dips himself in this spring, and moulting his old feathers, gets new ones in their place, also renewing again the power of his youth. The same author reports that in Yaman, or else it may be in Andalusia, there is a mighty mountain called Shakrān, over the summit of which a wind is always blowing, so that it is impossible to get up to it. On the summit by day the figure of a peacock is seen, but by night the light of a fire; and no one can explain how this is. Ibn Khurdādbih states that a Rajah of India sent many presents of various kinds of jewels to the Caliph Mamūn, also a maiden of exquisite beauty and loveliness, who was seven ells in stature, but with all her limbs in just proportion, and at sight of her the heart was troubled beyond repose. The same author [] states that in Ṣan`ā of Yaman, and in the country round, during the months of June, July, August and part of September, which is the hottest season of the year, daily at mid-day rain falls, and no day passes without rain; hence it is the custom for people who have business with one another to say each to the other—‘Hasten, before the rain comes.’—But true knowledge in all these matters lies with God Almighty alone.

Of Wonders by Sea. Now these exceed all reckoning and compute, so that none has knowledge to comprehend them all. Hence it is that they are wont to say—‘They tell so and so of the Sea’ in relating what is marvellous. Here, therefore, I shall relate only what I have found in the books of such of the learned as are worthy of credence, or have myself heard related by nar- rators who were to be depended on, and the responsibility is on the narrator. Qazvīnī says that in the Indian Sea there are creatures that come out of the water to pasture on the land, and from their mouths fire issues, which burns up the grass lands round and about. He further states that in the Caspian Sea there is an island on which a spring gushes out from the rock, and in the water of this spring pieces of copper are found of the weight of a scruple or half a scruple. By the same author it is reported that during the reign of the Caliph Wāthiq the Chief of Sarīr made a fishing excursion on the Caspian Sea in honour of Sallām the Interpreter¹, who was here on his way to investigate the condition of the Wall of Gog and Magog. On this occasion they caught a large fish, inside the belly of which was found a mermaid of surpassing beauty, wearing neither smock nor drawers, but with a skin like that of a human being down to her knees. She began to beat her face and tear her hair, making great lamentations, and after a while she died. The writer of the History of Maghrib also vouches for the truth of this story. In the same work it is stated that in the Island of Qayṣūr, which is in India, there is a place where there are certain fish; and as soon as these are taken away from the water they turn to hard stone and lose their animal nature. Ibn Khurdādbih reports that in India there is found a fish that is twenty ells in length. Inside this lives a second fish, and inside this again a third, and so to a fourth, each fish within the last. In the same work it is stated [] that in those seas lives a turtle that is twenty ells round. It gives milk, and from its tortoiseshell they make weapons of war, also they find inside it more than a thousand eggs. In the same work it is said that in the Red Sea lives a fish that is like a camelopard, and it gives milk. Of its skin they make armour, and bucklers, and javelins are unable to penetrate the same.

Qazvīnī relates that in the Indian Sea lives a crab, which as long as it is in the water has soft flesh, but as soon as it is taken therefrom it turns to stone and so loses its animal nature. Also the same authority states that in the island of Sicily, in the Western Sea, there is a sulphur spring. The sulphur here gives out light by night, all round and about, so that by its means the road may be well seen; but if the sulphur be taken from here to any other place its quality of giving light ceases. This therefore shows that only as long as it is in quantity can it give forth light, and when it fails therein (being too little in amount) then it no longer shows forth its proper peculiarity. By the same authority it is stated that in the Island of Kalah Ham, in the Frank Sea, there are trees, which for fruit bear birds. At the time of budding the trees grow a little bag, in which the bird is found, and its beak pierces outside the bag when it gets to maturity, and then rips the same open, so that the bird comes out. For most of their meat and victuals the people of this country depend upon these birds. In the same work it is stated that in the Island of Abrīnā in the Frank Sea there is a spring and anything that is laid in this after a week becomes covered outside with stone. In the same island of that Sea, according to the authority aforesaid, there is a mountain from which fire flames forth, and extends to a height of two or three spear lengths. It never becomes extin- guished, and it ceaselessly gives light: also at any time of general gathering and going forth its fire blazes out the more. But God Almighty alone knows the truth of this matter.

Āb Anbār-i-Kinār, 176

Āb-i-Garm (Balkh), 169

Āb-i-Garm (Fārs), 117

Āb-i-Shūr, 169

Ābād, 186

Abādah (Bakhtigān), 121, 178, 232

Abādah (Surmaq), 123

Abādah, castle, 132

Ābah, 76

Abān, 178

Ābān, princess, 49

Abandoned Well, 257

Abaqā Khān, 69

Abar Shahrah, 92

Abardiz, 68

Abarkāfān, island, 177, 226

Abarqūh, 120, 178

Ābashkhūr, 96

Abaskūn, island, 231, 232, 234

`Abbādān, 22, 46, 166

`Abbās, the Prophet’s uncle, 15

`Abbās ibn Faḍl, 13

`Abbāsī, apple, 158

Abbasid caliphs, their tombs, 42

`Abbāsiyyah, 164

`Abd-Allah ibn `Abbās, 56

`Abd-Allah ibn Abī Bakr, 38

`Abd-Allah ibn `Āmir, 8, 45

`Abd-Allah Anṣārī, 150

`Abd-Allah Mubārak, 148

`Abd-Allah ibn `Omar II, 139

`Abd-Allah ibn Ṭāhir (Ambidexter), 244

`Abd-Allah ibn Zubayr, 6

`Abd-Allah-Ābād, 273

`Abd-al-`Aẓīm, Shāh, 168

`Abd-al-Ghaffār Sakkāk, 67

`Abd-al-Malik, caliph, his coinage, 32

`Abd-al-Malik ibn `Umayr, 202

`Abd Manāf, 277

`Abd-al-Mumin, 10, 228

`Abd-al-Muṭṭalib, 4

`Abd-al-Qādir Gīlānī, 42

`Abd-ar-Raḥman, village, 275

`Abd-ar-Raḥman Khāzinī, 27

`Abd-ash-Shams, 277

Ābdān Ganj, 172

Abel, 242, 283

Ābgīnah, Rubāṭ, 169

Abhar, 61, 65, 168, 186, 214, 275

Abhar-Rūd, 62, 65, 186, 214

Abīvard, 154, 205

Abjad reckoning, 2, 37

Abkhāz, Abkhasia, 94

‘Abou Ben Adem,’ 42

Abrahah ibn Ṣabāḥ, 256

Abraham, 3, 5, 46, 103, 162, 284; station of, at Mecca, 6; station of, Hebron, 19

Abraj, 120, 131

Abraj, castle, 132

Abrīm, island, 166

Abrīnā, island, 288

Abrūkāmānān, island, 136

Abrūn, see Abzūn

Abtūt, 100

Abū-l-`Abbās, Rubāṭ, 170

Abū `Abd-Allah, amanuensis of Wāqidī, 74

Abū `Abd-Allah Dāstānī, 272

Abū `Abd-Allah Khafīf, 114

Abū `Abd-Allah Muḥammad al Bukhārī, 238

Abū `Abd-ar-Raḥman of Nisā, 9

Abū `Alī Ja`farī, 63

Abū `Alī Shādānī, 155

Abū `Alī Thaqafī, 148

Abū `Amr, the Qurān-reader, 38

Abū Bakr, caliph, 14

Abū Bakr, judge, 144

Abū Bakr, tombs of 3000 men of this name, 256

Abū Bakr Shādānī, 64

Abū Bakr ibn Ṭāhir Ṭayyār, 65

Abū-l-Bashar Asadī, 275

Abū Dajanah Anṣārī, 75

Abū Dāud Sijistānī, 45

Abū Dawānīq, 40, see Manṣūr

Abū Dulaf `Ijlī, 73

Abū Ḥanīfah, 42

Abū-l-Ḥasan Haṣrī, 42

Abū-l-Ḥasan Khīrqānī or Kharraqānī, 158

Abū-l-Ḥasan Shīrāzī, 129

Abū-l-Hawl (the Sphinx), 283

Abū Isḥāq Kāzirūnī, 125

Abū Jahl, column, 165

Abū-l-Muḥjan, 81

Abū Muslim, missioner, 154

Abū Naṣr Ismāīl Fārābī, 249

Abū Naṣr Tīr Murdāni, 131

Abū Nu`aym, Rubāṭ, 169

Abū `Othmān Jahrumī, 148

Abū Qubays, mountain, 2, 7, 9, 181

Abū Sa`d Kāzīrūnī, 128

Abū Sa`īd, sulṭān, 14, 32, 36, 83, 146

Abū Sa`īd, the Carmathian, 9

Abū Sa`īd ibn Abū-l-Khayr, the mystic, 155

Abū Ṭāhīr, astronomer, 78

Abū Umāmah Bāhilī, 9

Abū-l-Wafā, 52

Abū Ya`qūb Buwayṭī, 42

Abū Yazīd Ṭayfūr Busṭāmī, 158, 273

Abū Zayd, Balkhī, 12

Abū Zuhayr, coast, 115

Abulustān, 95

Abulustān, mountain, 181

Abwā, 16, 165

Abyssinia, 10, 261

Abzar, 117, 209

Abzūn, island, 136

Acre, see `Akkah

`Ād, people of, 257, 280, 285

Adam, 3, 4, 9, 177, 281

Adam’s Peak, 186, 224

`Adan, Aden, 11, 226, 246, 256

Ādhar, 241

Ādharbāyjān, 78 to 90; fire-temple, 106

Ādhrījān, river, 212

`Ādī, 16

Admāh, 264

Admān, 75

`Aḍud-ad-Dawlah, 12, 38, 39, 108, 113, 114, 117, 122, 131

`Aḍūdī Weir, see Band-i-Amīr

Ælia, 16

Afranchah, 43

Afrāsiyāb, 155, 195, 239

Africa, northern, 258

Afshīn, Ghulām, 92

Afzar, 117

Agate, 196

Aghnāb, 254

Agrīdūr, 99

Āhan-kār, 194

Āhangarān, 152

Āhar, town and river, 83, 85, 86, 174, 186, 215

Āhar Gate (Tabrīz), 79

Ahjūm, 82

Aḥmad of Dāmghān, 14

Aḥmad Ghazzālī, 64, 149

Aḥmad of Jām, 152

Aḥmad (Kabīr) the Great, 52

Aḥmad ibn Mūsā-al-Kāẓim, 114

Aḥmadābād, 169

Aḥnaf ibn Qays, 172

Āhuvān Rubāṭ, 168

Ahwāz, 108, 276

`Āishah, 13, 16

`Āishah, mosque of, 8

Ajal, brother of Ḥamzah, 81

Ajfān, 90

Ajfur, 163

Ajnadayn, 262

Ajnān, 90

Ajrad, 165

`Ajwah, dates, 13

Akarsūk, 175

Akhādīd, 166

Akḥal, 16

Akhbān, 90

Akhī Faraj Zanjānī, 67

Akhlāṭ, 100, 187

Akhsīkath, 239

`Akkah (Acre), 243, 262, 281

`Alā-ad-Dīn, Muḥammad Khwājah, 152

`Alā-ad-Dīn, Muḥammad Saljūqī, 95, 98

`Alā-ad-Dīn Kay Khusraw, 277

`Alak Qazvīnī, 64

A`lam, 75, 76

Alamūt, 66, 210

Alān, 10, 94, 231, 259

Alānī, 105

Alanjiq (Nakhchivān), 90

Alanjiq (Tabrīz), 82

Alaq, island, 228

Alārah, 135

Alātāq, 100

`Ālāṭīqūn, see Ghālāṭīqūn

`Alawī Rubāṭ, 169

Albistan, 202

Alburz mountains, 94, 182

Alcantara, 259

Aleppo, 197, 262

Alexander the Great, 44, 46, 50, 52, 55, 57, 65, 92, 116, 125, 150, 154, 225, 235, 238, 239, 241, 245, 246, 259, 270

Alexander’s castle, 206

Alexander’s cut, 229, 230, 232, 270

Alexandria, 10, 63, 203, 239 to 241, 245, 277, 281

Alghānbadar, 82

`Alī, caliph, 16, 36 to 39, 104, 203, 282; miracle of, 45; shrine at Acre, 281; well of, 165

`Alī and Salmān, 133

`Alī Ilyās, amīr, 139

`Alī ibn `Īsā, vazīr, 112

`Alī ibn Mūsā-ar-Riḍā, 149

`Alī-an-Naqī, imām, 49

`Alī Sahl Iṣfahānī, 58

`Alī of Yazd, 89

`Alī-Beg, village, 173

`Alī-Shah, bridge, 215

`Alī-Shāh Ṭabrīzī, see Tāj-ad-Dīn

`Alīābad, 60

Alīd, guardhouse, 169

`Ālij, desert, 266

Alīshār, 76

Alīshtar, 106

Allāh Akbar, district, 214

Allāh Akbar, island, 232

Almagest, 99

Almāliq, 249

Almastān, 74

Almaz, mountain, 182

Almeria, 259

Almohads, 10, 228, 260, 263

Almoravids, 260

Alp Arslān, 63

Āluh Āmūt, 66

Alum, 197

Alūn, 70

Alūsjird, 68

Alvand or Arvand, mountain and pass, 75, 76, 161, 181, 211, 213, 274

Alvīr, 76

A`māl-i-Sīf, 114

Amānābād, 176

Amāsīyah, 96

Amber, 196

Ambergris, 198, 225, 226

Āmid, 102, 206

Amīn-ad-Dīn Naṣīr Mustawfī, 55

Amkalchāh, 150

`Ammūrīyah (Amorion), 97, 185

`Amr the conqueror of Egypt, 204, 240, 243

`Amr ibn Layth, Saffarid, 114, 147

`Amūd-as-Sawārī for `Amūd-i-Ṣawārim, 241

Āmul (Māzandarān), 156

Āmūyah (see Oxus)

Ān, island, 166

Anād, 85

`Ānah, 49, 202

Anas ibn Mālik, 45

Anāshāk, 226

Anbār, 42, 167

Anbūrān, 126

Andalusia, 229, 259, 263, 282

Andar, 61, 69

Andarāb, river, 215

Andarāstān, 172

Andavaān, 57

Andigān, 239

Andijan, 71

Andīmishk, 109

Angels, fallen, 44

Angīlābād, 84

Angūl, spring, 64

Angūr (fig), canal, 212

Angūrah, Angora, 95, 97

Angūrān, 88

Anī, 94

Anjarūd, 68, 69

Anjīlāvand, 68

Ankīr, 177

Ankūl, spring, 275

Anqurah, 95

Ansūr, 231, 249

Antares, 24

Antichrist, 56

Antimony, 197

Antioch, Anṭākīyah (Pisidia), 96, 277

Antioch (Syria), 6, 48, 262, 263, 280

Ants, valley of, 280

Ants and Gnats, island of, 225

Antūhī, 265

Anūshirvān, king, 40, 48, 51, 93, 106, 239, 245 to 247

Anvarī, poet, 43, 81, 155

Apollonius of Tyana, 240

Āq Afban, pass, 175

Āq Khwājah, see Sūmīqān

Āq Sang, 96

Āq Sarā or Sarāy, 93, 96

Āq Shahr, 96, 175

Āqāābād, 75

`Aqabah Shayṭān, 163

`Aqabah Suwayq, 165

Āqājariyān (governors), 84

`Aqarqūf, 46, 167

`Aqīq, river, 12

`Aqr, 104

Aqranchah, 43

Aqsā, see Masjid

Aqṭanghūsh, 100

Aqtavān, river, 173

Arab desert, 260

`Arabiyyah, 16

Arad, 70

`Arafāt, 2, 8

`Araj, mountain, 182

Arāk, 96

Aral, sea, 206, 231, 234

Ararat, 190

Aras (Araxes river), 89, 91, 92, 94, 173, 174, 205, 211, 215, 232

Arasht, 274

Araskan, 172

Arbā, 258

Arbela, 102

Arcania, sea, 231

Arctic sea, 231

Ardabīl, 9, 83, 173, 186, 215, 278

Ardakān, 127

Ardakhushmīthan, 251

Ardān, 76

Ardashīr Bābakān, king, 50, 62, 67, 103, 107 to 110, 112, 116, 135, 139 to 141, 147, 159, 245

Ardashīr Khūrah, 112, 117, 276

Ardbihishtak, 274

Ardistān, 58, 72

Argæus, 98, 181

Arghūn Khān, 61, 100, 149, 172; his grave, 69

Argumān, 121

Arīḥā (Jericho), 264

Arīmah, 164

Arīs, well, 15

`Arīsh, 203, 265, 283

`Arj, 165

Arjamān, 121

Arjān, mountain, 181

Arjāq, 85, 186

Arjāst, mountain, 98, 181

Arjīsh, 100, 175

Arjīsh, lake, 233

Ark, of Noah, 184

Armāq, mountain, 252

Armenia, Greater, 100, 101

Armenia, Lesser, 100, 258

Armenians, pass of the, 215

Armīnān or Arminiyān, 174

Armūs, 226

Arphaxad, 103

Arqalūdīyah, 99

Arqāniyā (Arcania), sea of, 231

Arraghān or Arrajān, 129, 179

Arrān, 62, 91 to 94

Arshad, Rubāṭ, 173

Arshak, fire-temple, 150

Arsinjān, 121

Arṣūk, 100

Artāḥ, 280

Artākiyā, 250

Artāq, 252

`Arūj or `Arūh, 74

Arūkāzrī, 149

Arūkhsh, 106

Arūn, 256

Arūnaq, 82

Arūr, 256

Arvand (river Tigris), 207

Arvand, spring, 272

Arvand, see Alvand

Arzan or Arzanah, 102, and see Dasht

Arzan-ar-Rūm (Erzerum), 95, 96, 175, 202, 205

Arzanjak, 175

Arzanjān, 95, 175, 202

Ās, 10, 204, 258, 259

As`ad Abū Karib, 7

As`ad of Mihnah, 155

As`ad ibn Zurārah, 9, 15

Asadābād (Hamadān), 61, 75, 161, 213

Asadābād (Marv), 172

Āsan, 167

Asān, 213

Asand, mountain, 206

Asbarah, mountain, 279

Ascalon, 264, 283

Asfār, 286

Asfuzār (Isfizār), 151, 171

Ashīr, 148

Ashkahrān, mountain, 182

Ashkāl-al-Bilād, 12

Ashkanbar, 85

Ashkanvān, 131

Ashkūr, 65

Ashn-ākhur, 167

Ashnās, 255

Ashqurān, 167

Ashūd, 75

Ashvand, 75

`Aṣī, river, 210

Asia, Major and Minor, 21

Asia Minor, see Rūm

Asīrah, mountain, 199

Āsiyah, wife of Pharaoh, 243

Asjah, 175

`Askar Mukram, 110

`Askar-al-Mu`taṣim or `Askarah, 49

Askarān, 58

Askishān, 58

Askūnah, 82

Asphalt, 198

Asqarīsh, 219

Aṣrāb, 172

Assassins (the Ismailians), 62, 64, 66, 129, 142, 144, 189

Asṭah, village, 75

Astānah, 169

Astarābād (Marv), 172

Astarābād (Māzandarān), 156

Astavzan, 75

Ātashgāh, 57

Ātashgāh, castle, 142

Athaq, 89

Athīr-ad-Dīn Akhsīkathī, 239

Athīr-ad-Dīn Awmānī, 43

Atrāk, river, 205

`Aṭshābād, river, 219

Aṭūr, island, 223

Augustus Cæsar, 97

Āvah, 66, 68, 175, 190, 213, 214

Āvard, 133

Avarhan, 75

Avīg, 137

Avnīk, 96

`Awāmil dīnārs, 33

`Awd, 172

Awṭās, 164

`Awwal dīnārs, 112

Awzaj, 153

Axum, 261

`Aydhāb, 261

Āyī, village, 198

Ayishah, see `Āishah

Aykah, people of, 262

Aylah, 245, 265

`Ayn, 101

`Ayn-al-Hamm, 234

`Ayn-al-Qayyārah, 198

`Ayn-al-Quḍāt, shaykh, 75

`Ayn Shams, 283

`Ayn-ath-Thawāb, 285

`Ayn-al-`Uqqāb, 286

`Ayn Zarbah, 243

`Ayṣī, 166

Ayvān-i-Kayf, 60, 168

`Ayyūq, star, 24

Āzād, 90

Āzādmard, 124

Āzādmard, khān, 135

Āzādvār, 169

Azar, 135

`Azīziyyah, 99

Azkāyirūn, 151

Azmāvīn, 75

Aznāvah, 68

Azrail, angel of death, 17

Ba`albak, 210, 241, 262

Bāb, the, 90

Bāb-al-Abwāb (Darband), 22, 93, 173, 182, 246, 285

Bābā Faraj and Bābā Ḥasan, 81

Bābā Kūhī, 114

Bābā Ṭāhir, 75

Bābak Khurram-Dīn, 84

Bābil, 44, 162

Bāburt, 96

Babylon, 44

Bād, Dih, 169 to 171

Bād Khānī, 271

Badakhshān, 196, 197, 212, 254

Bādarāyā, 46

Bādghīsh, 151, 171, 208

Badhalābād, 87

Badī`ī Rubāṭ, 171

Badr, 165

Badr-ad-Dīn Lūlū, 102

Badr-al-Jamālī, 244

Badrīyah, 11, 230, 249

Badūstān, 82

Bāft, 86

Baghawī, 1

Baghchī Shūr, 171

Baghdād, 9, 39 to 43, 62, 162, 166, 167, 274, 276; building of, 51

Bahā-ad-Dīn Ḥaydar Saljūqī, 65

Bahā-ad-Dīn Sa`īd of Ardabīl, 278

Bāḥamshā, 167

Bahār (India), 256

Bahār (Kurdistān), 106

Bāhat, laughing stone, 260

Bahlaqān, 215

Bahlaṭān, 174

Bahlūl, shaykh, 114

Bahman, meadow land, 134

Bahman ibn Isfandiyār, 46, 57, 72, 117, 124, 141, 245

Bahnām, 59, 60

Baḥr, see Seas

Baḥr-i-Muḥïṭ, Uqiyānūs, 221

Baḥrābād, 149, 169

Bahrām, king, 106, 139

Bahrām Chūbīn, 90, 247

Bahrām Gūr, 47, 125, 239

Bahrām Shāh, 97

Baḥrayn, 135, 166, 226

Bājarvān, 78, 91, 92, 173, 174

Bājisrā, 49

Bajistān, 142

Bajjah, 192

Bajjah, Dih, 133

Bajshīr, 161

Bakān, 178

Bākharz, 149, 151

Bakhtigān, lake, 178, 211, 232

Bakin, 235

Bakr ibn `Abd-Allah, 89

Bakrābād, 173

Bākū, Bākūyah, 78, 93, 198, 278

Bākusāyā, 46

Bālā Murghāb, see Marv-ar-Rūd

Baland, 11, 230, 249

Balanjar, 246

Balās, district, 46

Balāsāghūn, 249

Baldūq, 174

Balhal, 70

Balīkh, river, 218

Bālīnī Tabrīzī, 81

Balkh, 10, 22, 62; cypress, 120, 152, 169, 170, 172, 206, 219, 272

Balkhī, 12

Ballīn, 177

Balqā, 262, 264

Baltic, 230

Balūch, 189

Bam, 139

Bāmdād or Bāmdār, mountain, 183

Bāmiyān, 152, 194, 198, 272

Bamtak, 249

Banā-i-Shāpūr, 125

Banākit, 282

Banān, island, 223

Band-i-Amīr or Band-i-`Aḍudī, 108, 122, 127, 176, 178, 211

Band-i-Māhī, 175

Band-i-Qaṣṣār, 122, 211

Band-i-Rāmjīrd, 211

Bandanījīn, 46, 199

Bandar Daylam, 130

Bandar Dayyur, 116

Bandar Hindiyān, 129

Bandar Rīg, 130

Bandar Ṭāhirī, 116

Bandiyān, 46

Bānī, tax, 38

Banī `Āmir, wall of, 8

Banī Shaybah, gate, 5

Banī Ṭam`ān, 167

Baqī`, cemetery, 15

Baqiḥ, 98

Baqīrān, river, 219

Ba`qūbā, 43, 49, 53, 163, 212

Bār, island, 172

Baraān, 58

Baradā, river, 241

Baradān, 167

Baradān (river Cydnus), 205

Barāghūsh, 88

Barah, 209, 210

Barahman, Qal`ah, 252

Barak, 176

Barandaq, 216

Barānis, mountain, 198

Barash, canal, 205, 238

Bārasht, 212

Bāraz-Rūd, 170

Barāz-ar-Rūz, 220

Bārbad, the musician, 154

Barbar, sea and country, 227

Barbier de Meynard, 62

Bardā`, 92, 93, 173

Bardā Rūd, castle, 142

Bardalīz, pass, 84

Bardashīr, 139

Bārdawayh, 219

Bardī, dates, 13

Bardīn, 163

Bargīrī, 100

Barhand-rūd, 75

Barīdūn, 70

Bārimmā, 167

Bārīn, 264

Barjīn, mountain, 184

Barkhuwār, 57

Barmalāḥah, 39

Bārmash, canal, 205, 238

Barqah, 245

Barsiyān, 58

Barṭallā, 103

Barṭās, 251

Barṭāyil, island, 224

Barvāt, river, 233

Barzamhīn, 76

Barzand or Bārzand, 92, 173, 174

Barzātābād, 169

Barzūyah, physician, 154

Bāṣabdah, 103

Bāsafhūyah, lake, 233

Basawā, 88

Bāsghurt, 255

Bashkird, 255

Bashmīn, canal, 205

Bāshqarūd, 255

Bāsht Qūṭā or Fūṭā, 126, 127

Bashtar, 171

Basīn, 175

Basīrā, 134

Baṣrah, 42, 45, 130, 164, 166, 202, 207, 226

Baṭarnūh, 103

Baṭḥā, 8

Bātīlah, mountain, 185

Baṭn A`dā, 165

Baṭn-al-Agharr, 163

Baṭn Dhāt Kishd, 165

Baṭn Marjiḥ, 165

Baṭn Marr, 165

Baṭn Muḥassir, 8

Baṭn Nakhl, 165

Baṭn Uranah, 8

Bātū Khān, 246

Bāvard, see Abīvard

Bāvī, district, 126

Bāvīl and Bāvīl-Rūd, 81, 82, 215

Bavvan (Bādghīsh), 171

Bavvān and Bavvānāt (Fārs), 121

Bawāzīj, 103

Bawn, 257

Bayān, 100

Bayāt, 46, 199, 220

Bay`at-Qūbā, 49

Bāyazīd Busṭāmī, 158, 273

Bayḍā, 121

Bayḍā, meadow land, 134

Bayḍā Gate (Shīrāz), 113

Bayhaq, 148

Baykand, 255

Baylaqān, 92, 174

Bayn-an-Nahrayn, 48

Baynūnah, 135

Bayqān, 274

Bayt-al-Muqaddas, see Jerusalem

Bayzā, see Bayḍā

Bāzar, 155

Bāzār Ardashīr, 245

Bazār-ar-Rūz, 44

Bāzārchūq, 173

Bāzrang, 127, 128, 217

Bendemir, see Band-i-Amīr

Berbers, and Berber country, 10, 260

Besh Parmaq, mountain, 209

Bethlehem, 19

Bezoar, stone, 196

Bīd Shahr, 117

Bīd wa Mashkān, 134

Bīdastān, 166

Bihbahān, 127, 129

Bihistān, 88, and see Bīsutūn

Bijtayn, 161

Bilād Shāpūr, 126

Bīr `Alī, 165

Bīr Malāḥah, 39

Bīrah, castle, or Birejik, 179, 262

Birjand, 143

Bīrkah, cistern, 163

Birūni, Abū Rayḥān, 22

Bīshāpūr or Bīshāvūr, river, 125, 217, and see Shāpūr

Bishbāliq, 249

Bīsutūn, mountain, 106, 107, 183

Bītān, 163

Bitumen, 198

Biyār, 148

Bizhan, son of Gīv, 83

Black Mountain, island, 232

Black River, 210

Black Sea, 229

Black Stone at Mecca, 3, 4, 6, 9

Blochet, E., 210

Bokshas, 255

Bosporus, 229

Brahmin, castle, 252

Brass, city of, 259

Bretschneider, 249

Bridge of Dizfūl, 109

Bridge of stone, over Aras, 89

Bridge of stone, over Tigris, 50

Brockelmann, C., 62

Browne, E. G., 66, 138, 155, 253

Bū `Alī, plum, 65

Būb Suvārī, 173

Būdah, 230, 249

Būdanjān, 178

Būdīnah, Rubāṭ, 172

Būghāz, or strait, 229

Būh, river, 214

Buḥayrah, province, 259

Buḥturī, poet, 51

Bujā, 261

Būjkān, 171

Bukhārā, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 205, 254, 255

Bukhārī, traditionist, 238

Būl, 86

Būlangān, 178

Bulghār, 10, 204, 231, 252, 285

Bulūk, district, 115

Bulyānah, 258

Būqshah, 206

Burāq, 119

Burāzah, the engineer, 116, 117

Burāzah, river, 115 to 117, 218

Būrj Shāpūr, 110

Burk, 137, 177

Burūjird, 58, 74, 166

Burūlaz, pass, 173

Būshahr, 129, 177

Būshanj, see Fūshanj

Bushgān and Būshkānāt, 115

Būshtaḥqān, river, 219

Būsīn, 68

Būsīr, 245

Bust (Bādghīsh), 151

Bust (Sīstān), 141, 171, 212

Busṭām, 158, 168 to 170, 272

Bustān (Albistān), 202

Bustān Ibn `Āmir, 164

Bustānak, 129, 179

Butler, A. J., 239, 241

Buttam, mountains, 205

Buy, river, 205, 238

Būzinagān, Rubāṭ, 169

Buzjān, 171

Būzmājin, canal, 205

Buzmuch, plum, 64

Buzurgtarīn, 151

Buzurjmihr, vazīr, 154

Byzantium, 263

Cabra, 259

Cadiz, 259, 260

Cæsar of Rome, 107

Cæsarea Mazaka, 98, 181

Cain, 242, 283

Cainan, son of Enos, 44

Cairo, 10, 203, 242 to 245

Calatayud, 259

Callinicus, 103

Cambarão, 178

Cambay, 255

Camphor tree, 223

Camul, 249

Canaan, 17, 264

Canaan, kings of, 44

Canary islands, 2

Canton, 250

Cappadocia, 97, 100

Caracorum, 253

Caramoran, 210, 265

Carcasonne, 259

Carmathians, 9

Carnelian, 195

Carthage, 258

Caspian Sea, 92, 94, 229, 231, 234, 285, 287

Castilla, 259

Castle, island, 225

Castles of Fārs, 130

Catania, 253, 266

Cathay, 250

Caucasus, 94, 182

Cave (Ghār), district, 60

Cave of Abū Bakr and `Omar, 165

Cave of Hunger, 242

Cave of the Prophet, 8

Cave of the Seven Sleepers, 185, 263

Cave of Ṭafwah, 165

Ceylon, 224, and see Sarandīb

Chāch, 255

Chaechastah, 233

Chaghān Nāūr, 73

Chaghar Beg, 154

Chāh Chil, 177

Chāh Hārūn, 172

Chāh Khāk, 172

Chāh Ṣāchī, 172

Chāh Sujāh, 171

Chāh `Uqbah, 178

Chāhah (Nawbanjān), 179

Chāhak (Fārs), 122, 178

Chahār Dānik, 207

Chahrūd, 68

Chains, pass of, 176

Chalij or Chalish, 249

Chamchamāl, see Sulṭānābād Jamjamāl

Changdū, 250

Changhīz Khān, 153, 250, 253

Charām, 127

Chardin, 80

Chārsaf Rūd, 219

Chārūk, 118

Chashmah-i-Sabz, 147, 219; lake, 233

Chast, 152

Chāūlī, Atabeg, 122, 125, 128, 130, 137, 211

Chawgān, 126

Chīchast, 233, see Urmīyah, lake

Chīn, island, 166

China, 10, 250, 254

China, Great Wall of, 236

China Sea, 222

Chinār, 177

Chīnās, 255

Chirkas, 10

Chīrū, 118, 176, 178

Choarene, 168

Chorak, 96

Chosroes, hall and arch of, 52

Chungdū, 251

Chūpān, amīr, 4, 14, 148

Churām, 127

Church at Antioch, 6, 262

Church, on mount Argæus, 181

Church at Constantinople, 264

Church at Edessa, 104

Church at Erzerum, 95

Church of Peter and Paul, 263

Church at Qālīqalā, 97

Church of the Raven, 282

Church at Ṣan`ā, 256

Churchat, Churcheh or Churchīn, 250

Chuvas, 251

Chwanchaufu, 255

Circassia, 10, 261

Circesium, 104

Circumambient Sea, 221, 231

City of Brass, 259

City of Women, 266

Clavijo, Ruy Gomez, 89

Climes, the Seven, 2

Clysma, see Qulzum

Coast districts of Fārs, 114

Cold River, 210

Coleridge, 251

Collyrium, 197

Comana, 97

Combru, 178

Commentary of Bayḍawī, 121

Commentary of Kalbī, 265

Companions of the Cave, 185, 263

Confluence of the Two Seas, 92, 228

Constantine, city, 258

Constantine, emperor, 263

Constantinople, 230, 240, 247, 263

Constantinople, sea of, 229

Copper, 194

Copperas, 197

Coptos, 265

Coral, 196

Cordier, H., 223

Cordova, 10, 259

Coria, 259

Corners of the Ka`bah, 6

Coromandel, 256

Country of Sapor, 126

Course between Ṣafā and Marwah, 2, 3

Crete, 229

Crimson dye, 89

Crocodiles in Nile, 244

Crystal, 196, 249

Crystal copperas, 196

Ctesiphon, see Madāin

Cubit or Ell, Tailor’s, 160, 161

Cuenca, 259

Cydnus, river, 205

Cypress, great, 120, 142

Cyprus, 100, 229

Cyrus, 18; tomb of, 134, 178

Cyrus, river, see Kur

Dābighān, 82

Dādhīn, 115

Dādīn, mountain, 217

Dādmān, 58

Dafas, 68

Dahān-i-Shīr, 172

Dahānah, spring, 218

Dahand, 168

Dahar, river, 219

Ḍaḥḥāk, son of `Alwān, see Zuhāk

Dajjāl or Antichrist, 56

Dakhmah (Tower of Silence), 119

Dalaj, 153

Dālī, 127

Dalījān, 58, 72

Dam, island, 223

Damah, 190

Damascus, 10, 167, 241, 262

Damāvand, mountain, 44, 158

Damāvand, town, 158, 184, 197, 198, 213, 272

Dāmghān, 62, 157, 158, 168, 186, 193, 271

Damietta, 203, 265

Danā, mountain, 190

Daniel, prophet, his tomb, 109

Daqlā, canal, 207

Daqūq, 48, 220

Dar Dastī Shah Gate (Tabrīz), 79

Dār-al-Imārat, 7

Dār Khār Shāh, mountain, 217

Dār-an-Nadwah, 7, 9

Dar Rūd, mountain, 219

Dār-as-Salṭanah, 40

Dār-ash-Shafā (Damascus), 242

Dār-ash-Shafā (Shīrāz), 114

Dār-ash-Shāṭibah, 40

Dār-ash-Shāṭi’iyyah, 40, 276

Dārāb, see Darius,

Dārāb, son of Bahman, 124

Dārāb, town, 138

Dārābgird, town, 138, 177

Dārābjird, district, 124

Dārābjird, mountains, 185

Darah, 171

Darah, castle, 144

Daraj-Rūd, 88

Darāk or Dārak, mountain, 113, 184

Darāk Mūsā Gate (Shīrāz), 113

Darākūh or Darakān, 137

Darām, 70

Darand, 88

Darāvand, 86

Darband, see Bāb-al-Abwāb

Darband-i-Khalīfah, 220

Darband-i-Tāj Khātūn, 106

Darband-i-Zangī, 106

Dardasht, 55, 56

Darghān, 172, 251

Darguzīn, 76

Dārīn, 135

Darīst, 125

Darius, king, 65, 74, 138

Dāriyān, 178

Darjān, 96

Darjān Qal`ah, 143

Dārkān, 138, 177

Darkhīd, river, 217

Darkhwīd, lake, 233

Darkness, sea, land and islands of, 231

Dārmarzīn, 84

Darraji, pomegranate, 41, 48

Darūb Gate (Tabrīz), 79

Darūd, 85

Dārūk, 176

Dasht Arzhān or Arzin, lake, 233

Dasht Arzhān, meadow land, 133

Dasht Arzhān, village, 177

Dasht Bārīn, 128, 276

Dasht-i-Bayāḍ, 143

Dasht Dastaqān, 117

Dasht Khazar, 251

Dasht Qaṭawān, 238

Dasht Qipchāq, 251

Dasht Rūn, 133, 176

Dasht Rustāq, 217

Dashtābād, 108

Dashtah, 57

Dashtak, 120, 131

Dāshtī, district, 116, 214

Dashtistān, 115

Dastagīr, 172

Dastagird (Balkh), 169

Dāstānī, shaykh, 273

Dastgir, 109

Dastgird (Āvah), 68

Davā Khān, 239

Davalū, 96, 181

David, king, 17, 18

Davvān, 115

Dawāniq, Rubāṭ, 175

Ḍawḍā, Jazīrah, 228

Dawlat Khānah (Qays), 135

Dawlat Shāh, 155, 253

Dawlatābād (India), 255

Dawlatābād (Persian `Irāq), 60

Dawraq, 108

Dāyah, 171

Daybul, 10, 177, 212

Daylam, country, or Daylamān, 65

Daylamite History, 276

Daylamites, 62, 63

Dayr (Arrajān), 130

Dayr (on Persian Gulf), 226

Dayr-al-`Āqūl, 48, 166

Dayr Khālid, 262

Dayr Kharrān, 174

Dayr Kūshid, 190

Dayr-al-`Ummāl, 166

Daytū, 235, 251

De Bode, 126

De Goeje, 222, 236

De Slane, 38

Delhi, 10, 222, 255

Demon river, 139, 217

Desert, Arabian, 260

Desert, Great, of Persia, 73, 140, 264

Dhāt-al-`Ayn, 166

Dhāt-al-`Irq, 5, 164

D’Herbelot, 42

Dhira` Khalqī, 160

Dhū-l-Aktāf, see Sapor II

Dhū-l-Ghaḍawayn, 165

Dhū-l-Ḥulayfah, 5, 165

Dhū-l-Kifl, 39, 186

Dhū-l-Qarnayn, 236, and see Alexander the Great

Dhū-l-Qarnayn, castle, 206

Dhū Samur, 165

Dial, Indian, 24 to 31

Diamond, 195

Di`ān, 202

Dih or Dīh, meaning village, 161

Dih `Alī, 127

Dih Azraq, 172

Dih Bād, 169 to 171

Dih Bajjah, 133

Dih Bār, 278

Dih Bīd, 134, 179

Dih Chāh, 178

Dih Darūdā, 75

Dih Ganj, 170

Dih Gawz or Jawz (Abarqūh), 178

Dih Gawz or Jawz (Shīrāz), 179

Dih Girdū, 123, 176

Dih Gurg, 176

Dih Iṣfahānī, 173

Dih Kajūjān, 81

Dih Khātūn, 168

Dih Khusraw, 171

Dih Khusrūyah, 209

Dih Khwārqān, 83, 88, 187, 233

Dih Kuhnah, 115

Dih Kūrzī, 84

Dih Mālik, 218

Dih Maṭārah, 202, 207, 226

Dih Mūrd (Fārs), 123, 178

Dih Mūrd (Turshīz), 171

Dih Murjān, 276

Dih Namak, 168

Dih Purvāb, 216

Dih Saqrī, 172

Dih Sarkān, 76

Dih Sārūq, 73

Dih Shādābād, 81

Dih Shīr, 178

Dih-i-Sulṭān, 169

Dih Surkh, 168

Dih Tūtiyā Garān, 196

Dihistān (Bādghīsh), 151

Dihistān (Jurjān), 156, 157, 170, 193, 205

Dihū, 187

Dijlah, see Tigris

Dijlah-al-`Awrā (Blind Tigris), see Shaṭṭ- al-`Arab

Dilband, 149

Dilchaq the jester, 144

Dimūr Qāpī, 173

Dīnār, gold, value of, 32; currency dīnār, 33

Dīnār, mountain, 217

Dīnavar, 106, 211

Dīndilā, 125

Dirham, silver, value of, 32; Sassanid Dirham, 33

Disruption, shrine of, 39

Dīv Rūd, 139, 217

Diversity, isle of, 225

Divrīqī, 96

Ḍiyā-ad-Dīn, 81

Ḍiyā-al-Mulk, 90

Diyār Bakr, 102

Diyār Rabī`ah, 102

Diz, meaning castle, 132

Diz Bahman, 84

Diz-i-Gunbadān, 158

Diz Hind, 169

Diz Kilāt, 129

Diz Shīdān, 84

Diz-i-Siyāh, 74

Dizābād, Lower and Upper, 70

Dīzah, 116

Dizbād, river, 218

Dizbād Pāyin, 170

Dizfūl, 106, 109, 207, 211

Dizfūl, river, 207

Dizmār, 89, 195, 197

Dog-headed men, 223; isle of, 225, 228

Dragon, isle of the, 225

Dū Dānik, canal, 110, 207

Dū Gunbadān, 127, 179

Dujayl, canal, 48

Dujayl of Shustar (Kārūn river), 185, 207

Dūlāb, 59

Dūnsūn, 167

Dupré, 177

Durdūr, whirlpool, 223

Dūsht, 82

Duwīrqīr, 255

Dūzāl, 89

Eagle spring, 286

Earthly Paradise, 128, 255

Eastern Sea, 31

Ecija, 259

Edessa, 104

Egypt, 243 to 245; Upper, 263; Lower, 265

Eighty, Market of the, 104, 184

Elephant city (Maghrib), 266

Elephant city (Sclavonia), 252

Elephant city (Urganj), 251

Elias, 91, 186

Ell or Cubit, Common, 160; the tailor’s, 161

Elvira, 259

Elvend, see Alvand

Emerald, 195

Emessa, see Ḥimṣ

Enoch, 269

Ephesus, Sleepers of, 185, 263

Ephthalites, 252

Erdenitzu, 253

Erivān, 89

Erzerum, see Arzan-ar-Rūm

Eternity, islands of, 2, 229

Etna, 285

Euphrates, 95, 96, 202

Europe, 21

Eve, 9

Ezekiel, 39

Ezra, 18

Fadak, 16

Faḍl ibn `Abbās, 13

Faghān, 90

Fahl Fahrah, 255

Fahliyān, 126, 132

Fakhr-ad-Dawlah, see Chāūlī

Fakhr-ad-Dawlah (Buyid), 63

Fakhr-ad-Dīn, Malik, 59

Fakhr-ad-Dīn, Rāzī, 150

Fakhrābād, 75

Fakhri, grape, 150

Fakhristān Dam, 211

Falak Qazvīnī, 64

Falakī Shīrvānī, 81

Falj, 256

Faljah Iskandar, 229, 230, 232

Fam, 72

Fam-aṣ-Ṣilḥ, 166

Fāmarah, 75

Fāmītī, 75

Fanā Khusraw Gird, 113

Fanākat, 210, 255

Fannazbūr, 255

Fārāb, 249, 255

Fārābī, philosopher, 249

Farāghah, 120

Farah, 171

Farah, river, 210, 234

Farāhān, 73

Faraj, 259

Farāk, 64

Farakh, 256

Faramā, 241

Faramā, brother of Alexander, 241

Farāmurz, 166

Farāshah, 162

Farātakīn, 251

Farāvah, 150, 170

Farāvaz, spring, 272

Farghān, 257

Farghānah, 239

Farghānah, mountains, 188

Farhād, 92, 183

Farhādān, village, 171

Farīburz, 84

Farīd-ad-Dīn `Aṭṭār, 42, 148

Farīdūn, king, 20, 21

Fārifaān, 55, 58

Fāris, 143

Fārisjīn, 64, 168

Farīvār, 75, 213

Fariyūmad, 149

Farkhak, river, 219

Farkhār, 10, 253

Farrāj, Bābā, 81

Fārs, grandson of Shem, 112

Fārs, province, 111 to 136

Fārs-Nāmah, 111

Fārs, Sea of, or Persian Gulf, 135, 226

Farsakh or Farsang, 35, 160

Farshāvur (Peshavur), 245, 252

Farther Mosque, see Masjid-i-Āqṣā

Farūjāy, 174

Farūkah, 75

Fārūq, 122, 178

Farūq, island (Fārs), 135

Fārūth, 166

Farvāb, 134

Fāryāb (Fārs), 176

Fāryāb (Jurjān), 153, 169, 172

Farzīn, 73

Fasā, 118, 124, 138, 177

Fasā Gate (Shīrāz), 113

Fasā ibn Ṭahmūrath, 124

Fasād (or Fasār) Ardashīr, 245

Fasārān, 58

Fashā Rūd, district, 143

Fashābūyah, 60

Fat man, in Baghdād, 42

Fatḥābād (Iṣṭakhr), 131

Fāṭimah, 16

Fay, 250

Fayd, 16, 163

Fayyūm, 203, 245, 265

Fāz (Fez, Morocco), 261

Fāz (Khurāsān), 172

Fazzān, 263

Felicity, gate of (Shīrāz), 113

Ferrand, G., 223

Fīl (Maghrib), 266

Fīl (Saqlāb), 252

Fīl (Urganj), 251

Fīl, Madīnah, 252

Fīlān (Yaman), 257

Fīlān and Fīlān Shāh, 236, 246

Filasṭīn (Palestine), 264

Filasṭīn, grandson of Noah, 264

Fīn, 72

Fīq, 262

Fir`awn, see Pharaoh

Firdaws, castle, 70

Firdawsī, poet, tomb, 149, and see Shāh Nāmah

Fire mountain, 279

Fire-temples, 106, 284

Firrich, 259

Firrīm, 158

Fīrūz, king, 57, 59, 85, 94, 156

Fīrūz Bahrām, 60

Fīrūz ibn Yazdagird, king, 245

Fīrūzābād (Fārs), 112, 115 to 117, 133, 176, 217

Fīrūzābād (Shīrvān), 93

Fīrūzābād (Ṭārum), 69, 84

Fīrūzān (Iṣfahān), 55, 58, 208

Fīrūzān (Ray), 59

Fīrūzbarān (Fārs), 116

Fīrūzbarān (Ray), 59

Fīrūzkūh (Ghaznah), 144

Fīrūzkūh (Qūmis), 158

Fīrūzrām, 59

Five Fingers, mountain, 209

Fīzādān, 57

Flood of Noah, 104, 269

Flood, oven of the, 37

Forg, see Burk

Fortunate Isles, 2, 229

Fortune, Gate of (Shīrāz), 113

Forty minarets, 120

Fountain of life, 93

Frank Country, 10, 230, 263

Frank Sea, 229

Friday Mosque, old and new (Shīrāz), 114

Fuḥaymah, 164

Fūlā, 76

Fuller’s Dam, 211

Fūmin, 159

Fūrāt, 202, and see Euphrates

Fūrāt, canal, old, 202

Furg, see Burk

Furzuk, 129, 179

Fūshanj, 151, 171, 212

Fusṭāṭ, 203, 243

Fuwwah, 265

Gāb, 98

Gabes, 260, 265

Gabrī, 118

Gadīv, river, 216

Gadūk, 99

Gām (pace), 160

Ganbah, 130

Ganges, 211

Ganjābād, 172

Ganjah, 93, 173, 194

Garm Rūd, 88, 216

Garnet, 195

Gāv Davān, 216

Gāv Khānī, swamp, 208, 209

Gāv Khwārah, canal, 206

Gāvbārī, plain, 92

Gāvdūk, 88

Gāvmāhā or Gāvmāsā, river, 66, 213

Gavnān, 57

Gayūmarth, 21, 58, 119, 152, 158

Gaz-i-Khayyāṭī, 160

Gaza, 264

Gazbīnī, Rubāṭ, 170

Georgia, 94

Gez, 57

Ghābah, 135

Ghaḍbān-al-Qaba`tharā, 139

Ghālāṭīqūn or `Ālāṭīfūn, sea or ocean, 204, 230, 249

Ghamr Dhī Kindah, 164

Ghamrah, 164

Ghānah, 266

Ghār, 59, 60

Ghardamān, 251

Gharjah or Gharjistān, 152

Gharq, 173

Ghatah, 249

Ghawṭah, 128, 241, 242

Ghāzān Khān, 14, 32, 33, 59, 79, 82, 83, 92, 174

Ghāzānī domain, 202

Ghaznah or Ghaznayn, 144, 271

Ghazwān, mountain, 2, 188

Ghazzālī, Muḥammad, 149

Ghiyāth-ad-Dīn Rashīdī, 80, 146, 174

Ghū Bālīgh, 249

Ghumays, 163

Ghumdān, castle, 256

Ghumurrah, 264

Ghunābād, mountain, 151

Ghundījān, 128, 133, 217

Ghūr, 152, 210, 212; kings of, 151

Ghurāb, 16

Ghūriyān, 171

Ghūsmān, 212

Giants of Palestine, 264

Gibraltar, straits, 228, 270

Gīl wa Gīlān, 162, 212

Gīlān, see Jīlān

Gīlūyah, mountains, 126, 190

Girdābād (Arabian `Irāq), 50

Girdābād (Persian `Irāq), 75

Girdkūh, 158

Girdlākh, 74

Girrā, 162

Girrah, 127

Glaciales, 230

Glass, 197

Glessaria, 230

Gnats, isle of, 225

God’s Arrow, castle, 115

Gog and Magog, lands and wall, 231, 236, 246, 252

Gold, 192, 222

Gold, isle of, 229

Gold, mountain, 186, 193

Golden Bough, spring, 234

Golden River, 209

Goldziher, 120

Gombroon, 178

Gomenek, 97

Gomorrah, 264

Granada, 259, 282

Grapes, isle of, 224

Greece, 10, 270

Greek Sea, 229

Green Sea, 224

Green Spring, 233

Guadalaxara, 259

Gūdarz, the Ashghāniyān, 18; his son, 142

Guinea-worm, 205

Gujarāt, 252, 256

Gukchah Mīl, 174

Gukchah Nīl, lake, 215

Gūkchah Tangīz, 233

Gul Andām, shaykh, 123

Gul (Gūl or Gueul) Zaryūn, river, 210

Gulābād, 171

Gulbādagān, 72

Gūlchah Nīl, 174

Gulchīn, 70, 76

Gulhār, 70

Gulīshād, 58

Gulistān, mountain, 189

Gumbarū, 178

Gumrū or Gumruk, 178

Gunābad, 142

Gunāvah, 130

Gunbad Mallaghān, 127, 133, 179

Gur-i-Surkh, 156

Gurjistān, 94

Gushtāsf or Gushtāsp, king, 73, 94, 121, 124, 139, 238

Gushtāsfī, country, 94, 205, 211

Guwāshīr, 62, 139, and see Kirmān City

Gūyum, 124, 127

Guzīdah, Tarīkh, 62

Habrak, 116

Ḥabs, 129

Ḥād, 151

Ḥaddādah, 168

Hādī, caliph, 63

Ḥadīqah, 16

Ḥādith, tax, 38

Ḥadīthah (Tigris), 43, 46, 167, 208

Ḥaḍr, 218

Ḥaḍramawt, 256

Ḥāfiẓ Abū-l-`Alā, 75

Ḥafrak, 119, 178

Hafshūbah, 57

Ḥaft Iqlīm, 81

Haftād Pūlān, bridge, 213

Haftawād, 138

Hagar, 3, 9

Ḥāirī, Mashhad, 39

Ḥājib Ḥasan, Rubāṭ, 175

Ḥājir, 164

Ḥajjāj, viceroy, 6, 35, 53, 113, 124, 139; his brother, 132

Ḥājjī Bektash, 99

Ḥajjī Qiwām, wall of, 177

Hajmān, 118

Ḥākim, Fatimid caliph, 14

Ḥalab (Aleppo), 197, 262

Ḥalam, gorge, 206

Ḥalam, new and old, 170

Ḥalbah, gate, 41

Ḥallāj, 42

Ham, son of Noah, 21

Ḥamāh, 210, 262

Hamadān, 9, 54, 58, 61, 74, 161, 181, 182, 211, 213, 214

Hāmān, vazīr to Pharaoh, 151

Hamand or Hamīd, 118

Ḥamd-Allah Mustawfī, poem on Baghdād, 43; his grandfather, 55

Hamī or Hamil, 249

Ḥamīrqān, 68

Ḥamiyah, 16

Hamjān, 118

Ḥāmmah, 258

Hamshahrah, 92

Ḥamzah, Companion of the Prophet, 282

Ḥamzah, Qurān-reader, 43

Ḥānah, 218

Hangamābād, 101

Hangchaufu, 254

Ḥānī, 103

Har, village, 173

Haram, 117

Ḥaram, double of East Baghdād, 40

Ḥarām or Ḥaram of Mecca, 1 to 9

Harār, 89

Harāt, see Herat

Harāt (Fārs), 122

Ḥarbā, 47

Hardaqān, 70

Harī-Rūd (Herat river), 152, 212

Ḥārith, mountain (Ararat), 190

Ḥārith Muḥāsibī, 42

Harm, 117

Harmaz, mountain, 191

Ḥarrān, 103, 218

Harsīn, 107

Hārūn-ar-Rashīd, caliph, 38, 40, 63; his tomb, 149, 243, 245

Hārūniyyah (Arabian `Irāq), 162

Hārūniyyah (Syria), 245

Hārūt, angel, 44, 198

Ḥasan ibn `Alī, caliph, 15

Ḥasan `Askarī, imām, 49, 50

Ḥasan, Bābā, 81

Ḥasan Baṣrī, 45

Ḥasan Bulghārī, 81

Ḥasan Chūpānī, 96

Ḥasan, Ad-Dā`ī, 60, 66

Ḥasan Giyāh Khur, 114

Ḥasan ibn Ḥasan, Imāmzādah, 60

Ḥasan Maymandī, 145

Ḥasan Ṣabbāḥ, 66

Ḥasan ibn Ṭughāy Sūtāy, 96

Ḥasan ibn Zayd, the missioner, 60, 66

Ḥasanābād, 166

Hāshim ibn `Abd Manāf, 242, 277

Hāshimiyyah, 37

Ḥashīsh (Indian hemp), 72

Hasht-Rūd, 88, 209, 216

Ḥashū, 138

Ḥasūyah, the Kurd, 137

Ḥatīm, 8

Ḥatīzīr, 115

Ḥawānīt, 166

Ḥawīzah, 108, 109, 211

Ḥawmah, 114

Ḥayān, 94

Ḥayāt, 70

Hayāṭalah, Hayāṭiyah, 252

Hayḍam, son of `Abbās the Prophet’s uncle, 238

Ḥaydar, Qutb-ad-Dīn, and the Ḥaydarī sect, 152

Ḥaydariyyah, 65

Ḥayil, 163

Haykāl, 70

Ḥayy, 165

Hazār Dirakht, 118

Hazārasp, 172, 206, 251

Ḥazwarah or Ḥazzawarah, 2

Heliopolis, 283

Hellespont, 229

Helmund, river, see Hirmand

Hemp, Indian (Ḥashīsh), 72

Herat, 62, 150, 169, 171, 212, 272

Herat, river, see Harī-Rūd

Hermes Trismegistus, 20

Hierro, 2

Hercules, passage of, and pillars of, 230; tomb of, 270

Ḥijāz, 2, 261

Hijr (Baḥrayn), 135, 136

Ḥijr (Medīna), 15, 261

Ḥillah, 43, 47, 162, 276

Ḥimṣ (Ādharbāyjān), 85

Ḥimṣ (Emessa), 210, 262, 281

Ḥimyar country, and sea of, 224, 227, 262

Hind, see India

Hind-rūd, 76

Hindijān, 126, 129

Hindiyān, 275

Hindustān, see India

Hinduvān (Ādharbāyjān), 86

Hinduvān (Fārs), 126, 129

Ḥirā, mountain, 8

Ḥīrah, 47

Hīrak (Arrān), 93

Hīrak (Fārs), 116

Hirmand (Helmund), 141, 171, 212, 234

Hirmās, river, 105, 218

Ḥisākārān, 162

Ḥisār Karnī, 89

Hishām, 60

Ḥiṣn Kayfā, 103, 207

Hīt, 53, 202

Holy House, the, in Constantinople, 264

Hospital, at Damascus, 242; at Shīrāz, 114

House of Convocation (Mecca), 7, 9

Ḥubs-al-Juyūshī, 265

Hūd, prophet, 256

Ḥudaybiyyah, 8

Ḥudayn ibn al Mundhir, 237

Ḥudhayfah ibn al-Yamān, 39

Ḥukām, 83

Hūl, 86

Hūlāgū Khān, 66, 149

Hūlān Mūrān, 209

Ḥulayfah, 5

Ḥulwān, 43, 47, 162, 212

Ḥulwān, river, 48, 50, 107

Ḥūmah, 114

Humām-ad-Dīn Tabrīzī, 81

Humāy, queen or princess, 72, 120

Humayijān, 217

Hunīfqān, 115

Ḥunayn, 165

Huns, White, 252

Hunt, Leigh, 42

Hurmūz, island and town, 10, 140, 177, 226

Hurmuz, king, 109

Hurmuz or Haram, 117

Hurmuz, Rubāṭ, 168

Hurmuz, village, 176

Ḥurr Riyāḥī, 39

Ḥusayn, son of caliph `Alī, 39; tomb, 49, 195, 242

Ḥusayn ibn `Alī ibn Mūsā-ar-Riḍā, 64

Ḥusayn ibn Ṣāliḥ, 115

Hushanak, pass, 177

Hūshang, king, 21, 37, 59, 107, 109, 119, 157, 283

Hūshī, 116

Hūshyār, 99

Huwayn, mountain, 191, 194, 197, 198

Ḥuwayrīth, mountain (Ararat), 190

Huzū, 118, 135, 176

Hwang Ho, river, 210

Hyssop, 91

Iblīs, 46

Ibn Adham, 42

Ibn Baṭūṭah, 120, 224

Ibn Faḍlūn, 255

Ibn Ḥanbal, 42; his tomb, 120

Ibn Jubayr, 162, 203, 230

Ibn Khallikān, 38

Ibn Khurdādbih, 33

Ibn Mājah, 64

Ibn Masrūq, 42

Ibn Muḥammad Murta`ish, 42

Ibn Sīrīn, 45

Ibn Ṭāhir, Rubāṭ, 170

Ibn Zubayr, 6

Ibrāhīm, son of the Prophet, 15

Ibrāhīm ibn Adham, 42

Ibrāhīm of Herāt, 64

Ibrāhīm Khawwāṣ, 60

Ibrāhīm Kuwāhān, 81

Ibrāhīm ibn Mamā, 138

Ibrāhīm ibn Marzubān, 63

Ice-pits, 66, 68, 71, 72

Iconium, see Qūnīyah

Īdaj or Idhaj, 58, 74

Idol, Indian, 56, 252

Idrīs, prophet, 20, 269

Idrīsī, 236

Ifrīqīyah, 258

Īg, 137, 178

Ikhshīn, river, 217

Ilābistān, 272

Īlāq, 183, 193; river, 205

Ilghin, 99

Ilyās, Amīr `Alī, 139

`Imād-ad-Dawlah, 104

`Imād-ad-Dīn of Khwāf, 272

`Imādiyyah, 104

Imām Qulī Khān, 177

India, 177, 255

Indian dial, 24, 31

Indian sages, 21, 22

Indian Sea, 224

Indus, river, 177, 211

Injūham, 82

Iqlīd, 121

I`rāf, canal, 207

Irāhistān, 117, 124, 133

Īraj, 20, 21

Iram, son of Shem, garden of, 241

Īrān (Persia) from Iraj, 20; extent, 22; frontiers, 23; Qiblah point, 25; re- venues, 33 to 36

Irān, hillock, 272

Īrān-Shahr, 34

`Irāq, Arabian, 34 to 53

`Irāq, Persian, 54 to 77

Irbīl, 102

Irmanāk, 96

Iron and the iron foundry, 194

Iron Gates, 246, and see Bāb-al-Abwāb

`Īsā, canal, 41, 50, 202

`Īsā Kūshānī, 67

Isāf, 8

Isaiah, 18, 186

Isbījāb, 255

Isfadan, 143

Isfadrān, 120, 128

Iṣfahān, 9, 54 to 58, 61, 167, 175, 208

Iṣfahānak, 175

Iṣfahānī, Dih, 173

Iṣfahbad, 158

Isfanj, 82

Isfandiyār, 246

Isfarāyin, 148

Isfīd Diz, see Qal`ah-i-Safīd

Isfīdān, 120

Isfīdhān, 76

Isfizār (Asfuzār), 151, 171

Isḥāq, son of Imām Mūsā, 68

Ishfāyiqān, 127

Ishkāvand, 57

Ishmael, 2, 3, 9

Islands of Eternity, 2

Islands of the Persian Gulf, 135, 136

Ismā`īl, grandson of Caliph Mu`izz, 244

Ismā`īl ibn `Abbād, 63

Ismā`īl ad-Dā`ī-al-Kabīr, 60

Ismā`īl, son of Imām Mūsā, 123

Ismā`īlī Kurds, 137

Ismā`īlians, see Assassins

Israelites, 17, 18, 267

Iṣṭahbānān or Iṣṭahbānāt, 137

Iṣṭakhr, son of Gayūmarth, 119

Iṣṭakhr (Persepolis), 112, 118 to 120, 190

Iṣṭakhr, castle, 119, 131, 176

Iṣṭakhr Gate (Shīrāz), 113

Iṣṭakhr Yār, castle, 131

Iṣṭakhrī, 12

Istambūl, 263

Istiẓhār-al-Akhbār, 14

`Ithyānah, 165

Ītil (Volga), 204, 231, 232

Itineraries, 160 to 179

`Izz ad-Dīn Qilij Arslān, 96

Jābah, 222

Jabal, mountain, see Kūh

Jabal Jīlūyah, 126

Jabal-an-Nūr (Etna), 285

Jabalāt, 227

Jabān, 94

Ja`bar, 103

Jabbul, 43, 166

Jābiliq, 74

Jābir ibn `Abd-Allāh, 62

Jabultā, 167

Jacob, 17

Ja`dah, imām, 81

Jādvān, 57

Jaen, 259

Ja`far, canal, 207

Ja`far-aṣ-Ṣādiq, imām, 15, 203, 273

Ja`farī, Rubāt, 169

Jāfariyyah, 49

Jaghān Rūd, 219

Jaghtū, river, 89, 215, 216, 223

Jahrum, 124, 132

Jahūq, 76

Jājarm, 149, 168, 169, 187, 220

Jakārmis, 162

Jalāl-ad-Dīn Rashīdī, 174

Jalāl-ad-Dīn Rūmī, 98

Jalāl-ad-Dīn Ṭīb Shāh, 132

Jalḥā, 163

Jālkūlī, 60

Jallādjān, 130, 217

Jalūlā, 53, 162

Jām, 151, 171

Jamāl-ad-Dīn Abū-l Futūḥ, 60

Jamāl-ad-Dīn Bābūyah, 64

Jamāl-ad-Dīn of Gīlān, 64

Jamāl-ad-Dīn Kāshānī, 183

Jamān, 171

Jāmāsp, 142, 151

Jāmi`- (or Jawāmi`-) al-Ḥikāyāt, 105, 204

Jamīlah, 128

Jamjamāl, see Sulṭānābād

Jamkān, Rubāṭ, 176

Jamkū, 84

Jamrah, 8

Jamshīd, king, 50, 55, 73 to 75, 119, 131, 149

Jamūkhiyān, bridge, 169

Janābā, 130, 217, 218

Janād, 177

Janbadhaq, 273, 277

Jand, 255

Janqān, 83

Japan, 191, 222

Japhet, 21

Jaqarband, 172

Jār, 16

Jarāndāb, 81

Jarīb, measure, 35

Jarīr, poet, 163

Jarm Jūy, 168

Jarmā or Jarmī, 261

Jarmaq, 140

Jarshīq, river, 217

Jarūd, 68, 70

Jasār, 103

Jasāsah, island, 227

Jasper, 196

Jāstān, 171

Java, 222

Javānmard, the fuller, 60

Jawāshīr, 193, see Kirmān City

Jawbarqān, 134

Jawhar, the eunuch, 244

Jawmah, 114

Jawsaq, 63

Jawshan, mountain, 194

Jaxartes (Sayḥūn), 202, 209, 210, 234

Jay, 57

Jayḥān (Pyramus), 201

Jayhānī, 280

Jayḥūn, see Oxus

Jāyij Rūd, 213

Jaypāl, 271

Jaz, 57

Jāzīrah, province, 102 to 110

Jazīrah Ibn `Omar, 103

Jazlā, 70

Jericho, 264

Jerusalem, 16 to 19, 95, 264, 282, 283

Jethro, 262

Jews, captive, 44; in Abarqūh, 120

Jiddah, 81

Jidghil, 210

Jifār, 283

Jihān-Numā, 171

Jīlān, dates, 125

Jīlān or Jīlānāt (Gīlān), 158, 286

Jïlān, Sea of, 231

Jīlum, river (Jhelam), 212

Jīlūyah, mountains, 126, 190

Jinn, isle of the, 232

Jins, 129

Jirm (Khurāsān), 150

Jirm (Murdān Naqīm), 86

Jirm (Ray), 60

Jirrah, 127, 217, 233

Jīruft, 139, 193

Jirūn, island, 140

Jirūn Gate (Damascus), 242

Jis, 129

Jisr Manbij, 179

Jiyān, 60

John the Baptist, 17, 242

Jonah, 39, 105, 277

Jordan Province, 262

Joseph, 265

Jūbārah, 55, 56

Jūbbah, 53

Jūdī, mountain, 104, 184

Jūh-Kān, 176

Juḥfah, 5, 16, 165

Jūlāndaraq, 82

Julbārah, 56

Jūmā (Axum), 261

Jūmah, 114, 124

Junābad, 142

Junayd Baghdādī, 42

Jundī Shāpūr, 109, 207

Jungar, 249

Jūr, 116, 217, see Fīrūzābād

Juraysī, 163

Jurbādaqān, town and river, 58, 71, 72, 213

Jurhumites, 3

Jurjah or Jurchīd, 250

Jurjān, 62, 156, 170, 206

Jurjān, Sea of (the Caspian), 231

Jurjān, river, 206

Jurjānīyah, 170, 251

Jurjat, 250

Justi, 138

Juvaym (Shīrāz), 179

Juvaym of Abū Aḥmad, 124, 127, 133, 134

Juvayn, 148, 171

Jūy-i-Kushk, 167

Jūy Murgh Kuhtar, 167

Jūy-i-Naw, 173

Jūy-i-Sard, 185, 208

Jūyīgān, 126, 217

Jūyum, 124

Jūzbīq, 173

Jūzdān, 58

Jūzjān, 153, 172

Kāb, 98

Ka`b, Rubāṭ, 169

Ka`bah, 1 to 9; as Qiblah, 24

‘Ka`bah-Model’ Mosque, 96

Kabatrung, 161

Kabrīn, 118

Kabūd, 101

Kabūd Jāmah, 157

Kābul, 10, 254

Kabūtar Khānah, 169

Kadpū, river, 216

Kafr or Kafrī, 176

Kāghadh-Kunān, 70, 173

Kahargān, 217

Kaharjān, 117

Kahrān, 86

Kajābād, 82

Kajīl, 81

Kalach, 70

Kalah (Qal`ah), 194

Kalāh, island, 194, 224, 256

Kalah Ham, island, 288

Kalālah, 86

Kālān, 134

Kalanbar or Kalantar, 86, 187, 194

Kalang, tin, 194

Kalbī, 265

Kālif, 153

Kalīlak, 121, 122

Kallah, island, 194, 224, 256

Kallār, 122, 211

Kālūn, 151

Kalūr, 85

Kamah, 121

Kamākh, 98

Kamāl-ad-Dīn Ismā`īl Iṣfahānī, 56

Kamālīnī Tabrīzī, 81

Kamar, mountain, 97

Kamart, 73

Kāmfīrūz, 122

Kamfīrūz, meadows, 134

Kamīn, 121, 122, 178

Kamīn, meadows, 135

Kan, 70

Kanak, 212

Kan`ān, 264

Kand (Fārs), 178

Kand (Transoxiana), 255

Kand, island, 226

Kand-Rūd, 82

Kang Diz, 44, 239

Kanguvar, 107, 161, 166

Kanīsah Qullays, 256

Kanjar, 171

Kanjiyān, 274

Kant, 255

Kār-Khānah, 90

Karāgh, 212

Karah Rūd, 73, 213

Karaj (Iṣfahān), 58, 166, 167, 185, 213

Karaj (Persian `Irāq), 73

Karāram, isles, 225

Karārij, 57

Karawrā, 164

Karbalā, 39, 59

Kardān, Rubāṭ, 212

Kardān Rūd, 214

Kardārkān, 74

Kardurān Khās, 206, 251

Kargas, mountains, 189

Karīh, canal, 206

Kāriyān, 117

Kārīz, water-channel, 57

Kāriz (Bādghīsh), 151

Karjiyān, 159

Karkahar, 161

Karkar or Karkaz, 89

Karkh of Baghdād, 40, 41

Karkh of Sāmarah, 167

Karkh of Ṭāliqān, 70

Karkhah, 207

Karkhī, shaykh, 114

Karkūyah, 171

Karmalīs, 104

Karrān (Iṣfahān), 55

Karrān (Tibet), 249

Karshāsf, 141, 238

Karshāsf Nāmah, 205

Kārūn, see Dujayl

Kārvāngāh, 170

Karzān-Rūd, 76

Kārzīn, 115, 176, 209

Kārzīn, castle, 133

Karzuvi, tribe, 128

Kāsān, 239, 250

Kāshān, 9, 58, 61, 71, 175

Kasḥān (Ṭāliqān), 172

Kāshān, river, 214

Kāshghar, 251

Kashkar or Kaskar, 159

Kashmar and its cypress, 120, 142

Kashmīr, 10, 196, 254

Kashmīr, the king of Waqwāq, 222

Kastaghī, 99

Kāsvāh, 68

Kāt, 239, 251

Kathah, 178

Kavak, 98

Kavānī, 86

Kavār, 115, 117, 134, 176, 209

Kawtam, 159, 209, 210

Kay Kāūs, 46, 83, 92, 104

Kay Khusraw, 65, 69, 83, 84, 189, 190, 235, 273

Kay Khusraw, spring of, 73

Kay Qubād, 55, 153, 160

Kayfā, Ḥiṣn, 103, 207

Kaykālūs, island, 225

Kaymāk, 10, 204, 231, 254

Kaysūn, 202

Kazhkī, river, 211

Kāẓim, imām and the Kāẓimayn, 36, 42, 60

Kāzirūn, 125, 177

Kāzirūn Gate (Shīrāz), 113

Kermes, insect, 89

Kerulan, 253

Khabān, 94

Khābdān, 132, 179

Khabīṣ, 139

Khabr, 115, 132, 209

Khabrak, 121, 122

Khabraz or Khabriz, 121

Khabs, 129, 179

Khābūr, 103, 218

Khabūshān, 149, 205

Khādān, see Khwābdān

Khadījah, 9

Khaḍirah, 16

Khafr, 115

Khafrak, 121

Khajank, river, 219

Khākistar, 169

Khalaj Gate (Baghdād), 41

Khalakh or Khalaj, 249

Khālid, the Barmecide, 51

Khāliṣ, 47

Khāliṣah or Khāliṭah, island, 230

Khalkhāl (Ādharbāyjān), 78, 83, 84, 173

Khalkhāl (on the Caspian), 206

Khamī, 249

Khāmidah Bīl, 84

Khān, 165

Khān Āzād Murd,

Khān Balīgh, 10, 235, 250, 251

Khānah Kat, 178

Khanān, 94

Khānī, era, 36

Khāniqīn, 47, 162, 212

Khānisār, 213

Khānqāh Shutūr, 173

Khansay, 10, 254

Khānum Rūd, 82

Khanūs, 175

Khāqānī, poet, 81

Khār, castle, 133

Khar Rūd, 62

Kharādīn, 101

Kharāj-i-Rātib, 35

Kharāv, 68

Khārik, island, 136, 166, 226

Kharjā, 166

Kharkhah, river, 211

Kharlukh, 249

Kharmaramt, 101

Kharraqān or Khirqān, the two Kharra- qāns, 68, 76, 115, 158, 185, 186, 214; and river, 215

Kharrār, 165

Kharrārah, 179

Khartabirt, 96

Kharū, river, 218

Kharū, village, 219

Kharūd, 214

Kharzīn, 118

Khāsh, 251

Khāsik or Khāsil, 226

Khāstān, 171

Khastījān, 65, 135

Khastuwī, date, 41

Khasū, 138

Khaṭṭ, 135

Khaṭṭ, island, and Khaṭṭī spears, 245

Khātūn, Dih, 168

Khāvah, 59, 60

Khāvarān or Khāvardān, 155

Khavāshīr, castle, 143

Khawarnaq (Arabian `Irāq), 47

Khawarnaq (Ṭārum), 70

Khawrāt or Khawrzān, 172

Khaybar, 15

Khayr or Khayrah, 115, 138, 177, 178, 232

Khayr-an-Nassāj, 64

Khayzān, 92

Khayzurān, mother of Hārūn-ar-Rashīd, 7

Khazar, desert, 230, 246, 247; and lands, 231, 251

Khazar, Sea of, 229, and see Caspian

Khāzinī, `Abd-ar-Raḥmān, 27

Khiḍr (Elias), 91, 186

Khījīn, 68

Khilāṭ (Akhlāṭ), 100, 187

Khīr, 138

Khirāmah, 122

Khirkhīz, 253

Khirqān, 158, 185, 186, and see Khar- raqān

Khirs, 87

Khisht, 127, 218

Khisht-i-Pukhtah, 170

Khitay or Khiṭay (China), 10, 250

Khīv, 68

Khīvah, canal, 206

Khīvah or Khīvaq, 251

Khiyārij, 64

Khiyāv, 85, 186

Khoi, 83, 86, 175, 277

Khoten, 251, 280

Khudā Āfarīn, bridge, 89

Khuftiyān, 106

Khūjān, 249

Khujand, 210, 254

Khūlanjān, 178

Khulayṣ, 165

Khullār, 127, 179

Khulm-i-Naw, 170

Khulūqī, pear, 87

Khūmān Qubūḥ, 175

Khumārtakīn, Rubāṭ, 168

Khumārtāsh `Imadī, 7

Khumārūwayh ibn Ṭulūn, 244

Khumāyijān, 127

Khunāfghān, 115

Khūnaj, 70

Khunayfqān, 115, 218

Khunayfqān, river, see Burāzah

Khūnj or Khung, 117, 176

Khūr (Ādharbāyjān), 89

Khūr (Fārs), 143

Khūrāb, 172

Khūrah or Khurrah, 112

Khurāsān, province, 146 to 156; its revenues, 32

Khurāsān Gate (Baghdād), 41

Khurāsān Road, district, 49

Khūrāshāh, 169

Khūrāshah (Juvayn), 149

Khūrāshī, 116

Khurramābād, 68, 74

Khurramābād, river, 211

Khurramah, 122, 178, 232

Khurramah, castle, 132

Khurshah (Jahrum), 124

Khūrshāh (Tabrīz), 82

Khurshah, castle, 132

Khūsf, 143

Khūshāb (Armenia), 100, 101

Khūshāb (Shāsh), 210

Khūshāb Dān, 170

Khūshān, 107, 162

Khushk-Rud, 215

Khusraw Parvīz, 33, 50, 106, 107, 183; portrait of, 162; spring of, 185

Khusrawgird, 151

Khusrūyah, Dih, 209

Khutan (Khoten), 251, 280

Khutlān, 153, 192, 193, 206, 219

Khuvār (Fārs), 121; its castle, 133

Khuvār (Ray), 157, 158, 168

Khūy or Khuvī, see Khoi

Khūzān, 57

Khuzaymiyyah, 163

Khūzistān, 107 to 110

Khwābdān, river, 217

Khwābdān or Khwādān, castle, 132, 179

Khwāf, 152, 194

Khwājah, district, 176

Khwājah Aḥmad, Rubāṭ, and village, 175

Khwārazm, province, 10, 169

Khwārazm City, 172, 251

Khwārazm, lake of, see Aral

Khwārazm, Old and New, 170

Kibrānah, 164

Kīd, 178

Kieff, 258

Kīlān Faṣlūn, 86

Kīlāt, 150

Kīlīn, 60

Kīlvān, 85

Kinārah, 178

Kinsay, 254

Kīr, 98

Kirbāl, 122, 211

Kirind, 107, 162

Kirmān, History of, 139

Kirmān, province, 138 to 140

Kirmān, mountains, 189

Kirmān City, 178, 179, 193

Kirmānshāh or Kirmānshāhān, 106, 162

Kishsh, 254

Kisāy, Qurān-reader, 60

Kishish, 179

Kitāb-at-Tibyān, 62

Kitovia, 258

Kītū or Kīsū, 73, 185, 213

Kīzā, see Girrā

Kizrīn, 118

Kremer, A. von, 33

Kūbanjān, 116

Kubilay Khān, see Qubilay

Kūchābād, 169

Kūfah, 36 to 39, 56, 162, 202, 203

Kūfah, Qubbat-al-, 242

Kūh-i-Barf, 74

Kūh Gilūyah, 126, 190

Kūh Namak, 190

Kūh Nuqrah, 151

Kūh-i-Siyāh, 171

Kūh-i-Zar, 186

Kuhandān, 68

Kuhbinān, 141

Kūhinjān, 116

Kuḥl (antimony), 197

Kuhnah Urganj, 170

Kūjafhān, 159

Kūkh, 58

Kūlāh, 98

Kūlī, 177

Kūlkū, river, 107, 184, 211

Kūlvānah, 215

Kūmān, 58

Kunābad, 189

Kunābayn, 164

Kumandān, 58

Kumārij, 127

Kumbrū, 178

Kūmjān, 75

Kur (Cyrus river, Arrān), 92 to 94, 205, 211, 232, 247

Kur (Cyrus river, Fārs), 121, 122, 134, 176, 211, 216, 233

Kurā`, 164

Kūrad, 122

Kūrah, mine, 194

Kūrah Rūd, 124

Kurān, 117

Kūrdasht, 89

Kurdistān, 105 to 107

Kurds and Kurdish tribes, 76, 106

Kūrisht, 74

Kurkahīrīyah, 75

Kūrlādī, 206

Kurm, 138

Kurmāq, 252

Kursī, Rubāṭ, 170

Kusayr, 166, 226

Kūshak (Cyrus), 18

Kūshīd, mountain, 189

Kushk (Iṣfahān), 55

Kushk (Jūr), 116

Kushk (Persian `Irāq), 60

Kūshk Bāgh, 75

Kūshk-i-Manṣūr, 171

Kūshk Na`m, 178

Kūshk-i-Qāḍī, 138

Kūshk-i-Zard, 123, 133, 176

Kūsjān or Kūsingān, 179

Kūstān, 171

Kūsūy, 151

Kūt Sa`dī, 113

Kūtābah, 258

Kūtal-i-Dukhtar, and Kūtal-i-Pīrah Zan, passes, 177

Kūtam, see Kawtam

Kūtāwān, 227

Kūthā canal, 202

Kūzah Kunān, 82

Kuzgān, 179

Lab, 151

Laban, 17

Labandān, 173

Lābjīn, 75

Lādhiqīyah (Laodicaea), 262

Lāghir, 117, 176

Lago de la Janda, 259

Lagzī, mountains, 182, 231, 232

Laḥf, 46

Lāhijān, 62, 159

Lahore, 252

Laḥsā, 135, 245

Lakān, 178

Lākdaraj, 82

Lake, Salt, of Farāhān, 73, and see Ur- mīyah

Lakes, 232 to 234; origin of, 200

Lālistān, 213

Lāmjān-Rud, 76

Lanbasar, 66

Lands of Īrān, 20 to 23

Land-tax of `Omar, 35

Lanjān, 57

Laodicaea, 262

Laodicaea Combusta, 99

Lapis-Lazuli, 197

Lār, 138, 177

Lardak, pass, 176

Lashkar Mukram, 110; 207

Lashkar ibn Ṭahmūrath, 110

Lashkargān, 212

Lasīrā, 134

Lāsjird, 168

Latitude, 22

Laughing stone, 260

Lāvar, 226

Laylān, 88

Layth the Ṣaffārid, 145

Lead, 194

League or Farsakh, 35, 160

Lebanon, mountains, 182, 281

Lelewa, 29, 249

Lerida, 259

Lesgī, see Lagzī

Light, mountain of, 8

Līnah, 166

Lions in Fārs, 122, 133, 134

Lion’s Mouth, gorge, 172, 206

Lion’s Mouth, whirlpools, 223

Lisān-al-Baḥr, 227

Litharge, 197

Lizard, green, 261

Lofty Towers, the, 257

Longitude, 22

Lot, 264, 281

Lubnān, 182

Luhrāsp, 44, 129, 152, 246

Lukkām, mountains, 182

Lūlū or Lūlūah, 98, 193

Lūqiyāmāt, 101

Lur, Greater and Lesser Luristān, 73, 74, 126

Lūrdagān, 58, 74

Lūs-Rūd, 171

Lybia, 21

Ma`bādiyyah, 52

Ma`bar, 256

Macdonell, Prof. A. A., 22

Macedonia, 270

Māchīn (China), 10, 250, 254

Madāin (Ctesiphon), 43, 50 to 52, 166; fire-temple, 106

Ma`dan Banī Sulaym, 164

Ma`dan Naqrah, 164, 165

Mādar wa Dukhtar pass, 176

Madargāv, 82

Madhmīnīyah, 251

Madīnah, see Medina

Madīnah Mūsā, 63

Madīnat-al-Faraj, 259

Madīnat-al-Fīl, 252, and see Fīl

Madīnat-as-Salām, 40, and see Baghdād

Madyan, 262

Maghrib (Morocco, the West), 10, 228, 266

Maghrib, History of, 186; its date, 243, 275, 278

Maghz, 169

Magian’s castle, 178

Magyar, 255

Māh, 256

Mahalaleel, 109

Maḥallah-i-Bāgh, 168

Māhalūyah lake, 113, 233

Māhān, 176

Maharāj, king of Java, 222

Mahdī, caliph, 7, 14, 40, 59

Mahdī, the Expected Imām, 47, 60

Mahdī, Fatimid caliph, 244

Mahdīābād, 172

Mahdīyyah, 258, 265

Māhī, Rubāṭ, 169

Māhīdasht, 107

Māhīrūyān, 130

Maḥmūd of Ghaznah, sulṭān, 144, 145, 252

Maḥmūd Shāh Injū, 113

Maḥmūdābād, 92

Maḥmūdābād Gāvbārī, 173

Mahrah, 256

Mahrūbān, 130

Mah-rūd, 49

Mahwān, 154

Mahyār, 175

Maiden’s Pass, 177

Māj-Rūd, 214

Māja`lū, 76

Majd-ad-Dawlah Buyid, 63

Majma` Arbāb-al-Maslak, 14, 78, 120

Majma`-al-Baḥrayn, 228, 282

Mājūj, 10

Makash, 255

Makhtūm, date, 41

Makkah, see Mecca

Makrān, 10, 140, 255

Makrān bridge, 279

Maks, 255

Mākū or Mākūyah, 90

Malabar, 256

Malaga, 259

Malāir, 76

Malal, 165

Mālān (Bākharz), 151

Mālān island, 225

Mālān pass, 177

Malaqūbīyah, 99

Malaṭiyah, 98, 202, 277

Malāzjird, 101, 175

Malībar or Manībar, 177, 256

Mālik, Nahr, 52

Malik ibn Anas, 15

Malik Fakhr-ad-Dīn, 59

Malik-Shāh, Saljūqī, 33, 34, 39, 103, 104, 152, 154 to 156, 160, 162, 163; his Diary, 262

Malik Zawzanī, 152

Malikfūr, 252

Malīsī, pomegranate, 129

Malū pass, 176

Malwīyah, minaret, 49

Māmshān-Rūd, 213

Mamūn, caliph, 14, 154, 203, 286

Mān-Rūd, 194, 274

Manchu (China), 250

Māndastān, 117, 118

Manf (Memphis), 203, 265

Manhā, 203

Mānī and the Manicheans, 250

Manṣūr, caliph, 7, 37, 40, 51

Manṣūrābād, 158

Manṣūrah (Sind), 252, 255

Manṣūrah (Urganj), 251

Manūchihr ibn Īraj, 52, 59

Manzī (China), 250, 254

Maqdashū, 256

Marāghah, 78, 83, 88, 174, 187, 215, 216

Marāghah, village, 120

Marāghiyān, sect, 67

Māramhān, 75

Marand, 83, 89, 175, 216

Marand, river, 216

Mar`ash, 262

Marāvdīn, 73

Mārbānān, 57

Mārbīn, 57

Marcasite, 197

Marco Polo, 210, 224, 249, 254, 255

Mard Rūd, 216

Mārdīn (Mesopotamia), 105, 218

Mārdīn (Sind), 252

Margalūthā, 90

Mārghanān, 210

Marghzār, meadow-lands, 133

Marghzār Darrah, 171

Mārīn (Iṣfahān), 64

Mārīn (Ray), 168

Marīnān, 150

Marjabā, 59

Marjaḥ, 165

Marjamnān, 71

Marjānīthā, 90

Marmora, sea of, 229

Marquart, J., 249

Marrakish, 263

Marsā Tabarqah, 230

Marsān, 150

Marūchak, 172

Ma`rūf Karkhī, 42

Marusf, 121

Mārūt, angel, 44, 198

Marv Āb, 208

Marv-Rūd, river, 154

Marv-ar-Rūd (Little Marv) or Marv-i- Kūchik, 155, 169, 171, 172, 208

Marv Shāhijān (Great Marv), 10, 62, 153, 172, 208

Marvast or Marūst, 121

Marvdasht, 120, 121, 178, 216

Marwah, 2, 3, 7, 8

Marwān II, caliph, 245

Marzam, Rubāṭ, 170

Maṣābiḥ-as-Sunnah, 1

Masālik-al-Mamālik, 33

Māṣaram, 209, 217

Māshān-Rūd, 75

Mash`ar-al-Ḥaram, 8

Mashhad `Alī or Mashhad-i-Gharwā, 38, 162

Mashhad Ḥāirī, 39

Mashhad Ḥasan ibn Ḥasan, 60

Mashhad Kāfī, 108

Mashhad-i-Mādar-i-Sulaymān, 134, 178

Mashhad Ṭāhir, 283

Mashk, Rubāṭ, 134

Mashkān or Mashkūn, 134

Ma`shūq Ṭūsī, 159

Masīlah, 258

Masin, river, 217

Māsīr, 73

Masis (Ararat), 190

Masjid (Mosque of) `Āishah, 8

Masjid Aqṣā, 16, 17

Masjid-i-Ḥaram (Mecca), 5, 6

Masjid Khayf, 8

Masjid-i-Madīnah, Medina mosque, 13, 14

Masjid Rāzān, 169

Masjid Sa`d, 163

Masrūqān, 110, 207

Maṣṣīṣah, 201

Māst (Ararat), 190

Mas`ūd, the poet, 155, 156

Mas`ūdī Kurds, 133

Maṭārah, 202, 207, 226

Maṭarān, 109

Matthews, Captain A. N., 1

Māv Bāliq, 153

Ma-warā-n-Nahr (Transoxiana), 10, 209, 254

Mawkilah Gate (Tabrīz), 79

Mawṣil, see Mosul

Maybud, 77

Maydān-i-Sulṭān, 219

Māydasht, 107

Maydūm, pyramid, 269

Māyīn, 122, 123, 176, 211

Māyirūd, 74

Maymand (Fārs), 118, 176

Maymand (Quhistan), 145

Maymūn Diz, 66

Maysān, 46

Maysān, canal, 207

Mayyāfāriqīn, 105, 207

Māzandarān, 156

Mazdak, 67

Māzimayn, 8

Meadow-lands of Fārs, 133

Mecca, 1 to 11, 26, 28, 164, 165, 181, 261

Medina, 10, 12 to 16, 57, 164, 165, 181, 227, 261

Mediterranean Sea, 229

Memphis, 203, 265

Merida, 259

Merveilles de l’Inde, 222

Midian, 262

Mīhmān-Dūst, 168

Mīhnah, 155

Mihrān (Indus), 177, 212

Mihrān-Rūd, 80, 83, 216

Mīkāl, Qal`ah, 142

Mīl-i-`Omarī, 169

Mīlābād, 170

Mīlādjird, 75

Mīlān, 82

Mile, Arab, 35

Milk Conduit, 50

Mill-stones of Khullār, 127

Mīlyānah, 258

Minā, 2, 8

Minār, 166

Minār (Pharos) of Alexandria, 239

Minārah-Gāh, 170

Minaret, Trembling, 45

Minerals, 192 to 199

Minyah, 265

Minyah Hishām, 282

Mīqāt (Limits of Mecca Ḥaram), 5, 164

Miracle Play of Ḥasan and Ḥusayn, 39

Mishān, 158

Mishkān, 138

Mīshkānāt, 125, 138

Mishkāt-al-Maṣābiḥ, 1

Mishkīn, 85

Mīshūd, amīr, 70

Mīsjīn, 84

Mislaḥ, 164

Miṣr, see Cairo and Egypt

Miṣr, Old, 266

Miṣṣ, 138

Mithqāl, weight, 32

Mithqālī, grapes, 113

Miyān Qal`ah, 131

Miyān Rūdān, 166

Miyānij, 88, 174, 216

Miyānij, bridge, 216

Miyānij, river, 209, 216

Mohl, see Shāh Nāmah

Mokshas, 255

Mongolia, 253

Moon, miracle of its division, 8

Moon, Mountains of the, 203, 227

Moon-maker of Nakhshab, 151

Mordvins, 255

Morocco City, 263, and see Maghrib

Moses, 188, 243, 245, 262, 264

Moses, rock of, 93, 263

Mosque, see Masjid

Mosquitoes, spell against, 50

Mosul, 102, 167, 198, 199

Mother and Daughter pass, 176

Mother of King Solomon, 178

Mother of the Prophet, her grave, 16

Mountains, 180 to 191

Moving Sands, 141, 172

Mu`āwīyah, caliph, 104

Mubārak, the Turk, 63

Mubārakābād, 63

Mūghān, 91, 92

Mughīthah, 163

Mughīthat-al-Māwān, 164

Mughūliyyah, 70

Muhallabiyyah, 163

Muḥammad, the prophet, 6, 8; Flight, route of, 165; house where born, 7; mother’s grave, 16; Night Journey, 18, 267; miracles at time of birth, 96; as regards the Hall of the Chosroes, 52; the Sāvah lake, 214; relics of, 86; his tomb, 12 to 15

Muḥammad, traditions of, regarding `Ālīj desert, 266; Euphrates, 202; Fārs, 111; Iṣfahān, 56; Mecca, 2, 4, 181; Medina, 12 to 14, 16, 181; Qazvīn, 62; Rivers of Paradise, 201; Rūm, 95; Sablān, 186; Samarqand, 238

Muḥammad Abu-l-Walīd, 150

Muḥammad ibn `Alī Kattānī, 9

Muḥammad `Awfī, 105

Muḥammad Bāqir, Imām, 15

Muḥammad ibn Faḍl Balkhī, 238

Muḥammad Ghazzālī, 149

Muḥammad ibn Ḥanafiyyah, 98

Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al `Askarī, the Expected Mahdī, 47, 60

Muḥammad ibn Ildagiz, Rubāṭ, 161

Muḥammad ibn Ja`far-aṣ-Ṣādiq, 156

Muḥammad Kajūjānī, 81

Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Kāẓim, 114

Muḥammad ibn Qāsim, 113

Muḥammad the Saljūq, Sulṭān, 56

Muḥammad Shāh, sulṭān of Delhi, 222

Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf, 113

Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf-ath-Thaqafī, palace of, 7

Muḥammadābād, 170

Muhāt, 158

Muḥawwal, 50

Muhtadī, caliph, 40

Muḥtāl, 251

Mūhū, 118

Mu`izz, Fatimid caliph, 244

Mu`izz-ad-Dawlah, Buyid, 104

Mujāhidābād, 142

Mujāj, 165

Mukārim, Shaykh, 42

Muktafī (`Alī), caliph, 40

Mulḥids, see Assassins

Multān, 252

Mūminābād, 144

Mūmiyā, 198

Mūnis, the chamberlain, 107

Muntaṣir, caliph, 40

Muqāta`āt, 43

Muqaṭṭam, mountain, 190, 195

Muqtadir, caliph, 4, 9, 112

Mūr, lake, 233

Mūraqī, grape, 41

Murayzijān, 121

Murchah Khūrd, 175

Murdān Naqīm, 86, 89

Murgh, 256

Murghāb, 172, 208

Mūrjān, mountain, 190

Murjān, village, 276

Murraq, 68

Mūrūstāq, 156

Musa, see Moses

Mūsā ibn Būqā, 63

Mūsā ibn Nuṣayr, 260

Mūsā-ābād, 170

Muṣallā (Medina), 15

Mūsh, 105

Mushāsh, 164

Mushk Mabnā, 170

Muslim ibn `Abd-al-Malik, 247

Musta`īn, caliph, 40

Mustanṣir, caliph, 52, 244

Mustanṣiriyyah, college, 42

Mustawfī, Amīn-ad-Dīn Naṣīr, 55, and see Ḥamd-Allāh

Mustaẓhir, caliph, 40

Muta`ashshī (supping place), 163

Mu`taḍid, caliph, 40

Mu`tamid, caliph, 40

Mu`taṣim, caliph, 40, 48 to 50, 243

Mutawakkil, caliph, 39, 40, 49, 78, 218

Mu`tazz, caliph, 40, 63

Muthaqqab, 245

Muṭi`, caliph, 9

Mūtūkin, son of Jaghatay Khān, 152

Mūz, mountain, 182

Muzayjān, 121

Muzdākhaghān, 251

Muzḍalifah, 2, 8

Muzdaqān, town and river, 68, 70, 76, 214

Myrtle village, see Dih Mūrd

Nāband, 117, 118

Naḍir, Banī, 13

Nafasht, mountain, 190

Nāfi`, the Qurān-reader, 15

Nāfi` ibn Aswad, poet, 208

Naghbashīn, 249

Naḥast Masjān, 217

Nāhīlah, 8

Nāḥiyat, Nahr, 37, 202

Nahr-al-Asad, 166

Nahr `Īsā, 41

Nahr Malik, 52, 202

Nahr Ma`qil, 166

Nahr Nāḥīyah, 37, 202

Nahrābān, 166

Nahrawālah, 252

Nahrawān, canal, 41, 49, 207, 212

Nahrawān, city, 43, 53

Nahsam, Qal`ah, 252

Najaf, 9, 162, 261

Najīb-ad-Dīn Jurbādaqānī, poet, 73

Najīram, 116, 209

Najm, Qal`ah, 103

Najm-ad-Dīn Kubrā, 251

Najmābād, 68

Najrān, 261

Nakhchivān, 83, 90, 190, 277

Nakhshab, 255; Moon-maker of, 151

Nāmah, 68

Namirah, 16

Namiswar, 73

Nanking, 251

Nankiyās, 254

Naphtha, 198; springs, 48

Narcissus meadows, 135

Nardibān Pāyah, 170

Nārdīn, 252

Narīmān, the hero, 150

Narmāshīr, 140

Narmiyān, gate and quarter (Tabrīz), 79; mosque, 80

Narrows of the Oxus, 172, 206

Nars, canal, 202

Nars, village, 162

Nasaf, 205, 255

Nashawā, see Nakhchivān

Nāshqīn, 274

Naṣībīn, 105

Nāṣir, caliph, 4, 36

Nāṣir-ad-Dawlah, 276

Nāṣir-ad-Dīn, author of History of Kirmān, 139

Nāṣir-ad-Dīn Bayḍāwī, 121

Naṣīr-ad-Dīn Ṭūsī, 88

Nāṣir-i-Khusraw, 253

Nasr (vulture), mountain, 210

Naṭanz, 58, 73

Nāṭūl, 282

Navār, 75

Navīdah, 153

Naw Diz, 86, 215

Naw Jūy, 212

Naw Shāgird, Rubāṭ, 172

Naw Shahr, 175

Nawbanjān or Nawbandagān, 126, 128, 179, 217

Nawbārah Gate (Tabrīz), 79

Nawdar, 125

Nawdhar, 68

Nāy, castle, 156

Nay Shābūr, 147

Nayāsīr, 214

Nāyīn, 58, 77

Nayrīz, 10, 118, 138, 178, 232

Naysābūr, 147, and see Nīshāpūr

Naysar, 159

Nazareth, 19

Nebuchadnezzar, 17, 44, 92

Negus of Abyssinia, 6

New Gate (Shīraz), 113

New Town of Iṣfahān, 57

Nicephorus, 210

Nicholson, R. N., 42

Nigdah, 99

Night-Journey of the Prophet, 18

Nih, 141

Nih (Nīshāpūr), 147

Nihāvand, 58, 76, 166, 273

Nikbāy, Rubāṭ, 174

Niksār, 99

Nīl, canal and district (`Irāq), 53, 162

Nīlān, 88

Nile, 203

Nīm Ardāh, 106

Nīm Dih, 117

Nīm Murdān, 157

Nimrod, 44, 46, 162, 283, 284

Nīmrūz, 141

Nīmvār, 72

Nineveh, 105

Nīrīz, see Nayrīz

Nisā, 205

Nisbār, 70

Nīshāpūr or Nayshāpūr, 10, 62, 147, 169 to 171, 195, 218, 219, 234

Nisnāk, castle, 131

Nīv, 130

Niyājūn, 88

Niyās, island, 223

Niyāstar, 72

Niẓām-ad-Dīn Sāvajī, 174

Nīẓām-al-Mulk, 155

Nīẓāmī, poet, 183; his son, 89

Nīẓāmiyyah, college, 42

Nizārī, poet, 143

Noah (Nūḥ), 21, 37, 104, 184; spring of, 276

North Sea, 230

Nosebag-hill, 48

Nūdah, 169

Nuḥ ibn Manṣūr the Sāmānīd, 280

Nu`mān ibn Mundhir, 47

Nu`māniyyah, 43, 50, 53

Nūqān, 149

Nuqrah, Kūh, 151

Nūr, Jabal, 8

Nūr-ad-Dīn of Gīlān, 64

Nūr-ad-Dīn Samāristānī, 81

Nūr Khān, Rubāṭ, 171

Nūrābād, 132

Nūrān, Rubāṭ, 169

Nūrās, 103

Nūshtagīn Shīrgīr, 65

Nut village (Abarqūh), 178

Nut village (Shīrāz), 179

Nut village (Yazdikhwāst), 123

Nūzvār, 172, 251

Observatory of Marāghah, 88

Ocean, Circumambient, 221

Odoric of Pordenone, 223

Oecus of Alexandria, 241

Ogotay Khān, 253

Old Man of the Mountain, 66

Old Woman, pass, 177

`Omān, 11, 256

`Omān, Sea of, 224, 226, 256

`Omar I, caliph, 7, 14 to 16, 18, 35, 36, 45, 204

`Omar II, caliph, 63, 139, 243, 245

Onon, river, 253

Oranges, 500 for dirham, 49

Orkhon, 253

Orontes, 210

Oss, Ossetes, 10, 204, 258, 259

`Othmān, caliph, 7, 14, 15, 62, 256, 258

`Othmān of Sāvah, 68

Ouschanac, 177

Oven of the Flood, 37

Ox Spring, 281

Oxus (Sayḥūn), 153, 170, 172, 202, 205, 209, 212, 219, 232, 234; origin of name, 219; outflow to Caspian, 206, 231

Pahlavī dialect, 67, 88, 94

Palembang, 224

Palestine, 264

Palma Christi, 41

Palmyra, 262

Panj Angusht, mountain, 209

Panj Dih, 155

Panjhīr, 153

Paper-Factory of Khūnaj, 70

Paradises, Four Earthly, 128, 255

Pasargadæ, 134

Pasavā, 88

Pashyān, 158

Pearl fishery, 226

Pekin, 235, 251, and see Khān Bāligh

Pelly, Sir L., 39

Persepolis, see Iṣṭakhr

Persia, see Irān

Persian Gulf, 135, 226

Persian `Irāq, 54 to 77

Peshavur, 245, 252

Peter and Paul Church, 263

Pharaoh of Moses, 151, 227, 243, 267, 283

Pharaoh’s Cup, 48

Pharos of Alexandria, 239

Pīdān, 57

Pietro della Valle, 178

Pīl Suvār and Pīlah Suvār, 92, 173

Pillars of Hercules, 230

Pillars between Tūrān and Īrān, 239

Pīr-i-Harī, 150

Pīr-i-Shīrvān, 81

Pīrūz, 75

Pīshkīn, 83, 85, 186

Pistachio-nut crop, 151

Pitch, 198

Pits, people of the, 261

Plano Carpini, 252

Plasma, 195

Pliny, 98

Pogas, 229

Poison Hill, 280

Poland, 249

Poll-Tax of `Omar, 35

Pontus, 229

Poole, S. L., 33

Potteries village, 82

Prisons of the Wind, 119

Ptolemy, astronomer, 2, 99

Pūchkān, 171

Pūdān, 57

Pūl Būlū or Lūlū, 127

Pūl-i-Naw, 176

Pul-i-Rūd-i-Farah, 171

Pulvār, 134, 216

Purg, see Burk

Pursah-dār, 129

Purvāb, meadows, 135

Purvāb, river, 121, 134, 216

Pushkil Darrah, 71

Pusht Farūsh, river, 219

Pyramids, 269

Pyramus, 201

Qā`, 163

Qabalah, 93

Qabalah, mountain, 188

Qābis, 265

Qabr-al-`Ibādī, 163

Qādir, caliph, 103

Qādis, see Cadiz

Qādisiyyah, 50, 167

Qāf, mountain, 182, 188

Qafq, mountain, 182

Qafṣ, mountain, 189

Qafṣah, 258

Qah, underground water-channel, 57

Qāḥ, 172

Qahāb, 57

Qāḥah, 165

Qahdarījān, 57

Qāhirah, 244, see Cairo

Qāim, caliph, 4, 47, 79

Qahjāristān, 57

Qal`ah or Kallah (Tin island), 194, 224, 256

Qal`ah Khār, 121

Qal`ah Safīd, 128

Qal`ah Shīkāt, 251

Qal`ah Tāj, 70

Qala`ī (Tin), 194, 224, 256

Qalāt, 70

Qalāt Bandar, 113

Qal`at-i-Majūs, 178

Qal`at Najm, 103

Qālī, 121

Qālī, meadows, 134

Qālimah, 257

Qālīqalā, 97, 202, 205

Qālīqalā, mountain, 182, 211

Qallarī, 252

Qālūn, 242

Qalyāthah, 257

Qamnūr, 258

Qamūdah, 258

Qāmuhul, 252

Qamūl, 249

Qanāt, 57

Qanāt Sarāy, 171

Qanawj or Qinnawj, 10, 255

Qanbutī, 252

Qandābīl, 252

Qandahār, 10, 254

Qar`ā, 163

Qarā Ḥiṣār, 97

Qarā Hiṣār Afiyūn, 99

Qarā Khālūk, 254

Qarā Khitāy, 238, 250

Qārā Murān, river, 210

Qarā Sū, 205, 211

Qarābāgh, 62, 173, 174

Qarāfah, 195, 244

Qarakhujah, 249

Qarāmān, 98, 99

Qarāqurum, 253, 265

Qarātakīn, 251

Qarātāsh, 250

Qarāyin, 164

Qarīn, 258

Qārin, mountain, 188, 194

Qarīnayn, 172

Qarīstan, 64

Qarmāsīn, 106

Qarn-al-Manāzil, 5, 261

Qarnīn or Qarnayn, 145

Qarqarī, 256

Qarṣ, 94

Qarshī, 253

Qaryat-al-As, 123

Qāshīn, 250

Qāsimābād, 75

Qāsiyūn, hill, 242

Qasr, 164

Qaṣr Aḥnaf, 172

Qaṣr-al-Fulūs, 266

Qaṣr Hūṭ, 172

Qaṣr Kurm, 138

Qaṣr-al-Luṣūs, 107

Qaṣr-ar-Rīḥ, 170

Qaṣr-i-Shīrīn, 50, 161, 162, 212

Qaṣrān (India), 252

Qaṣrān (Persian `Irāq), 59

Qaṣṣār, dam, 211

Qasṭamūnīyah, 97

Qaṭānīyah, 252, 266

Qaṭawān, 238

Qaṭāyi` (Wards of Fusṭāṭ), 244

Qaṭīf, 135, 245

Qatrū, 122

Qāṭūn, 282

Qavah, 100

Qavāq, 99

Qawj, 252

Qaydū Khān, 239

Qāyin, 10, 144, 171

Qayruwān, 10, 245, 258, 265

Qays, tomb of, 81

Qays or Qaysh, island, 116, 118, 135, 166, 176, 177, 226

Qays `Aylān, 256

Qays (Egypt), 265

Qayṣariyyah, 98, 181

Qayṣūr, island, 287

Qayy, canal, 205

Qazhāvanah Yasār, 84

Qazvīn, 10, 57, 58, 61 to 64, 70, 168, 182, 185, 210, 213 to 215, 274, 275; Qiblah- point, 28; mosque revenues, 71

Qazvīn rivers, 215

Qiblah-point, in Persia, 24 to 28

Qiblī, apple, 89

Qihā, 59

Qilij Arslān, sulṭān, 97

Qimrūṭah, 266

Qinnasrīn, 262

Qinnawj or Qanawj, 10, 255

Qipchāq, desert, 10, 230, 251

Qīqān, 252

Qīr, 117, 209

Qīr Shahr, 99

Qirāvī, 130

Qirghiz, 10, 204, 211, 230, 231, 253

Qirmiz, dye insect, 89

Qirqīsiyā, 104, 218

Qizil Rubāṭ (Jalūlā), 162

Qizil Rubāṭ or Arvāt (Khurāsān), 170

Qu`ayqu`ān, mountain, 2, 3, 8

Qubā (Farghānah), 239

Qubā (Ḥījāz), 15, 165

Qubā, princess, 49

Qubād, king, 85, 92, 93, 103, 106, 125, 128, 129, 157, 246

Qubād Khūrah, 128

Qubān, mountain, 90

Qubaybāt, 163

Qubbat-al-Kūfah, 242

Qubilāy (Kubilay) Qaān or Khān, 235, 250, 251, 253

Qūch Aghāz, 60

Quḍa`ī, historian, 257

Qudayd, 165

Qūds, mountain, 51

Quedah, 194, 224, 256

Qufṭ, 265

Qūhah or Qūhad, 59, 60, 213

Qūhah-i-Kharān, 60

Quhistān, province, 141, 171

Quhistān, village, 118, 120

Quhpāyah, 70, 74

Quhrūd, 72, 175

Quhūd (Ṣāin Qal`ah), 69, 168

Quicksilver, 198

Qūl, 84

Qūlān, 89

Qūlanjān, 122, 274

Qūliṭān, 58

Qullays, church, 256

Qulūnīyah, 99

Qulzum (Caspian Sea), 230, 231

Qulzum (Red Sea) and city, 227, 265

Qum, 10, 54, 58, 61, 71, 72, 175, 190, 213

Qum, river, 213

Qūmanāt, 97

Qūmis, 157

Qūmishah, 58, 122, 175

Qumṣār, 72, 214

Qūnīyah (Iconium), 22, 97, 174

Qunqurī, 134

Quraysh, Bani, 4

Qurayẓah, Banī, 13

Quriṭān, 57

Qurnatayn, 164

Qūrugh, 69

Qurūn, well, 163

Qurzum, beaver, 231

Qūsān, 50

Qusās, mountain, 194, 195

Qusās swords, 194

Quṣay (Kusay in error), 7

Quṣdār, 252

Qūsh Ḥiṣār, 99

Qūsīn, 59

Quss, 252

Quṭb-ad-Dīn, king of Hurmūz, 140

Quṭb-ad-Dīn Ḥaydar, 149, 152

Qutlugh Bāligh, 68

Quṭruh, 122, 194

Qutulmish, amīr, 119

Qūṭūr, 277

Quvādiyān, 153

Rabadhah, 164

Rabī`ah, Banī, 261

Rābit `Arāb, 165

Rabiyān, 129

Rādān, 123

Rādhān (Fārs), 178

Rādhān (Tigris), 48

Raḍī-ad-Dīn of Ṭāliqān, 64

Raḍwā, 51, 181

Raḍwah, mountain, 16

Rafī`, 165

Rāfī` ibn Harthamah, 234

Rāfī`ī, Jamāl-ad-Dīn, 62

Raḥbah (Medina), 16

Raḥbah (Syria), 167, 202, 242, 262

Rāhbān, 125

Rāhib or monk, 249

Rakhāṭir, 5

Rakhshābād, 108

Rakhushmīthan, 172

Rām Fīrūz, 245

Rāmand, mountain, 185, 214

Rāmjird, 119, 122, 123

Rāmjird, dam, 211

Ramlah, 242, 264

Ramm-adh-Dhīwān, 115

Ramm-az-Zīzān, 115

Ramnī, island, 223, 225

Ramuz or Ram Hurmuz, 109

Ramzavān, 115

Ramzavān, castle, 133

Ranān, 57

Ranbah, castle, 138

Rāng, mountain, 192, 193

Rānik, mountain, 185

Ranīn, 58

Raqim, 185, see Cave of Seven Sleepers

Raqqādah, 265

Raqqah, 103, 202, 218

Rās-al-`Ayn, 103, 218

Rās-al-Kalb, 168

Rasḥān, 172

Rashīd-ad-Dīn, vazīr, 79, 250

Rashīdī Quarter, 79, 80

Rasht, 159

Rāsmand, 73, 185, 213

Rass, 257

Rastū, mountain, 185

Rātib, tax, 35, 38

Ratīn, river, 217

Raṭl of Baghdād, 130

Ravand, 88

Rāvdān, 68

Raven, church, 282

Rawā-adh-Dhiwān, 115

Rawḍah-i-Sharīfah, 13

Rawlinson, Sir H., 69, 170

Ray, 9, 54, 58 to 61, 168, 188, 213 to 215

Ray Gate (Tabrīz), 79

Raybad, 189

Rāyikān, 148

Rāyikān, meadow, 149

Rayyah, 259

Rāzanān, 57

Razīd, 70

Razīq, canal, 208

Recompense, spring of, 285

Red River, 209

Red Sea, 224, 227, 287

Red Tomb, 156

Rees, J. D., 161

Regio, 159

Revenues of Īrān, 32

Rībad, Kūh

Righān, 139

Ring of the Prophet, 15

Risālah-i-Malikshāhī, 33

Rīshahr, 129, 217

Rīshtah, guinea-worm, 205

Rivers, origin of, 200

Rīvaz or Rīvan, 89

Rock, the, at Jerusalem, 18

Rock of Moses, 263

Rock-crystal, 196, 249

Roderic, king, 281

Rose-water of Jūr, 117

Rowe, 284

Royal canal, 52

Rūbanj, 138

Rubāṭ or Ribāṭ, guardhouse, 161

Rubāṭ-i-Ayvān, 174

Rubāṭ-i-Sulṭān, 169

Rubāṭ Mashk, 178

Ruby, 196

Rūd Hind, 82

Rūd-Khārah, spring, 275

Rūdābān, 67

Rūdasht, 58, 208

Rūdbār (Iṣfahān), 208

Rūdbār (Qazvīn), 66, 210

Rūdbār Gate (Ṭūs), 149

Rūdkān, 176

Rūdqāb, 82

Rūdrāvar, 76

Rūghad, 156

Rūḥ, 151

Ruhā, 104

Ruhāṭ, 16

Rukn-ad-Dawlah Buyid, 55, 113

Rukn-ad-Dīn Juvaynī, 14, 78

Rukn-ad-Dīn Rāzgū, 114

Ruknābād, 113

Rūm, 95 to 100

Rūmīyah, 48, 284

Rūn, Dasht, 133, 176

Rūnīz, 138

Rūs (Russia and Russians), 10, 204, 258

Ruṣāfah, 42

Rustam Kūh, 275

Rustamdār, 156, 157

Rustāq (Fārs), 138, 177

Rustāq (Qūmis), 158

Ruwaythah, 165

Ruy, island, 232

Rūyīn, Diz, 84

Ruzbahān, Shaykh, 114

Sabā, 262

Sabaeans, 103, 109

Ṣab`ah, 264

Sābāṭ, 40

Sabbatical river, 281

Sābiq ibn Ja`bar, 103

Sablān, mountain, 83, 85, 91, 186, 195, 215, 278

Sable-marten, 263

Ṣabrah, 265

Sabūk, bridge, 217

Sābūn, 135

Sabūr Qarq, 59, 60

Sabzavār (Bayhaq), 10, 168

Sabzavār (Quhistān), 142

Sa`d ibn Abī Waqqāṣ, 37, 163

Sa`d of the Fazzārah tribe, 163

Sa`d ibn Zangī, 114

Sa`d-ad-Dīn Hamawī, 149, 169

Sa`d-ad-Dīn Sāvajī, 174

Sa`dābād, 82

Sa`dī, poet, his tomb, 114

Sadīr, 47

Sa`diyyah, 5

Ṣadr-ad-Dīn Muḥammad of Marāghāh, 68

Ṣadrayn, 49

Sadūm, 264

Sadūr, 172

Sadūsān or Sadūstān, 245

Ṣadwah, 246

Ṣafā, 2, 3, 7, 8

Ṣafā Gate (Mecca), 6

Safandaj, 154

Safāqis, 265

Safardaz, 251

Ṣafavī, dynasty, 84

Saffāḥ, caliph, 44, 256

Ṣaffārids, 145

Safghar, 212

Ṣāfī, river, 215, 216, 233

Ṣafī-ad-Dīn, 84

Safīd, 141

Safīd Qal`ah, 128

Safīd Rūd, 67, 70, 71, 88, 173, 209, 210, 214, 216

Safīdanj, 154

Ṣāfīyah, 264

Ṣafwān ibn Mu`aṭṭal, 97, 139

Sagābād, 171, 172

Ṣaghāniyān, 252

Saghnāk, 255

Sagistān or Sajistān, 141

Sagzābād, 64, 175

Sagzābād or Sagziābād, 168

Ṣaḥāḥ-al-Lughat, 250

Sahand, mountain, 80, 81, 83, 88, 187, 215, 216

Sahārah, castle, 133

Ṣāḥīb Dīvān, village, 174, 215

Ṣāḥib Dīvān, Shams-ad-Dīn Muḥammad, 169, 213, 216

Ṣāḥibābād, 63

Ṣāhik (Arrajān), 198

Ṣāhik, Great (Fārs), 122, 178, 194, 232

Ṣāhik, well, 275

Sahl ibn Sa`d Sā`idī, 15

Sahmash, 159

Ṣahnah, 161

Ṣa`īd (Upper Egypt), 190, 195, 263

Sa`īd ibn al `Ās, 62

Sa`īdābād (Herāt), 171

Sa`īdābād (Mīyānij)

Saīl Balī, 170

Ṣāin Qal`ah (Quhūd), 69, 168

Sāīrah, 16

Sa`ird, 104

Sajāsrūd, 84

Ṣājī, 161

Sakān, 76

Sakhtar, river, 218

Sakrān, shaykh, 42

Sal`, mountain, 12

Sal ammoniac, 197

Saladin, sulṭān, 18, 105, 244

Ṣalāh-ad-Dīn, Rubāṭ, 133, 176

Salam, 101

Salāmah, 152

Salāmī, island, 223

Salamīyah, 262

Salangā, 10, 204, 211, 231, 253

Salāqaṭ, island, 225

Salem, 264

Ṣālīḥ, prophet, 9, 16

Salīlah, 164

Saljān, 127

Saljūqs of Rūm, 95

Sallām, the interpreter, 236, 237, 287

Sallām Gate (Shīrāz), 113

Salm, 20, 21

Salmān, the Persian, 12, 62, 133

Salmās, 83, 86, 87, 233

Salsūrūd, 82

Salt Mountain, 190

Sāmān, district and village, 70, 76

Samandar, 246

Samar, 238

Samarqand, 193, 205, 237, 254, 255, 279

Sāmarrah, 40, 43, 48, 167

Samawāt, desert, 167

Saminjān, 153

Samīrā, 164

Samīrah, 16

Samīram, 128

Samm, mountain, 280

Sammur, 263

Samnān, 9, 157, 168

Samnārat, 58

Samnāt, 252

Samrah or Humāy, 72

Samsā, 74

Ṣamṣām-ad-Dawlah Buyīd, 113, 119

Samsūn, 97

Samṭ, 164

Samuel, prophet, 68

Ṣan`ā, 11, 256, 286

Sanābād, 149

Sanar, 82

Sanast, 82

Sanctuary, see Ḥarām

Sangān, 167

Sang-bar-Sang, pass, 91

Sangbast, Rubāṭ, 169

Sanīj, 141

Sanjāb, king of, 280

Sanjah, 164, 202

Sanjān, 149, 152

Sanjār, 104

Sanjar, Sulṭān, 27, 238, 250

Sanjarān or Sanjān, gate and quarter (Tabrīz), 79

Sanjīdah, 173, 216

Sanjird, 154

Sankalābād, 174

Sanūrīyah, 11, 231, 249

Sapor I (Shāhpūr), 52, 62, 109, 125, 128, 147

Sapor II, 40, 44, 48, 49, 51, 107 to 110, 147, 207, 243, 245

Sapphire, 196

Ṣaqalīyyah, 253

Saqhan, 88

Saqīm (son of `Abbās, the prophet’s uncle), 238

Ṣaqlāb, 11, 252

Saqsīn, 10, 231, 252

Sar, 68

Sar-i-Safīd, pass, 176

Sarāb, see Sarāv

Saragossa, 259

Sārah, castle, 133

Sarah, wife of Abraham, 3

Sarāh, see Sarāv

Sarāhand, mountain, 186, 214

Sarājūn, 88

Sarakhs, 155, 169, 170, 212

Sarān-Rūd, 70

Sarandīb (Ceylon), 3, 11, 177, 186, 195, 224, 255

Sarāshiyūn, 68

Ṣarāt, canal, 202

Sarāv, Sarāh or Sarāt, river and town, 81, 82, 83, 87, 186, 215, 216, 233

Sarāv Rūd Gate (Tabrīz), 79

Saray Bātū, 246, 251

Sarbuzah, 194, 224

Sarcham, 174

Sard-Rud, 75, 81, 82, 215

Sard-Rud Gate (Tabrīz), 79

Sardah, river, 217

Sardast, 82

Sardūs, 203

Sarhang, Rubāṭ, 170

Sārī, 157

Sarī Saqaṭī, 42

Sarīr, 236, 246, 247, 251, 287

Sarjah, 62

Sarjahān, 69

Sarkān Rūd, 76

Sarmān, 83

Sarmaq, 121

Ṣarṣar, 162, 202

Sārū, 82

Sarus, 201

Sarūshak, 178

Sarvāb or Sarvāt, 121

Ṣarvah, 246

Sarvān, 70

Sarvistān, 116, 123, 177

Sāsī, canal, 207

Sassanian Coins, 33, 34

Satūrīq, 69

Sāuj Bulāgh, 68, 213

Sauvaire, H., 33

Sāvah, lake, 213, 214

Sāvah, mountain, 186

Sāvah, town, 58, 61, 66, 67, 76, 175, 213, 214

Savanj, Rubāṭ, 169

Sāviyah, 118

Sawād, 202

Sawrān, 254

Saxi, Saxons, 252

Sāyah, 16

Sayālah, 16

Ṣayf-ad-Dawlah Sadaqah, 47

Sayfābād, 76

Sayḥān (Sarus), 201

Ṣayhāniyān, 10

Sayhūn, see Jaxartes

Saylān, Ceylon, see Sarandīb

Ṣaymarah, 74

Ṣayram, 251

Schildtberger, H., 229

Schindler, Gen. Sir A. H., 57, 88

Sclavonia and the Sclavonians, 11, 252

Seas, origin of, 200

Seas, The Seven, 221 to 232

Selenga, 253, and see Salangā

Selitrennoye Gorodok, 251

Serikūn, 210

Serpents, Isle of, 232

Seth, 3, 59

Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, 185, 263

Seville, 229, 259

Sfax, 265

Shabankān, 177

Shabānkārah, district, 115, 124, 137, 138, 275

Shabānkārah, Kurds, 128, 137

Shabdabhar, 76

Shabdīz, the horse, 183; stall of, 106, 107; terrace, 161

Shābirān, 93

Shābīyah, 166

Shabūrqān, see Shuburqān

Shād Fīrūz, 85

Shād Shāpūr, 62

Shādār, 85

Shaddād ibn `Ād, 241

Shādhkān, river, 217

Shādkān, river, 117

Shādravān, weir of Tustar, 108, 207

Shadyākh, 147

Shāfi`ī Imām, 42, 242, 244, 286

Shaft, 159

Shāh `Abbās I, 177

Shāh `Abd-al-Aẓim, 60, 168

Shāh Nāmah, 84, 92, 142, 189, 207, 234, 239

Shāh Sanjān, 149

Shāh Shujā` Kirmāni, 139

Shahīn (Zanjān), 67

Shahr-i-Atābeg, 178

Shahr-i-Bābak, 140, 178

Shahr-i-Islām, 83

Shahr Siyāhak, 64

Shahrābād, 157

Shahrābān, 49, 162

Shahrah (Rūm), 96

Shahrak, 176

Shahrak Naw, 206

Shahrazūr, 106

Shahristān (Hamadān), 74, 75

Shahristān (Iṣfahān), 57

Shahristān (Qazvīn), 62

Shahriyār of Ray, 213

Shahriyār Bridge, 133, 176

Shahrū, 118, 178

Shāhrūd, 66, 85, 157, 209, 210

Shajarah, 165

Shakanvān, 119, 131

Shākhīn, 143

Shakmābād, 175

Shakrān, mountain, 286

Shāl, 64, 85, 216

Shalīm, 264

Shām (Syria), 262

Shām, gate and quarter (Tabrīz), 79, 80, 81

Shamākhī, 93

Shamīram (Avah), 68

Shamīram (Herat), 150

Shamīrān (Juvaym), 124

Shamīrān (Ṭārum), 70

Shamīrān, castle, 133

Shamkūr, 173, 211

Shammar, mountains, 163

Shams-ad-Dīn Muḥammad, see Ṣāḥib Dīvān

Shams-ad-Dīn Sāvajī, 67

Shams-ad-Dīn Sujāsī, 81

Shamshāṭ, 262

Shandur, 59, 60

Shānjird, 109

Shankavān, 119, 131

Shanshat, 59

Shāpūr, country, 126

Shāpūr, river, 115, 125, 217

Shāpūr City, 125, 217

Shāpūr Dhū-l-Aktāf, see Sapor II

Shāpūr the Great, see Sapor I

Shāpūr Khūrah, 109, 125

Shāpūr Khwāst, 166

Shaqq Rūdbār, 125

Shaqqān, 149

Shaqqān, mountain, 187

Sharaf-ad-Dīn Darguzīnī, 76

Sharaf-ad-Dīn Kūshkaki, poet, 250

Sharafābād, 64

Sharāhīn, 75

Shārakht, 143

Sharawrā, 164

Sharwīn, Amīr, 70

Sharzūrlard, 70

Shāsh, 193, 210, 279

Shāsh, river, 234

Sha`sha`ah, 166

Shaṭī’iyyah, Dār, 40, 276

Shaṭṭ-al-`Arab, the Blind Tigris, or es- tuary, 45, 166, 202, 207, 211, 226

Shaykh Jām, Turbat, 171

Shem, 21

Shi`b Bavvān, 128, 211

Shiblī, 42

Shīd, 70

Shīdān, meadows, 128, 134, 233

Shihāb-ad-Dīn Suhravardī, 42

Shiḥr, 256

Shikastah, Qal`ah, 119, 131, 176

Shimshāṭ, 97

Shīr, Dih, 178

Shīrāz, 10; mosque, 45, 112 to 114, 127, 176 to 179, 184, 233

Shīraz ibn Ṭahmūrath, 112

Shīrgīr, Atabeg, 213

Shīrgīrān, 277

Shīrīn, queen, 50, 162, 183

Shīrīn, river, 217

Shirjānī, garden, 139

Shīrvān, 92 to 94, 212

Shīrvān Gate (Tabrīz), 79

Shu`ayb, prophet, 262

Shubūrqān, 153, 169, 172

Shujā`-ad-Dīn Khurshīd, 74

Shukr wa Shikāyat, 144

Shūlgistān, 123

Shūlistān, 74

Shūmān, 153

Shuqūq, 163

Shūrah Rūd, 218, 219

Shūrzad, 70

Shustar, Shūstar or Tustar, 10, 107, 179, 207

Shustar, river, 110, 211

Sicily, 229, 253, 287; History of, 285

Ṣidrah, 172

Sīf Abi Zuhayr and `Umārah, 115

Ṣiffīn, 104

Sih Dih, Rubāṭ, 171

Sih Gunbadān (Arrajān), 129

Sih Gunbadān (Iṣṭakhr), 119, 131

Si-hu, 254

Sijilmāsah, 193, 258

Sīkān, meadows, 134

Sīlākhūr, 211

Silver, 193

Silver-Hill (Bādghīsh), 151

Silver-Hill (Fārs), 193

Silver mine, 164

Silves, 205

Sīlwān, 103

Sīm Kūh, 193

Ṣīmkān, 116, 176, 209

Simsakht, 127, 217

Simṭ-al-`Ulā, 139

Simūn, wind, 50

Simurgh, 225

Ṣīn (China), 10, 250

Sīn, village, 175

Sīnā, mountain, 78

Sīnā, pass, 216

Sinābar-Rūd, 170

Sinai, 57, 188

Sinān ibn Thābit, 276

Sind, 177, 252

Sind, river of, 212

Sindān, 177

Sindūsān, 245

Sīnīz, 130, 217

Sinn, hill, 208

Sīpān, mountain, 187

Sīrāf, 116, 209

Sīrak, 93

Sīrishk, 171

Sīrjān, 139, 178

Ṣirmah, Anṣārī, 13

Sīrū, 118

Sīs, 100, 210, 258

Sīsān, 165

Sīstān City, 141

Sīstān, province, 171, 212

Sivās, 95, 175

Sivrī Ḥiṣār, 99

Siyāh Kūh (Ādharbayjān), 187, 215

Siyāh Kūh (Khurāsān), 170

Siyāh Kūh, island

Siyāh Rūd, canal, 141

Siyāh Rustāq, 156

Siyāh Sang, village, 271

Sīyāhak, 64

Sīyāhān, 254

Siyāhdahān, 64

Siyālah, 165

Siyārān, 81

Sīyāvūkhsh and Sīyāvūkhsh Gird, 238

Sleepers, Seven, of Ephesus, 185, 263

Snow, river, 281

Sodom, 264

Soldaia, 259

Solomon, king, 17, 52, 120, 256, 259, 260, 283; mosque of, in Alexandria, 240; his mother’s tomb, 134, 178; platform of, 187

Spain, see Andalusia

Sphinx, 283

Staff of the prophet Muḥammad, 273

Statue of king Shāpūr, 126

Straits of Gibraltar, 228 to 230

Suāl Abḥūd or Anjūd and Rāthiq, 165

Sūb, island, 227

Sūdāq, 259

Sūdaqānīyah, 167

Suez, 265

Ṣūfiyān, 82

Sūfyān Thawrī, 45

Ṣughar, 264

Sughd or Ṣughd, valley, 128, 238, 255

Ṣughdbīl, 247

Suhravard, 68

Sujās, 61, 68

Sulaymān, see Solomon

Sulaymān, Sulṭān, 149

Sulaymān ibn Khālid, vazīr, 51

Sulaymān Shāh Abūh, 105

Sulbarān, 169

Sulphur, 198

Sulṭān, Dih, 169

Sulṭān Darīm Maydān, 206

Sultan’s Market, gate, 41

Sulṭānābād Jamjamāl, 106, 161

Sulṭāniyyah, 9, 58, 61, 69, 161, 168, 173 to 175, 179, 214, 275

Sulṭāniyyah village (Sind), 169

Sulṭānpūr, 252

Ṣu`iūk, 148

Sumatra, 223

Sumayram, 128, 217, 273

Sumaysāṭ, 202

Sūmīqān, 64, 140, 168

Sūmnāth, 10, 252, 255

Sūnaj, mountain, 182

Sunībar, 170

Sunqur ibn Mawdūd and the Sunqur Mosque (Shīrāz), 114

Sunqurābād (Sāuj Bulāgh), 68, 168

Sūq-al-Amīr, 113

Sūq Thamānīn, 104, 184

Suqyā, 165

Ṣūr (Tyre), 262

Ṣūr, mountain, 187

Ṣūr, river, 105, 218

Sūrā, canal, 202

Sūrān Rubāṭ, 172

Sūriyān, 121

Surkh, Dih, 168

Surkhāb, 81, 82

Sūrmaq, 121

Sūrmārī, 90

Surra-man-rāa, 48, and see Samarrah

Sūrū, 118, 178

Sūs (Persian `Irāq), 74, 109

Sūs, river, 211

Sūsah, 265

Susmar, a lizard, 261

Suvār, 251

Suwar-al-Aqālīm, 12

Suyah, 166

Swamps, Great, 166, 202, 207

Sykes, Major P. M., 234

Syria, 262

Ṭāb, river, 129, 217

Tab`ābād, 75

Ṭābah (Medina), 12

Tabaksīk, 251

Ṭabaq, 49

Tabaqāt-i-Hamadānī, 74

Tabarak (Hamadān), 76

Tabarak (Ray), 59, 188, 193

Ṭabaristān, 157

Ṭabarīyah, 242, 262

Tabas Gīlakī, 141, 143

Ṭabas Masīnān, 143

Ṭabashkarī, 76

Tabat (Tibet), 10, 249

Tabkhah, 142

Tables to find Qiblah-point, 27 to 31

Tabr Qal`ah, 132

Tabrīz, 9, 62, 78 to 83, 89, 174, 187, 216, 276

Tabrīzī mosque (Guvāshīr), 139

Tabūk, 262

Tadmur, 262

Tadwīn, 62

Tafilelt, 258

Tafrish, 72

Taftāzān, 154

Ṭafwah Rāthiq, 165

Ṭaghān, mountain, 219

Ṭaghmāj Rubāṭ, 170

Taghmar, 90

Taghtū, river, 215, 216, 233

Tagus or Tājah, 205, 263

Ṭaharjān, 133

Tāhart, 258

Ta`hin, 165

Ṭāhir, mosque,

Ṭāhir, mountain, 282

Ṭāhirī, Rubāṭ or Ṭāhiriyyāh, 172

Ṭahmūrath, king, 44, 50, 55, 57, 73, 125, 147, 152, 154, 156, 157

Ṭāif, 2, 3, 11, 188, 261

Ta`iẓz, 256

Tāj-ad-Dīn `Alī Shāh Tabrīzī, 80, 87, 100, 174

Takalafah, 85

Takhmis, mountain, 210

Takht-i-Sulaymān, 69

Takīnābād, 141

Takrīt, 43, 46

Talang, 256

Talās or Talāsh, 251

Ṭalḥah, 45

Ṭāliqān (Khurāsān), 153, 169, 172

Ṭāliqān (Qazvīn), 70, 210, 213, 214

Ṭālish, city, 173

Ṭālish, districts, 65, 85, 86, 209, 273

Tall `Aqarqūf, 46, 167

Tall Bayḍā, 121

Tall Gird, 127

Tall-al-Makhālī, 48

Tallān, Dih, 103

Ṭalmaskū, 251

Tamarisk tree, 41

Tāmarrah, 212

Tāmarrah, canal, 53

Tamāshā, 245

Tamghā, the Mongol Treasury, 38

Tamījān, 159

Ṭamīrkhān, 133

Tamsār, 76

Tānah, 256

Tanānīr, 163

Tang-i-Ranbah, 138

Tangiers, 228, 263

Tangtāsh, 250

Tangut, 10, 250

Tansūkh Nāmah, 195

Ṭāq, Qal`ah, 144

Ṭāq-i-Bustān, 107

Ṭāq Gate (Tabrīz), 79

Ṭāq-i-Girrā, pass, 162, 212

Ṭāqān, mountain, 169

Taqī, Imām, 36, 42

Ṭarābulus (Syria), 262, see Tripoli

Ṭaradjird, 68

Ṭaraf, 165

Tāraḥ (Terah), 241

Tārān, island, 227

Ṭarāz, 251, 255

Ṭarāzak, 110

Ṭarf, 163

Ṭariq, mountain, 187

Ṭarīq-i-Khurāsān, 49

Ṭarkhān Malik, 236

Ṭarkhūrān, 72

Tarkou, 246

Ṭarqal Dar, mountain, 182

Tarsiyān, 249

Ṭarsūs, 243, 263

Tartar river, 93

Ṭarūj, 83; lake, 233, see Urmīyah

Ṭārum (Fārs), 137, 177

Ṭarum, Upper and Lower, 69, 209, 210, 214

Ṭarūn, 258

Tāshkand, 193, 210, 255

Tashkat, 177

Tashtū, 177

Tasūj, 83, 233; lake, see Urmīyah

Tātār, 250

Ṭāūs-al-Ḥaramayn, 120

Tāvūnah, 118

Tawrāt, Pentateuch, 18

Tawwaj, 115, and see Shāpūr river

Taydū, 235, 251

Ṭayghūr Qal`ah, 129

Ṭaysafūn, 50

Ṭayz, 16

Terah, 241

Thabīr, mount, 2, 181

Thakān, bridge (Arrajān), 129, 217

Thakān, river, 117, 133, 209, 218

Tha`labiyyah, 163, 166

Thamūd, 15

Thaniyyat-al-A`yār, 165

Thaniyyat-al-Marāh, 165

Tharthār, river, 218

Thawr, mountain, 181

Thawr Iṭḥal, mount, 8

Thēvenot, 177

Tiaret, 258

Ṭīb Shāh, 132

Tiberias, see Ṭabarīyah

Tibet, 10, 249

Tides, ebb and flow of, 221

Tiflis, 10, 94, 174, 211, 246, 247

Tigris (Dijlah), 206

Tigris (Little), 48

Tigris, Blind, or estuary, see Shaṭṭ-al- `Arab

Tih, desert, 16

Tihāmah, 11, 262

Ṭihrān (Iṣfahān), 57, 167

Ṭihrān (Ray), 59, 60

Timāristān, 133, 177

Timur Lang, 179

Timūr Qāpū, 246

Tin, 194, 224, 256

Tinnis, island, 230

Tinnis, lake, 234

Tīr-i-Khudā, castle, 115, 132

Tīr Murdān, 126, 179

Tīrak, 71

Tīrān, 167

Tīrān, island, 227

Ṭīrīznāhid, 68

Tirmid, 170, 206, 219, 254

Ṭirrīkh, fish, 233

Tīz, 10, 255

Toledo, 205, 229, 230, 263, 280

Tomaschek, W., 161

Tongue of the (Red) Sea, 227, 265

Towers, The Lofty, 257

Towers of Silence, 119

Transoxiana, 10, 209, 254

Trebizond, 100

Tubba` of Yaman, 7

Tree of Moses, 245

Tripoli (Barbary), 245, 258, 263

Tripoli (Syria), 262

Truxillo, 259

Tudah, 169

Tudela, 259

Tughril Beg, 155

Ṭukhāristān, 153

Tūlim, 159

Tūmān, 10,000 dīnārs, 33

Tūmān, 10,000 men, 54

Tumult, isle of, 228

Tūn, 142, 171

Tūnis, 258

Tūqāt, 97, 98

Ṭūr (Sinā), 20, 21, 188

Tūr `Abdīn, 218

Tūrān, hillock, 272

Tūrān Rubāṭ, 169

Tūrān-Shāh, the Saljūq, 139

Turb, 108

Turk, river, 210

Turkān Rud, 215

Turkmān Kandī, 174

Turquoise, 195

Turshīz or Turthīth, 141, 144, 171

Ṭūs, 148, 149, 189, 196, 233, 234

Ṭūs, son of Nawdhar, 149

Tūsar, 177

Tustar, see Shustar

Tūt Suvārī, 173

Tūtiyā, Tutty, 119, 196

Tuvī, 76

Tūz, 164

Ṭūz Āghāch, 99

Twanchau, 255

Tyre, 262

Tzamandus, 99

Ubullah canal, 45

Ūfarīd, 82

`Ufay`īyah, 164

Uhud, mount, 12, 181

Ūighūr, 10, 249

Ūjān, river, 215, 216

Ūjān (Ardabīl), 83, 174, 187, 215, 216

Ūjān (Fārs), 176

Ūjān Gate (Tabrīz), 79

`Ukbarā, 49, 167

Ulan Mören, 209

Ūljāy Khātūn, 69

Ūljāytū Sulṭān, 14, 32, 39, 42, 61, 106, 160, 161, 183

`Umān, see `Oman

`Umaq, 164

`Umar, see `Omar

`Umārah, coast, 115

Umm-al-Jawz, 169

Ummayyah ibn `Amr, 82

Ūrd, meadow, 133

Urdūbād, 90

Urdun, 262

Urganj, Old and New, 170, 172, 251

Ūrīshāq, 82

Urmīyah, 83, 87, 233

Urmīyah, lake, 83, 87, 88, 215, 216, 233

Urmuṣ, 177, and see Hurmūz

Urumtsi, 249

Usāmah ibn Shurayk, 81

Usāmah ibn Zayd, 187

`Usaylah, 165

`Usfān, 165

Usfūrqān, 154, and see Shufūrqān

Ūsh, 210

Ushnūyah, 83, 233

Ushrūsanah, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 255

Ustū, 149

Utakīn, 177

`Utbah ibn Ghazwān, 45

`Uthmān, see `Othmān

`Uthmānlū, Qal`ah, 133

Utrār, 255

`Uways, reef, 166, 226

Uways Qaranī, 182, 184

Uzkand, 197, 210, 239, 255

Vahsūdān, Amīr, 79

Valāsjird, 101

Valāvrān, 88

Valencia, 259

Valiyān, mountain, 79, 81

Vān, town and lake, 100, 101, 233

Varāmīn, 59 to 61, 168

Varang or Varāng, sea of, 204, 230, 249

Varang, village, 173

Varangian guard, 230

Varāvī, 85

Varzanah, 58, 68

Varzanīn, 59

Vashāq, 73

Vāshjird, 153

Vasīrjān, 175

Vāsṭām, 107

Vasṭān, 101

Veiled prophet of Khurāsān, 151

Visigoths, kings of, 280

Vīsū, 249

Volga, 204, 231, 232

Vulture Hills, 189

Wādī-al-Ghazāl, 165

Wādī-al-Qurā, 15

Wādī-aṣ-Ṣafrā, 165

Wādī-as-Sibā`, 163

Wādī Ṭafwān, 165

Waghlah, 228

Wahb ibn Munabbih, 3, 17

Waḥīdah, 16

Wakhsh, river, or Wakhshāb, 219

Walaj, 161

Walī-ad-Dīn Muḥammad, 1

Walīd I, caliph, 7, 14, 242, 244

Walīd ibn Muṣ`ab or Pharaoh, 243

Walīd ibn `Uqbah, 62

Walīshālūk, 254

Wall of Banī `Amir, 8

Wall of Gog and Magog, 231, 236, 246, 252

Wānah, 48

Wanderings, Desert of the, 16

Wandinān, 46

Wānkath, 239

Wāqiṣah, 163

Waqwāq, islands (Japan), 191, 222

Washalah, spring, 277

Wasīf, the eunuch, 243

Wasīm, mountain, 187

Wāsiṭ, 43, 53, 163, 166, 202, 207

Wāsiṭ, mountain, 281

Wāsiṭah, 175

Wāthiq, caliph, 40, 111, 236, 287

Weir of Shustar, 108, 207

Western Sea, 228

Whirlpools, 213, 227, 230

Wild sheep, island of, 232

Wilderness of the Sand Hill, 266

Women, City of, 266

Xanadu, 251

Xativa, 40

Xuma, 261

Yāft, 86

Yahūdah, 153

Yahūdiyyah, 56

Yaḥyā-ābād (Juvayn), 149

Yaḥyā-ābād (Marv), 172

Yājūj, 10, and see Gog

Yakhtāyī, mountain, 191

Yalamlam, 5

Yaldūq, 174

Yalqān Bāzār, 99

Yām, 173

Yamāmah, 256

Yaman, 57, 195, 256

Yamānī alum, 197

Yamānī jasper, 196

Yanbu`, 16

Yarāqīyā, 250

Yārkand, 251

Yāsī, meadow, 276

Yathrib, 12

Yazd, 10, 58, 62, 77, 178

Yazdajird I, 234

Yazdajird, last Sassanian king, 208

Yazdikhwast, 123, 176

Yazīd, caliph, 6, 39, 242

Yellow River (China), 210

Yenkin, 235, 251

Yorgan Ladik, 99

Yūnān (Greece), 10, 270

Yūnus (Jonah), 39, 105, 277

Yūrā, 249

Yurt of Changhīz Khān, 253

Yūrt Bāzār Anbārjī, 211

Yūrt Shādāq Bān, 173

Zāb, bridge over, 167

Zāb, Greater and Lesser, 106, 207

Zāb, son of Tahmasp, 207

Zābs, canal of the, 50

Zabij, island, 222

Zābul and Zabulistān, 141, 144

Za`farān, country, 76

Za`farānī, canal, 80

Zahāb Rūd, 208

Zāhid, canal, 80

Zāhid Faqīh, 81

Ẓahīr-ad-Dīn `Alī Sāvaji, 67

Ẓahīr-ad-Dīn Fāryābī, 81

Zahr, 84

Zakān, river, 117, 209, and see Thakān

Zakīyah, 46

Zakvīr, river, 216

Zalūbar, river, 89

Zām, 171

Zamandū, 99

Zamm or Ramm, 115

Zamzam, well, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9

Zand Khusraw, 245

Zang, sea of, and Zanzibar, 227

Zangī, Atabeg, 114

Zangiābād, 48

Zangiyān, 89

Zānik, 185

Zanjān, 61, 67, 173, 174, 214

Zanjān, river, 67, 209, 214

Zanjīrān, pass, 176

Zar Chūbah, lake, 234

Zarafshān, 205

Zārah, 175

Zarah, lake, 141, 210, 212, 234

Zaranj or Zarang, 141, 171

Zarāvand, spring, 276

Zardah Kuh, mountains, 185, 207, 208

Zargān, 178

Zarīn Rūd, 208

Zarīq, river, 298

Zarkān, 137, 177

Zarnūq (Transoxiana), 254

Zarnūq (Yamāmah), 256

Zaryūn, 210

Zāvah, 149, 152

Zāvul, see Zābulistān

Zawīlah, 265

Zawrā, 40

Zawzan, 152

Zāyandah Rūd, see Zindah Rūd

Zaydūn, 129

Zāyidandān, 254

Zayla`, 261

Zayn-al-`Ābidīn, Imām, 15

Zaytūn, 10, 255

Zend Avesta, 190, 233

Zīb Khusrāw, 245

Zīj-i-Sanjari, 27

Zīlbar, river, 89

Zinc, 194

Zindah Pīl, 152

Zindah Rūd, 55, 57, 58, 185, 208, 214

Zīr or Zīz, 127

Zirah, see Zarah

Zīrkūh, 143

Ziyād, son of caliph Mu`āwiyah, 15, 45

Ziyārat Bāzār, 99

Zīz, 127

Zoar, 264, 281

Zubālah, 163

Zubaydah, wife of Harūn-ar-Rashīd, 4, 71, 78, 162

Zubayr, 45, 163

Zubdah-at-Tawārīkh, 183

Zughar, 264

Zughar, spring, 281

Zuhāk (Ḍaḥḥāk), 44, 185, 239, 249

Zulfābād, 73

Zungarīa, 249

Zunūz, river, 89

Zuvārah, 72