HUMÁYUN PÁDISHÁH was the eldest, greatest, and most renowned of Bábar's sons. I have seen few persons possessed of so much natural talent and excellence as he, but in consequence of frequent intercourse with the sensual and profligate men who served him, such as Mauláná Muhammad Parghari in particular, and others like him, he had contracted some bad habits; among these was his addiction to opium. All the evil that has been set down to the Emperor, and has become the common talk of the people, is attributable to this vice. Nevertheless he was endowed with excellent qualities, being brave in battle, gay in feast and very generous. [Couplet.] … In short, he was a dignified, stately and regal sovereign, who observed much state and pomp. When, for example, I entered his service at Agra, as shall be mentioned, it was after his defeats, and when people said that compared with what it had been, there was nothing left of his pomp and magnificence. Yet when his army was arrayed for the Ganges campaign (in which the whole direction devolved upon me) there were still 17,000 menials [shagird pisha] in his retinue, from which circumstance an estimate may be formed of the rest of his establishment.
To be brief; when Kámrán Mirzá went the first time to Kandahár, the Emperor invaded Gujrát and conquered it. But on account of the insubordination and discord that prevailed among the Amirs, he was obliged to abandon the country, and return empty handed. To repair this disappointment—being still at the height of his power—he turned to attack Bangála, which he also conquered, and where he made a protracted stay.
Hindál Mirzá, his youngest brother, was in Agra. [Hearing that] Shir Khán was coming from Barkunda and Ruhtás, against Agra, [Hindál] put to death Shaikh Pul who has been mentioned as the Emperor's spiritual guide, and caused the Khutba to be read in his own name. He began openly to sound the drums of sovereignty. As the proverb says: “Whenever sedition arises, prosperity gets up [to go].”470a When this news reached Bangála, the Emperor at once set out for Agra, leaving Bangála in charge of Jahángir Kuli, son of Ibrahim Begjik, the Moghul, supported by 5000 men. But when Hindál read the Khutba in his own name, none of the Emperor's Amirs who were in the surrounding cities, would acknowledge him. With his lack of good sense—and this was the cause of his misfortunes—he left Shir Khán behind, and turned to conquering the Emperor's dominions. As has been said: “Do the work of your friends, that your enemy may do his own work.” In the first place he marched against Dehli, the capital of the whole of Hindustán. But the governors of Dehli, who were Amirs of the Emperor, would not give up the town, and a fierce encounter ensued between the two parties, each filling its enemy with fear, and its friends with courage.
While Hindál Mirzá was thus engaged, Humáyun came from Bangála to Jusa and Páik. Shir Khán, seizing his opportunity, cut off his progress.470b The Emperor had lost all his horses in Bangála, and the strength of his army was wasted; the rainy season too, had come on. He remained for three months encamped opposite to Shir Khán. Repeated messengers came [from the Emperor] saying that Shir Khán was at the bottom of all the confusion in Hindustán, that he was now face to face with him, and that his brothers should come quickly, as it was necessary to make an end of Shir Khán. [The letters arrived, but] the brothers were engaged in hostilities, so the enemy remained at his ease.
When news of these events reached Kámrán Mirzá, he at once led his army against Dehli. [On his approach] Hindál Mirzá fled, and the Emperor's Amirs came out to meet him. His arrival filled the breasts of the people with fresh courage, so that the veterans exerted themselves in affording assistance to the Emperor in Jusa. But some perverse advisers offered different counsel, saying: “To go to Jusa would release the Emperor, destroy the enemy and ensnare us.” Kámrán Mirzá, in his ignorance and childlike folly, mistook this bad advice for wisdom, and delayed in setting forth. But men of experience said: “Since he is putting off his departure, we had better return, lest the equipment of the army be spoiled. Let every one go back to his own home and make fitting preparations for an active campaign. If Shir Khán defeat the Emperor, we shall be equipped and ready [to meet him]. If, on the other hand, the Emperor destroys Shir Khán, well and good.”
But this did not quite satisfy [the discontented]. They argued: “If the Emperor destroy Shir Khán, he will be enraged against us. We must contrive some means to procure the forgiveness of the offended Emperor.” In short they returned to Agra. After they had been there a little more than a month, the Emperor arrived, defeated and crestfallen. In the middle of the rains [pashkál] the brothers came together. This occurred in Safar of the year 946.471a
This departure of Kámrán Mirzá was the turning-point in the rise of Shir Khán, and in the downfall of the Chaghatái power. The Emperor strongly urged him to leave some of his officers and forces as auxiliaries, but Kámrán Mirzá, on the contrary, did all he could to induce those who were at Agra to go away with him, and strenuously rejected the proposal to leave his own army behind. Mir Khwája Kilán, who was his prime minister (and a slight allusion to whose character has been made above), exerted himself to the same purpose. Kámrán Mirzá sent him on in advance, and then followed in person.
While this was passing, Shir Khán advanced to the banks of the Ganges and crossed his army over. Kutb Khán, his son, marched towards Atáva [Etáwa] and Kálpi. These territories were the fiefs [ikta] of Husain Sultán, who was one of the Uzbeg Sultáns,472b and Yádgár Násir Mirzá, son of Sultán Násir Mirzá, the brother of the Emperor Bábar, whose story has been told above. Part of Kálpi had been given to Kámrán Mirzá and he had sent to that district Iskandar Sultán, as his representative. These three persons advanced against Kutb Khán, who was slain in the battle, and they gained a complete victory. The Emperor now marched from Agra towards the Ganges against Shir Khán.
Kámrán Mirzá, having placed the entire management of his own affairs in my hands, strongly urged me to return to Láhur. He represented as follows: “You left Kashghár on account of the unworthy treatment of your own people, whom you had served faithfully all your life: the result is evident. When you came to me, I treated you, in consideration of our relationship, like a brother—nay, even better: I entrusted the conduct of all my affairs to you and gave you full authority to appoint and displace, and generally to administer [my dominion]. If in these matters I have been guilty of any shortcoming, you must point it out to me, that I may make reparation. But do not, on the other hand, at such a crisis as this, when the enemy has the upper hand in my kingdom and disease in my body, withdraw the hand of brotherly compassion from acts of kindness; rather save me from these two imminent dangers, and accompany me to Láhur.”
Now the Emperor and myself had become friends, after the Moghul fashion, and he had given me the name of dust [friend]. In council he never addressed me by any other name, and on the firmáns it was written in this manner. No one of my brothers or the Sultáns of the time, who had been in the Emperor's service, had ever been honoured in such a way as was I, Muhammad Haidar Kurkán, who being the approved friend of such a prince as the Emperor, was called not merely ‘brother’ but was chosen as dust.
Although I was already in the service of Kámrán Mirzá [the Emperor] acted upon my advice in all his affairs. He said: “What Kámrán Mirzá asks of you, with regard to escorting him [to Láhur], in consequence of the aggravated symptoms of his malady, which prevent his full comprehension of things as they are, is not an affair of yours. His going does not depend upon your accompanying him, nor are you in any way bound to go to Láhur. If he gives his illness as a reason, you are not a physician, nor have you any remedies. If he urges you on the ground of kinship, your relationship descends from the [late] Emperor, and therefore your connection with me and with Kámrán Mirzá is exactly equal. Consider, for the sake of justice, the truth of what I am saying to you! On the issue of this battle between myself and Shir Khán, depends the fate of all India and all the house of Bábar Pádisháh. If, with such a conflict about to take place, you betake yourself to Láhur on account of Kámrán Mirzá's sickness, two things will ensue. Firstly, having escaped from the yawning abyss, you will save your own head, and by means of Kámrán Mirzá's feigned illness, will regain safety. All the rest will die, but you will be safe! Secondly, you being the cousin of Bábar Pádisháh, your relationship [to his sons] is equal, and it is fitting that you should show your sympathy with the whole of the Emperor's race. In such a flight as you meditate, you will bear nobody's sorrow.473a Escaping in safety to Láhur, you will thence proceed to whatever place you consider secure. If you think this conformable with the conduct of a ‘friend’ and a ‘brother,’ you may act accordingly: but know, for a certainty, that you will encounter the opposition of the people. Instead of their saying: ‘In spite of Kámrán Mirzá's illness, he did not escort him to Láhur, but with sound judgment, took part in the Ganges campaign with the army:’ they will say that you left me alone to undertake a combat, on the result of which hung the fate of the house to whom your loyalty is owing. [They will add] that giving as an excuse the illness of Kámrán Mirzá, you found for yourself a place of security. Besides, it is a fact that if we lose the day here, Láhur too will quickly fall.”
These arguments quite convinced me, and being unable to obtain Kámrán Mirzá's permission, I remained behind without it.474a
Kámrán Mirzá himself, shamefully leaving only Iskandar Sultán with about one thousand men as auxiliaries, went off to Láhur, taking with him all the men from Agra whom he could carry with him, thus giving strength to the enemy and preparing defeat for his friends.
The Imperial army reached the banks of the Ganges in the best way that it could. There it encamped and lay for about a month, the Emperor being on one side of the river, and Shir Khán on the other, facing each other. The armies may have amounted to more than 200,000 men. Muhammad Sultán Mirzá, a descendant of Ulugh Mirzá and Sháh Mirzá (who were of the house of Timur) and grandson (by a daughter) of Sultán Husain Mirzá (of Khorásán), had come to India to wait upon the Emperor Bábar, and had been received with every mark of kindness and royal favour. After Bábar's death, he had several times revolted against Humáyun; but being unsuccessful, he had sought forgiveness, and had been pardoned. Now having colluded with Shir Khán, he deserted. A new way was thus opened. Everybody began to desert, and the most surprising part of it was, that many of those who deserted did not go over to Shir Khán, and so could expect no favour from him. An excited feeling ran through the army and the cry was, “Let us go and rest in our homes.” A number of Kámrán's auxiliary forces also abandoned him and fled to Láhur.
Among the equipments which were in the train of the Emperor were 700 carriages (gardun), each drawn by four pairs of bullocks, and carrying a swivel (zarb-zan), which discharged a ball (kalola) of 500 mithkáls weight. I, myself, saw several times that from the top of an eminence they unfailingly (bi-khatá) struck horsemen who slightly and unsuspectingly exposed themselves. And there were twenty-one carriages, each drawn by eight pairs of bullocks. Stone balls were of no use in these, but the shots were of molten brass weighing 5000 mithkáls, and the cost of each was 200 mithkáls of silver. They would strike anything that was visible at the distance of a parasang.
As the army had taken to desert, it was judged better to risk a battle, than to see it go to ruin without fighting. If the result were unfavourable, we could not, at least, be accused of having abandoned an empire like Hindustán, without striking a blow. Another consideration was, that if we passed the river, desertion would no longer be possible. We therefore crossed over.
Both armies entrenched themselves. Everyday skirmishes occurred between the adventurous, swaggering spirits of both sides. These proceedings were put an end to by the monsoon rains, which came on and flooded the ground, rendering it unfit for a camp. To move was indispensable. Opinions were expressed that another such a deluge would sink the whole army in the abyss of despair, and it was proposed to move to some rising ground which the inundation could not reach, and which lay in front of the enemy. I went to reconnoitre, and found a place suitable for the purpose.
I said that we would, on the morrow, try the enemy on the touchstone of experience; for he ought not to attack while we were on the march, but if he should do so, it would be wrong to attempt a pitched battle while moving. The morrow would be the 10th of Moharram, and we must keep our forces well under control, until we should see if the enemy came out of his trenches and advanced against us. Then, at last, a regular pitched battle would be fought between us. The proper plan would be for us to place the mortars and swivels in front: and the gunners, nearly 5000 in number, must be stationed with the guns. If he should come out to attack us, there would be no time or place more suitable than the present, for battle. If he should not come out of his entrenchments, we must remain drawn up till about midday, and then return to our position. Next day we must act in just the same way. Then the baggage must move to the new position, and we must follow and occupy the place. This scheme of mine met with general approbation.
On the 10th Moharram, 947, we mounted to carry the plan into effect, and made our dispositions. As had been determined, the carriages and mortars and small guns were placed in the centre. The command of the guns was given to Muhammad Khán Rumi, to the sons of Ustád Ali Kuli, to Ustád Ahmad Rumi and Husain Khalifa. They placed the carriages and mortars in their proper positions, and stretched chains between them. In other divisions there were Amirs of no repute—men who were Amirs [nobles] only in name. They had got possession of the country, but they had not a tincture of prudence or knowledge, or energy or emulation, or dignity of mind or generosity—qualities from which nobility draws its name.
The Emperor had posted the author of this work upon his left, so that his right flank should be on the Emperor's left. In the same position he had placed a force of chosen troops. On my left all my retainers were stationed. I had 400 chosen men, inured to warfare and familiar with battle, fifty of whom were mounted on horses accoutred with armour. Between me and the river (jui-bár) there was a force of twenty-seven Amirs, all of whom carried the tugh [banner]. In this position also, were the other components of the left wing, and they must be judged of by the others. On the day of battle, when Shir Khán, having formed his divisions, marched out, of all these twenty-seven banners not one was to be seen, for the great nobles had hidden them, in the apprehension that the enemy might advance upon them. The soldiership and bravery of the Amirs may be conceived from this exhibition of courage.
Shir Khán came out in five divisions of 1000 men each, and in advance of him were 3000 men. I estimated the whole as being less than 15,000, but I calculated the Chaghatái force at about 40,000, all mounted on tipchák horses, and clad in iron armour. They surged like the waves of the sea, but the courage of the Amirs and officers of the army was such as I have described. When Shir Khán's army came out of its entrenchments, two divisions (jauk) which seemed to be equal to four divisions, drew up in that place, and three divisions advanced against their opponents. On our side I was leading the centre, to take up the position which I had selected; but when we reached the ground, we were unable to occupy it, for every Amir and Vazir in the Chaghatái army, whether he be rich or poor, has his camp-followers [ghulam]. An Amir of note, with his 100 retainers and followers, has 500 servants and ghulams, who on the day of battle render no assistance to their masters and have no control over themselves. So in whatever place there was a conflict, the ghulams were entirely ungovernable. When they lost their masters, they were seized with panic and blindly rushed about in terror. In short, it was impossible to hold our ground. They so pressed us in the rear, that they drove the centre upon the chains stretched between the chariots, and they and the soldiers dashed each other upon them. Those who were behind, so pressed upon those who were in front, that they broke through the chains. The men who were posted by the chains were driven beyond them, and the few who remained behind were broken, so that all formation was destroyed.476a
Such was the state of the centre. On the right Shir Khán advanced in battle array; but before an arrow was discharged, the camp followers fled like chaff before the wind, and breaking the line, they all pressed towards the centre. The ghulams whom the commanders had sent to the front, rushed to the lines of chariots, and the whole array was broken: the Mir was separated from his men, and the men from the Mir. While the centre was thus thrown into disorder, all the fugitives from the right bore down upon it. So before the enemy had discharged an arrow, the whole army was scattered and defeated. I had estimated the Chaghatái army as numbering 40,000 men, excluding the camp-followers [ghulam] and workmen [shágird pisha]. They fled before 10,000 men, and Shir Khán gained a victory, while the Chaghatái were defeated on this battle-field, where not a man, either friend or foe, was wounded. Not a gun was fired and the chariots [gardun] were useless.
When the Chaghatái took to flight, the distance between their position and the Ganges might be nearly a farsákh. All the Amirs and braves [báhadurán] fled for safety to the river, without a man of them having received a wound. The enemy pursued them, and the Chaghatái, having no time to throw off their armour and coats, plunged into the water. The breadth of the river might be about five bowshots. Many illustrious Amirs were drowned, and each one remained or went on, at his will. When we came out of the river, His Majesty, who at midday had a retinue of 17,000 in attendance upon his court, was mounted upon a horse which had been given to him by Tardi Beg, and had nothing on his head or feet. “Permanence is from God and dominion is from God.” Out of 1000 retainers eight persons came out of the river; the rest had perished in the water. The total loss may be estimated from this fact. When we reached Agra, we made no tarry, but, broken and dispirited, in a state heart-rending to relate, we went on to Láhur.
ON the 1st of Rabi I. 947, all the Sultáns, Amirs and people assembled together. So great was the crowd of people that there was but little space for moving about, while it was difficult to find a lodging. High and low, each had his own ends to serve, and each made suggestions; every man of noble birth had his scheme, and all those of low parentage their ideas. Among them were Muhammad Sultán Mirzá and Ulugh Mirzá, who had deserted on the banks of the Gang, on the eve of the battle. Not finding any place in which they could remain, they came in a most pitiable condition to Láhur. They kept apart [from the others] and were still boasting hostility. [These two] made themselves the heads, or rather the donkeys'-heads, of a rabble of ruffians and senseless Hindus. Hindál Mirzá and Yádgár Násir Mirzá likewise entered into baseless and idle plans, [saying]: We will go to Bakar and take it from Sháh Husain Arghun, and with his forces will subdue Gujrát. Kámrán Mirzá was engrossed with devising some plan for dispersing all this assemblage, while he should repair, alone, to Kábul.
Humáyun Pádisháh for a time thought of reunion, but seeing difficulties in the way, he abandoned all hope of this, and was at a loss what to do next. [Reunion], however, was his object. At this time repeated meetings were held, out of mere hypocrisy. Union was discussed, but they had only disunion at heart; they called in the magnates and leading men, to be witnesses that no one opposed or deviated from the resolutions agreed to. Thus were summoned Khwája Khánd Máhmud,478a his younger brother Khwája Abdul Hakk and Mir Abul-baká, who were all noted for their learning and esteemed for their piety, together with many other great men, whose names it would take too long to mention individually. The Sultáns, Amirs and many others were present. At first they assented to reunion and drew up a written engagement, upon the margin of which the magnates signed their names as witnesses. They then embarked upon the discussion.
First of all the Emperor, pointing to me, said: “You must tell us what you consider the most suitable line of action to pursue at this moment.” I represented: “When Sultán Husain Mirzá of Khorásán departed this life, his seventeen sons, in consequence of their disunion, abandoned Khorásán to Sháhi Beg Khán, so that to the present day they are objects of reproach to the people, and rejected of all mankind. To add to this disgrace they have all been extinguished; insomuch that within the space of one year, excepting Badi-uz-Zamán who went to Rum, not one remains alive. The late Emperor, Bábar, conquered this far-stretching land of Hindustán with much exertion and toil, and on leaving this world, transmitted [the empire] to you. Would you suffer a country like Hindustán to be seized by such a man as Shir Khán? Consider what a difference there is between Hindustán with all its revenues, and Khorásán; and how inferior is Shir Khán to Sháhi Beg Khán! Also remember the degree of censure you will incur from mankind! Now is the moment for you to consider your condition, and having removed your head from the collar of envy, to place it in the pocket of meditation, that you may acquire the esteem of the people. Formerly, when matters could have been arranged with ease, you put obstacles in the way, by your want of constancy and of purpose. At present it is impossible to achieve anything, without encountering untold difficulties.
“I will now lay before you what seems to me your wisest course. It involves great hardships, but it is you who have made hard what was once easy. And moreover, if you do not bear patiently your present troubles, they will become yet more onerous. My advice is as follows: Shir Khán will still take four months to reach Láhur. During these four months, the mountain slopes of Hindustán should be given to the Sultáns, and each one, in proportion to his share, should be made to pledge his allegiance.
“Let every man attend to the particular business to which he has been appointed. Let me, for instance, be appointed to the task of subduing Kashmir, and I engage that within two months I will accomplish it. As soon as you hear of my arrival in Kashmir, let every one send his family and baggage thither, while he betakes himself to the mountains, and forms a strong position on the slopes—from the hills of Sarind to those [occupied by] Sarang.479a
The mortars [dig] and swivels [zarb-zan] of Shir Khán are the mainstay of his fighting power. It is impossible to bring gun-carriages into the hills, and he will not hazard a battle without them. His army, from stress of numbers, will perish for want of grain, and must perforce retreat.”
Kámrán Mirzá, frowning at these words, said: “Although what you recommend is plausible enough, it involves difficulties too great.” I replied: “When I began, I represented, in excuse for myself, that the business was a difficult one. All easy methods are now out of question. Nothing but difficulties remain. If any one can suggest an easier solution, let him speak.” Kámrán Mirzá said: “We have now with us nearly 200,000 householders [khánavár mardum]. Should the advice just offered be acted upon, and the attempt fail, it is probable that all this multitude will be destroyed. It is, therefore, better that the Emperor and the Mirzás should go unencumbered, either to the hills or to Kashmir, leaving their families to be conducted to Kábul by me. Having safely disposed of the families, I will return to join the army.”
All were bewildered by this suggestion and asked themselves, “What has now become of our oath of union? What are these sentiments? Who would think of sending his family to Kábul and himself remaining without baggage? Between Láhur and Kábul there are rivers, highway robbers, and mountains. The Mirzá's scheme is quite impracticable.” Although much discussion followed, Kámrán Mirzá did not carry a single point. Thus [ostensible] desires for union were shown to be hypocrisy, and the meeting broke up. But time passed, and meanwhile Shir Khán had reached the banks of the river of Sultánpur.481a Every man chose a place of retreat for himself. The Emperor consulted with me in this exigency, and I again respectfully represented that I still held by the Kashmir plan. “At any rate,” I continued, “if you allow me to go in advance, the rest can follow after, and I guarantee that I will conquer Kashmir.” The Emperor then gave me leave to depart, furnishing me with what help he was able; so that with four hundred freed men and slaves, I set out for Kashmir.
IT has been observed above, that the Sultáns of Kashmir had fallen under the power of their worthless Amirs, every one of whom acted in whatever way he saw fit. At the time when Kámrán Mirzá went to Kandahár to fight the son of Sháh Ismail, as was mentioned, the chiefs [maliks] of Kashmir were engaged in mutual hostilities. Káchi Chak, Abdál Makri and Zangi Chak had been turned out of Kashmir and, having taken up their abode at the foot of the mountains of Hind, they appealed to me for help.482a Háji, who was mentioned in the relation of events in Tibet, acted as intermediary. Frequently, and with insistence, had I tried to convince Kámrán Mirzá on the subject of Kashmir. At the time of [Kámrán Mirzá's] march on Dehli, an army was mustered in Agra, and a certain Bábá Chuchak was placed at the head of it. Háji came from Agra to Láhur with Bábá Chuchak, to join in the expedition against Kashmir. But Bábá Chuchak, being weak-minded and incapable, could not manage this business, and delayed in setting out till the news of the defeat on the Gang arrived. The soldiers stood fast, and Bábá Chuchak was released from [the duty of] conducting the Kashmir expedition.
At the time when the general assemblage took place in Láhur, Háji carried many messages to and fro, between myself on the one hand, and Abdál Makri on the other, in furtherance of my plan. All terminated in a most desirable way, and I was thus able to impress it strongly on the Emperor. I showed him the letter which had been sent me, and he became convinced that Kashmir would be conquered as soon as I should appear there.
I HAD arranged with the Emperor that I should, in the first place, proceed with a small number of men to Nau Shahr,483a and that as soon as the Maliks of Kashmir should have joined me, Iskandar Tupchi should overtake me there. When I should have reached the pass, Mir Khwája Kilán, in praise of whom I have spoken above, was to enter Nau Shahr. On my descending into Kashmir Mir Khwája Kilán was to advance to the foot of the pass of Kashmir, while the Emperor would pitch his camp at Nau Shahr. Matters having been thus arranged, Kámrán Mirzá and the rest were allowed to go wherever they pleased.
All being settled, I set out, and in Nau Shahr was joined by all the Maliks of Kashmir. Iskandar Tupchi was one day's journey from Nau Shahr. Mir Khwája Kilán was in Siálkut. On the same day that I despatched a messenger to Iskandar Tupchi, news reached me that all our people had evacuated Láhur. I started in all haste: when I arrived at the foot of the pass [leading to] Kashmir, Káchi Chak ascended by one road, and we by another, and without further contention or discussion we [all] arrived at [Kashmir].
Now when Iskandar Tupchi and Mir Khwája Kilán heard of the evacuation of Láhur, the former sought a refuge with Sárang, who was one of the Sultáns of the slopes of the hills [kuh páya] of Hind, while the latter, leaving Siálkut, went and joined the fugitives [from Láhur]. In spite of the Emperor's endeavours to reach Kashmir, he could induce no one to accompany him. Some foolish imbeciles, namely, Hindál Mirzá, Yádgár Násir Mirzá and others beside, carried him off to Tatta and Bakar, to attack [basar] Mirzá Sháh Husain the son of Sháh Beg Arghun (son of Zulnun Arghun). This Mirzá Sháh Husain is the same personage who was spoken of above. When Bábar Pádisháh wrested Kandahár from Sháh Beg, the latter retired to Ucha and Tatta and subdued the whole of the surrounding country. He was succeeded on his death by his son Mirzá Sháh Husain, who busied himself for some time in strengthening his forts and settling his country; for he was, in truth, a methodical and prudent man.483b Against him it was that this blundering band marched. But being able to achieve nothing, Hindál Mirzá went to Kandahár, whose governor came out to receive him. He began to boast of empire, [whereupon] Kámrán Mirzá marched against him, from Kábul. After some unfortunate occurrences, and being reduced to extremities, he begged Kámrán Mirzá to spare his life, promising that he would enter his service. Not long after this, Yádgár Násir Mirzá and Kásim Husain Sultán also fled from the Emperor and joined Kámrán Mirzá. The Emperor, after endless hardships and incalculable misfortunes, passed on to Irák, but up to the present time it is not known what has become of him. As for Kámrán Mirzá, he is at Kábul and in despair from the buffetings of fortune.
My trust is in the most glorious and merciful God, that He will again raise to the throne of sovereignty Humáyun Pádisháh, than whom there have been few greater Sultáns. He has endured such suffering and misery as have fallen to the lot of few Emperors. May he make the people prosperous and contented under his benevolent shadow. It is thus written in the “Sunna”: that when the affairs of a great ruler go to ruin, he is himself the cause. If, as is rarely the case, the ruler be spared these calamities, his escape must be certainly attributable to his good sense.
It is related, in the earlier portion of this book, that his [Humá-yun's] father, Bábar Pádisháh, on several occasions mounted the throne of Samarkand, but as often suffered ruinous defeats. In those defeats his own head was kept safe, and finally God raised him to such power, that all the world felt his influence, while his name remains among the [immortal] Sultáns. May God, having delivered Humáyun Pádisháh from these perils and dangers, grant him similar well-being and wisdom!
PARTING OF THE AUTHOR FROM HUMÁYUN PÁDISHÁH. HIS MARCH AGAINST, AND CONQUEST OF KASHMIR. CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS, AND CONCLUSION OF THE “TÁRIKH-I-RÁSHIDI.”
AFTER a settlement of some kind had been arrived at among the Mirzás, I obtained, by the grace of Providence, the permission of Humáyun to depart, and for the reasons above stated, started from Láhur in the direction of Kashmir. I have explained that on the 22nd of Rajab, I crossed the pass of Kashmir. This date I discovered in the words “Julus-i-dár-ul-mulk-i-Kashmir,” [ascending the throne of Kashmir]. It was the season of Sagittarius. I had scarce ascended the throne of triumph, when the snow began to fall and the face of the earth became white, while the eyes of the enemy turned dark. By the divine favour, that winter passed in quiet.
Now Káchi Chak had been forced, thrice previously, to disconnect himself from the government of Kashmir. His own wife and children had not seen him, for he had left them in the care of Malik Abdál and Zangi Chak, and had gone off, thinking that, as on former occasions, his resignation and resumption of power would not be settled within a year. [Verse] … All the [chief] men of Kashmir, believing this too, went with him, ignoring that God gives to whomsoever He will, and takes away from whomsoever He will. [Two couplets]… Káchi Chak, vainly imagining that Shir Khán, by force of arms, could change the decree of the Most High God, appealed to him for aid.
In the beginning of spring …485a having obtained auxiliaries from Shir Khán, he again moved forward with a large force. Just at this juncture, and when this news was confirmed, Malik Abdál [Makri] who was the mainstay of the whole scheme, was attacked by paralysis, and migrated to the Eternal abode, so that the brunt of the affair fell on Zangi Chak. In a word, after various difficulties had been surmounted, which it would be tedious to relate in detail, we left our families in the fort of Andarkul485b and went out to meet and oppose [the enemy], with a vacillating band. [Two couplets] … During three months we attacked their strongholds and met them in the field; till at length, Káchi Chak, having formed a junction with the auxiliaries of Shir Khán, marched boldly out of the hill district [Báládast] which he had fortified, and took up a position on a spot that was a halting stage. At this place the army of Kashmir, who from their outward appearance looked as if they must disperse in flight, held their ground. [On our side] [only] the Moghul army kept its position. No one expected a battle that day; most had gone off in different directions to attend to their own affairs; so that only about 250 men were present, together with a few Kashmiris who had joined the Moghuls, making in all about 300. These advanced and attacked a force comprising 5000 cavalry, two elephants, and a body of infantry more numerous than the cavalry. Falling upon their rear, [our army] began by plundering their baggage and stores. The battle was so desperate, that should I enter into the particulars, the reader would imagine I was exaggerating. Therefore, avoiding details, I will content myself with a summary account. To resume, at noonday prayers on Monday, the 8 Rabi II. 948,486a we routed an army of 5000 cavalry, and several thousand foot, with a body of only 300 men. [Verses] … The preacher [Khatib] of Kashmir, Mauláná Yusuf, found the date in Fath-i-Mukarrar [The repeated victory], for I had already once entered Kashmir and gained a victory there, as has been related.
[Here follows a prayer, ending with an apology to the reader for the faults and shortcomings of the “Epitome.”]
EXTRACT from a paper entitled: The Square Silver Coins of the Sultáns of Kashmir, by Mr. C. J. Rodgers, M.R.A.S., &c., in the Journ. Asiat. Socy. Bengal, Vol. LIV. Pt. I., No. 2, 1885, pp. 92 to 139 (see pp. 116-21).
In Notes 2, p. 433—1, p. 441—1, p. 482, and in Sec. I of the Introduction, reference has been made to Mr. C. J. Rodgers' translations from Firishta's History contained in the able and interesting paper cited above. As Mirza Haidar closes his narrative somewhat abruptly, at the time of his conquest of Kashmir, I believe that a summary of the affairs of the country during his regency, will be found useful to the reader, and therefore transcribe here, that portion of Mr. Rodgers' published paper which deals with the period in question. It comprises the last ten years of Mirza Haidar's life, and is also, no doubt, the best account that exists of a little known phase of Indian history.
Názuk Sháh. 2nd Time.—After his father, Názuk sat on the throne of the kingdom. (His father we are told was Ibrahim Sháh. There is confusion again here.) He had not, however, reigned more than five or six months when Mirzá Haidar Turk, having obtained a firm footing in Kashmir ruled it. In his time the Khutba was read and coins were struck in the name of Násir-ud-Din Muhammad Humáyun Bádsháh. (The coins of Humáyun struck in Kashmir are exceedingly rare. They are exactly of the same type as those of the preceding kings. There are some small differences in the inscriptions in the arrangements of the letters. One coin has a ha in the field to the right, which I consider to be the first letter of Haidar's name. The dates of the coins fall within the period during which Mirzá Haidar ruled Kashmir nominally in his master's name. But all these ten years poor Humáyun was a fugitive in Sind and Persia and Affghánistán and he never derived any benefit from the fact that prayers were used in Kashmir with his name in them, and coins current with his name on them.)
In the year 948 A.H.487a when Humáyun, flying before Sher Sháh Suri, reached Lahore, Malik Abdál Mákari, Zangi Chakk and other petitioners wrote about Humáyun's taking Kashmir and sent the letter by the hands of Mirzá Haidar. The emperor dismissed the Mirzá in the direction of Kashmir and gave it out as his intention to follow shortly himself. When the Mirzá arrived at Bhir he was met by Abdál Mákari and Zangi Chakk. The Mirzá had with him only three or four thousand horsemen, but when he arrived at Rájáori, Malik Gáji Chakk who was the ruler of Kashmir, arrived at Khabal Kartal (it is called Karmal by Erskine) and entrenched himself with from three to four thousand horsemen and 50,000 infantry. Mirzá Haidar therefore changed his route and went by Pabhaj (the Panuj of Erskine) which Gáji Chakk in his pride had forgotten to defend. The Mirzá crossed the mountains and descending into the plain of Kashmir took possession at once of Srinagar. Abdál Mákari and Zangi Chakk finding themselves strong, busied themselves with the affairs of the kingdom, and they gave several pergunnahs to the Mirzá. But just at this time Abdál Mákari, died after recommending his sons to the care of the Mirzá.
After the arrival of Mirzá Haidar in Kashmir, Malik Gáji Chakk went to Sher Sháh Afghán for assistance. He obtained five thousand horsemen, over whom were Husain Sharváni and Adil Khán; and two elephants. Mirzá Haidar met him between Danahdyár and Káwah, and the zephyr of victory blowing in favour of the Mirzá, the Malik and his Affghán allies fled from the field and took possession of Bahrámgalla.
In the year 950 A.H. Mirzá Haidar settled himself in the fort of Indarkot. Zangi Chakk being suspected by him fled to Gáji Chakk and in 951 A.H. the two set out, in the direction of Srinagar, determined to root out Mirzá Haidar. Bahrám Chakk, son of Zangi Chakk arrived first at Srinagar, but he was easily put to flight by two of the Mirzá's generals, and his disorganised troops falling back on the main army Zangi Chakk and Gáji Chakk also fled and returned to Bahrámgalla. After this the Mirzá employed his army in invading Tibet. He took Lansur and many other large forts.
In 952 A.H. Gáji Chakk and his son Muhammad Chakk died of fever and ague. This year the Mirzá spent in ease.
In 953 A.H. Zangi Chakk fighting with Mirzá Haidar was killed. His head with the head of his son Gázi Khán were presented to Haidar.
In 954 A.H. ambassadors came to the Mirzá from Káshgar and he went with many nobles as far as Lár to meet them. In Lár the head of Khwája Ujh son of Masaud Chakk was brought to him. This man had for the space of seven years been fighting in Kamráj, but at last he had desired peace. Mirzá Mirak, swearing that all should be right, asked him to attend on him to make a treaty. But when Ujh came into the assembly he was stabbed by Mirak and he fled to the jungle pursued by Mirak who took his head off and sent it to Mirzá Haidar. Ide Ziná was far from pleased at seeing it, and, standing up in anger said, that after an oath and covenant had been made the slaughter of one man was not necessary. Haidar replied that he was not privy to the circumstances of the death.
After this Mirzá Haidar turned his attention to Kishtwár. Bandagán Kukah, Muhammad Mákari and Yahi Ziná led the van. The Mirzá took up his abode at Jhapur near Kishtwár. The van, doing three days' journey in one descended on Dahlot, where the river winds, and they were not able to ford it, for the enemy too opposed them. The next day the army of Haidar made a diversion to the right in hopes of reaching Kishtwár, but when they reached the town of Dhár, gusts of cold air laden with dust came down upon them, the day became dark and the people of the town made an attack on them. Bandagán Kukah with five other men was slain. The rest of the army with a thousand exertions at last joined themselves with Haidar. The Mirzá was not successful: he was obliged to retrace his steps ingloriously.
In 955 he turned his attention to Tibet. Taking Rájáori he gave it to Muhammad Nazir and Nasir Ali. Pakli489a he gave to Mulla Abdullah and Little Tibet489b he gave to Mullah Qásim. Conquering Great Tibet,489c he appointed Mulla Hasan its governor.
In 956 he took the fort of Danel. At this time Adam Ghakkar came before the Mirzá and asked him to pardon Daulat Chakk. He agreed to do so and Adam called Daulat into the tent. The Mirzá, on his coming in, showed him no honour. For this reason Daulat became very angry, and taking away the elephant he had brought as a present, he went away. The courtiers wished to pursue him but the Mirzá forbade them. After some time Haidar returned to Kashmir. Daulat Chakk and Gázi Khán and Jai Chakk went to Haidar Khán who had fled from Islám Sháh to Rájáori. When Islám Sháh who was pursuing the Niyázis arrived at the town of Madawár from Naoshahra, Haibat Khán Niyázi sent Sayyid Khán to him. Sayyid Khán making propositions of peace gave up the mother and son of Haibat Khán Niyázi to Islám Sháh who turning back went to the town of Bán near Siálkot and agreed to the conditions. The three Kashmiris above-mentioned then took Haibat Khán to Bárámula and wished to take him to Kashmir, and carry away Haidar. As Haibat did not see his way to doing this he sent a Bráhman to Haidar with conditions of peace. When he had received a promise from Haidar he went to live at Hir (Nir in MS. No. 6571 opening 190 in British Museum) in Jammu and the Kashmiris went to Islám Sháh. Gházi Khán Chakk, however, went to Mirzá Haidar. (It is evident that at this time the Kashmiris were tired of Haidar. They wished Islám Sháh to be king. We do not read that Islám ever went so far as Kashmir. The nobles, however, must have struck coins in his name, using the formula struck in Kashmir on the reverse. I have seen two coins of Islám Sháh of this time. It was a common practice to strike coins anticipating events which did not come to pass. The date on this coin is 957 A.H. It may have been struck by Haidar as a compliment to Islám Sháh.)
In the year 957 A.H. Mirzá Haidar being at peace with his neighbours sent presents of saffron to Islám Sháh by the hands of Khwájah Shams Mughal. In the following year Islám Sháh sent the ambassadors back with presents of silk cloth and goods accompanied by Yásin (Básin in above MS.) as envoy. Mirzá Haidar sent back Yásin laden with shawls and saffron to Islám Sháh.
Mirzá Qarrá Bahádur was appointed governor of Bhirpul (or Bharmal) and along with him were sent from amongst the Kashmiris Idi Ziná and Názuk Sháh, Husain Mákari and Khwájah Háji. The whole of these with Mirzá Qarrá came back to Indarkot and went thence to Bárámula and became rebellious. The reason of this rebellion was that the Mughals (the forces of Mirzá Haidar) were not acceptable to them. When the Mughals informed the Mirzá of this he told them they were no less ready than the Kashmiris to rebel. Husain Mákari sent his brother Ali Mákari to Mirzá Haidar to make excuse for the Kashmiris and to call again the army. Haidar was not aware of the condition of things, and told them that the Kashmiris were powerless and that there was no use in calling the army.
On the 27th of Ramzán a great fire burst out in Indarkot. Mirzá Qarrá and his following sent word that their houses were destroyed, and asked for orders saying that if convenient they would rebuild their houses and next year go to Bhirpul. Mirzá Haidar was displeased at this conduct. Nevertheless whether he would or not the army went towards Bhirpul. At night time, however, Idi Ziná and the rest of the Kashmiris left the Mughals and came to the pass of Bhirpul and took with them Husain Mákari, Ali Mákari and others in order that they might not be slain by the Mughals. When it was morning the men of Bhirpul fought with the Mughals who were fastened in the mountains. Sayyid Mirzá fled and went into the fort of Bhirpul. About 80 Mughals, men of note were slain in this affair. Muhammad Nazir and Mirzá Qarrá Bahádur were captured. The rest of the army came to Bahrámgalla. When Mirzá Haidar heard of this he was sorely vexed and ordered all the silver vessels to be broken and the coin now current in Kashmir was struck from them. Jahángir Mákari at this time got into favour and the estates of Husain Mákari were bestowed upon him. Tradespeople had horses and outfits given to them and were made soldiers. After this news came that Mulla Abdullah, hearing of the exodus of the Kashmiris, was coming to Kashmir. When he got near to Bárámula the Kashmiris crowded on him and slew him. Khwájah Qásim was slain in Little Tibet. Muhammad Nazir was imprisoned in Rájáori. The Kashmiris leaving Bahrám-galla came to Hambarapur. Mirzá Haidar was thus forced to fight them and he came to Indarkot. He had with him only a thousand men. With him were Mughal nobles who had 700 men more. The whole took up a position in Shaháb-ud-Dinpur. Daulat Chakk and Gházi Khán Chakk went to Hambarapur to help Idi Ziná and coming from that place assembled in Khánpur. Mirzá Haidar took up his position in the plain of Khálidgarh near Srinagar. Fath Chakk, whose father had been slain by the Mughals, Khwájah Bahrám brought, with 3,000 men to Indarkot to revenge his father's death. They burned all the palaces of Mirzá Haidar in the Safá gardens. When Mirzá Haidar heard of this he said, “I have not brought this from Káshgar that I might by the grace of God, again build it.” Jai Ali in revenge burnt the palaces of Zain-ul-Abidin in Suryápur, but this did not please Mirzá Haidar and the army burnt the palaces of Idi Ziná and Nauroz Chakk in Srinagar. Mirzá Haidar himself took up a position in Khánpur in which place was a willow tree under which 22 horsemen could stand. If one branch of this tree were shaken the whole tree was moved. At last the Kashmiris came from Khánpur and took up a position at Adnipur and not more than a distance of two kos remained between the two armies. Mirzá Haidar determined to make a night attack on the enemy. He first of all made his own younger brother Mirzá Abdur Rahmán his heir-apparent and inaugurated him, then getting his men into order he prepared for the night attack. It so happened that the night was very cloudy and when he got to the tent of Khwájah Háji who was the soul of the rebellion and the agent of the Mirzá, the darkness hid everything. Sháh Nazar a cuirassier of Mirzá Haidar said, “When I shot an arrow the voice of the Mirzá fell on my ear, saying, ‘you are at fault.’ I then knew that the arrow had accidentally struck the Mirzá.” It is also said that a butcher shot him in the thigh with an arrow. In another tradition it is stated that Kamál Kuka killed him with a sword. But except an arrow-wound in his heart no other thing was visible. In reality this is the sum of the traditions. When morning dawned it became noised abroad amongst the Kashmiris that a Mughal was lying slain in their camp. When Khwájah Háji came to view the corpse, he said it was that of Haidar. He held up the head from the earth but nothing but the last breath remained. He moved his eyes and gave up the ghost. After this the Mughals fled to Indarkot and the Kashmiris buried the corpse of Haidar and then pursued the Mughals. They took refuge in Indarkot and for three days defended themselves. On the fourth day Muhammad Rumi loaded the cannon with copper coins and fired them on the enemy. Every one who was struck with them died. At last, however, Khánmai, the widow of Mirzá Haidar, and her sister Khánji spoke to the Mughals and said, ‘Inasmuch as Mirzá Haidar has departed from our midst, it would be better to make peace with the Kashmiris.” The Mughals agreed to this and sent Amir Khán, builder, to the Kashmiris to ask for peace. The Kashmiris were pleased at this and wrote a letter with oath and covenant that they would not persecute the Mughals any more. The government of Haidar Turk lasted for ten years.
Názuk Sháh. 3rd Time.—When the doors of the fort were opened, the Kashmiris went into the treasury of Mirzá Haidar and plundered it, taking away the beautiful and delicate garments it contained. The family of the Mirzá was taken to Srinagar and placed in the hands of Manujá. The Kashmiri chiefs then divided Kashmir between themselves. Daulat Chakk got the pargannah of Deosar, Gházi Khán the pargannah of Wáhi; Yusuf Chakk and Bahrám Chakk obtained Kamráj. Khwájah Háji the wakil of the Mirzá took a lákh of shawls and the whole of the nobles of Kashmir, but especially Idi Ziná, took the government of the province into their hands. Názuk Sháh as a kind of shadow of a king was upheld in name. In truth Idi Ziná was king.
SOME inquiries regarding the Karáwánás, which were very kindly made for me in Khorasán by Mr. Maula Bakhsh, K.B., Attaché at the Meshed Consulate General, have resulted, it would seem, in tracing some of the posterity of the Karáwánás. Mr. Maula Bakhsh writes from near Asterabad:—“Only the other day, while passing through the Mána district of Bujnurd, I heard of a village called Samandarra or Kárnás. This excited my curiosity and, on inquiry, I found that the village derived its name from its Kárnás inhabitants, about thirty families of whom (the total population of the village) are settled there. In the Gurgán country again, which extends from Dáhana-i-Gurgán on the east, to the Gunbad-i-Kábus (or Káus) on the west, on both banks of the Gurgán river, and is occupied by the Goklán Turkomans, I found about fifty families of Kárnás, and was told that there were some families in Khiva also.
“These people speak Turki now, and are considered part of the Goklán Turkomans. They, however, say they are Chingiz-Kháni Moghuls, and are no doubt the descendants of the same Kárnás, or Karávanás, who took such a prominent part in the Moghul victories in Persia.
“The word Kárnás, I was told by a learned Goklan Mullah, means Tir-andáz , or Shikári (i.e., Archer or Hunter) and was applied to this tribe of Moghuls on account of their professional skill in shooting, which apparently secured them an important place in the army. In Turki the word Kárnás means Shikam-parast—literally ‘belly worshippers,’ which implies avarice. This term is in use at present, and I was told, by a Kázi of Bujnurd, that it is sometimes used by way of reproach… The Kárnás people in Mána and Gurgán say it is the name of their tribe, and they can give no other explanation.”
Although the modern name has become curiously abbreviated, there appears to be little reason to doubt that these Kárnás, or “shooters,” represent, at any rate, the “artillerists” of Wassáf (see pp. 76, 77, Introduction).
| ENGLAND. | |
| 1327. | Edward II. deposed and murdered. |
| 1338. | Edward III. invaded France. |
| 1346. | Battle of Creçy. |
| 1356. | Battle of Poictiers. |
| 1371. | Stuart dynasty established in Scotland. |
| 1377. | Accession of Richard II. |
| 1399. | Deposition of Richard II. |
| 1403. | Battle of Shrewsbury. |
| 1413. | Accession of Henry V. |
| 1415. | Battle of Agincourt. |
| 1422. | Henry VI. proclaimed king of France. |
| 1461. | Edward IV. becomes king. |
| 1485. | Battle of Bosworth Field. Tudor dynasty founded. |
| 1509. | Death of Henry VII. |
| 1512. | Henry VIII. invades France. |
| 1520. | Field of the Cloth of Gold. |
| 1534. | Papal authority abolished. |
| 1547. | Accession of Edward VI. |
| 1553. | Accession of Mary. |
| 1558. | Accession of Elizabeth. |
| CONTINENTAL EUROPE. | |
| 1328. | Valois dynasty founded in France. |
| 1358. | Turks first cross the Hellespont. |
| 1378. | The Papacy restored in Rome. |
| 1385. | Independence of Portugal. |
| 1396. | Crusade in Hungary against the Turks. |
| 1403. | Sultan Báyazid defeated by Timur. |
| 1428. | Joan of Arc delivers Orleans. |
| 1436. | Supposed date of invention of printing. |
| 1453. | Constantinople taken by the Turks. |
| 1462. | Ivan III. becomes Prince of Muscovy. |
| 1467. | Bombs and mortars invented in Italy. |
| 1478. | Khans of Crimea submit to Turks. |
| 1482. | Ivan III. becomes first Tsar of Muscovy. |
| 1483. | Cape of Good Hope discovered. (Portugal). |
| 1492. | Discovery of America. (Spain). |
| 1501. | Naples subdued by France. |
| 1516. | Charles V. ascends the throne of Spain. |
| 1517. | Egypt conquered by Turks. |
| 1523. | Gustavus Wasa becomes king of Sweden. |
| 1529. | Vienna besieged by the Turks. |
| 1533. | Ivan IV. (the Terrible) succeeds as Tsar. |
| 1545. | Council of Trent assembles. |
| 1552. | Treaty of Passau. |
| 1584. | Death of Ivan the Terrible. |
| INDIA. | |
| 1325. | Death of Mahom. Tughluk, founder of Tughluk dynasty of Delhi. |
| 1398. | Timur invades India. |
| 1450. | Lodi dynasty of Afghans. |
| 1498. | Arrival of Vasco de Gama at Malabar. |
| 1509. | Albuquerque becomes viceroy of Portuguese India (d. 1519). |
| 1526. | Baber founds Moghul (Chag-hatai) Empire. |
| 1530. | Humayun succeeds. |
| 1538. | Turkish attack on Portuguese at Diu. |
| 1540. | Humayun defeated by Shir Khan at Kanauj. |
| 1540. | Rule of Afghan Sur dynasty begins. |
| 1555. | Return of Humayun to India. |
| 1556. | Accession of Akbar. |
| CHINA. | |
| 1333. | Accession of Ching-tsung (or Tohan Timur), last Emperor of Mongol dynasty. |
| 1368. | Ming dynasty established. Emperor Hung Wu. Capital at Nanking. |
| 1403. | Yung Loh, 2nd Ming Emperor, changes capital to Peking. |
| 1536. | Macao granted to the Portuguese. |
| 1580. | (abt.) Jesuit missions first established. |
| 1644. | Ming dynasty ends. |
| PERSIA. | |
| 1380 | Invaded by Timur. |
| 1399. | Invaded by Timur. |
| 1468. | Conquered by Turkomans. |
| 1501. | Sufavi dynasty founded by Shah Ismail. |
| 1519. | Ismail conquers Georgia. |
| 1525. | Accession of Shah Tahmasp. |
| 1576. | Ismail II. succeeds. |
IN Section IV. of the Introduction I have endeavoured to show that the so-called Moghuls in the fifteenth century, and even in the first half of the sixteenth, were in fact Mongols, and preserved, as far as the mass of the people was concerned, their racial characteristics. It had often been represented that they had become Turks both in type and language since about the days of Timur, but Mirza Haidar's evidence on the point was entirely opposed to this view, and it convinced me that the Moghuls of his day could not be classed as Turks. I endeavoured also to support the conclusion that the Mongol type could not be eradicated within a period of less than two centuries (see page 81) by such testimony as was forthcoming from other sources, and on general grounds of probability ;494a but I was not aware at that time (1894) of the existence of certain Mongol settlements in Khorasan and Herat where living testimony to the correctness of my arguments might be seen even at the present day. It is, however, a fact that communities of Mongol race and type are living now—some 500 instead of barely 200 years beyond the time when they have been said to have been absorbed—who have nevertheless been Musul-mans for the whole of the longer period, and have inhabited a country where the surrounding population has been entirely Musulman, albeit of various nations. It was only on returning to Khorasan, in the spring of 1895, that I became acquainted with these relics of the days of Chingis Khan, and had an opportunity of visiting some of them.
The places where these settlements are to be found are: (1) Sangbast, about 20 miles south-east of Meshed; (2) Nasar-i-Kurlás, some 20 to 24 miles north of Turbat-i-Haidari, and about 10 miles east of the pass of Godár-i-Bédar on the main road leading thence to Meshed; (3) some other spots within the Turbat-i-Haidari district; (4) some odd settlements in the Kain district; (5) at Kuhsán, near the frontier of Herat and Khorasan; and (6) round about the city of Herat. The few particulars I have refer only to those at Sangbast and Nasar-i-Kurlás, and they may be given separately in the form of brief extracts from my notebook:
“The whole of the walled enclosure of modern Sangbast would contain perhaps about 200 people, mostly in a state of great poverty and occupying wretched hovels among the ruins. They are nearly all either Moghuls or Hazáras. Though the two races live together, it appears that they seldom intermarry, and usually neither of them intermarry with other inhabitants of Khorasan. Still, this has not been an invariable rule of late years, from what they themselves say and from the type of countenance of some of those who claim to be Moghuls. The bulk of those I saw had unmistakable Mongolian features—so much so, that it was difficult to distinguish them from the Hazáras. They spoke Mongol freely among themselves (though to what degree corrupted I know not) and their mullah professed to write it, but when he wrote some sentences, at my request, they were in Persian characters. He did not know the Mongol written character, but produced his Mongol words in Persian letters. A few words and phrases that I happened to remember the Mongol for, I repeated to him in Persian, and he translated them correctly, without a moment's hesitation.
“The mullah had no trace of the Mongol in his face. His story was that the few families at Sangbast came, within the present generation (some forty years ago), from Herat, where a fairly large number of Mongols, or Moghuls, are still to be found. There are also a few other small communities settled in this part of Khorasan, but all seemed to have come from Herat in very recent times. The first man I spoke to called himself and his people here Chingizi (pronounced Changizi) or Chingiz-Khani. The mullah, however, said it was a very common thing among the Moghuls to call themselves Chingizi,494b but in reality this community was composed of Mangut—they were descendants of the Mangut, who were a tribe of Moghuls. He continued that there were many other Moghul tribes, besides the Mangut, of whom he recited the following:—
| Hukki. | Guzlak. |
| Burghut. | Kulás (sic, perhaps Kurlás?). |
| Jaotu. | Iké Arwán. |
| Jaghatai. | Taghári. |
| Laghzi. | Zi Sharka (or Zai Sharka, said to mean Fighters). |
| Beiri. | |
| Nabjin. | Uzbeg. |
| Jawak. | Sadar Tukuz (Turki? “Nine heads”). |
| Marda. | No Laki (in Persian, 9 laks—900,000). |
The two last can hardly be the names of Mongol tribes in any case; and it is evident, moreover, from some of the other names in his list, that the mullah is not clear as to who are Moghuls and who are not. Neither Uzbegs nor Manguts were Moghuls, for instance; and if his people here are really Manguts, how do they come to speak Mongol? The mullah added that the Hazára or Barbari were also a branch of the Moghuls, but he knew nothing of their origin, or how they came to be settled in Afghanistan.
“The Karawánás are known by name to the Moghuls. All those present recognised it immediately I mentioned it, but pronounced it Karaonás, exactly as written by Marco Polo. They could give no explanation of the name or of who the Karaonás were, though the mullah believed them to have been a section of the Moghuls. They seemed to know of none now-a-days in existence.”
“At Nasar-i-Kurlás the Moghuls also give themselves the name of ‘Chingizi.’ They maintain that 400 years ago they came from ‘Turkistan’ to the number of 12,000. Of these, 5000 settled about Herat and Kuhsán, 5000 in Kain, and 2000 in the Turbat-i-Haidari district.494c At that time all were nomads—tent-dwellers. During the reign of Nádir Sháh (say the middle of the 18th century) the Turbat-i-Haidari communities became settled in houses at the spot now known as Nasar-i-Kurlás.
“Kurlás, they say, is the tribal name; but their head man holds a firmán dated 1119 Hijra, from Sháh Husain Safani, in which the following four tribes are mentioned:—
| Tukalli. | Kurlás. |
| Chahárdui. | Yákubi. |
though in the body of the document certain Yákubi are mentioned ‘in addition’ to the rest. This firmán endorses one issued by Sháh Táhmásp dated 1071 Hijra.494d The firmán of Husain remits taxes from the above tribesmen, who are described as Il—or nomad tribesmen.
“The name Nasar or Nasr means the ‘cold side’ or Yelák, the opposite to which is (commonly in Khorasan) called Aftáb Ruh, or, vulgarly, Pitau, which is only a corruption of Aftáb.494e Thus Aftáb Ruh would mean ‘Facing the Sun,’ and Nasar ‘Back to the Sun,’ or ‘Looking North.’
“The Kurlás Moghuls say that the Moghuls at Kuhsán call themselves Chaghatai, but that they are really Kurlás Moghuls.
“The Kurlás at Nasar put their own number at about 150 families, and in neighbouring villages at some fifty families more; but these figures are probably in excess of the reality. They seem to retain comparatively little of the Mongol language.
“In the Kain region the number is said now to be 2000 to 3000 families, some of whom, however, appear to be settled in Sistan. They are still known as Kurlás and Moghul.”
In connection with these Moghul communities in Khorasan, and with the remarks on the Hazára at p. 80 (Introduction), of the Tárikh-i-Rashidi, it may perhaps be worth while to mention the view of the origin of his people which was held by a chief of the Hazára of Turbat-i-Jám, who died in 1894. The pith of a statement which he made to my munshi (Mirza Abdulla) was that the present Hazára belonged to one of the chief sections, or largest tribes, of the Moghuls. They rebelled against Chingiz Khan, who ordered them to be removed from Moghulistan to the Kohistán of Kabul. This order was being carried out, but Chingiz died just as the Hazára had crossed the Oxus. One of Chingiz's sons [descendant may be meant] moved part of them to the Kohistán of Kabul; but some effected their escape and settled in Bádghis.
With regard to the modern use of the names Hazára and Barbari, it may not be out of place to explain here that in Afghanistan the former is used exclusively, as far as I am aware. It is applied to all Hazáras, and the word Barbari is never heard. In Persia the two names refer to one and the same race, but the distinction is between (1) those members of it who have remained in the Hazáraját of Afghanistan, and are Shiah by religion; and (2) those who have migrated into Persia, and are usually Sunni. The former (contradictory though it may seem) are known as Barbari and the latter as Hazára. No Hazára or Barbari, it may be added, should properly be classed among the Chahár Aimák (or Four Tribes) as is so often done. These consist, according to all local authorities, of the Jamshidi, the Timuri, the Taimuni, and the Firuz-Kuhi, who are all distinct from the Hazára nation, as well in descent as in type and other respects.
ABÁ BAKR, MIRZÁ, son of Sániz Mirzá, defeat and murder of, 11*; invasion of Ladak, 13*; Moghul invasions during reign of, 65,* 66*; exploita- tion of sand-buried towns by, 70*; married to Husn Nigár Khánim, 88, 89, 99; makes himself master of Yárkand, 99; attempt to subdue Khotan, 99-101; and Muhammad Haidar Mirzá, 102, 103; defeats Amir Abdul Kudus, 103; battles with Yunus Khán and Muhammad Haidar Mirzá, 104-107; attacked by Muhammad Haidar Mirzá, who is taken prisoner, 111, 112; defeats Sultán Ahmad Khán in Yárkand, 122; attacks Aksu with Mir Jabár Birdi, 125, 337; defeated by Sultán Said Khán at Tut-lugh, 132, 249, 250, 284; pursued by Sultán Said Khán to the mountains of Tibet, 133; exterminates the Jagi- rák, 165; raids of his army into Moghulistan, 188; captures Sháh Begum, 203, 258; and Badakhshán, 221; and Farghaná, 248-250; his parents and early days, 251; gene- rosity of, 252; takes Yárkand, 252; defeats Yunus Khán, 253; and Alácha Khán, 253; sends armies to Tibet and Balur, 253-4; also to Badakhshán, 254; defeats Jani Beg Khán, 254; seizes Aksu and Uch, 254; his evil deeds and ways, 254-9, 319; excavations (Kázik) of, 254-9; fort built by him on the Tuman River, 285 6; citadel of Káshghar built by, 295, 304; and city of Yárkand, 296-7; at Káshghar, 304, 321; battle with Said Khán at Káshghar, 310- 312; at Yárkand, 312-13, 322; be- sieged at Yángi-Hisár by Said Khán, 313-19, 322-3; his treatment of Mir Váli, 320; and of Sháh Dána Kukil- dásh, 321; retires to Khotan, 323; stays in Tibet, 324; reign of, 324 n.; is killed while journeying to surrender to Said Khán, 324-5; his treasure at Yárkand, 326; pursued by Said Khán's Amirs, 327; throws away his treasures on the road to Tibet, 327-8; children of, 330; Kusan and Bái destroyed by, 332; lays waste road to Aksu, 333; enters Káshghar, 338; subdues the upper districts of Badakhshán, 353, 354.
Abáká, Il-Khan of Persia, 35*, 80* n.
Abbás Bahádur, 32, 36, 37, 50.
Abdál Makri, Malik of Kashmir, 441,
482, 487.
Abdara, 243.
Ab-dara Pass, the, 237 n.
Abdul Ali Tarkhán, Amir, 116, 166.
Abdul Aziz, fourth son of Rashid
Sultán, 121,* 307.
Abdul Hakk, Khwája, 478.
Abdul Karim, second son of Rashid
Sultán, 121*, 123*.
Abdul Karim, Khwája, 72.
Abdul Kásim Baber, 83 n.
Abdul Kudus, Amir, kills Shaikh
Jamál-ud-Din, 94, 111; defeated by
Abá Bakr Mirzá, 103.
Abdul Kuli Yasávul, 419.
Abdul Latif, son of Ulugh Beg, 59 n.;
murders his father, 329 n.
Abdul Latif, first son of Rashid Sultán,
121*.
Abdul Rahim, third son of Rashid
Sultan, 121,* 122.*
Abdul Váhid Bahádur, 275, 309, 315.
Abdul Váhid Tuhuri, 389.
Abdulla, author of the Tarikh-i-Daudi;
fight between the Niázi and Mirzá
Haidar's force, 21,* 22.*
Abdulla, governor at Khotan, 123.*
Abdullah Barlás, Shaikh, 108.
Abdullah, son of Sultánim Begum, 170.
Abdullah Khán, son of Mahmud Khán,
193.
Abdullah Mirzá, son of Sultán Ibrahim,
85 n.; 83, 193.
Abdullah Mirzá, brother of Mirzá
Haidar, 444, 454, 455.
Abdullah Sultán (Uzbeg), son of
Kuchum Khán, 349, 350.
Abdur Rahman Jámi, Mauláná, 194,
396, 397.
Abdur Rashid Khán: see Rashid Sul-
tán.
Abdur Razzák, Mauláná, the Matla'
Asaadin of, 42,* 75 n.; the Tarikh-
i-Manzum of, 151.
Abdur Razzák Mirzá, defeated by
Bábar Padishah, 204.
Abjáji Ata, tomb called, in Yárkand,
300.
Abul-baká, Mir, 478.
Abul Fazl the historian, 246 n., 247 n.;
account of the battle of Kanauj,
17* n.; Humayun's invasion of
Kashmir, 19,* 20*; the death of
Mirzá Haidar, 22*; on Mirzá Hai-
dar's character and government of
Kashmir, 23*; coins struck in
Humayun's name, 24*; Mirzá Hai-
dar's love of music, 147 n.; on the
Sultáns of Kashmir, 433 n., 434 n.;
on the Gakars, 480 n.
Abul-feda, 86 n.; on Taikhán, 24 n.;
on the city of Bála-Sákun, 362 n.,
363 n.
Abul Gházi Khán the historian, on Isán
Bugha, 39,* 40*; on the Kánkali
tribe, 16 n.; on the inhabitants of
Moghulistan, 73*; use of the word
Turk, 84,* 89* n.; on the Uighurs,
95*; and Uighuristán, 100,* 101*;
on the title Gur-Khán, 279 n.; on
the situation of Bála-Sákun, 362 n.
Abul Gházi Hussain (Sultán Hussain
Baikará), 154 n.
Abu Ishák, son of Khizir Yasuri, 40.
Abu Lais, Shaikh, 40
Abulkhair Khán, 79; death of, 82, 92;
his sons, 92 n.; and the Juji Sultans,
272.
Abu Ma'áli Turmadi, the Khánzáda,
40.
Abu Nasr Kului Naddáf, 37.
Abu Said, son of Kuchum Khán,
283.
Abu Said Mirzá, Sultan, and Isán
Bughá, 79-81; takes Samarkand
from Abdullah Mirzá, 83; takes
Khorásán, 83, 85; Yunus appointed
Khán, 83, 84; visit of Yunus Khán
at Khorásán, 87; sends Yunus Khán
a second time to Moghulistán, 90;
death of, 93; marries a daughter of
Sháh Sultán Badakhshi, 108; friend-
ship with Yunus Khán, 172; his
personal appearance, 79.*
Adam, Sultán, Sárang's brother, 480 n.
Adham Sultán (Sufi Sultán), fifth son
of Rashid Sultán, 121.*
Adik Sultán, 273, 373.
Adilsháh Jaláir, 41, 43; revolt of, 44,
45; put to death, 49.
Adun Kuri, 40.
Afghanistan, subjugation of, in 1545,
25.*
Afghans of Hindustan, the, Mirza
Haidar and the Niázi tribe, 21,* 22*;
with Said Khán's army, 66.*
Afrásiáb, the Turk (Bughá Khán),
286, 287 n.; Bála-Sákun built by,
362, 363, and n.
Afridi country, an early conquest of,
by “Turki tribes,” 127* n.
Afshár tribe, 214 n.
Aftab Ru: see Mangalai Suyah.
Aghá Sultán Sultánim, 103.
Agra, march on, by Shir Sháh Sur, 16*,
17*; Khwája Nurá at, 398; Shir
Khán and, 470, 471; Emperor Hu-
máyun returns defeated to, 477.
Aghá, Mir, mother of Amir Khudáidád,
39, 51.
Ahangarán, plundered by Said Khán,
275.
Ahmad, Amir, 226, 356; Governor of
Sairám, 171.
Ahmad Mirzá, 62.
Ahmad, Mauláná Khwája, 10; and the
death of Vais Khán, 72, 73; and
the Seven Muhammadáns, 299.
Ahmad Mirzá, Sultán, Alácha Khán,
son of Husain Mirzá, 80* n., 104,*
107*; 93, 111, 156, 157, 167, 336;
marriage to Mihr-i-Nigár Khánim,
94, 96, 117, 155, 196; his brothers,
112; dispute with Omar Shaikh
Mirzá, 112; hostilities with his
brother Sultán Mahmud Khán, 113,
115, 116; death of, 119, 120, 123,
160; his administration of Moghul-
istán, 120, 121, 166; hostilities with
the Uzbeg Kazák, 122, 146; cap-
tured by Sháhi Beg Khán, 122, 123;
treasure of, stored at Aksu, 124;
Khwája Tájuddin's attendance on,
127; his sons, 130; seized by the
Moghuls, 156; Mauláná Khwája
Ali, his spiritual guide, 213;
eighteen sons and four daughters
of, 160, 161, 178, 280; defeated by
Mirzá Abá Bakr, 253.
Ahmad Khán, son of Yunus Khán,
108, 109-111.
Ahmad Shaikh (Hazrat Khwája Ah-
mad), tomb of, 369 n.
Ahmad, son of Sultán Ali of Turfán,
105*.
Ahmad Ali, brother of Dáim Ali, 247,
306.
Ahmad Itárji, Amir, 240.
Ahmad Karául, Sultán, 177.
Ahmad Kásim Kuhbur, Amir, 197,
259, 271, 313.
Ahmad Rázi, Amin, author of the
Haft Iklim, mention of Mirzá
Haidar in, 25,* 26*; Rashid Sultán
and his sons, 120*-123*; on the
title Gur-Khán, 279 n.
Ahmad Tambal, Sultán, 130.
Ai-Khánim, ruins of a fort called, 220 n.,
221 n.
Ailah (Ilah) River, 66, 91.
Aimal, ‘city’ of, 58*.
Aimal Khwája: see Isán Bughá.
Aiman, Amir, 31.
Aiman Khwája Sultán, son of Sultán
Ahmad Khán, 125, 126, 133, 144,
161, 371; rebuilds town of Aksu,
135, 341; revolt of, 142, 143; Man-
sur Khán and, 332, 339, 340; Said
Khán and, 333, 334; repairs to Aksu,
333; meets Said Khán at Uch, 343;
goes to attack Muhammad Kirghiz,
350; marriage of, 352-3; rupture
between Said Khán and, 391-4;
dies a natural death in India, 135,
401.
Ais Bughá: see Isán Bughá.
Aishah Khátun, River, 39.
Aisha Sultán Khánim (Moghul Khá-
nim), 160, 192, 193.
Ajmaga Akhta, 321.
Akár (Akár Kamar), place called, 29,
32.
Akbar, Emperor, and the Kos, 424 n.
Ak Bughá, Amir, 44, 45, 49.
Akhsi, given to Yunus Khán, 96;
battle at, between Sháhi Beg Khán
and two Kháns, 122, 130; occupied
by Shaikh Báyazid, 159; Omar
Shaikh's death at, 174 n.; Said
Khán wounded at the battle of, 178;
Khalil Sultán drowned in the river
at, 183, 264-5; Said Khán kills
Tubra at, 265; defended by Mir
Ghuri Barlás, 271; Said Khán at,
276, 280, 378 and n.; plundered by
the Kirghiz, 358.
Akhsiket, 9 n.
Akhur, Mir, 309.
Akka Begi, Princess, 40.
Ak Kabás, 78.
Ak-Koinlu (White Sheep Turkomans),
line of, 154 n.
Ak Nazar, chief of the White Horde,
121* n.
Aksu, province of, under the rule of
the eastern Khan, 100,* 101*; Man-
sur, chief of, 109;* Benedict Goes
and, 122*; city of, 51* n.; Kuchar,
a dependency of, 54*; residence of
Amir Bulaji, 7-9; Tughluk Timur at,
12; Amir Sayyid Ali at, 75; Isán
Bughá, governor of, 78, 79; seized
by Yunus Khán, 90, 91; given to
Ilyás Khán, 100; given to Isán
Bughá Khán, 101; Muhammad
Haidar Mirzá and Yunus Khán at,
106, 108-111; Mansur Khán at, 123,
336; taken by Mirzá Abá Bakr,
124, 254, 337; marched against by
Mansur Khán, 128, 145; rebuilt by
Aiman Khwája Sultán, 135; Rashid
Sultán sent to, 142, 143; visit of
Mirzá Abá Bakr to, 252; Mir Váli
drives the Moghuls out of, 319;
Aiman Khwájá Sultan repairs to,
333, 341; Rashid Sultán at, 393-4,
403.
Aksumá, tower of, 49.
Aktághlik, the party of the “White
Mountain,” 125.*
Ak-Tásh, river, 324.
Aktimur Bahádur, 43, 46, 50.
Alábughá, place called, 78.
Aláchá Khán: see Ahmad Khán Sul-
tán.
Alái, mountain range, 168 n.; 405.
Alaknut tribe: see Arkenut.
Aláku, fortress called, 76.
Alalai-Lutak, in Tibet, 410.
Alánkuá-Kurkluk, story of, in the
Zafar-Náma, 5.
Ala-Nor Lake, 30.*
Ala-ud-Din Ata-ul-Mulk: see Juvaini.
Alá-ud-Din Muhammad, Imám of
Khotan, 291, 298.
Alá-ud-Din, Sultán, 432.
Alemanni, the tribe, Sir H. Howorth
on, 91* n.
Alexander the Great, the princes of
Badakhshán descended from, 107 n.
Algu (great-grandson of Chingiz), 34.*
Ali, Amir, son of Sayyid Ahmad: see
Sayyid Ali.
Ali, Khwája, Mirza Haidar entrusted
to his care, 275.
Ali, Mirzá, 247.
Ali, of the house of Oktai, 37.*
Ali, a Turfán chief, 104.*
Ali, Malik of Kashmir, 438, 441.
Ali Bahádur, Khwája, 140, 141, 144,
183-188, 222-225, 251, 309, 315, 317,
323, 325-6, 350, 358, 368; his death,
359; appointed Bábá Sultán's gover-
nor, 380.
Ali Bahádur, Shaikh, 39, 46.
Ali Barlás, Sultán, 70, 71.
Ali Darvish, son of Bayázid Jaláir,
43.
Ali Gharrán, Mauláná, 127.
Alika, son of Amin Dárugha, 316, 317.
Ali Kuchuk, Mirzá, 81.
Ali Kurchi, 309.
Ali Mirák Barlás Khán, brother of
Khwája Ali Bahádur, 140, 141, 187,
307, 316, 452.
Ali Mirzá Begjik, Sultán, 248, 264.
Ali Sayyid, 450; put to death, 143.
Ali Sayyid Gur, 204.
Ali Sinár, 204.
Ali Taghái Mirzá, 136 n, 141-145, 306,
312, 316, 326, 368; and Aiman
Khwája Sultán, 391; in Kashmir,
438-441, 446; in Káshghar, 449,
450, 452.
Alim Shaikh Bahádur, 105, 106.
Alláh Kuli Kukildásh, 307.
Alláh Birdi, 224.
Almáligh, town of, 32,* 58*, 364, and n.;
attacked by Kuyuk, 33*; marched
against by Algu, 34*; reservoirs at,
60*; Friar Nicholas reaches, 117.*
Almátu, territory of, invaded by Amir
Timur, 39, 40; battle of, 182.
Alti-Shahr, Amirs of, contemporary
with the Kháns of Moghulistan, 48,*
49*; province of, 51*; (Land of the
Six Cities) the boundaries of the
province, 53,* 54*; ruined towns in,
mentioned by Mirza Haidar, 59*;
the “six cities” of, 63,* 64*; un-
warlike people of, 65,* 66*; central
desert of, 66,* 67*; the Uighurs,
ancestors of the population of, 92*-
97*; the Kalmáks in, 97*; few
Moghuls in, 98*; the Dughlát
Amirs in power, 99,* 111*; the
Kirghiz descend into the lowlands
of, 124.*
Altun Artush, village of, 77 n.
Altunji (Dulpa), gold miners in Tibet,
411, 417 n.
Altyn Tágh, Tibetan highland, 54.*
Amán Sarbadál, 45.
Amar Shaikh, Mirza, 468.
Amásánji Táishi (son of Isán Táishi),
79; flight to Moghulistan and defeat
of Yunus Khán, 91.
Amirs called Kukildásh, 52.
Amirs of Kushuns, 55.
Amol (Amuya), town of, 170 n.
Amu River, 211, 234.
Amuya River, 170 and n., 193.
Amuyah (or Amol) ford, 36 and n.
Amyot, Pere; Chinese documents re-
lating to Turfán, 107*-109*, 111*.
Andarkul (Indrakot), fort of, 485, 488.
Andiján, 75, 180 n., 181 n.; Mirzá Hai-
dar at, 11*; Moghul attacks on, 68;
plundered by Mir Karim Bardi, 78;
taken by Isán Bughá, 81; Yunus
Khán at, 96, 97; Sultán Ahmad
Mirzá and, 119; invaded by Sayyid
Muhammad Mirzá, 131, 132, 144;
advance of the Uzbeg Sultáns
against, 133; Rashid Khán marches
on, 146; quarrels between the sons
of Omar Shaikh at, 154, 173; revolt
of Sultán Ahmad Tambal, 158, 167-
169; given to Jáni Beg Sultán, 169,
178; Bábar Padisháh goes to relief
of, 175; Mahmud Khán's advance
on, 207; Said Khán imprisoned at,
222, 224; Said Khán made governor
of, 225, 242, 247-8, 264; Mirzá Abá
Bakr lays siege to, and is defeated
by Said Khán, 249, 250; fortified by
Sayyid Muhammad Mirzá, 271; Said
Khán returns to, 277; the Uzbeg set
out against, 280-2; Suyunjuk Khán
advances on, 284-5, 346; plundered
by the Kirghiz, 358; Said Khán's
second invasion of, 376-7: see also
Farghána.
Andkhud, 44.
Ankghun, desert plains of, 189.
Arabs, invasion of Eastern Turkistan,
96.*
Arawán, place called, 340 n.
Arbát, plains of, 340.
Arcaoun (Arghun), Christians called,
290 n.
Arduk (Rudok), 406, and n.
Arghun tribe, 55 n.
Arhang, 24.
Arif Sultán, son of Rashid Sultán,
122.*
Arish, battle at, 127 and n., 128 n.
Arish Lár, 378 and n.
Arjirak, the Amirs of Itárji descended
from, 51.
Arkenut (Azkenut), tribe of, 16 n.
Arlat tribe, 55 n.; Mansur Khán and,
339.
Arpa Yázi, 42, 347.
Arsalan Khán, fort destroyed by, 67.*
Arshad-ud-Din, Mauláná, 3, 10, 13, 14,
127, 372.
Arshál Atár (Otar), 41.
Arslán Bágh, plundered, 312.
Artuch (Artush), village of, 77.
Artuj (Artush), district of, 295; Said
Khán at, 304.
Ashigár (Shigar), district of Balti,
410.
Ashtar Abdál: see Sayyid Ali, Amir.
Asil Pulád, son-in-law of Khwája Ali
Bahádur, 187.
Askábrak, place in Tibet, 455, 456 n.
Askárdu, pass of, 405.
Askárdu (Runk), district of Balti, 410
Aspati (Spiti), 406 and n.
Aspera (Asparáh) town in Moghulis-
tan, 79 n, 80 n.
Assassins (Ismaili), a sects of Shiahs,
218 n.
Astákbark (or Askábrak), in Tibet,
410, 411; plundered by Mirzá
Haidar, 14.*
Astarábád, battle at, 206.
Asterkha, 33.
Ataka Fakir: see Ján Ahmad Ataka.
Atákum, 47.
Atal, outlet of Kukcha Tangiz, 366.
Atálik, the (guardian or tutor), 222 n.
Atáva (Etáwa), 472.
At Báshi, 42, 46, 304 n., 321, 377; en-
campment of, 59.*
At Kásh River, 406 and n.
At Kumás, 378 and n.
Atu Bum Báshi, 304.
Atwal, Arab writer, on situation of
Bála-Sákun, 363 n.
Aulia-Ata, town of, 63 n.
Auls (or encampments) of the Moghuls,
57*-59*.
Avais, Sultán (Vais), 380.
Avantipur, ruins of temple at, 427 n.
Ayar Nor, Lake, 53.*
Ayub, Mir, 241, 308, 313; death of,
315.
Ayub Begjik, Mir, 261, 263, 265,
280.
Azarbáiján, Yunus Khán journeys in,
85.
Aziz Birdi Aghá, 185, 187, 188, 343,
344.
BÁBÁ BASHÁGHIRI, MAULÁNÁ, 356.
Bábá Chuchak, 18*, 482.
Bábá Kulághán, 309.
Bábá Sárik Mirzá, 308, 316, 375, 421,
441.
Bábá Sayyid, 382.
Bábá Sultán, 142, 144, 250, 251, 358,
368; kept a prisoner by Jáni Beg
Sultán, 140; marries Mirzá Haidar's
sister, 359; his history, 379-383.
Bábáják Khán, son of Sultán Ahmad
Khán, 122, 130, 160; Mansur Khán
and, 126.
Bábáják Sultán, 178, 332; pursued by
the Kirghiz, 378; forays against by
Mirzá Abá Bakr, 337; proceeds to
Kusan, 339; surrenders to Mansur
Khán, 340, 343; friendly meeting
with Said Khán, 346-8.
Bábarin Ázuk Mirzá, 309, 310.
Bábar Kalandar, Mirzá (Abdul Kásim
Baber), 83.
Bábar Pádisháh (Baber Emperor), the
first of the Moghuls of India, com-
pared with Mirzá Haidar, 3*;
contempt for the Moghul race, 4*;
memoirs, written in Turki, 4*; his
son: see Humayun. Mirzá Haidar
related to, 9*; plot against, by
Haidar's father, 9*; takes Mirzá
Haidar into his household, 10*;
defeats the Uzbegs at Hisar, 10*; the
battle of Ghajdiwan and subsequent
retreat to Kabul, 10*; threatens
to support the chief of Badakhshán
against Sultán Said, 12*; a copy of
his ‘Memoirs’ in Mirzá Haidar's
possession, 23*; forces of, the Mo-
ghuls and the Uzbegs against, 57*;
ancestors of, were Turks, 78,* 79*;
and the Turah, 22 n.; on the
Jadah stone, 32 n.; the Shibartu
Pass, 36 n.; buildings, etc., erected
by Ulugh Beg at Samarkand, 60 n.;
visited by Sultán Said Khán, 131;
defeats the Uzbeg Sultáns, 132;
Sultán Mahmud's nephew, 158, 159;
his kind treatment of Chin Timur
Sultán and Yusun Timur Sultan,
161; son of Omar Shaikh Mirzá,
154, 155, 156; his birth, 173; gene-
alogy of, 173; his ‘Memoirs’ and
other works, 173, 174 n.; raised to
the throne at the age of twelve,
174; attacks Samarkand, 174; de-
feated by Shahi Beg Khán and sub-
sequent flight, 175, 196; meets with
Khusrau Sháh, 176; takes Kabul,
177, 191; welcomes Muhammad
Husain Kurkan, 196, 199 n.; ex-
pedition into Khorásán, 197-8; and
Sháh Begum, 200; his sojourn in
Kabul, 199, 201-204, 263-4, 356;
battle with Sháh Beg near Kan-
dahar, 202; battle with Abdur Raz-
zák, 204; executes Hamza Sultán,
217; reception of Mirzá Haidar at
Kabul, 228-230; sets out for Kunduz,
237-8, 267; proceeds against Hisar,
238, 243, 260-1, 268; Sultán Said
Khán and, 242; enters city of Samar-
kand, 246, 250, 268; defeated by
Ubaid Ullah Khán at Kul Malik,
260; defeated by the Uzbeg at Ghaj-
daván, 261; revolt of the Moghul
Amirs, 261, 357; and Sultán Nasir
Mirzá, 264; obtains help from Sháh
Ismail, 281; Daulat Sultán Khánim
joins, 351; marches upon Kandahár,
357; proceeds to Hindustán, 357,
387; defeats Ibráhim, the Aoghán
Sultán, 357-8; gives Ruhtak to
Bábá Sultán, 381; his two sons,
387; sends Sulaimán Sháh Mirzá to
Badakhshán, 388, 389; defeats Raná
Singá at Kanwa, 402; marches
against Chitur, 402; his death, 402;
and the town of Bhira, 406 n.; sends
Said Khán to Andiján, 447; expedi-
tion against Perhálah, 480 n.; and
the throne of Samarkand, 484; the
province of Sind, 484 n.: see also
Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad.
Baber Emperor: see Bábar Pádisháh.
Baber's ‘Memoirs,’ by Erskine, 173; on
the ‘Dispersion of the Irázan,’ 73 n.;
and Yangi, 79 n., 86 n.; and Yunus
Khán, 85 n.; the battle of Tika-
Sakaratku, 97 n.; and Kattor, a
division of Kafiristan, 104 n.; the
tribe of Jagirák, 165 n.; description
of his father's death in, 174 n.; his
battles with the Uzbeg Sultáns
wanting in, 245 n.-248 n.; other
gaps in, 247 n., 248 n.: see also
Erskine.
Bábdághán (Bábdá Kurkán) Amir,
294.
Bábis, the, in Persia, 69 n.
Bábrika Mirzá, 316.
Bábulái, son of Ibráhim, 91.
Badakhshán (Darázukhán), 103, 111;
province of, 10,* 24*; Sultán Said's
campaign against, 12,* 135; Mirzá
Haidar winters in, 16*; overrun by
foreign troops, 65*; Karluks in, at
the present day, 19 n.; return of
Husain and Timur to, 23, 24; Sikan-
dar in, 107 and n.; subjugated by
Khusrau Sháh, 130, 163; the Uzbeg
army and, 203; claimed by Sháh
Begum, 203; Mirzá Khán's reign
over, 203, 219-221; Sháh Razi-ud-
Din in, 217, 219; the Muláhida in
hill districts of, 218 n.; capital of:
see Kala-Zafar; escape of Sultán Said
to, 226; Mirzá Haidar at, 221, 227-
28, 467; Mirzá Abá Bakr sends an
army to, 254; Kushluk captured in,
292; Mir Vali and, 320; Bustángir
Mirzá flees to, 330; upper districts
of, subdued by Mirzá Abá Bakr,
353; Said Khán and, 354, 355; Bábá
Sultán flees to, 380, 381; Said
Khán's second expedition into, 387-
390; Sulaimán Sháh Mirzá's reign
in, 389.
Badi-ul-Jamál Khanim, 453.
Bádi-uz-Zamán, son of Mirzá Sultán
Husain, 164, 195, 196.
Bágh-i-Zághán, garden at Herat, 83.
Bághán, kills Maulaná Kará Tágh,
463.
Bágh Navin, village called, 438.
Bágh Yasár Oghlán, 165.
Bahárlu tribe, 214 n.
Baháuddin, Khwája, 67.
Bahá-ul-Hakk, Khwája, 396.
Bahrámgalla, 488.
Bahrám Chu, of Balti, 422.
Bahrám Jaláir, Amir, 26, 39, 41; re-
volt of, 44, 45.
Bahrika Mirzá, 306, 444.
Bahrin, tribe of, 183-185, 316.
Bái, 75; raids into, by Mir Jabár Birdi,
124; Bábáják Sultán and, 126;
Bábáják Sultán in, 332; forays
against, by Mirzá Abá Bakr, 337.
Bái Gul (Oikul) near Aksu, 12.
Báisanghar Mirzá, 119, 154; Khusrau
Sháh and, 163, 174, 203 n.
Báiták, village of, 42.
Bái Tisha, 309.
Bai-ya-dsi, Prince of Hami, 105.*
Bájwára (Bajáora), city of, 405 and n.,
406 n.
Bajwára, River of, 406 and n.
Bakábulung, 72.
Bakar, 357.
Bakbulan, Rivers called, 72 n.
Bakhsh, Mr. Maula, on the Karáwánás,
491, 492.
Bakhtimulk Aghá, wife of Prince
Jahángir, 48.
Báki Chaghaniáni, 165 n., 177 and n.
Baki Nila Furush, 177.
Baklán (Baghlán), plain of, 37, 175.
Baklata, place in Kashmir, 437.
Balásaghun, city of, 58,* 287 n., 289;
captured by Yeliu Taishi, 94.*
Ba-la-ma-rh, a chief of Turfán, 103.*
Bála-Sákun (Khán Báligh), city of,
361 and n.; 362-4.
Balgháji, 79.
Bálish, a, 256-7.
Balkásh, Lake, 53.*
Balkh, 36; conquered by Sultán Abu
Said, 81 n.; besieged by Sháhi Beg,
164, 165, 167, 204-5.
Balti, mountain range, 405.
Balti (Baltistan), invaded by Mirzá
Haidar, 13,* 14*; again in 1548, 21*;
province of Tibet, 410; Said Khán
in, 421, 422; Mirzá Haidar in, 461,
462.
Balti, tribe of Baltistan (Little Tibet),
82*; Balti, tribe of, 82,* 83*; pro-
vince of, 135 n.; holy war against,
by Sultán Said Khán, 136.
Balur (Bolor), country of, 135 n.; in-
vaded by Mirzá Haidar and Rashid
Sultán, 142, 384-386; Mirzá Abá
Bakr and, 254; Mir Váli takes, 320.
Baluristán, province of, 385 n., 386.
Bandagán Koka, attack on the province
of Kishtawár, 21.*
Bandagi Hazrat Khwája, 378: see
Nura, Khwája.
Bandagi Khwája Tájuddin, 127.
Bandagi Maulavi Jami, 396.
Bangála, 406, 410, 411; attacked by
Emperor Humáyun, 470.
Bangi: see Pir Muhammad Barlás.
Banihál, district of, 21.*
Barák Khán, father of Davá Khán, 3;
his tomb, 299, 300.
Báramula, Mirzá Haidar killed near,
22.*
Baranduk Khán, 82, 154, 163, 230,
272 n.
Bárán Tálish, Amir, 373.
Barát Khwája Kukildásh, 49.
Bárin, tribe of, 79.
Báris Káun (Barskun Pass), 350 and n.
Barka Yasával, 309.
Barkha, post station in Tibet, 456 n.
Bárki (or Yárki), family of, 307.
Barlás tribe, 55 n., 146; Timur, a
member of, 3.*
Barlás, family of, dispute with Amir
Dáim Ali, 306-7.
Bármáng, place in Tibet, 454, 456 n.
Bar Mazid Mankish, 309.
Barnág (Virnág), district called, 427.
Barskun Pass, 350 n.
Bashgirds, the, 88.*
Batu, son of Juji; dominion of, 30*;
and the province of Turkistan, 34.*
Báush Sultán, 453.
Báyán Sulduz, Amir, 19, 22.
Bayán Timur, 40.
Báyázid Jaláir, Amir, 16, 18, 19, 31.
Báyazid, Shaikh, 130, 159, 167; throws
Said Khán into prison, 178, 447.
Báyazid (Bábdághán) Amir, 294 n.
Báz-Shirak, 310.
Beale, Mr., on Khwája Baháuddin,
67 n.; on Sayyid Ali Hamadáni,
433 n.
Beam in the monastery of Shaikh
Habib, 304.
Beg Abdullah, chief of the province
of Hami, 124* n.
Begjik, Amir, taken prisoner by Amir
Timur, 28.
Begjik, merchant named, 9.
Begjik of the tribe of Kánkali, 16,
22.
Begjik, family of, 308; dispute with
the family of Jarás, 308-9.
Beg Kuli Makrit, 309, 326.
Beg Muhammad Mir, 241, 247, 308,
316, 325, 327, 354.
Bellew, Surg.-Genl. W. H., ‘History of
Eastern Turkistan,’ largely drawn
from the Tarikh-i-Rashidi, vii., on
Uch Burhán, 42 n.; on the column
of Ak'sumá, 49 n.; on Inághu,
50 n.; ten privileges granted to an-
cestors of Amir Khudáidád by Chin-
giz Khán, 54 n., 55 n.; on the cities
of Eastern Turkistan, 51* n.; on
Tásh-Rabát, 59 n.; on towns buried
by moving sands, 67,* 68*; on
Buruj Oghlán, 92 n.; on the tombs
of the Khwájas, 125*; on small re-
sidue of Moghuls still existing in
Eastern Turkistan, 127*; on Man-
lik, 7 n.; on ruins of ancient towns
in Eastern Turkistan, 11 n., 12 n.;
on the word Tupchák, 260 n.; on
the Ilak Kháns, 287 n.; on the
name of Bábdághán, 294 n.; on
dam-giri, 413 n.
Bendall, Professor, on Jnána-Kásyapa,
415 n.; on the Játakas, 416 n.
Bengal, Humayun defeated by Shir
Sháh Sur, 16.*
Bernier, French traveller on island of
Lanka, 429 n.
Bhaniyar, ruins of temple at, 427 n.
Bhira, town of, 406 and n.
Bhirbal, district of, 22.*
Biás River, the, 481.
Bidakan, 461.
Biddulph, Col. J., on Kature, the
rulers of Chittal, 104 n.; on load-
carrying sheep, 408 n.
Biljaván, 24.
Biloch frontier, the; use of the word
Turk on, 90.*
Biluchi, Sir H. Yule and, 77.*
Bilur (or Bolor) hill country, invasion
of, 12*; see also Balur.
Binakat (Shahrukhia), 289 n.
Birilásh, brother of Táhir Khán, 82.
Birkeh-i-Ghurián, 41.
Bish Báligh, territory of, 288.
Bishbálik (or Bishbáligh), city or ‘town’
of, 58*; its situation, 62*; the
Chinese and the name of, 61*; (the
Five Towns) the Toghuz Uighurs
of, 93*; (the modern Urumtsi) 100.*
Bish Ka Mirzá, 307, 316.
Bishkand, battle at, 266.
Blochmann, Professor, 89*; and privi-
leges granted by Chingiz Khán to
ancestors of Amir Khudáidád, 54 n.,
55 n.
Bogdo-Ula Mountain, in the Tian
Shan, 112.*
Bokhara, Mirzá Haidar carried off to,
9*; taken by Baber, 10*; seized by
the Uzbegs, 10*; in 1232, Chaghatai
and, 31*; death of Borák at, 35*;
plundered and burnt by Abáká, 36*;
wars in, 154; conquered by Sháhi
Beg Khán, 158, 166; ruled by Ubaid
Ullah Khán, 206 n., 207; the Uzbeg
driven out of, by Emperor Bábar,
245; marched against by Ubaid
Ullah Khán, 259, 260; during reign
of Ubaid Ullah Khán, 283.
Boldai, tribe of, 23.
Bolor: see Balur.
Borak (or Barák), great-grandson of
Chaghatai, 34*; invades Khorasán,
35*; death at Bokhara, 35.*
Bower, Capt. Hamilton, birch-bark
MSS. found near Kuchar, 70,* 71,*
124*; on the wild yak, 302 n.
Bretschneider, Dr., translation of the
history of the Ming dynasty; on
the Moghul Kháns, 41*-46*; on
the ancient kingdoms of Karashahr
and Kuchar, 62*; ancient Taráz, 63 n.;
the River Ili, 66 n.; the work of Arab
Shah, 79 n.; on the history of Turfán,
102*-106,* 113; on the Khans of
Uighuristán, 123,* 124*; on the
Sarigh Uighur, 9 n.; Chinese names
for Lake Lob, 12 n.; on the Kángali
tribe, 16 n.; on the Karluk tribe,
19 n.; on the Kara Khitai capital,
153 n.; on the title Fuma, 278 n.; on
Ubaira-Subaira, 282 n.; on the Ilak
Kháns, 287 n.; the River Jinuj,
289 n.; the Tie-Sie (Tarsa), 290 n.;
on Chang-ba-la (Jám Báligh), 291 n.;
on country of the Yellow Uighurs,
349 n.
“Bridge of Stone,” the, 24 and n., 25.
Briggs, Gen., and Firishta's version of
Mirzá Haidar's death, 22.*
British and Foreign Bible Society:
copies of the Tarikh-i-Rashidi in
possession of, ix., x.
British Museum: Erskine's partial
translation of the Tarikh-i-Rashidi,
in, v., vi., xi.; copy of the Tarikh-
i-Rushidi at, ix.
Buddhists, the known as Tarsi, 96*;
Uighuristán, centres of the, in
Middle Ages, 113.*
Bughá Khán (Afrásiáb the Turk), 286,
287 n.; Bála-Sákun built by, 362 n.
Bughám Issigh-Kul, 50.
Builash Khán, son of Uyak Sultán,
161.
Bu Kutlugh, Amir Timur's private
secretary, 46, 47.
Buláji Dughlát, Amir, 7,* 26,* 118*,
38, 51 n.; sends after Manlik and
her child, 6, 7; his territory, 7; sur-
name of, 9; nine privileges granted
to by Tughluk Timur, 23, 55; intro-
duces Islám, 153.
Bulásh (Tulásh) Khán, 273.
Burás, in Tibet, 410.
Burhán-ud-Din Kilij, Shaikh, 46.
Bur Kápá, a Nubra chief, 418.
Buruj Oghlán, son of Abulkhair Khán,
92; his murder by Yunus Khán, 92,
93, 116.
Bustángir Mirzá, 330.
Buya, 179.
Buyan Kuli, servant of Yunus Khán,
87.
Buyun Pir Hasan, 231.
Buzana, son-in-law of Khwája Ali Ba-
hádur, 187.
Buz-ghala Khána (the Iron Gate), 20 n.
CAILAC (KIYÁK), 288 n.
Camels in the desert of Khotan, 295,
301, 301 n.; hunted by Vais Khán,
67.
Caraonas (the Chaghatais), Marco Polo
on, 77*.
Carpini, Plano, traveller in Asia, 117*,
119*; account of the Uighurs in the
Middle Ages, 96*.
Cathay: see China.
Central Asia; Mongol rule during
days of Chingiz, 115*; impenetrable
to European travellers then, 116*-
118.*
Chádir Kul, Rabát (rest house) at, 58,
346.
Chágu, Amir, 29, 32.
Chaghánián, country of, 177 n.
Chaghatai Khán (Chingiz's second
son), dominion of, 30*; as a gover-
nor, 31*; his capital, 32*; death of,
32,* 33*; and the province of Uig-
huristan, 100*; kingdom of, 293;
the Dughlát army given to, 294.
Chaghatai Kháns; western branch of
the line of, 49*; genealogical table
of the house of, facing p. 49*.
Chaghatai, otherwise ‘the Moghuls of
India,’ 2,* 3*; branch of the Mongol
dynasty, history of, as recorded in
the Tarikh-i-Rashidi, 28,* 29*; other
historians and the, 28,* 29*; the
line of, 28*-49*; subordinate princes
of, styled Khán, 30* n.; division of
the realm of, 37*; declining power
of the Kháns, 39*; two separate
lines of Kháns established, 40*; call
the Moghuls Jatah, 75*; called
Karáwánás by the Moghuls, in
return, 76*; Khwája Sharif and,
76; a branch of the Moghuls, 148;
at enmity with the Moghuls, 172;
and name of Bábar Pádisháh, 173;
overthrown by Sháhi Beg Khán,
201, 206; part of Said Khán's army,
305; in India: Mirzá Haidar's ser-
vices transferred to, 12*; their re-
treat after the battle of Kanauj, 17,*
18,* 476, 477; their flight to Láhur,
477-480.
Chak, family of, in Kashmir, 482 n.
Chakui Barlás, 26.
Chálish (Jálish) town of, 99,* 100*;
province of, 102*; Benedict Goës
and, 122*; Kabak Sultán Oghlán
taken to, 90.
Chálish (Karashahr), 125; Mansur
Khán's expeditions into, 128, 131:
see also Karashahr.
Chálish, tribe of, 51.
Chálish-Turfán: see Uighuristan, pro-
vince of.
Champa, inhabitants of Tibet, 407 and
n., 408-410.
Champa, people of Tibet, plundered
by Mirzá Haidar, 454.
Chanák Bulák, 15.
Chang Chun, Chinese traveller, and
Bo-lu-dji (Bulaji Amir), 6 n.; the
Taoist monk, passage of the ‘Iron
Gate,’ 20 n.
Cháng-tán, or the Northern Plain of
Tibet, 136 n.
Chang-Te, the Chinese traveller, 60 n.;
and the Talki defile, 20 n.
Chapár, son of Kaidu, 35*; succeeds
to Khanate, 36*; battles against
Davá, 36*; attacks Kabak, 37*.
Chárchán(d), 52.
Chárchán River, 406.
Chárgalik, village, 12 n.
Chártára, the (instrument), 139 n.
Charuchi, 36.
Chárun Chálák, battle at, 125, 131, 139,
334.
Chausa (Chapa Ghát) Emperor Humá-
yun defeated at, 470 and n., 471.
Chekadálik, town of, 26.
Chi-gu, the city of, 79 n.
Chináb River, 406.
China, tribute paid to, by the Kháns
of Moghulistan and the Dughlát
Amirs, 63*; the Mongols still called
Tatars in, 88*; Turfán sends tribute
to, 103,* 107*; expeditions of, to re-
cover Hami, 104,* 105*; counterfeit
tribute missions to, 109* - 111*;
Mongol rule during days of Chingiz,
115*; known as Khitai or Cathay,
152 n.
Chinese and the name of Bishbálik,
61,* 62*; the Kháns of Kao-Chang
and the, 94*; ingots of silver (Yuan-
pao), 256 n.
Chinese annals of the Sung and Yuan
dynasties, on the town of Kára-
Khoja, 100.*
Chinese chronicles of the Ming
dynasty (Ming Shî), on the history
of Turfán, 102,* 108,* 113*: see also
Bretschneider, Dr.
Chingiz Khán assigns his dominions to
his four sons, 29*-31*; and Moghul-
istan, 58,* 73*; and Bishbálik, 62*;
partition of the empire of, 100*; puts
Háfiz-ud-Din to death, 10; the ‘Iron
Gates’ at the time of, 20 n.; legal
code of the Mongols instituted by,
22 n.; nine privileges granted by,
23*; seven privileges granted to the
ancestors of Amir Khudáidád, 54,
55; date of his death, 56 n.; the
Turah of, 70; divides kingdom
among his four sons, 148, 293-4;
history of his ancestors and de-
scendants: see Ulus Arbaa; and the
Kara-Khitai, 153 n.; and Tai Yang
Khán, 287; Khwárizm Sháh and,
288; sends an army to capture
Kushluk, 292; subjugates the whole
of Káshghar, 293; and Tangut, 360,
361 n.; his father: see Timurchi;
his second son: see Chaghatai.
Chin Sufi, 204.
Chin Timur Sultán, son of Sultán
Ahmad Khán, 161.
Chirágh-Kush, the word, 218 n., 219,
221.
Chir River, battle of the, 116, 118.
Chitral, invasions of, during reigns of
Abá Bakr and Sultán Said, 65*;
rulers of (Shah Katur), 104 n.;
known by the name of Pálor, 385 n.
Chitur, Emperor Bábar takes, 402.
Chuan Yuan, Chinese travellers, and
the Zungars, 97* n.
Chu, town of, 69.
Chu River, 50 n.; the Kara-Khitai
capital on, 152 n.
Chu, the, officials in Balti, 422 n.
Chunák, 357.
Churchi, the, 88.*
Citadel at Yárkand, built by Abá
Bákr, 296-7; at Káshghar, 304.
Cities, sand buried, 295.
Ckaranut (Ckurulás): see Kuránas.
Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez, 118*; on the
Kulugha Pass, 20 n.
Coins: of Názuk Sháh, 20* n.; of
Kashmir, struck in Humayun's name,
24*; ancient Greek, obtained by Sir
D. Forsyth from a submerged town,
70*; Sháh Rukh's, ‘Gurkhan’ on,
279 n.; of Kashmir, Mr. Rodgers
on, 434 n., 487-491; brought to Said
Khán by Mirzá Haidar, 443.
Colebrooke, Mr., and the Muláhida,
218 n.
Cowell, Prof., copy of the Tarikh-i-
Rashidi in possession of, ix.
Croix, Pétis de la, translation of the
Zafar-Náma, xiii., 85 n.; on the
name Jatah, 75*; on the legal code
of the Mongols, 22 n.; on Arhang,
24 n.; and Sáli-Sarái, 24 n.; on
the Kerranai (trumpet), 34 n.; on
Fáryáb (Otrar), 44 n.; and Kát,
45 n.; number of Amir Timur's ex-
peditions against the Moghuls, 48 n:
see also Zafar-Náma.
Cultivation in Kashmir, 425.
Cunningham, Gen. A., on the town of
Bhira, 406 n.; on the Champa sheep
traders, 407 n.; and Maryul, 410 n.;
on Chu, 422 n.; and Kos, 424 n.;
on the temples of Kashmir, 427 n;
and the Indus at Uch, 431 n., 432 n.
Cunningham, Capt. J. Davey, and
Zoráwar Sing, 458 n.
DÁIM ALI, Amir, 241, 247, 271, 306,
307, 316, 325, 327, 421; campaign
in Kashmir, 438-441.
Dam-giri (Yás), the, in Tibet, 273 n.,
412 and n., 413 and n.; Sultán Said
Khán's death from, 137 and n., 446.
Dána Kukildásh, Sháh, 319; Abá
Bakr's treatment of, 321.
Dandána (Sind) River, 431.
Danel, fort of, 489.
Danibeg, the Georgian traveller, and
dust showers, 69* n.
Dánishmanjah, of the house of Oktai,
37.*
“Dár al Islám” (the Seat of Islám),
52.
Darázukhán, 354: see Badakhshán.
Darband-i-Ahanin (Iron Gate), pass of,
20 n., 21 n., 179, 245.
Darugha, Amir, 316, 321.
Darugha, a tribe of Khotan, 67.
Darvish Muhammad Kará Tágh, Mau-
láná, 460, 463.
Dáshmand, messenger named, 46.
Dasht-i-Khizr, given to Juji Khán,
293.
Dasht-i-Kipchák, subdued by Kásim
Khán, 207; Abulkhair Khán in, 92;
given to Juji Khán, 293; Kásim
Khán ruler of the, 82, 133, 273; the
Uzbeg Kazák leave the, 135; Baran-
duk Khán in power, 154, 163; Abul-
khair Khán master of, 272.
Dasht-i-Kulak, 267.
Dáud Khwája, Amir, 31, 36.
Daulat Nigár Khánim, wife of Muham-
mad Haidar Mirzá, 88.
Daulat Sháh, 28.
Daulat Sultán Khánim, 108, 118, 156,
356; married to Timur Sultán, 160;
daughter of Yunus Khán, 351-2.
Daulat Sultán Sakanj, marries Vais
Khán, 64.
Davá (son of Borák), reign of, 35,* 36*;
his battles with Chapár, 36*; death
of, 36.*
Davá Khán Pádisháh (Davá Sahan),
tomb of, 299, 300.
Dazák Bulbul, place called, 29.
Deguignes, work of; on the house of
Chaghatai, 28*; on the legal code of
the Mongols, 22 n.
Delhi, sacked by Davá, 36*; Moghuls
still living in neighbourhood of, 128*;
captured by Hindál Mirzá, 470, 471;
retaken by Kámrán Mirzá, 471.
Desert (or ‘steppe’) in Moghulistan,
55*; central, of Alti-Shahr, 66,* 67*.
Deserts to the east and south of Kásh-
ghar and Khotan, 295.
Desideri, Jesuit missionary, on Tibet,
135 n.
Digar Pass, 445 n.
Dili Bázár, village of Khatlán, 219.
Dilshád Aghá, Princess, 42; her mar-
riage with Amir Timur, 43.
Div Sar, district of Kashmir, 428 and n.
Dogras, expedition to Tibet, under
Zoráwar Sing, in 1841, 458 n., 461 n.
D'Ohsson, work of, and the house of
Chaghatai, 28*; on the inhabitants
of Moghulistan, 73*; and the name
Tatar, 84* n., 85*; and the Chin-
budje, 289 n.; Christians and Budd-
hist monks, 290 n.; on city of Bála-
Sákun, 362 n.
Dowson, Prof., 87* n.; episode of the
battle of Kanauj translated from
Tarikh-i-Rashidi, viii.
Dowaira, fortress of, 79 n.
Drokpa, the, 409 n.
Dughlát tribe; Mirzá Haidar a mem-
ber of, 3*; mixed with Turki tribes,
4*; the Amirs of Eastern Turkistan,
7*, 39*; the latter province given to
the house of, 33*; genealogical table
of the Amirs of, 50*; Mangálái
Suyah under administration of, 75;
given to Chaghatai Khán, 294;
commanded by Sayyid Muhammad
Mirzá at siege of Kashghar, 305, 306.
Dughlát Amirs; pay tribute to China,
63*; in power in Alti-Shahr, 99*;
entrusted with the province of
“Mangalai Suyah,” 100*.
Dukhtui, family of the, 306, 307
Dukhtui Sharáwal, Amir, 6, 7.
Dulán, 183.
Duldi tribe, 55 n.
Dulpa (Dukpa), tribe of Champa called,
409 and n., 411, 412 n., 417.
Dust Ali Chulák, 224.
Dust Muhammad Khán, son of Isán
Bughá Khán, Khánship of, 88-90;
his death, 91, 98; marries the widow
of Sániz Mirzá, 99, 102; his great
stature, 99; Abá Bákr pays respects
to, 252.
Dust Násir, Amir, 260.
EARLE'S ‘Philology of the English
Tongue,’ 91.*
Ebi Nor, Lake, 53.*
Ebuskun, Chaghatai's widow, 33.*
Eleuths, the, 97* n.
Elliot's ‘History of India;’ extract
from the Tarikh-i-Rashidi in, viii.
Ellis, Mr. A. G., and the term Tájik,
90.*
Encampments of the Moghuls: see Aul.
Enigmas, introduced by Mauláná
Sharaf-ud-Din Yazdi, 84.
Erdmann, Dr., on the Kuránas tribe
(Ckaranut), 76,* 77*; the Mongol
originally connected with the Turk,
78* n.; and Rashid-ud-Din's list of
Mongol tribes, 16 n.; on the title
Kurkáni, 278 n., 279 n.
Erskine, Mr. W., the historian, 2,*
89*; his partial translation of the
Tarikh-i-Rashidi, v., vi., xi., 4* n.,
479 n.; Mirzá Haidar wounded at
Fattehpur Sikri, 17* n; date of the
recovery of Kabul by Humayun,
25*; on Mirzá Haidar's personal
characteristics, 26*; History of India,
information regarding the Chaghatai,
29*; and Manlik (Mánselik), 7 n.;
on the Jatah stone, 32 n., 33 n.; the
Turah of the Moghul tribes, 22 n;
and Kát, 45 n.; the twelve privileges
granted by Chingiz Khán to the
ancestors of Amir Khudáidád, 54,
55 n; the chief computers of the
astronomical tables (Zik Kurkán),
59 n., 60 n.; on Shir Kuli, 60;
and Masiki (Yangi), 79 n., 80 n.;
on Muhammad Haidar Mirzá's rule,
98 n.; Sháhi Beg and the siege
of Kelat, 192 n.; on Mirzá Sultán
Husain, 193 n.; on Sivi (Sibi),
202 n.; on Shahrukhi coin, 202 n.;
on the word Sardár, 203 n.; on the
Kizil-básh, 214 n.; History of India,
the Emperor Bábar and Sháh
Ismail, 246 n., 247; on the gaz
(measure), 256 n.; the Kazák and
their Sultáns, 272 n.
Erskine's History of India under the
Moghuls; extracts and comments of,
the Tarikh-i-Rashidi, vi., vii.; and
the succession of the Moghul Kháns
from the time of Isán Bughá, 40*-
47.*
European travellers; Central Asia im-
penetrable to, during the period of
Mirzá Haidar's history, 116*-118.*
Excavations (Kázik), by Mirzá Abá
Bakr, 255 n., 256-7, 296.
FAKHRUDDIN, Khwája, a merchant, 76,
77.
Fakir Ali, 387.
Fakih ibn Bakr, tomb of, in Káshghar,
301.
Famine in Hisar, 262.
Faráh, Muhammad Husain Kurkán in,
201, 205-6.
Farghána, 8 n., 9 n.; a possession of the
Kháns of Moghulistan, 52*; Isán
Bughá Khán's incursion, 85; pro-
vince of, 87 n.; capital of: see Akhsi;
Sultán Ahmad Mirzá and, 110;
taken by Sháhi Beg, 130; Mirzá
Abá Bakr's advance on, 132; raided
by Muhammad Kirghiz, 134; at-
tack and conquest of, by Sayyid
Muhammad Mirzá, 140, 239-41;
quarrels and disputes between the
sons of Mirzá Omar Shaikh Kurkán,
154, 173; Abá Bakr and, 248: see
also Andiján; province of Said Khán
and, 276, 284-6; joined on to Mavárá-
un-Nahr, 282; Mir Vali and, 320;
plundered by the Kirghiz, 367.
Farhád Aberdi, 32, 34.
Fárs, Yunus Khán journeys in, 85.
Fáryáb (Fáráb), 44.
Fattehpur Sikri, Humayun shot at,
17* n.
Fatwá, Mirzá Abá Bakr's use of, 258-9.
Ferebr (Farab), 170 n.
Fergusson, Mr., on the Martand temple,
427 n.
Fikh-i-Ahwat, book celebrated in Kash-
mir, 435, 436.
Finákand (Shahrukhia), 289 and n.
Firishta, the historian, 19,* 29,* 246 n.,
247 n.; on the Niázi tribe of Af-
ghans, 21,* 22*; on the death of
Mirzá Haidar, 22*; on the Sultáns
of Kashmir, 433 n.; account of Mirzá
Haidar's invasion of Kashmir, 441 n.,
442 n.; on Kámrán Mirzá's behaviour
to Mirzá Haidar, 474 n.; on Indra-
kot, 485 n.; history translated by
C. J. Rodgers, 487.
Firmán, country of, 42.
‘Five Cities’ (Bishbálik), 61,* 62* n.
Forsyth, Sir Douglas, and towns buried
by moving sands, 67*; on sand-
buried towns of Lob and Katak,
11 n., 12 n.; on ancient Greek coins
obtained from a submerged town,
70*; mission to Kashghar in 1873,
vii., 408.
Fort built on Tuman River by Abá
Bakr, 285-6.
Fort at Yarkand, built by Abá Bakr,
296-7.
Fraser, Mr. James, on Fariáb, 44 n.;
on the Kizilbásh, 214 n.
Fruit, in the provinces of Kashghar
and Khotan, 303.
Fu-ma, the title, 278 n.
GABELENTZ, Professor von der, and the
Hazáras, 80*.
Gadái Mirzá, 307.
Gadái Piri, 226.
Gakars, tribe of, 479 n., 480 n.
Gang (Ganges) River, 406.
Ganges, battle of, at Kanauj, 471-477.
Gauhar Shah Begum, 193.
Gauhar Shád Aghá, wife of Shah Rukh,
83 n.
Gaz (measure), 256 n., 286 n., 426 n.
Geta, the word: see ‘Jatah.’
Ghajdaván, fort of, 261, 270; battle of,
10,* 281.
Ghar-báligh: see Bála-Sakun.
Ghar-bálik: see Kara Khitai.
Ghayyás-ud-Din: see Barák Khán.
Ghazna, 356, 357; Sultán Násir Mirzá,
governor of, 264.
Ghazni, taken by Davá, 36*; Jahángir
Mirzá in, 196.
Ghiás-ud-Din Jamshidi, Mauláná, 60 n.
Ghor Khar (wild ass), 347 n.
Ghund, a district of Badakhshán, 353.
Ghuri, hills of, Bábar Pádisháh's flight
to, 175, 176.
Ghuri Barlás, Mir, 140, 241, 247, 271,
452; death of, 280.
Girai Khán, 272 n.
Gmelin, the Russian savant, and the
Mongol race in general, 81.*
Goës, Benedict (Portuguese mission-
ary), travels of, in China, 1603-4,
109,* 111,* 122,* 123.*
Goláb Sing, the Dogra Rajah of
Kashmir, 458 n.
Gold mines in the Champa districts of
Tibet, 409 n., 411, 412 and n.
Grigorieff, Prof., uses the Tarikh-i-
Rashidi, viii.; on the name Mongol
(or Mogol), 74* n.; on the Kalmáks,
97.*
Grijmailo, the Russian traveller, 113.*
Guga (Gugeh), district of Tibet, 406
and n., 410 and n., 456-8, 457 n.; fort
and villages in, 411, 412.
Gujarát (Gujaráb), 25.
Gujrát, invaded by Emperor Humáyun,
470.
Gulak, 24.
Gul Bágh, palace of, 346.
Guli-zindan, village called, 24 n.
Gulja Báshi, 304 n.
Gurgan (Gur Khán): see Kurkáni.
Gur Khán, 288-291; takes Bála-Sákun,
363.
Guzida, the, 293.
Guzrát, captured by Emperor Humá-
yun, 402.
HABIB, SHAIKH, 194; tomb of, in
Káshghar, 301, 304.
Habib Ullah, Khwája, 216, 217.
Habiba Sultán Khánish, 140, 192, 207,
268.
Háfiz, brother of Mir Kambar, 307.
“Háfiz Magas-i-sag,” Mansur Khán's
reader, 128, 129 n.
Háfiz Miram, 207, 209.
Háfiz-ud-Din, 235; put to death, 10.
Haft Deh: see Yatikand.
Haft Iklim, the, 120,* 121.*
Haidar Andarkhudi, Amir, 30.
Haidar Kharsuz, Mauláná, 223.
Haidar Mirzá (author's grandfather)
sends Amir Abdul Kudus against
Mirzá Abá Bakr, 103; battles with
Yunus Khán against Mirzá Abá
Bakr, 104-107; difference with
Yunus Khán at Aksu, 109-111;
attacks Abá Bakr Mirzá and is taken
prisoner, 111, 112; waits on Yunus
Khán on his death-bed, 115: see also
Muhammad Haidar Mirzá
Haidar, Mirzá, the only historian of
the Moghuls, vi., xv., 1,* 2*; com-
pared with Baber, 3*; member of
the Dughlát tribe, 3*; language of,
4*; the Tarikh-i-Rashidi, summary
of, 4*-27*; full name and designa-
tion, 8*; birth and descent, 9*;
early life, 9*; enters Emperor
Baber's household, 10*; follows
Sultán Ahmad (his uncle) to
Andiján, 11*; enters the service of
Sultán Said, 11,* 12,* 25*; transfers
his services to the Chaghatais in
India, 12*; invades the Balur hill
country, 12*; campaign against
Badakhshán, 12*; invasion of Ladak,
Kashmir and Baltistan, 13*; starts
to destroy the great temple at Lassa,
14*; returns to Ladak, 15*; winters
at Badakhshán, 16*; appointed
Governor of the Punjab 1538, 16*;
an adherent of Humáyun, 17*; at
the battle of Kanauj, 17*; wounded
at Fattehpur Sikri, 17* n.; invasion
and administration of Kashmir, 17*-
20*; invasion of Ladak in 1543, 20*;
attacks Kishtawár and other pro-
vinces in 1548, 21*; on the Niázi
tribe of Afghans, 21*; his death,
22*; estimate of his character by
various historians, 22*-27*; history
of the Dughlát Amirs, 39*; no men-
tion in his history of intercourse with
China, 63*; on Alti-Shahr, 64,* 65*;
analysis of the chiefs of Sultán Said's
army, 66*; description of the over-
whelming of Katak, 67,* 68*, 12 n.;
on Jatah (Moghulistan), 75*; the
Moghul Ulus a separate people from
the Turks, 82*; the word Turk used
by him in a non-racial sense, 84*;
on Uighuristan, 100,* 101*; suc-
cessors of in Kashmir, 126,* 127*;
difficult task of writing the story of
the Moghul Khákáns, 2; Tarikh-
i-Rashidi, reasons for being so-
called, 3, and personal history re-
corded therein, 3, 4; and use of
‘Jatah,’ 45 n.; number of Amir
Timur's expeditions against Mo-
ghuls, 48 n.; twelve privileges of,
56; and the district of Sárigh-
Kul, 54*; the climate of Moghul-
istan, 54,* 55*; and battles of the
Moghuls, 56*; on the ‘cities’ and
‘towns’ of Moghulistan, 57*-60*;
his chronology unreliable, 68 n.;
war against country of Balur, 135,
142, 384-6; holy war on the country
of Tibet, 135, 136, 417-419; in-
vasion of Kashmir, 136; sent to
Ursáng (Lassa), 136; goes to Aksu,
142, 143; and Muhammadi Barlás,
145 n.; his love of music, 147 n.;
history of the Moghul Khákáns
as recorded in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi,
148-151; date of his birth, 152; on
the Kara Khitai country, 152 n.;
gives his father's pedigree, 153;
marries the daughter of Sultán
Khán, 161, 280, 341; subject to
hemorrhoids soon after birth, 157,
158; living in Bokhárá, 207; his
teacher, Háfiz Miram, 207, 209; fare-
well interview with his father, 207-
209; Sháhi Beg Khán orders his
destruction, 210, 211; escape to
Mirzá Khán in Badakhshán, 215-
221, 227, 228; accidents to, 216,
227 - 8; and the Chirágh - Kush,
218 n.; his reception at Kábul by
the Emperor Bábar, 228-230; meets
Said Khán, 229, 421; Bábar Pádisháh
and his followers, 244, 268; Emperor
Bábar's affection for, 267; the cam-
paign of Hisár, 268; stricken with
fever at Samarkand, 268; goes to
Andiján, 268; rank of Kurkáni con-
ferred on, by Said Khán, 269, 278-
79; entrusted with the affairs of
Said Khán's army, 269, 270; en-
trusted to care of Khwája Ali,
275; with Said Khán's army before
Káshghar, 306; at the siege of
Yangi-Hisár, 316; transcribes pam-
phlet by Hazrat Mauláná, 342;
accident to, near Káshghar, 343;
sent to Mansur Khán as a hostage,
343, 345; stays in Káshghar, 355;
and the Kirghiz in Moghulistan,
374-5, 377; friendship with Sháh
Muhammad Sultán, Bábá Sultán
and, 382-4; second expedition to
Badakhshán, 388; visits Khwája
Muhammad Yusuf, 390; goes to
Aksu with Rashid Sultán, 393-4;
Said Khán's illness, 394; meets
Khwája Nurá at Láhur, 399, 400;
on Ladak as a country, 410 n.; his
remedy for dam-giri, 413; on the
wild kutás, 417; besieges the castle
of Mutadár, 418; at Kashmir, 421,
423-4; campaign in and retreat
from Kashmir, 437-441; meeting
with Said Khán on his return,
443; enters the Khán's personal
service, 133, 443-445; invasion of
Tibet, 444; march towards Ursang,
454-459; stays in Maryul, 460;
sends gifts to Rashid Sultán, 461;
in Balti, 461, 462; crosses from
Tibet to Badakhshán, 464-7; goes
to Kábul, 467; left in charge of
Punjab, 469; urged by Kámrán
Mirzá to return to Lahur, 472-3;
Emperor Humáyun and, 473-4, 478-
480; at the battle of the Ganges,
475-477; origin of his expedition
to Kashmir, 481-2; conquest of
Kashmir, 483-8*; Kishtwár, 488;
captures the fort of Danel, 489;
sends presents to Islám Sháh, 489.
Haidar Rázi, on the death of Abdul
Latif, 121* n.
Haidar, Shaikh, on the Kizilbásh, 214 n.
Hai Shan (or Wu Tsung): see Kuluk.
Haithon of Gorigos, on the kingdom of
Tarsæ, 291 n.; on wild camel in
Khotan, 301 n.
Háji, joins Mirzá Haidar, 460, 482.
Háji Barlás, Amir, 16; Amir Timur
intrigues with, 17, 18; killed, 19.
Háji Beg of the tribe of Arkenut, 16,
34.
Haji Kásim, Mauláná, 396.
Háji Mahmud Sháh Yasuri, 18.
Háji Mirzá, 307, 312, 326.
Háji Muhammad Sháyistah, battle with
Amir Sayyid Ali, 75, 76.
Hakas; Sir H. Howorth and the people
called, 93* n.
Hakk Bardi Begjik, Mir, 78.
Hakk Nazar Divána, 309.
Hakk Nazar Kughuchi, 309.
Halman (Helmand) River, 231.
Ham (or Hari) in Tibet, 410; province
of, 455, 456 n.
Hamdami, adherent of Amir Husain,
35.
Hami: see Kámul.
Hami, captured by Sultán Ali, 104,*
105*; province dependent on Turfán,
124* n.
Hamid, Amir, 19, 26, 27; taken
prisoner by Timur, 28; his death,
31.
Hamid Ullah Mustaufi, the Tarikh-i-
Guzida of, 151.
Hamza Sultán, Uzbeg chief, 178,
179 n., 217 n., 238; defeated and
killed by Bábar Pádisháh, 243-5,
248, 250, 268.
Hang (or Hang Satu), defile of, 423 n.
Harimulk Salduz, 43.
Hasan Divána, 461.
Hasan Sultán, 66.
Hasan Yazdi, Mir, 396.
Háshishin (Ismaili) a sect of Shiahs,
218 n.
Hasht Bihisht, Kiosk of Sultán Yakub,
429.
Hati Khán, 480 and n.
Hayton, Prince of Gorigos, Armenian
author, 96.*
Hazáras, the (hill tribes), 30,* 31*;
of Afghanistan, their descent, 80,*
82*; home of, 83,* 91*; of Kudak,
46; of Badakhshán, 221.
Hazára country, sub-tribes still flourish-
ing in, under the name of Mongol or
Mangal, 127.*
Hazára highwaymen, 197; Sháhi Beg
Khan's expedition against, 231, 233.
Hazára mountains, 200.
Hazáraját, 354.
Haze phenomenon in Eastern Turki-
stan, 303 n.
Hazrat Afák, the celebrated saint,
125.*
Hazrat Begum, shrine of, buried by
sand, 67.*
Hazrat Ishán, 213, 396.
Hazrat Khwája Ahmad, tomb of, 369 n.
Hazrat Khwája Hasan, 67.
Hazrat Khwája Khávand Mahmud
Shaháb-ud-Din: see Nurá, Khwája.
Hazrat Makhdumi Nurá: see Nurá,
Khwája.
Hazrat Mauláná Muhammad Kázi,
211-15; escapes with Mirzá Haidar
to Badakhshán, 215-21; miracles
performed by, 277-9; death of, 341-2.
Hazrat Shaháb-ud-Din Khwája Khá-
vand Mahmud, 299.
Herat (Heri), Muhammad Husain
Kurkán at, 9*; the capital of Sultán
Abu Said, 81 n.; celebrated garden
at, 83 n.; capital of Khorásán,
193 n., 195; attacked by Sháhi Beg
Khán, 202, 205; Sháh Ismail
returns to, 235; famous kiosks in,
429.
Hibat Shirá Sut, tribe, 67.
Hidáyat Ulla, Khwája Hazrat Afák,
the celebrated saint, 125.*
“Himár,” epithet of, applied to the
tribe of Barlás, 146.
Hindál Mirzá, 388, 389, 478, 483, 484;
marches against Delhi, 470.
Hindu Kush, passes of, 200.
Hindushah, 36.
Hindustán, Emperor Bábar decides to
invade, 201; Bábar Pádisháh pro-
ceeds to, 357; Bábá Sultán in, 381;
Khwája Nurá's journey to, 398-9;
source of rivers of, 406; the Champa
traders to, 408; the Rai or Raja of,
454 n.; Mirzá Haidar goes to, 467.
Hisar, Baber's attempts on, 10*;
Baber's retreat to, 10,* 132, 175, 238;
Sháhi Beg's campaign against, 130;
in possession of Khusrau Sháh, 163,
164, 174; ravaged by Sháhi Beg
Khán, 167, 170, 178; advance of
Sháhi Beg Khán on, 176; Uzbeg
Sultans in, 245, 248; Emperor
Báber at, 260, 261, 268; falls into
hands of Moghuls, 261-2; famine
in, 262; taken by Ubaid Ullah from
the Moghuls, 262-3; Ubaid Ullah
Khán sets out for, 282.
Hisár Shádmán, town of, 216; battle
at, 132.
Hiuen Tsang, and sand-buried towns,
67*-69*; and the name Su-Yeh,
8 n.; and the Iron Gates, 20 n.
Hiung Nu, the (a Turki race), 87* n
Hoernle, Dr., on MS. discovered by
Captain Bower, 124 n.
Ho-lo-lo Kia, town of, a sand heap,
67.*
Horses (ponies), killed by the dam-giri,
413, 455, 465 n.
Howorth, Sir H., xiv., xv.; History
of the Mongols, Mirza Haidar's data
referred to in, vii.; work of, and the
house of Chaghatai, 28*; on the
inhabitants of Moghulistan, 73,*
74* n.; the common origin of the
Mongol and the Turk, 78* n.; the
name Gypsey a corruption of Egypt-
ian, 90* n.; on the Turki tribe of
Khazars, 21* n.; on the specific
tribe Alemanni, 91* n.; on the
people called Hakas, 93* n.; on
remnants of the Mongols still exist-
ing in northern Hazára country, 127*
and n.; on the Karai (or Karait)
tribe, 16 n.; on the six tribes form-
ing the ‘Kunkurat’ confederacy,
16 n.; on the Kánkali tribe, 16 n.;
on the Karluk tribe, 19 n.; on the
Yázák, 22 n.; on ancient Taráz,
63 n.; on the sons of Abulkhair
Khán, 92 n., 116 n.; on the Uzbeg
government, 206 n.; on the duties
of the Atálik, 222 n.; on the Say-
yid and Sayyidátá, 239 n.; on Mir
Najm, 260 n.; on the Kazák and
their Sultáns, 272 n.; account of the
Uzbeg Shaibán in Mávará-un-Nahr,
283 n.; and the meaning of Noyan,
292 n.; and situation of the city of
Bála-Sákun, 363 n.
Huchu (Hochou), 404 n.
Huchu Sálár, 404.
Hujra, the mouth of the Báris Káun
Pass, 350.
Humá (a mythical bird), 400 n.
Humayun (Emperor), son of Baber, 4*;
defeated in Bengal, 1538, 16*; de-
feated by Shir Sháh Sur, 16*; and
the battle of Kanauj, 17*; his life
attempted at Fattehpur Sikri, 17* n.;
return from exile, 23,* 24*; coins
struck in his name in Kashmir, 24*;
recovery of Kabul, 25*; on the
throne of Badakhshán, 387; visited
by Khwája Nurá, 398; the Khwája
slighted by the Emperor, 399; suc-
ceeds his father Bábar Pádishah on
the throne of Hindustán, 402; com-
mencement of his downfall, 469;
defeated by Shir Khan at Chausa,
470, 471; battle of the Ganges, 471-
477; and Mirzá Haidar, 473-4, 478-
480; flight to Lahore, 477-9; goes
to Irák, 484; coins of, 487.
Husain, Amir; pursues the army of
Jatah, 26; battle with the army of
Jatah, 27-29; conference with Amir
Timur, 29-31; the battle of the
Mire, 31-36.
Husain Barlás, Sháh, 70, 71.
Husain Fasl Khwája, tomb of, in
Káshghar, 300, 301.
Husain Khalifa, son of Ustád Ali Kuli,
475.
Husain Mansur, 450.
Husain Mirzá, Sultán, 93, 108.
Husain Sultán, 472.
Husn Nigár Khánim, 89, 99.
IBBETSON, Mr. Denzil, on the words
Turk and Moghul, 89*-91*, 128*;
and the Kizilbásh, 214 n.
Ibir-Sibir, 282 n.
Ibn Ali Muhammad Koshji, 60 n.
Ibn Batuta, Moorish traveller, on
Tirmiz, 338 n.
Ibn Dast, an author of the tenth cen-
tury, and Khakán, 21 n.
Ibn Haukal, 86*; and Faryáb, 44 n.
Ibráhim, Mir, son of Pir Haji Kunji,
86, 241, 265.
Ibráhim Barlás, 108.
Ibráhim Lodi, the Aoghán Sultán,
357.
Ibráhim, son of Makhtum Khánim,
91.
Ibráhim, Sultán, son of Said Khán,
375, 467.
Ibráhim, Sultán, son of Shah Rukh,
85 n.
Idegu, brother of Amir Háji, 19.
Idol temples in Tibet, 416; of Kashmir,
426 and n.; 427 n.
Idrisi mentions Tibetan Turks, 86,*
87.*
Ila River, 366.
Ilak-Khans (Kará-Khans), rulers of
the Karlughi Uighurs, 94*; dynasty
of the, 287 n., 288 n.; kingdom of
the, 360; capital of the, 361 n., 363.
Ikbál Náma Jahángiri, the, of Mutamad
Khán, vi.
Ilchi Bughá, 45, 49.
Ili (Ailah) River, 66 n.
Ili-bálik; the “Karlughi” Uighurs
at, 93*; see also Bishbálik.
Ilk or Ilak, the word, 288 n.
Il Khwája: see Isán Bugha.
Ilkijin tribe, the, 16 n.
Ilyás, son of Makhtum Khánim, 91.
Ilyás Khwája Khán, 34; his last days,
38.
Ilyás Khwája Oghlán, son of Timur,
22, 23; encamped at Tásh Arighi,
26; Amir Timur decides to make
war on, 27; is taken prisoner by
Timur, 28.
Ilyás Sháh, brother of Amir Khudáidád,
100.
Imád-ud-Din, Maulána, 396.
Imák (or Aimak), people so called, in
Khotan and Káshghar, 301.
Imal, territory of, 288, 289.
Imám Muhammad Fakih Balá, Sákuni,
tomb of, 365.
Imil Khwája, son of Davá, 39.*
Imil River, the, 53,* 366.
Inághu (Jumgán), 50 n.
Inchumalik, son of Sharáwal, 7.
India, expeditions by Davá into, 36*;
north of; the words Turk and
Moghul used at the present day in,
89*, 90*, 128*: see also Hindustan.
Indus River, 431 and n.
In-ghi-rh-cha, a chief of Turfán, 103*.
Inkirass tribe, the, 16 n.
Irák (Persia), custom in the army of,
53; Sultán Abu Sáid and, 81, 83,
85; annals of kings of, 151; invaded
by Sháh Ismáil, 154, 232; Sháh
Ismail returns to, 281; Sám Mirzá
at, 468; Emperor Humáyun in, 484.
Irán, conquered by Chingiz Khán, 293.
Irázán Bárin, 73, 84; killed by Ulugh
Beg, 74.
Irlát, the powerful chiefs suppressed
by Sultán Ahmad Khán, 121.
Ir Nazar Khwája, a noted Pir, 67 n.
Iron Gate, the (Kulugha Pass), 20 n.,
21 n., 26: see also Darband-i-Ahanin.
Irrigation; in Moghulistan in 1253,
60*; in Turfán and Kara-Khoja,
112*; in Turfán, by Vais Khan, 67.
Irtish River, 366.
Irtukbuka, war against Kublai, 34.*
Isán Bughá Khán (son of Davá), 7*;
ascends the throne of the Chaghatai,
37*; invades Khorasán, 37*; turns
his steps towards Moghulistan, 39*;
identity of, 39,* 40*; Mr. Erskine
and, 39*, 40*; his wives, 6; reign of,
6 n.
Isán Bughá II., son of Vais Khan,
73-75; separate principality of, 99*;
quarrels with his Amirs, 77-82;
and Andijan, 81; fights against his
brother Yunus Khan, 81, 82; reign
of, 82 n.; incursions into Turkistan,
Shash and Farghána, 85; helps Amir
Sayyid Ali to defeat Yunus Khán,
86; his death, 88; opposed by Yunus
Khán, 172; and the Juji Sultáns,
272.
Isán Daulat Begum, wife of Yunus
Khán, 86, 94, 175, 197.
Isán Táishi, 91; combats with Vais
Khan, 65, 67; Ahmad Khán's battles
with, 121.
Isfijáb or Isbijáb (Sairám), province of,
80 n., 171 n.
Ishák Bahádur, 309.
Ishák Sultán, 451.
Iskandar Aoghán, Sultán, 402; taken
prisoner by Timur, 28, 31.
Iskandar Beg, Persian author, 246 n.,
247 n.
Iskandar Sultán, son of Sultán Ahmad
Khán, 160.
Iskandar Sultán, son of Sultán Said,
14,* 15,* 102,* 130; his birth, 340,
341; invasion of Kashmir, 136, 143;
marries daughter of Muhammad
Sháh, 136.
Iskandar, Sultán, son of Kutb-ud-Din,
433; marries one of Muhammad Sháh's
daughters, 441; holy war on Tibet,
417, 454, 459; returns to Rashid
Sultán, 465-6.
Iskandar Tupchi, expedition to Kash-
mir, 18,* 19,* 483.
Islám, sons of Makhtum Khánim con-
verted to, 91; Tughluk Timur's
conversion to, 10-15; introduced by
Amir Buláji, 153.
Islám Sháh (otherwise Sálim) son of
Shir Sháh, 21,* 22.*
Islám, Shaikh ul, 396.
Ismail Khán, ruler of Kashghar, 123.*
Ismail, Shah, seven Turki tribes sup-
porters of, 214 n.; kills Sháhi Beg
Khán, 226, 231-7; sends an ambas-
sador to Emperor Bábar, 238-9; and
Khanzádá Begum, 239; helps Bábar
Pádisháh, 243, 245, 246 n., 247 n.,
259, 260, 266, 281; returns to Irak,
248; attacked by Sultán Sálim, 281.
Ismail Sultán, 451.
Ismaili, a sect of Shiahs, 218 n.
Issigh-Kul Lake, 30,* 53,* 72, 75, 78 n.,
79 n., 365 n., 366-7; monastery near,
59 n.; the Begjik Amirs in, 86;
Said Khán at, 375.
Itárji, the Amirs of, 51; family of, 307.
Izzat Ullah, Mir, and the Jadah stone,
33 n.
JÁBÁK (or Pák), 309.
Jabár Birdi, Amir, 306, 336, 343-4;
and Mansur Khán, 123-5; death of,
127; joins Mirzá Abá Bakr, 337-9.
Jadah stone, superstition of the, 32 n.,
33 n.
Jade-stone found in the Kará Tázghun,
298; in the rivers of Khotan, 298, 301;
and in the rivers of Yarkand, 301.
Jafar Sádik, tomb of, 289.
Jafar Tayyár, tomb of, 298.
Jagirák, people called, 165 and n., 168.
Jágirák, Mir Váli takes, 320.
Jahángir Barlás, 108.
Jahángir Mirzá, brother of Baber, 174,
196, 197; expedition to Khorásán,
199-200; death of, 201-2.
Jahángir, Mirzá, son of Mirzá Abá
Bakr, 323, 325, 330; marries Kha-
dija Sultán Khánim, 161; settled at
Sánju, 328-9; is brought to Said
Khán, 329, 330.
Jahángir, Emperor, and Virnág, 428 n.
Jahángir, Prince, son of Timur, 154;
defeats Kamar-ud-Din, 41, 42; battle
at Karmina, 45; his illness, 46; and
death, 47, 48.
Jahángir Kuli, 470.
Jáhan Kushai, the, of Juvaini, 86,* 119.*
Jahán Sháh, 464.
Jai-Tuba, 343.
Jaka, Mir, 308, 356.
Jákir, servant of Mir Muhammad
Shah, 72.
Jaláir, tribe of, 88,* 41, 45, 55 n.
Jálá (Sar Jála), 24.
Jalál, 226.
Jalál-ud-Din Barlás, 26.
Jalál-ud-Din, Maulána, 396.
Jalil Sháh, tomb of, 365.
Jám, place called, 343.
Jamál Aghá, wife of Sániz Mirzá, 88,
89, 99, 102, 104.
Jamál Khar, Shaikh, 112.
Jamál-ud-Din, Shaikh, 5, 93; the de-
struction of Katak, 11, 12 n.; meets
Tughluk Timur near Aksu, 12, 13;
his death, 13, 94; captures Yunus
Khán, 94.
Jám Báligh, battles at, 291.
Jám Giti Numái, the, on Tibet, 403;
on Káshgl ar, 294, and n.
Ján Ahmad Ataka (Atka Fakir), 244,
267, 268, 459, 461, 463-5.
Jána Kasapa, 415, 416.
Jánaka, Amir, 308, 382, 383.
Jánaka Mirza, 444.
Ján Haidar Sultán, 276.
Ján Hasan, 321.
Jáni Beg Akhta, 321.
Jáni Beg Khán, 82, 92, 159, 272, 283;
puts Sultán Khalil Sultán to death,
131, 183; driven out of Andiján, 132;
keeps Rashid Khán a prisoner, 140;
marries Kutuk Khánim, 160; Andi-
ján given to, 169, 178; and Said
Khán, 191; orders the release of
Said Khán, 222-225; and Sayyid
Muhammad Mirzá, 241; defeated by
Babár Padisháh, 243, 248; and by
Mirzá Abá Bakr, 254; and the fort
of Ghajdaván, 261; accident to, 264.
Jánish Khán, 276.
Janki Mirzá, 248 n., 316.
Ján Vafá, Amir, 192.
Jarás, Amirs of, 79.
Jarás, a prince of Moghulistan, 14.
Jarás family, the, 308; dispute with
the family of Begjik, 308-9.
Jarib, the, a land measure, 286 n.
Jariyá (Chiria), town of, 295.
Jarrett, Col., on the jarib, 286 n.
Jurun, place called, 41.
Jarura, in Kashmir, 439.
Jatah, Pétis de la Croix on the name,
75*; Timur and the three princes of,
17, 18; army of put to flight, 25, 26;
its defeat by Amir Timur and Amir
Hussain, 27-29; the battle of the
Mire, 31-36; siege of Samarkand,
37; Amir Timur's third invasion
of, 41, 42; his fourth expedition
into, 46, 47; and fifth expedition,
48 n., 50; the Moghuls so called,
by the Chaghatái, 148: see also
Moghulistan.
Jauhar (Indian) historian; on Hum-
ayun, 17* n.; and Mirzá Haidar on
his Memoirs of Humayun, 25*; on
the battle of the Ganges, 476 n.
Jauku (Zauka Pass), 350 and n.
Jhilam River, 406 n., 431 n.
Jihun River, 17, 35, 366.
Jinuj, battle at, 289.
Jobnáthnagar (Old Bhira), 406 n.
John of Marignolli, 117*
John, Friar, of Montecorvino, 96*; and
Tarsic characters, 290 n.
Johnson, Mr. W. H., on dust showers,
69* n.; on the Yurung River, 298 n.
Jones, Sir W., method of translitera-
tion, xii.
Jorján (Chárchán), 9 n.
Jud, town in Moghulistán, 276; dis-
trict of, in Moghulistán, 364 and n.,
365.
Jud Kuzi, encampment of, 60.*
Jud Kuzi Báshi, 82 n.
Jughám Barlás, 19.
Juji (or Tushi), eldest son of Chingiz,
29,* 30*.
Juji, the race of, 82, 92.
Juji Khán, Chingiz Khán's eldest son,
273; kingdom of, 293.
Juji Sultáns, subservient to Baranduk
Khán, 154; Abulkhair Khán and
the, 272; reception by Said Khán,
276.
Jumgál (Jumghál), place called, 365 n.;
encampment of, 60.*
Jumilat-ul-Mulk, a Musulman, 31.*
Jumla (Jamd) River, 431 and n.
Jun (Jamna) River, 406.
Jungar (or Zungaria), country of, 31,*
34.*
Jurján: see Chárchán.
Jusa (Chausa), 470 and n.
Juvaini, Ala-ud-Din, author of the
Jahán Kushai; Ata-Mulk, the his-
torian, 35* n., 86,* 293 n.; on the
title Gur-Khan, 279 n.; names for
Christians and Buddhist monks,
290 n.
Juvain, plain of, 19 n.
KABAK, son of Davá, 36,* 104,* 3;
attacked by Chapár, 37.*
Kabak Sultán Oghlán, son of Dust
Muhammad, 90, 91; murder of, 95.
Kabáka, battle at, 65.
Kaba Matan, place called, 28.
Kábikálár, 375, 376 and n.
Kábil Sháh Oghlán raised to the rank
of Khán, 29-31.
Kabir Ali, Amir (Sayyid Ali Hama-
dáni), 432; death of, 433 n.
Kabul, Baber at, 9,* 10,* 131, 140,
201-4; Humáyun at, 24*; recovery
of, by Humáyun, 25*; taken by
Bábar Pádisháh, 177, 196; left in
charge of Muhammad Husain Kur-
kan, 197; troubles in, 198, 199;
Shah Begum's attempt to take, 200;
the Kizilbásh in, 214 n.; Said Khán
arrives at, 226, 242; Mirzá Haidar
goes to, 228-230, 467; Babar returns
to, 356; held by Kámrán Khán, 398.
Káchi Chak, 20,* 482, 483, 485.
Kádir Bardi Mirzá, 91.
Káfiristan, see Khust.
Kafir tribes, 104 n.
Káfir Yári, 350.
Kahjavár (Kichuva), a degree of the
Lámas, 414 n.
Kaidu (grandson of Oktai), 34*; ac-
knowledged the rightful Khakán
of the Moghuls, 35*; wars with
Khakán Kublai, 36,* 38*; death of,
36*; dominion and power of, 38.*
Kaikhusru, 24.
Kaikobád, brother of Kaikhusru, 21 n.
Kajar tribe, 214 n.
Kájichak, Malik of Kashmir, 441.
Káká, Mir, of the family of Bárki,
307.
Kala-i-Zafar (fort), 220, 355; ruins of,
220 n., 221 n.; residence of Khán
Mirzá, 221, 226; siege of, 388.
Kalandars, Amir Sayyid Ali and some,
63; Dust Muhammad Khán affects
the ways of, 88.
Kálik Kiyá (or Kabá), valley of, 304.
Kalmák, the, tribe in Moghulistan, 73,*
74* n., 80,* 87*; in Alti-Shahr, 97*;
few Moghuls in, 98*; (Oirát), 101,*
104,* 105* n., 113,* 124*; Vais
Khán's battles with the, 65-67; land
of the, 79 n.; ‘Ung’ in the language
of, 91; return to their own homes,
1472, 95; Sultán Ahmad Khán and,
121; Mansur Khán and, 125;
country, given to Uktái Khán, 294;
Mansur Khán goes to war with the,
339, 375; plundered by Rashid
Sultán, 373; Tibetan customs similar
to, 407 n.
Kálpi, 472.
Kálu Aj Bári, place near Yárkand, 105.
Káluchi tribe, the, 187, 309.
Káluji tribe, the, in Moghulistan, 79,
121.
Kám, province of Tibet, 136 n.
Kambar Ali, Mir, son of Mir Káká,
241, 248, 265, 266, 307, 316, 326, 357.
Kamar-ud-Din, Amir, the Moghuls
under, 56*; reign in Moghulistan,
102,* 103*; history of, 38-40; at
Keuk - Tubeh, 41; defeated by
Prince Jahángir, 42; battle with
Amir Timur, 46, 47; Timur sends
an army against, 48-50; last days
of, 50, 51; his brothers, 51 n.
Kambar Kukildásh, Amir, 422.
Kámrán Mirzá, son of the Emperor
Baber, 16,* 17,* 24,* 387; and
Khwajá Nurá, 398, 399; retakes
Kandahar from Tahmásp Shah, 400,
467-469, 471, 484; returns to Láhur,
472, 478, 481.
Kámul (Kumul) in Khitai, 126.
Kámyái, battle at, 119.
Kanauj, battle of, in 1540, viii., 6,*
17*: see Ganges.
Kandahar, besieged by the sons of
Sháh Ismail, 16*; Bábar's battle
with Sháh Beg near, 202, 206;
Bábar Padishah marches on, 357;
taken by Sháh Tahmásp, 400, 468-9;
retaken by Kámrán Mirzá, 400; cap-
tured by Sám Mirzá, 468.
Kandarlik, pass of, 275.
Kanjánfu, of Khitai, 404.
Kanju (Kan-chou), 406.
Kankali (or Kángali) tribe, the, 16 n.
Kánun, Arab writer, on situation of
Bála-Sákun, 363 n.
Kanwa, battle of, 402 and n.
Kao-Chang, the ancient Uighur ca-
pital, 113.*
Kapak Timur Khán, 36; palace built
by, 37.
Kará Básh Mirzá, 307.
Karabulun, 72 n.
Kará Chanák (Suget Bulák), hamlet
called, 296.
Karáchár, Amir, 18.
Kará Dána Kuli, 309.
Karáguz Begum, 114, 116.
Kara Hulaku, 33.*
Karia (Girai) Khán, 82, 92, 272, 273.
Karait (Karai), the, a Mongol tribe,
88,* 16 n., 39.
Karájik, mountains of, 49.
Kara-kalpáks: see Kalmáks.
Karákásh, river in Khotan, 298, 406 n.
Kara Kasmak, 42.
Kárákháni, the, 287 n.: see Kárluk.
Kará-khans (Ilak-khans), rulers of the
Karlughi Uighurs, 94.*
Kara-Khitai, the, 57*; ruins of, 60,*
61*; tribe in Moghulistan, 73,* 74*;
the dominion of, in 1124…94*; the
Uighurs and, 95*; country and
people of, 152 and n.; (Si-liao),
kings of the, 279 n.; Kushluk de-
feats the Gur Khan of, 289-291;
given to Chaghatai Khán, 293;
capital of: see Bála-Sákun.
Kara-Khoja (called also Si-Chao, Ho-
Chao, and Kao-Chang), the Naimán
Uighurs of, 93*; town of, 100,* 102,*
106*; conquest of, by Khizir Khwája,
103,* 52; depression below the sea
level, 112*; ruins of ancient, 113.*
Kará Kiz, 360, and n.
Karakorum, Chingiz Khán's capital,
31*; every form of worship at, 32*;
the Mongol capital in 1253…60*;
ancient city of, 10; known as Bála-
Sákun, 361 n.
Karakorum Pass, 420 n.
Kará Kulák Mirzá, 185, 305-6, 316,
326.
Kará Kurám (Karakorum), 465; given
to Uktái Khán, 294.
Karánghutágh, Abá Bakr marches to,
323, 326, 327.
Karang Káingligh, fight at, 64.
Karanut tribe, the, 16 n.
Kará Samán, 40.
Karashahr (Chálish), town of, 54,*
62* n., 99,* 125.
Kará Sultán Ali Mirza, 241.
Kará Tágh, Mauláná, 460, 463.
Kara-tághlik, the party of the “Black
Mountain,” 125.*
Karátál, 274, and n.
Kara-tásh, pass of, 398 n.
Kara Tatar (a Tartar tribe), 79 n.
Káratau Hills, 53.*
Kará Tázghun (river), 295, 312; water
of, 297 n.
Karatigin, 145; mountains of, 261;
Mir Váli conquers, 320; Sháh Mu-
hammad Sultán sent to, 382; (Kair
Tagin) 241; Muhammad Husain
Kurkán at, 163, 164.
Kará Tukái, 181 n.; Yunus Khán at,
92, 93.
Kará-Uchunghál, 309.
Karáwánás, the Chaghatái, so-called
by the Moghuls, 76,* 148, 491, 492.
Karawinah (or Karawinas), the, 77.*
Kárdun, fortress of, 454, 456 n.
Kardung Pass, the, 445 n.
Kariás Lake, 54.
Karim Bardi, Mir, 78, 86.
Kari-Sairam, city of, 171 n.
Kárish Khán, 276.
Kariyá (Kiria), town of, 295.
Karlughi, section of Uighurs, 93.*
Kárluk tribe in Moghulistan, the, 73,*
74* n., 88,* 19 n., 309; with Sultán
Said's army, 66*; (or Kárákháni),
kingdom of, 94.*
Karmina, battle at, 45.
Kárnás, the word, 492.
Karsa (Kártse) district of Tibet, 442.
Karshi, Amir Timur encamped at, 37;
the Uzbeg encampment at, 243;
Ubaid Ullah Khán fortified in castle
of, 245, 248, 260.
Karuh (Kroh), measure of distance,
297 n.
Kásán, town of, 9 n.; given to Sayyid
Muhammad Mirzá, 240; attacked
by the Uzbeg Sultáns, 248, 249.
Káshghar (or Alti-Shahr), Sir D. For-
syth's mission to in 1873, vii., 408;
the Amirs of, 7*; invaded by Sultán
Said Khán, 11,* 133, 325-7, 331;
Amirs of, contemporary with the
Kháns of Moghulistan, 48,* 49*;
Sultán Said's headquarters, 56*;
his operations against, 66,* 98*;
the Karlughi Uighurs' chief town,
94*; ancient name Su-li, 8 n.; the
modern town of, 42 n.; and Amir
Khudáidád, 61; expedition of Amir
Sayyid Ali to, 75-78; Yunus Khán's
expeditions against, 86, 90; Sayyid
Ali's mausoleum at, 87; rule of
Mirzá Sániz in, 87, 88; attacked
by Dust Muhammad Khán, 89;
rule of Muhammad Haidar Mirzá,
95, 98, 102, 104, 252; ravaged by
Abá Bakr Mirzá, 103, 252-3, 338;
captured by Sultán Ahmad Khán,
122; Sayyid Muhammad Mirzá's
expedition against, 144; Moghuls
in, 148; treasure found in city of,
257; the Sultáns of, 286; rebel-
lion of Kushluk in, 287-291; con-
quest of, by the Moghuls, 292-294;
famine in, 291; the Jám-i-Giti
Numái on, 294; boundaries of, 294;
rivers in, 295-6; situation of the
town of, 295 n.; tombs in, 300, 301;
people of, 301; fruit plentiful in,
303; climate of, 303; its defects,
303; haze phenomenon in, 303 and
n.; citadel of, 304; battles between
Said Khán and Mirzá Abá Bakr at,
310-312; citadel abandoned by Abá
Bakr's army, 323; Said Khán re-
enters, 343, 351; events in, after
Said Khan's death, 449-51.
Kashmir, no copies of the Tarikh-i-
Rashidi to be found in, ix.; second
invasion of in 1541, 8,* 17*-20*;
invaded by Mirzá Haidar in 1531,
13,* 14,* 136, 143; administration
of, 17*-20,* 23*; coins in, struck in
Humayun's name, 24; invasions of,
during reigns of Abá Bakrand Sultán
Said, 65,* 66*; Mirzá Haidar's suc-
cessors of, in, 126,* 127*; regiment of
the Jatah army defeats Amir Háji,
19; ancient temples of, 58 and n.;
Mirzá Haidar and, 419, 421, 423-4;
the plain of, 424; climate of, 425; cul-
tivation in, 425; buildings and streets
of, 425; fruit in, 425; idol temples
in, 426; wonders in, 426-430; ac-
count of, in the Zafar-Náma, 430-
432; conversion of, to Islám, 432-3;
the Musulman Sultáns of, 433 and n.,
434; religious sects in, 434-437;
Mirzá Haidar's campaign in and
retreat from, 437-441; Firishta's
account of Mirzá Haidar's invasion,
441 n., 442 n.; origin of Mirzá
Haidar's expedition to, 481, 482; its
conquest by him, 483-8.
Kásim Husain Sultán, 484.
Kásim Khán (Kásim Beg), son of Jáni
Beg Khán, 82, 163, 230, 231, 271,
273, 373; visited by Sultán Said
Khán, 133; takes Taráz and Tash-
kand, 274; attacks Suyunjuk Khán
in Táshkand, 275, 313; reception of
Said Khán, 276-7; goes to Ubaira-
Subaira, 282.
Kásim Kuchin, Amir, 242.
Kásim Mauláná, 213.
Káskásu, pass of, 398 n.
Kát, ancient capital of Khwárizm, 45.
Katak, the overwhelming of, 67,* 68*;
as described by Mirzá Haidar, 10 n.,
12 n.; town of, 67, 295.
Kattaghán, territory of, 203 n.
Katur (or Kitaur) a Kafir tribe, 103,
104 n.
Kaum (tribe), the word, 148 n.
Kazán, Sultán (the “Grand Can” of
the Chaghatai), 20 n.
Kazaks, the, 126*; supplant the Mo-
ghuls, 56*; gradual disappearance
of, 82; some of Abulkhair Khán's
people join, 92; Mansur Khán's
battle with. 127, 128; Said Khán
and, 276-7; in Mávará-un-Nahr,
attacked by Sháhi Beg Khán, 207,
230, 231; history of, and their Sul-
táns, 272-4.
Kazák-Kirghiz, the (White Horde),
121* n.
Kazák-Uzbegs, Said Khán and the,
120*; Sultán Mahmud Khán and
the, 119, 122.
Kázi Imád-ud-Din Maskin, 212.
Kázik, the word, 255 n., 256-7.
Kázi Shams-ud-Din Ali, 389.
Kazi-Zádah Rumi: see Saláh-ud-Din
Musa.
Keene, Mr. H. G., on transliteration,
xii. n.; ‘Turks in India,’ 88,*
89.*
Kelat (Kalát), Shahi Beg besieges,
192 n., 209.
Kerranái, the (trumpet), 34.
Kesh, Timur meets the three princes
at, 18; ‘Iron Gate’ near, 21 n.;
plains of, 26; the princes of Jatah
return to, 35; Prince Jahángir
buried at, 48.
Keuk Tubeh (or Kuk Tipa), 41.
Khadija Begum, 196.
Khadija Sultán Khánim, daughter of
Sultán Ahmad Khán, 161, 330, 382;
marriage of, 352.
Khadija Sultán, 451.
Kháfi Khán, the historian, 89,* 246 n.
Khákán, the word, 30 n.
Kháliki, Mauláná, 225, 226.
Khalil Sultán, defeated by Mansur
Khán at Almátu, 182; drowned by
Jani Beg Khán in the river at
Akhsi, 183, 191, 264-5, 334; and
Moghulistán, 240; his son Bábá
Sultán, 250, 251.
Khalil Mirzá, Sultán, grandson of
Timur, misdeeds of, 451.
Khamár Khátun, 257.
Khán, subordinate princes of Chagha-
tai styled, 30* n.
Khán Báligh (Bála-Sákun), town of.
361-4.
Khán, Mirzá: see Mirzá Khán.
Khán Nazar, Mirzá of Khotan, 100;
killed by Abá Bakr, 101.
Khán Sultán Khánim, daughter of
Saniz Mirzá, 88.
Khán Sultán Sultánim, sister of Mirzá
Aba Bákr, 258.
Khánd Máhmud, Khwája, 478.
Khánikoff on the Hazáras, 80* n.
Khanánki Mirzá, 248.
Khans, succession of Moghul, from the
time of Isán Bughá, 40*-47*; power
of the, from the reign of Amir Timur
to Ulugh Beg, 83.
Kháns of the White Horde (Kirghiz
Kazáks), 272 n.
Khánzáda Begum, 117, 155; married
to Sháhi Beg Khán, 175, 196, 239;
wife of Mirzá Jahángir, 48, 330;
and Khwája Nurá, 400.
Khápula, district of Balti, 410.
Khardak Bukhári, Mauláná, 37.
Khar-gura (wild ass), 347 n.
Kháshgau, the, 302 n.
Kháss, part of Moghulistan, 377.
Khatlán (or Khutlán), hill tracts of,
10*; Baber gains possession of, 10*;
province of, 21 n.
Khávand Mahmud, Khwája, 448: see
Nurá Khwája.
Khazars, Turkish tribe of, 91* n.
Khidmat Mauláná, 14, 15, 67, 85.
Khidmat Mauláná Sháh Sayyid Ashik,
300.
Khitai (or China), 152 n., 360; people
of, 88*; Mansur's wars against,
91, 104,* 127; holy war against, by
Khizir Khwája, 52; Amir Timur's
expedition against, 53; given to
Tuli Khán, 293; wares of, 408; the
Pádisháh of, 416.
Khitái Bahádur, 39, 45, 46, 49.
Khiva, Husain and Timur at, 23 n.
Khizar Yasuri, Amir, 18.
Khizir Sháh, brother of Amir Khudái-
dád, 100.
Khizir Khwája Khán, commencement
of his reign, 51-57, 68; sons and
successors of, 43*, 44*, 57; of
Moghulistan, 101,* 39; death of,
102*; temporary conquest of Turfán
and Kara Khoja, 103.*
Khodaidád, Amir, 45.*
Khojand, Amir Timur at, 43; the river
of, 29, 113, 120.
Khojas, the, 239 n.
Khorasán, country of, 30*; invaded by
Borák, 35*; invaded by Isán Bugha,
37; Amir Timur's conquest of, 19;
conquered by Sultán Abu Said,
81 n., 83, 85; Yunus Khán at, 87;
annals of kings of, 150, 151; Sultán
Husain Mirzá in, 154, 193, 195;
capital of, 193 n.; Bábar Pádishah's
expedition into, 197, 198; conquest
by Sháhi Beg, 164, 201, 205; Khus-
rau Sháh proceeds to, 176, 177;
Sháh Ismail in, 236; Uighurs in
311 n.
Khorasáni Mirzas, the Moghuls and
the Uzbegs against, 57.*
Khoráshá (Kudáshah), village of, 19.
Khotan, 103.*
Khotan, city of, 51* n.; Goës' visit to,
122*; hills of, 52; Abá Bakr Mirzá
and Omar Mirzá's attempt to subdue,
99, 101; the Mirzás of, 100; and
their extirpation, 101; Rashid Khán
follows Mirzá Ali Taghái to, 145;
citadal of, treasure found at, 256-7;
captured by Kushluk Khán, 291,
293; water of, 297 n.; rivers of, 298;
jade found in, 298, 301; tombs in,
298; people of, 301; wild camels
found in deserts of, 301; wild oxen
in the hills of, 301-2; fruit in, 303;
climate of, 303; Mirzá Abá Bakr
flees to, 133, 323, 325, 327.
Khub Nigár Khánim, mother of Mirzá
Haidar, 9,* 156; marries author's
father, Muhammad Husain, 117, 118,
153.
Khudabanda, governor at Aksu, 123.*
Khudáidád, Amir, son of Buláji, 38,
39, 51-54; nine privileges granted
to the ancestors of, by Chingiz Khán,
54, 55; three additional privileges
granted by Khizir Khwája, 56;
Khans raised by, to the Khanate, 58,
68; Káshghar his native country,
61; pilgrimage to Mekka, 67-71;
his death and burial at Medina,
71; division of dependencies of the
Dughláts, 100.
Khudái Kuli Bahádur, 309.
Khuddái Kuli Shakávul, 315.
Khundamir, Persian author, 246 n.,
247 n.
Khurram Sháh Sultán, 239.
Khush Gildi Kukildásh, 185, 187.
Khush Rái Kukildásh, 165.
Khusrau Sháh, and the province of
Khutlán, 21 n.; in possession of
Hisar, Kunduz, etc., 130, 163, 167, 177,
203 n.; defeat at the hands of Shahi
Beg Khán, 164-166, 169, 353; puts
Baisanghar Mirzá to death, 174;
and Bábar Pádisháh, 175, 176; his
death, 177, 329 n.
Khusru, Amir, the poet of mediæval
India, and the Moghuls, 81,* 82,*
87.*
Khust (Khost), Amir Abdul Kudus,
governor of, 103, 104 n.
Khuzár, town of, 26; Bábar gains
possession of, 10*; mecting of Amir
Timur and Háji Mahmud at, 18.
Khwájas, the, of Kashghar, 123.*
Khwájas (priests) in Alti-Shahr, 124*-
126.*
Khwájás (sect), Ahmad one of, 10.
Khwája Ali, Mauláná, 213.
Khwája Bahá-ud-Din, 33.*
Khwája Kalán, expedition to Kashmir,
18,* 19*; murdered by Yunus Khán's
wife, 94.
Khwája Nurá: see Shaháb-ud-Din.
Khwánd Mir, history of, 108, 121.
Khwándamir, and reign of Isán Bugha,
39.*
Khwán-i-Sálár, battle at, 86.
Khwárizm, third expedition of Amir
Timur into, 44; invaded by Sháhi
Beg Khán, 130, 171, 180, 191, 192,
195, 204.
Kilán, Mir Khwája, 212; defends Kan-
dahar, 468, 469, 472; in Kashmir,
483.
Kila Zafar, chief town of Badakhshán,
10,* 12.*
Kilpin Rabát, resting place, 296.
Kimiz, a beverage, 53 n., 62, 277.
Kiosks, the vast, of the world, 429.
Kipchak, plains of, 30*; tribes of, 31.*
Kipchák tribe, 87,* 88,* 45, 55 n.;
White Horde of, 45 n.; deserts of, 45,
49; with Sultán Said's army, 66*;
mixed up with the Kángali tribe,
16 n.
Kirán Bahádur, governor of the dis-
trict of Bhirbal, 22.*
Kirghiz, the, 87,* 88*; supplant the
Moghuls, 56*; in Alti-Shahr, 124*-
126*; originators of all the revolts
in Moghulistán, 125; rebellions
against the Moghul Khákáns, 148;
tribe, the, 181 n.; join Mansur Khán
in Chálish, 254; Mansur Khán and
the, 339; Said Khán's campaign
against, 348-351; plunder Turkistan
etc., 358; in Moghulistán, 367; at
At-Báshi, 377, 378; pursue Bábáják
Sultán, 378; Táhir Khán joins
forces with, 379; desert Táhir Khán,
388.
Kirghiz Kazáks, Kháns of, 272 n.
Kirmán, the Caraonas at, 77.*
Kirya, River of, 406 n.
Kishkui Divána, 309.
Kishtawár, province of, attacked by
Mirzá Haidar, 21*.
Ki Shwang Na (Kesh), 8 n.
Kitan, the: see Kara Khitai.
Kitta Beg, 313, 357; and Midaka
Bahádur, 314; in charge of Sairám,
271, 274.
Kiyák (Kayalik, etc.), territory of, 288,
289.
Kizil, village called, 296, 315, 316.
Kizil River, 295 n.
Kizilbásh, the, 214 and n., 235, 246.
Klaproth and Uighuristán, 101*; and
Turfán, 104* n.
Kokcha valley, the ruins in, 220 n.,
221 n.
Koko Nor, 406 n., 407 n.
Kolagám, in district of Div Sar, 428 n.
Kolpakofsky, Gen., on Lake Issigh-
Kul, 78 n.
Koraish Sultán, eighth son of Rashid
Sultán, 121.*
Koran, the, sections of, 1; treaties and
solemn engagements written and
sealed in copies of, 101 n.
Koroi-Saroi, place called, 78 n.
Körös, Csoma de, on Maryul, 410 n.
Kos (kruh), a measure of distance in
India, 424 n.
Kostenko, and island of Kui Sui, 78 n.
Kruh (or Kuroh) a measure of distance,
424 n.
Kublai, Mongol Emperor of China,
styled Kaán, 30* n.; war against
Irtukbuka, 34*; the “Great Káan”
of Marco Polo, 34,* 35*; wars with
Kaidu, 36,* 38*; death of, 36.*
Kuchar (Kuitze) district of, 54,* 93*;
town of, 62* n., 70,* 100,* 102*;
remains of Buddhistic buildings,
etc. in, 124 n.
Kuchin, people so called, in Khotan
and Káshghar, 301.
Kuchkar (Koshkar), 50 n., 368, 370
and n., 377; encampment of, 59.*
Kuchum (Tartar Khán), 282 n.
Kuchum Sultán, 159, 283.
Kuchum Khán, 206 n., 243, 248.
Kudásh, Mauláná, 461, 462.
Kuen-lun, Tibetan highland, 54.*
“Kui Jariki,” campaign of, 379.
Kuhlagha (the Iron Gate), 37.
Kui-Kule, pass of, 21 n.
Kui-Sui, island of, in Lake Issigh-Kul,
78, and n.
Kuitze, town of: see Kuchar.
Kukanit, a tribe of Khotan, 67.
Kukcha Tangiz, lake of, 366.
Kukildásh, Amirs called, 52.
Kukildásh Mirzá Ali Sayyid Bahádur,
318-9.
Kuk Káshána, district of, 231.
Kuk Naur (Koko Nor), 406, and n.;
407.
Kuk Rabát, 296.
Kuk Uchgu, surname of Amir Bulaji,
9.
Kulak, plain of, 238.
Kul Malik, battle of, 260, 268.
Kul Nazar Mirzá of Khotan, 100, 241,
248, 308, 356; killed by Abá Bakr,
101.
Kulunják Sultán, 164.
Kuláb, hill tracks of, 10.*
Kuli Itárji, 321.
Kuli, Sultán, 357.
Kulja, the present town of, 32.*
Kulka, head of the Makrit tribe, 309.
Kulugha (or Kuhlágha) Pass, the (Iron
Gate), 20 n., 21 n., 26.
Kuluk, nephew of Uljaitu, 37.*
Kumála Káchur, jungle of, 189.
Kumul (Humi), State of, 101,* 124* n.
Kumzah, 39.
Kunah-Shahr, ruins of; Sir H. Yule
on, 12 n.
Kunduz, 23, 56; Baber gains posses-
sion of, 10*; regained by Mirzá
Haidar, 24*; Sháhi Beg's campaign
against, 130; Bábar Pádisháh at, 131;
in possession of Khusrau Sháh, 163,
177, 203 and n.; attacked by Mahmud
Sultán, 169, 170, 176, 178; Emperor
Bábar and, 237-8, 267.
Kunghár Ulang, 376 and n.
Kunji, Amir, 86.
Kunji, the Amirs of, 51; family of,
308.
Kunkás, part of Moghulistan, 377.
Kunkurat tribe, the, 16 n.
Kuráma, Kazaks in, 126*; district of,
181 n.
Kuránas, a tribe among the Mongols,
76.*
Kurátu, desert of, 49.
Kurgán-Tube (or Tipa), 21 n.
Kurguz, a Uighur named, 95.*
Kurkáni, the title, 278 n.-280 n.
Kurlukut, tribe of, 19.
Kurulat (or Kurlut), tribe, the, 16 n.
Kus, 75.
Kusan (Kuchar), 9 n., 378; raids into
by Mir Jabár Birdi, 124; Bábáják
Sultán and, 126; Bábáják Sultán in,
332, 339.
Kush Gumbaz, monastery called, 296.
Kushji, Amirs called, 52.
Kushk-i-Bágh-i-Zághán, a garden at
Herat, 83.
Kushluk, son of Tái Yang Khán;
rebellion of, in Kashghar, 287-
291, 293; his capture and death,
292.
Kushluk's tribes (the Naimán Uighurs),
288 n.
Kutás (wild oxen) in the hills of
Khotan, 301-2, 302 n.; in Tibet,
416, 417, 446 and n.
Kutb-i-Alam, tomb of, in Kashghar,
301.
Kutb-ud-Din Ahmad, 342.
Kutb-ud-Din, Sultán, 432, 433.
Kutb Khán, 472.
Kutluk Mirak Mirzá, 241, 247, 306,
316.
Kutluk Nigár Khánim, 94, 96, 117,
155, 160, 196, 197.
Kutlugh Turkán Aghá, 43.
Kuyuk (son of Oktai), attacks Almá-
ligh, 33*
Kuyuk (son of Davá), 36.*
Kuzi Báshi, 82.
Kuzruán, province of, 44 and n.
LABUG (or Lanuk), in Tibet, 410.
Lacouperie, Prof. de, on the Hiung
Nu, 87* n.; on the compilation of
the Ming Shi, 107* n.; on the
term Mangalai Suyah, 8 n.; on the
word Ilk or Ilak, 288 n.
Ladak; invaded by Abá Bakr, 13*;
expedition into, by Sultán Said in
1531, 13,* 14*; Mirzá Haidar's re-
turn to, in 1534, 15*; expedition
against, in 1533, 12* n.; invasion of,
in 1543, 20*; in 1548, 21*; overrun
by foreign troops, 65*; invaded by
Sultán Said in 1532, 66*; invasions
of, 270 n.; 410 n.; district of Balti,
410; kings and rulers of, 418 n.:
see also Tibet.
Ladak Gyalrabs, the work called,
418 n., 419 n.
Lahore (Láhur), city of, 405, 406;
Mirzá Haidar received by Kámrán
at, 16,* 467; sacked by Davá, 36*;
held by Kámrán Mirzá, 398, 468,
472; Khwája Nurá at, 399, 400;
flight of the Chaghatai to, 17,* 18,*
477-9.
Láhur Makri, of Kashmir, 441.
Láhuk (Luk Langar), town of, 298
and n.
Lai (mire or mud), battle of, 31-6.
Lak of Hindustán, 469.
Láli: see Sháh Sultán Muhammad
Badakhshi.
Lal Shád Khánim, daughter of Sultán
Ahmad Khán, 161.
Lamas of Tibet, 414-416.
Lanak Lake, 456 n.
Langar Mir Amád (dependency of
Hisar), 227.
Lanka, island of, 429 n.
Lansdell, Dr.; travels in Chinese Tur-
kistan, 58 n., 59 n.
Lansur, fort of, 488.
Lár, narrow defile of, 423, and n.
Lassa (Ursang); Mirzá Haidar starts
to destroy the great temple at, 14,*
136 n., 143, 454-459; temple at,
411, 443: see also Ursang.
Lata Jugh Dán, ruler of Máryul, 418
and n., 419 n., 460.
Leh, town of, 410 n.; distance from
Lassa, 456 n., 457 n.; capital of
Ladak, 460 n.; palace of, 460 n.
Lerch, Mr. P., and the Kirghiz proper,
in 1873, 126*; on Yangi, 80 n.
Littledale, Mr. St. G.; on wild camels
in neighbourhood of Lake Lob,
302 n.
Little Tibet, Balti tribe of, 82,* 83*:
see also Baltistan.
Liu Sha (or Moving Sands) of Alti-
Shahr, 67.*
Lob, 67, 295.
Lob Katak, town of, 10 n., 11 n., 52, 64.
Lob, Lake, 54,* 406 n., 407 n.; Chinese
names for, 12 n.; wild camels in
neighbourhood of, 302 n.
Lu, in Tibet, 410.
Lu-ko-tsin (Liu Chêng), town of, 106*;
situation of, 113* n.
Luk Langar, town of, 298 n.
Lukmán Sultán, 66.
Luk-u-Labuk, castle of, 455, 456 n.
MÁDU (Madi), fort of, seized by Abá
Bakr, 249, 254, 259; Mir Váli takes,
320; taken by Said Khán, 376.
Magpies never seen in Khotan, 298.
Mahdi Sultán, 179 and n., 238, 243,
245, 248.
Ma-hei-ma (Muhammad) brother of
Shah Khán, 123,* 124.*
Máhim Khánim, 344; daughter of
Sultán Ahmad Khán, 161.
Mahmud Khán, Sultán, son of Yunus
Khán, 72, 83, 153, 156, 336; early
days of, 107, 108; sent against Sultán
Ahmad Mirzá, 113; pays his respects
to Násiruddin Ubaidullah, 114; war
with Sultán Ahmad Mirzá, 115,
116; marries Káráguz Begum, 116,
117; his reign in Táshkand, 118,
119; death of 120, 131, 179, 192,
208-9; war with the Uzbeg Kazák,
119, 122; defeated by Mirzá Abá
Bakr, 122; expedition into Mávará-
un-Nahr, 125; in Yatikand, 130;
reign in Shásh, 155; succeeds Yunus
Khán in Táshkand, 157; helps Sháhi
Beg Khán to conquer Samarkand
and Bokhárá, 158, 166; advances on
Kunduz, 169, 170, 176, 178; plunders
Sairám, 171; martyrdom of, and his
children, 162, 163; friendship with
Muhammad Husain Kurkán, 171;
Bábar Pádisháh and, 175; and his
mother Shah Begum, 180; goes over
to Shahi Beg Khán, 182, 207-8, 240;
Hazrat Mauláná his spiritual guide,
213; Said Khán joins him in Mo-
ghulistan, 447.
Mahmud Kuli, 247, 306.
Mahmud Mirzá, son of Sayyid Mu-
hammad, 444, 454, 455, 459; his
death, 462-3.
Mahmud Yusuf, 467.
Makhtum, woman named, 187, 190.
Makhtum Khánim, sister of Vais Khán,
67, 91.
Makri, family of, in Kashmir, 482 n.
Makrit tribe, 309.
Maksud, brother of Mir Kambar,
307.
Maksud Ali, wounds Said Khán in
battle, 137, 181, 182.
Maksud Karak, 357.
Malcolm, Sir J., and the Kizilbásh,
214 n.
Malik, adherent of Amir Husain, 35.
Malik Ali, 309.
Malik Bahádur, 32.
Malik Duládái, Governor of Kashghar,
75.
Malik Pir, 480 n.
Maliks of Kashmir, 438, 441.
Malleson, Col., on Shahrukhi coin,
202 n.
Malur: see Balur.
Mamák Sultán, 245.
Mamlakat Atá, 63.
Man of gold dust, weight of Andiján,
327 and n.
Mangai, ancient town of, 124 n.
Mangalai Suyah (Aftab Ru), province
of, 99,* 100*; given to Urtubu, 7;
the name, 7 n.-9 n.; under adminis-
tration of the Dughláts, 75, 294: see
also Farghána.
Mangit, the tribe of, 134 and n.; 374
and n.
Mangu, succeeds Kuyuk as Khakán,
33,* 34.*
Mangu Káan (Chingiz's grandson),
60.*
Mankafit or Manfakit (Mangit): see
Mangit.
Manlik, wife of Isan Bughá, and her
child, 6, 7.
Mansur Khán, son of Sultán Ahmad
Khán, 122, 156, 160, 178, 190, 306;
holy war against Khitai, 91, 127;
annexes Kumul to Turfán, 101*;
wars against Khitai or China, 104*,
105*; succeeds to Uighuristan, 109,*
123*; fortifies Aksu against Mirzá
Abá Bakr, 123, 124; return of Mir
Jabár Birdi to the court of, 125;
battle against his brothers at Chárun
Chálák, 125, 131, 139; and the
Kálmák, 125; and Bábáják Sultán,
126; meeting with his brother Sultán
Said Khán, 126; Khwája Tájuddin's
attendance on, 127; defeated by the
Uzbeg Kazák at Arish, 127; marches
against Aksu, 128, 145; his death
after a reign of forty-three years,
128, 129; makes peace with Sultán
Said Khán, 134; and Chin Timur
Sultán, 161; defeats Said Khán and
Khalil Sultan at Almátu, 182; and
Aiman Khwája Sultán, 332, 339,
340; treatment of Said Khán, 334;
submission of Said Khán to, 335; at
Aksu, 336, 337; quarrel with Amir
Jabár Birdi, 337-9; war with the
Kálmák, 339; pursues Bábáják
Sultán, 339, 340; meeting with Said
Khan at Arbát, 340, 343-5; and
Mirzá Haidar, 345; second inter-
view with Said Khán, 356; Khwája
Nurá visits, 396-7.
Manuscript found by Capt. Bower near
Kuchar, 70,* 71,* 124.*
Marálbashi, city of, 51* n.
Marco Polo, 117,* 119*; on the mov-
ing sands of Alti-Shahr, 67; and
Kaán, 30* n.; styles Kublai “the
Great Káan,” 34*; on wars be-
tween Kaidu and Kublai, 36*; on
the Caraonas (Chaghatais), 77*; on
ruins called Gás Shahr, 12 n.; on
Si-Ngan-fu, 404 n., 405 n.
Marghinan (Marghilán), 87* n.; town
of, 119, 167; citadel of, held by Mir
Dáim Ali, 271; given to Yunus
Khán, 97.
Marik Bahádur, 309.
Martand, ruins of temple at, 427 n.
Marx, Dr., on Mar Yul, 410 n.; on the
rulers of Ladak, 418 n., 419 n.; on
old fort of Leh, 460 n.
Maryul, in Tibet, 410 and n.; Mirzá
Haidar in, 418, 423, 460, 461, 463.
Mashhad, battle at, 206.
Masiki (Yangi or Táráz), 79 n.-81 n.
Masud Kábuli, Sultán, 108.
Masud Mirzá, Sultán, 163, 176, 203 n.
Masud Sultán, 401.
Matla' Asaadin, the, 42*; description
of River Jhilam, 431 n.
Maula Bakhsh, Khán Bahádur, on
the Kuránas tribe, 76* n., 77* n.,
App. B.
Mauláná-Zada Samarkandi, 37.
Mávará-un-Nahr (Transoxiana), king-
dom of Chaghatai, 29,* 30*; tribes
of, 31*; Kaidu and, 35*; the rise
of Timur, 37*; declining power of
the Kháns of Chaghatai, 39*; dis-
appearance of Isán Bugha from, 40*;
list of Kháns of, 49*; invaded by
the Moghuls, 54,* 58,* 65*; the
Chaghatais of, and Jatah, 61*;
Tughluk Timur's expedition into,
15, 16; his second invasion of, 18-
22; delivered from the people of
Jatah, 29, 30; Sultán Abu Said
Mirzá pádisháh of, 79, 80; Sultán
Abu Sáid, ruler of, 81 n.; Yunus
Khán and the kings of, 95-98; ex-
pedition of Sultán Mahmud Khán
into, 125; annals of kings of, 150,
151; Sháhi Beg Khán at, 166; the
Kazák in, attacked by Sháhi Beg
Khán, 207, 230, 231; accession of
Bábar Pádisháh to the throne of,
243-6; the Shaibán Uzbeg masters
of, 274, 282-3; under Ilak Kháns,
287 n.; given to Chaghatai Khán,
293.
Mayef, Mr. N. A., on the Iron Gate,
20 n.; on the province of Khatlán,
21 n.; on the ‘Bridge of Stone,’
24 n.
Mazid, Mir, 241, 308, 356, 357; and
Bábá Sultán, 380, 383; invades
Ladak, 403 n.
Medina, Amir Khudáidád at, 70, 71.
Mekka, Amir Khudáidád's pilgrimage
to, 67-71.
Merv, battle near, between Sháhi Beg
Khán and Sháh Ismail, 233-237.
Midaka Bahádur, 309, 312, 313, 315;
Kitta Beg and, 314.
Mihr Nigár Khánim, 86, 94, 96, 117,
155, 196, 197, 200, 258.
Mimásh Khán, 82.
Minárá, town of, 364-5.
Ming Lák, battle at, 65.
Ming dynasty, Dr. Bretschneider's
translation of the history of the;
and Moghul Kháns, 41*-46*; and
Bishbálik, 62*; and the Sali Uighur,
404 n.
Ming Shî, the: see Chinese chronicles
of the Ming dynasty; also Bret-
schneider, Dr.
Mingli: see Manlik.
Minháj-ud-Din, author of the Tabákát-
i-Násiri, 86.*
Minkáb (Hinkáb), in Tibet, 410.
Miracles attributed to Amir Khudái-
dád, 69.
Miracles of Mauláná Muhammad Kázi,
277-9.
Mirák Kalandar, Sháh, 309.
Mirák Turkomán, 73, 84; killed by
Ulugh Beg, 74.
Mire, battle of the, 31-36.
Mir Khwand, 108, 121; the Rauzat us
Safá, ; and the succession of the
Moghul Kháns, 41*-46*; and the
‘Karavanas’ (Chaghatais), 76.*
Mir Muhammad Sháh, son of Amir
Khudáidád, 71, 73.
Mirzá Khán, son of Mirzá Sultán
Mahmud, 156; and Khusrau Sháh,
176; besieges Kabul, 200, 201; goes
to Kandahar, 201, 202, 205; sets out
against the Uzbeg, 244; kills Zobir
Rághi, 203, and reigns over Badakh-
shán, 203, 219-221, 226; his parents,
203 n.; Mirzá Haidar in service of,
221, 227-8; sends news of Shahi
Beg Khán to Emperor Bábar, 237-8,
243, 263; and Bustángir Mirzá, 330;
Daulat Sultán Khánim stays with,
351; in Badakhshán, 353; attacked
by Said Khán, 354, 355; dies in
Badakhshán, 387.
Mirzá Turki, place called, 304.
Mirzá Haidar: see Haidar.
Mirzá Sháh Husain, 483.
Mithkal, the weight, 256 n., 469 n.
Mizrab Barlás, 108.
Moghul tribe, and Sátuk Khán, 73;
the word Turk in connection with,
98 n.; Moghul custom of Yangalik,
251; name of: see Chaghatai.
Moghul Ulus, a mere band of refugees
about 1525-6…98*; division in the,
99*; submits to Shaikh Jamál,
94.
Moghul Khakans, the, Muhammad
Khán, the last of, 57; Mirzá Haidar's
history of, 148, 149; their power at
the time of Mirzá Haidar's birth,
152, 153.
Moghul Khánim, 160, 192, 193.
Moghulistan (Jatah), the Moghuls of,
1,* 2*; history of, in the Tarikh-i-
Rashidi, 7*; Kháns of, 29*; pro-
vince of, 37*-39*; epitomised ac-
count of the Kháns of, 46*-48*;
the land of, 51,*-71*; proper boun-
dary of the province, 52,* 53*; the
climate of, 54,* 55*; ‘cities and
towns’ of, 57*-61*; irrigation in,
60*; known as ‘Jatah’ by the Cha-
ghatais of Mávará-un-Nahr, 61*;
the ‘steppes’ of, 54,* 55*; Khans of,
pay tribute to China, 63*; the
people of, 72*-98*; the name of
Jatah, 75*; Tughluk Timur ruler of,
13, 14; invasion of, by Amir Timur,
39; Yunus Khán in, 86, 87, 95;
Sultán Ahmad Khán's administra-
tion of, 120, 121; Sultán Mahmud
Khán and, 122, 131; the Kirghiz
the originators of revolts in, 125;
subdued by Sultán Said Khán, 134;
Rashid Sultán sent to, 141, 142, 144;
Mahmud Khán and, 181; Khalil
Sultán flees to, 182; raids of Mirzá
Abá Bakr's army into, 188, 254;
governed by Sayyid Muhammad
Sultán, 240; visit of Abá Bákr to,
252: Juji Sultáns flee to, 272;
given to Chaghatai Khan, 293;
mountains of, 294; Mir Vali drives
the Moghuls and Kirghiz out of,
319; Amir Jabár Birdi retreats to,
338; Said Khán invades, 350, 351,
358-9, 368; description of, in the
Jahán-Kushái, 360-367; boundaries
of, 365 and n., 366; summer in, 366;
rivers in, 366-7; mountains of, 405:
see also Bishbálik, and Jatah.
Moghuls of India, the: see Chaghatai.
Moghuls of Moghulistan, the, 1,* 2*;
as described in the Tarikh - i -
Rashidi, 7*; succession of the
Khans from Isán Bugha, 40*-47*;
the land of, 51*-71*; traditions of
the, 55*; numbers engaged in their
battles, 56*; battles under Kamar-
ud-Din with Amir Timur, 56*; their
fear of the Uzbegs, 56*; the auls or
encampments of the, 57*-59*; raids
in Western Turkistan, 65*; compo-
sition of Sultán Said's armies, 66*;
called Jatah by the Chaghatais, 75*;
in return the M.'s call the Chagha-
tais ‘Karáwánás,’ 76*; declining in
power and numbers, 77,* 78*; the
Moghul Ulus a separate people from
the Turks, 82*; the history of, Mirza
Haidar the only Musulman authority
for, 119*; small residue of, still
existing in Eastern Turkistan, 127*;
history of, as recorded in the Zafar-
Náma, 2; title of Tarkhan among
the, 55 n.; Muhammad Khán's me-
thod of converting to Islam, 58;
friendly with the Kazáks from the
days of Isán Bughá Khán to the
time of Rashid Khán, 82; Ulusbegi
(chief of the tribe), 132 n.; many
battles with the Uzbeg, 146; at the
beginning of reign of Yunus Khán,
156; at enmity with the Chaghatai,
172; custom among the young, 185,
186; province of Hisar taken by,
261; defeated by the Uzbegs under
Ubaid Ullah Khán, 262-3; conquest
of Káshghar, 292-4; Sultán Said
Khán's army, 305, 314.
Mongol and Moghul, the terms, 72,*
73*; called Jatah, 75*; common
origin with the Turk, 78,* 79*; type
of features still preserved, 81.*
Mongol rule in Central Asia and China
in the days of Chingiz, 115.*
Mongol (Mangal), a few, still flourish-
ing in the Hazara country, 127*;
and in the Punjab, 128.*
Mongolia, region known to europeans
as, 73.*
Mongols, history of, by Rashid-ud-Din,
88*; Yázák, or legal code of the,
22 n.
Moorcroft, travels of, viii; on the
island of Lanka, 429 n.: finds
Khwája Shah Niaz at Sheh, 460 n.
Muajjam ul Buldán, the, on Tibet,
403.
Muayad, Amir, 46.
Mubárak Shah (son of Algu), 34,* 35,*
220; killed by Zobir Rághi, 221.
Mubáraksháh Makrit, 42.
Mughol Khán, 89.*
Muhammad (son of Ali Mirák Mirzá),
307.
Muhammad (son of Salduz), 26.
Muhammad Ali Tumán, 309, 315.
Muhammad Amin, Mauláná, 213.
Muhammadabad, battle at, 237 n.
Muhammad Amir Mirzá (son of Amir
Jabár Birdi), 161.
Muhammad Attár, Mauláná, 89.
Muhammad Báki (seventh son of Ra-
shid Sultán), 121.*
Muhammad Baranduk Barlás, Mir,
195.
Muhammadi Barlás, Amir, 382-384,
452, 453.
Muhammad Bayán Salduz, Shaikh, 41,
43.
Muhammad Beg, brother of Mir Ayub,
308, 315, 316.
Muhammad Beg, one of Mirzá Abá
Bakr's officers, 321.
Muhammad Beg, son of Musá, 50.
Muhammad Begjik, Mirzá, 247.
Muhammadi bin Ali Mirák Barlás,
141, 142; Mirzá Haidar and, 145 n.;
his influence on Rashid Khán, 146,
147.
Muhammad bin Burhán-ud-Din: see
Hazrat Mauláná.
Muhammad Duládi Sultán, 260.
Muhammad Haidar Mirzá, son of Say-
yid Ali, 56.
Muhammad Haidar Mirzá, grandfather
of Mirzá Haidar, 76, 87, 88, 251;
governor of the districts of Kásh-
ghar, 95, 98, 102, 252; joins Yunus
Khán, 89, 90; and Mirzá Abá Bakr,
99, 100, 102, 103: see also Mirzá
Haidar.
Muhammad Háji Mirzá, 307.
Muhammad Husain Kurkán, father of
Mirzá Haidar, 9,* 56, 102, 106-108,
111, 115, 153; plot against Baber,
9*; put to death by Shahi Beg
Khán, 9,* 209; marries Khub Nigár
Khánim, 117, 118, 156; left in Urá-
tippa to oppose Sháhi Beg Khán,
158, 163; visits Khusrau Sháh in
Hisár, 163, 164; escapes to the hills of
Farghána, 165; attacked by Tambal,
168; the guest of Sháhi Beg Khán,
169, 205-6; returns to Samarkand,
199; marries Sultánim Begum, 164,
170; friendship with Mahmud Sultán,
171, 192; flees to Khorásán, 171, 192,
195; his children left in Shahr-i-Sabz,
192, 193; visits Bábar Pádisháh in
Kabul, 196-198, 199 n.; at Kabul,
200; goes to Kandahar, 201; and
thence to Faráh, 201; stays in Samar-
kand, 207; goes to Khorásán, 207;
tells the story of Sultán Mahmud
Khan's martyrdom, 207-9; governs
Káshghar, 252-3; defeated by Mirzá
Abá Bakr, 253.
Muhammad Kázi (Mauláná), and Yu-
nus Khán, 8,* 84,* 85,* 97, 113, 114;
and Mirzá Haidar, 157, 158; miracles
of, 277-9: see also Hazrat.
Muhammad Khán, son of Khizir
Khwája; reign of, 57-59, 68; Rabát
constructed by, 58; his sons, 60;
governor at Yarkand, 123.*
Muhammad Khán Rumi, 475.
Muhammad Kirghiz, 312, 358, 368,
374, 452; attacked by Sultán Said
Khán, 134; released from prison,
141; appointed Amir of the Kirghiz,
141, 142; captured by Said Khán,
349-351.
Muhammad Khwarizm Sháh, 287-289.
Muhammad Mauláná, entrusted with
the care of Mirzá Haidar, 9,* 209-
211, 228.
Muhammad Mazid Tarkhán, 118.
Muhammad, Mir, 241, 261, 265, 316.
Muhammad, Mirzá, 241, 308.
Muhammad Parghari, Mauláná, 398-9,
469.
Muhammad Sadr, Mauláná, 468.
Muhammad Sálih, Mir, 205.
Muhammad Sháh, the Pádisháh of
Kashmir, 136, 193, 196, 203, 441;
Mirzá Abá Bakr and, 258.
Muhammad, Sháh Shaikh, 343.
Muhammad Sháh Kurkán, Amir, 56,
78, 79.
Muhammad Shirazi, Mauláná, 140, 340,
341.
Muhammad Sultán, sixth son of Rashid
Sultán, 121*; Benedict Goës and,
122,* 123*; marriage of, 352.
Muhammad Sultán Mirzá, 474, 478.
Muhammad Sultán, son of Prince
Jahángir, 48.
Muhammad Sultán, son of Mansur
Khán, 129.
Muhammad Sultán, Sháh, 371; his
history, 381-4.
Muhammad Váli Mirzá, 307.
Muhammad Yusuf, Khwája, 371, 372,
375; dispute with Khwája Nurá,
389, 397; death of, 390.
Muhammad Zamán Mirzá, 402.
Muhammadáns, seven, tombs of the,
at Yárkand, 299.
Muhassan Sultán, 467.
Muhibb Sultán Khánim, 280.
Muhtarima Khánim, 451.
Mujtahids, the last of the, 10.
Mujma-ut-Tavárikh, the, of Rashid-
ud-Din, 151, 293.
Mukadasi, the Arab writer, on Taráz,
80 n.
Mukaddasi, on situation of Bála-
Sákun, 362 n.
Mukim, son of Zunnun Arghun, 177,
201, 204 n.
Muláhida of Kohistán, the sect, 217,
218 and n., 220.
Mulberry trees in Kashmir, 425.
Mulfazát-i-Timuri, description of Kash-
mir in, 431 n.
Multan, sacked by Davá, 36.*
Mumásh Khán, 273, 276.
Mumin Mirzá, 75.
Munajim Báshi, on situation of Bála-
Sákun, 362 n.
Munir Marghináni, Mauláná, 173.
Munka Beg, 308, 316, 333.
Murád Barlás, Amir, 32.
Musá, Amir, 25, 40.
Muslih-ud-Din, Shaikh, mausoleum of,
209.
Musulmán influence, rise of, in Asia,
115,* 116.*
Musulmán prisoners, Amir Khudáidád
and, 68.
Musulmán Sultáns of Kashmir, 433 n.,
434 n.
Musulmáns, the, chiefly of Turki race,
86*; in Hochou and Salar districts
of Tibet, 404 n., 405 n.
Mutadár (Hundar), castle of, in Tibet,
418.
Mutamad Khán, the Ikbál Náma
Jahángiri, vi.
Muvayid Arlát, Amir, 25.
Muzaffar Husain Mirzá, 196.
Muzaffari, tribe called, 220.
NÁDIR SHÁH, invades India, 214 n.
Nágán, town in Kashmir, 428; district
of, in Kashmir, 439.
Naimán, the, tribe in Moghulistan, 73,*
74* n., 88,* 288 n., 290 n.
Naimán Uighur (or “Eight Uighurs”),
the, 93.*
Najm, Mir (Najm Sáni), marches on
Samarkand, 132, 133; Sháh Ismail's
commander-in-chief, 260, 261, 266,
268, 281.
Nakhshab (Karshi), 243; palace near,
37.
Nakhshbandi Order in Central Asia,
67 n.
Nakhsh-i-Jahán Khán, 43,* 57, 68.
Nalivkine, Mr., and village of Báiták,
42 n.
Námangán, town of, 9 n.
Nan-gyass (Southern China), 88.*
Nárin River, 53,* 366.
Nasir Mirzá, Sultán, brother of Bábar
Padisháh, 202, 206, 250; death of,
356.
Nasiruddin Ubaidullah, Khwája, 111,
212; visit to Yunus Khán, 97;
makes peace between three Pádi-
sháhs, 113; visit of Sultán Máhmud
Khán, 114; and Khwája Tájuddin,
127; Yunus Khán and, 155.
Nasr, an Ilak Khán, 287 n.
Nau Shahr, 483.
Naváb Matlab Sultán, 217.
Nazar Mirzá Sultán, 261, 264, 306,
308, 326, 333.
Nazak (Nádir), Sultán, 434 and n.
Nazar Yasával, Shaikh, 309.
Názuk Shah, 20,* 23,* 24,* 482 n., 487,
491.
Nestorian Christianity prevalent among
the Uighurs, 96*; prevalent among
the Naimáns, 290 n.
Nestorian monastery at Chi-gu, 79 n.
Ngari, province of Tibet, 136 n.
Niázi, tribe of Afghans, 21,* 22.*
Nicholas, Friar (Bishop of Cambalu),
117,* 118.*
Nikállu tribe, 214 n.
Nikpai, grandson of Chaghatai, 35*;
reigns in Bokhara, 299 n.
Nik Pai Sháh, 219.
Nikudar Oghlán, the Hazáras de-
scended from the remnants of the
army of, 80.*
Niláb, or Blue River (Indus), 406
and n.
Nipál, the Rai or Raja, rulers of, 454 n.
Nisan, in Tibet, 410.
Nishápur, battle at, 206.
Nizam-ud-Din on the Gakars, 479 n.
Nizam-ud-Din Ali Khalifa Mauláná
Bábá Bishághari, 194, 197.
Nogais, tribe of, 16 n.
Nöldeke, Professor, and the word
Tájik, 91.*
Noyan Chabah, one of Chingiz Khán's
generals, 292 n.
Nubra, province of Tibet, 417, 418,
420 n., 423.
Nuin, sent to capture Kushluk, 292.
Nur Ali Divána, 462, 463.
Nurá (Nur-ud-Din) Khwája, 372, 375-
378, 448; cures Sayyid Muhammad
Mirzá of an illness, 389, 397; dif-
ference with his brother Muhammad
Yusuf, 389, 390; goes to Yangi-
Hisár, 390; Said Khán under the
guidance of, 395, 398; genealogy
and life of, 395-7; his journey to
India, 398-9; miracles of, 399, 400;
line of descent in discipleship, 401;
and Iskandar's birth, 340.
Nurbakhshi, sect called, in Kashmir,
435-7.
Nuruddin, Amir Shaikh, Governor of
Turkistan, 64.
OBSERVATORY built by Ulugh Beg at
Samarkand, 60 n.
Odoric of Pordenone, 117.*
Oirat, the Kalmáks known as, 97*:
see also Kalmáks.
Oktai (or Ogodai), third son of Chingiz
Khán, 95*; dominion of, 31,* 32*;
death of, 32*; Chapár, the last of
the house of, 37.*
Oliver, Mr. E. E., paper entitled ‘The
Chaghatai Mughals,’ 28,* 29*; and
the representatives of Chaghatai,
32,* 33*; and the reign of Borák,
35*; and Chapár, 37.*
Olkhonod tribe, the, 16 n.
Omar Mirzá, son of Sániz Mirzá, 88;
attempt to subdue Khotan, 99, 101.
Omar Mirzá, brother of Aba Bákr
Mirzá, 251; has his eyes put out,
253.
Omar Shaikh, chief of the Shulkárchi
tribe, 309.
Omar Shaikh, governor of Andiján, 45,
46; sent by Amir Timur against
Kamar-ud-Din, 49.
Omar Shaikh Mirzá, Timur's son, 20 n.,
21 n.
Omar Shaikh, Mirzá, son of Sultán
Abu Said, 93, 110, 111; married to
Kutluk Nigár Khánim, 94, 96, 117,
155; and Yunus Khán, 96; battle at
the bridge of Tiká Sagrutku, 96, 97;
hostilities with Sultán Ahmad Mirzá,
112, 113, 115, 116; his sons, 154;
death of, 119, 174; visit of Yunus
Khán to, 173.
On Archa (Ankghun Archa), 189 n.
Orgánah Khatun, widow of Kara
Hulaku, 33,* 34*; driven from Al-
máligh, 34.*
Orong Timur, 34.
Orpelian, the Armenian writer, and
Arghun, 290 n.
Osmán Mirzá, 112.
Osmán Sultán and Khwárizm Sháh,
287.
Otár (Arshál Atár), 41 n.
Otrar (Fáráb), 44 n., 49, 63 n.; Amir
Timur's death at, 54: see Táráz,
Yangi, etc.
Ottogush-Shahr, remains of ancient
town of, 12 n.
Oxen, wild (kutás), in the hills of
Khotan, 301-2, 302 n.
PÁIK, 470.
Paitoug (Baitok), village, 42 n.
Pák (or Jábák), 309.
Pakhli, province of, invaded in 1548
by Mirzá Haidar, 21.*
Pálicha Mir Akhur, 309.
Pamirs, the, 54,* 405.
Pandit Nain Sing, and the gold mines
of Tibet, 409 n.
Pandrettan, ruins of temple at, 427 n.
Pánipat, battle at, 357.
Panja-Kand: see Bishkand.
Pandu Koru, ruins of temple at, 427 n.
Parak: see Chir River.
Parváz (Darwáz), a district of Badakh-
shán, 353.
Pasár, a district of Badakhshán, 353.
Páyech, ruins of temple at, 427 n.
Perhálah (Pharwala), Bábar's expedi-
tion against, 480 n.
Persia, no copies of the Tarikh-i-
Rashidi to be found in, ix.; the
Moghul army in, 58.*
Peshawar, ravaged by Davá, 36.*
Phukpa, habitations of the Dulpa tribe,
409 n.
Pir Ali Beg, 316, 317.
Pir Haji Kunji, Mir; his daughter
married to Yunus Khán, 86.
Pir Muhammad Barlás (called
‘Bangi’), 75, 76.
Pir Muhammad, Mirza, son of Prince
Jahángir, 48.
Pishka Mirzá Itárji, 248.
Pishkarán, a township of Akhsi, 280.
Plano Carpini; the Sari Huiur nation,
349 n.
Poisonous herbs, on road from Kashmir
to Tibet, 432 and n.
Po-lo-lo (Balur), 385 n.
Pomegranate peculiar to Balur, 386.
Poole, Mr. S. Lane, Muhammadan
Dynasties, and the western branch
of Chaghatai Kháns, 49*; Emperor
Baber and Sháh Ismail, 247 n.;
dual character of Shaibani's dynasty,
206 n.; on the Miskál, 256 n.; on
the Ilak Kháns, 287 n.; on Davá
Khán, 299 n.
Prejevalski, Gen., on wastes of moving
sand, 69*; on ruins of ancient towns
in Turkistan, 11 n., 12 n.; wild camel
seen in the Lob region by, 301 n.,
302 n.; on the wild yak, 302 n.; on
Tangut, 361 n.
Price, Major, translation from Akbar-
Náma, 479 n.
Pukpa (Dulpa tribe), 409 n., 411, 412 n.
Pul, Sháikh, and the Emperor Humá-
yun, 398-9; put to death, 470.
Pul-i-Sangin, 243.
Pulád Bughá, 24, 32, 34, 44, 45; death
of, 47.
Punch Pass, the, 19.*
Punjab, Mirzá Haidar, governor of,
16*; ravaged by Davá, 36.*; Mr.
Ibbetson and the words Turk and
Moghul in, 89*-91,* 128.*
Puránvár Shaikh, tomb of, in Tásh-
kand, 115.
Purik, a district of Ladak, 15,* 442;
district of Balti, 410.
Pushang, village of, 216, 227.
Putáji Bahádur, 309.
QUATREMÈRE, translations from the Haft Iklim, 25,* 26*; his transla- tions of the Matla' Asaadin, 42*; on the term Jatah, 75* n.; on the ‘Karavenas’ (Chaghatais), 76,* 77*; on Táráz, 80 n.
RABÁT (or traveller's rest house), built
by Muhammad Khán, 58.
Rabát-i-Kataán, the, 41.
Rabát-i-Malik, 45.
Rabátchi, district of, 296.
Rágh, hill district of Badakhshán,
203 n., 219.
Rajaori, province of, invaded in 1548
by Mirzá Haidar, 21.*
Rájdán, palace built by Sultán Zain-
ul-Abidin, 429 and n., 430, 437.
Rashid Khán, son of Sultan Said, 14,*
25,* 57, 82, 251; puts to death many
of Mirzá Haidar's relatives, 15*;
battles with the Uzbegs, 120*; sons
of, 121*-123*; governor of Kuchar
and Turfán, 123*; the Tarikh-i-
Rashidi named after him, 3; invades
Balur with Mirzá Haidar, 12,* 142;
goes to Aksu, 142, 143; puts Mirzá
Haidar's uncle to death, 143, 144;
defeats Mansur Khán at Aksu, 145;
goes to Khotan, 145; greatly in-
fluenced by Muhammadi Barlás, 146,
147; defeats the Uzbeg Kazak, 146;
characteristics of, 147; enters Mo-
ghulistán, 134; retires to Káshghar,
135; at Aksu, 135; Mirzá Haidar
inscribes his history (Tarikh-i-Ras-
hidi) to, 139; his mother, 140; his
birth and early education, 140; kept
a prisoner by Jáni Beg Sultán, 140;
sent to Moghulistán, 141-2; invades
Moghulistán, 359, 368, 370, 378-9;
plunders the Kalmák, 373; marries
the daughter of Sultán Nigár
Khánim, 374; flees to At-Báshi, 377;
illness of, 378; invades Balur, 384-
386; friendship with Mirzá Haidar,
393-4; goes to Aksu, 393-4, 403;
suceeds his father in Káshghar,
450; puts Sayyid Muhammad Mirzá
to death, 450-1; banishes Khadija
Sultán, 451; Muhammadi Barlás's
influence over, 452-3; sends apolo-
gies to Mirzá Haidar, 461; his
violence and cruelty, 467.
Rashid-ud-Din, the history of, 84* n.;
on the bravery of the Chaghatais,
76*; use of the word Turk, 85*; and
the name Tatar, 86,* 88*; on the
Uighurs, 95*; and the Karáit tribe,
16 n.; the Alkunut tribe, 16 n; the
Kánkali tribe, 16 n.; the Karluk
tribe, 19 n.; the Mujma-ut-Tavarikh
of, 151; and the city of Kari-Sairam,
171 n.; and the title Kurkáni, 278 n.,
279 n.
Ráskám, mountains, 405; valley of,
466.
Rauzat us Safá, the, and succession of
the Moghul Kháns, 41*-46.*
Raverty, Major, translation of the
Tabákát-i-Násiri, 85*; on the Ilak
Kháns, 288 n.
Razi-ud-Din, Shah, 217, 218 n., 219,
221.
Regel, Dr., on reservoirs in Turfán,
112*; on the situation of Lu-ko-tsin,
113* n.; on ruins of “Old Turfán,”
113.*
Rémusat, Abel, and country of the
Yellow Uighurs, 349 n.
Renaudot, and the Yáza, 22 n.
Resmes, Khwája, tomb of, 26.
Rest-house (Rabát) constructed by
Muhammad Khán, 58, 59 n.
Ricci, Father Matthew, 122*; story of
Goës' adventures, 110.*
Rieu, Dr. Chas., on the Tarikh-i-
Rashidi, xi., xv.; description of the
Tarikh-i-Rashidi, 6,* 7*; on date of
Sharaf-ud-Din's death, 85 n.; on
saints of the time of Mirzá Sultán
Husain, 194 n.
Ritter; on the Kafir people, 104 n.
Rockhill, Mr. W. W., on the word
Tibet, 135 n.; on Tangut, 361 n.;
the Musulman population in Hochou
and Salar, 404 n., 405 n.; on the
Dulpa tribe, 409 n.
Rodgers, Mr. C. J., on coins of Názuk
Sháh, 20* n.; version of Mirzá
Haidar's death, 22*; and coins in
Kashmir struck in Humáyun's
name, 24*; on the Sultáns of Kash-
mir, 433 n., 434 n.; translation of
Firishta's History, 441 n, 442 n;
extract from paper entitled ‘The
Square Silver Coins of the Sultáns
of Kashmir,’ Appendix A, 487-491.
Ross, Mr.: translator of the Tarikh-i-
Rashidi, ix., xi.-xiii.; on Alájá,
121 n.
Rubruk, Wm., traveller in Asia, 117,*
119*; narrative of visit to Mangu
Káan in 1253, 60*; account of the
Uighurs in the Middle Ages, 96.*
Rudok, 406 n., 410.
Ruhtak, town of, 381.
Ruins of ancient towns, near the River
Chu, 69 n.
Rum (Turkey), custom in the army of,
53.
Rumi, the, annihilate Sháh Ismail's
army, 281-2.
Russian Hisar expedition, the, 20 n.
Russians, the, called a people of Turki
race, 86*.
Rusták, 219, 220.
SABUR MIRZÁ, 307.
Sabásh (Shásh) Khán, 276.
Sádik Ispaháni, on situation of Bála-
Sákun, 363 n.
Sadr-ud-Din, Mir, 396.
Sad-ud-Din Káshghari, Mauláná, 194.
Saghej, wells of, 23 n.
Sáhib Daulat Begum, 125, 344.
Said Kázaruni, Shaikh, 145 n.
Said Khán, son of Sultán Ahmad
Khán, 56,* 109,* 122, 160; takes
Mirzá Haidar into his service, 11,*
25*; 3, 4; invades Kashghar, 11*;
expeditions against Balur and Ba-
dakhshán, 12*; invades Ladak, Kash-
mir, and Baltistan, 13,* 14*; death
of, 14*; Sayyid Muhammad Mirzá
and, 15,* 16*; Moghul invasions
during reign of, 65,* 66*; the chiefs
of his army, 66*; and the Uighurs
of Kashghar, 98*; religious advisers
of, 116*; expedition into Ladak,
120*; battle with Mansur Khán, 125,
131, 145; friendly meeting with
Mansur Khán, 126; wounded at the
battle of Akhsi, 130; taken to
Samarkand by Sháhi Beg, 130;
visits his brother in Moghulistan,
131; stays at Kábul with Bábar
Pádisháh, 131; sent to Andiján,
132; defeats Mirzá Abá Bakr at
Tut-lugh, 132; defeated by Suyunj
Khwája Khán near Táshkand, 133;
captures Káshghar, 133; makes
peace with his brother, Mansur
Khán, 134; attacks Muhammad
Kirghiz, 134; subdues the whole of
Moghulistan, 134; invasions of
Badakhshán, 135; holy war against
Tibet, 135, 136, 143; and Baltistan,
136; and Mirzá Haidar's conquest
of Kashmir, 136; his death, 137,
143; virtues and rare attainments of,
137-139; and Rashid Khán at Aksu,
143; his favourite wife, 146; birth
and early days, 178; accompanies
Sháhi Beg Khán on his expedition
to Hisar and Kunduz, 178, 179;
stays with Sultán Mahmud Khán at
Yatikand, 181; wounded by Maksud
Ali, 181, 182; his generosity, 182;
defeated by Mansur Khán at Al-
mátu, 182, 183; and Khwája Ali
Bahádur, 183-188, 222-226; marri-
age contracted with Makhtum, 187,
190; attacked by Mirzá Abá Bakr's
men, 188, 189; decides to go to Shahi
Beg Khán at Andiján, 190, 191, 222,
247-8, 264, 266, 268-9; flight to
Moghulistan, 192, 195; Mauláná
Kasim, his spiritual guide, 213;
imprisoned at Andiján by Khwája
Ali Bahádur, 222; sent to Jáni Beg
Khán who orders his release, 222-
226; escapes to Mirza Khán at
Badákhshan, 226; welcome by Em-
peror Bábar at Kábul, 226; meets
Mirzá Haidar at Kábul, 229; and
Moghulistan, 240; and Bábar Pádi-
sháh, 242; battle with, and defeat
of Mirzá Abá Bakr, 249, 250, 254,
310, 312; kills Tubra, 265; attacks
Suyunjuk Khán, 266, 270-271, 346;
and Mirzá Haidar, 268-270; plunders
Ahangarán, 275; proceeds to Akhsi,
276; meeting with Kásim Khán,
276; presented with horses by Kásim
Khán, 276-7; his sisters, 280; quits
Farghána and repairs to Káshghar,
284-6, 304, 321; review of his troops
before Káshghar, 305-310; his march
against Yárkand abandoned, 312-
313; sets out for Yángi-Hisár, 313-
314, 390, 394; visits Mir Ayub,
315; Yángi-Hisár besieged, 315-
319; Abá Bakr killed while on his
way to see, 324-5; conquest of
Káshghar, 325-7, 331; and Mirzá
Jahángir, 330; his reception of
Aiman Khwája Sultán, 333; Mansur
Khán's treatment of, 334; sends sub-
mission to Mansur Khán, 335;
meeting with Mansur Khán on the
plains of Arbát, 340, 343-5; health
affected by excessive wine-drinking,
340, 369, 370; goes to Moghulistan,
341; returns to Káshghar, 343, 351;
returns to Yárkand, 345; meeting
with Bábáják Sultán, 346-8; holy
war against Sárigh Uighur, 348-351;
capture of Muhammad Kirghiz, 351;
sends for Daulat Sultán Khánim,
daughter of Yunus Khán, 351-2;
marriage of his sister, 352; first
invasion of Badakhshán, 354-5; his
second meeting with Mansur Khán,
356; invasion of Moghulistan, 358-9,
368; Sayyid Muhammad Mirzá in
attendance on, 371; birth of his son,
Sultán Ibráhim, 375; second in-
vasion of Andiján, 375-7; returns to
Moghulistan, 377; goes to At-Báshi,
377; thence to Káshghar, 377,
379; and Bábá Sultán, 379-381; and
Sháh Muhammad Sultán, 382-3; se-
cond expedition into Badakhshán,
387-390; siege of Kala Zafar, 388;
meets Khwája Nurá, 390, 401; rup-
ture between Aiman Khwája Sultán
and, 391-4; illness of, 394; places
himself under the guidance of Khwája
Nurá, 395, 398; invasion of Tibet, 403;
holy war on Tibet, 417, 420, 421;
attacked by dam-giri, 420, 421; pro-
ceeds to Balti, 421, 422; and Mirzá
Haidar, on return from the invasion
of Kashmir, 443-445; goes to
Yarkand, 445; death of, from the
effects of dam-giri, 446; genealogy
of, 446, 447; epitome of his life, 447,
448; burial of, 449.
Said (Shahid) Khán, 56; date of death,
57 n.
Saifuddin, Amir, 26, 31, 32, 48.
Sairám, town of, 53,* 40, 41; laid
waste by Isán Bughá Khán, 79;
given to Yunus Khán, 112, 113;
Mahmud Sultán's advance on, 171;
in charge of Kitta Beg, 271, 274;
Kitta Beg and, 313; plundered by
the Kirghiz, 358.
Sáki Ali, Khwája, 311.
Sakju (Su-chow), 406.
Sakkáki, Mauláná, tomb of, 365.
Sákri, pass of, 445 and n.
Saláh-ud-Din Musa, Mauláná, 59 n.
“Salái Begum,” battle called, 75.
Salar, group of villages, 404 n., 405 n.
Sálibari, Khwája, 26.
Sálik, Khwája, 225, 226.
Sálinkái, 360.
Salim, son of Shir Sháh, 480 n.
Salim Khán: see Islam Sháh.
Salim Sultán, defeats Sháh Ismail,
281.
Sáli-Sarái, Amir Husain's residence,
24, 31, 35, 37.
Salsalat-ul-Arifin, work by Hazrat
Mauláná, 113, 212, 213, 342 and n.
Salt Range, the, 479 n.
Samarkand, Baber's advance on, 10*;
Tughluk Timur Khán at, 22, 23; at-
tacked by Amir Chágu in 1363, 29;
siege of, by the army of Jatah, 37;
return of Amir Timur to, 47, 50;
buildings, etc., erected by Ulugh
Beg, 60 n.; Hiyát-i-Khán at, 72;
taken by Sultán Abu Said, 83;
Sultán Mahmud Khán and Sháhi
Beg Khán attempt to take, 119, 120;
Bábar Pádisháh marches on, 132,
133; wars in, 154; conquered by
Sháhi Beg Khán, 158, 166; attacked
by Bábar Padisháh, 174, 175; falls
again into hands of Sháhi Beg
Khán, 175, 196; Emperor Bábar at,
246, 260, 266, 268; famous kiosks
in, 429, 430; Emperor Bábar on the
throne of, 484.
Sámgaz (Sam Seirak), 8 n.
Samku, place in Tibet, 457 n.
Sám Mirzá, besieges Kandahar, 16,*
468.
Sand, advance of, as seen by Sir D.
Forsyth and Dr. Bellew, 12 n.
Sand-buried ruins, 67,* 68*; exploita-
tion of, by Abá Bakr, 70.*
Sand-storms in Eastern Turkistan,
303 n.
Sangarigháj, place called, 40.
Sang Zighaj, fight with Kamar-ud-Din
at, 47.
Sanju, 323, 328-9; pass of, 405.
Sánka Rána of Chitur, 402 and n.
Sániz Mirzá, son of Amir Sayyid Ali,
251; his rule in Káshghar, 87, 88;
joins Yunus Khán, 90; death of, 98,
99.
Sarai, village of, 24 n.
Sarai Chuk, 274 and n.
Sarai Mulk Khánim, Timur's favourite
wife, 40, 278 n., 279 n.
Sárang Sultán, 479 n., 480 n., 483.
Sár Bughá, Amir, 32; revolt of, 44,
45; pardoned by Amir Timur, 49.
Sárigh Chupán, a district of Badakh-
shán, 292, 353, 354, 355 n., 386,
388.
Sárigh-Kul, district of, 54,* 297; hills
of, 312.
Sárigh Uighur (Yellow Uighur),
country of, 9 n., 52, 64, 349 n.,
404 n., 405 n.; Said Khán's holy
war against, 348-351.
Sárik Mirzá, 333.
Sarman, village called, 310; stream
called, 311.
Sart, the word; definition of, 87* n.
Sasser Pass, 446 n.
Satlej River, 406 n.
Sataghni Buka (Sanghoy Boca), 14.
Sátilmish Khátun, wife of Isan Bughá
Khán, 6.
Sátlik, 325.
Sátuk Kara Khán, a Karlughi Uighur,
94*.
Sátuk Bughrá Khán, 286, 287 n.;
tomb of, in Káshghar, 300.
Sátuk Khán, 71; Vais Khán and,
73.
Sayyádi (or Siádi), of the tribe of
Chálish, 51.
Sayyid Ali, Amir, 61; expedition to
Káshghar, 75-77; and Isán Bughá,
78; hunting parties of, 76, 77; a
proof of his justice, 77; makes Isán
Bughá governor of Aksu, 78; defeats
Yunus Khán with the aid of Isán
Bughá Khán, 86; death of, 87; his
distinguished generals and captains,
99, 104.
Sayyid Ali Kurkán, Amir, 56.
Sayyid Ali, Mir, in the service of
Shaikh Habib, 194; his two sons,
251.
Sayyid Ali Aghá, 307.
Sayyid Ali Hamadáni (Amir Kabir
Ali), 432; death of, 433 n.
Sayyid Ahmad, Mir, 60, 61, 75; stories
relating to, 61-64; saves Vais Khán,
65-67.
Sayyid Ahmad Mirza, 100.
Sáyyidátái, the, 239 and n.
Sayyid Dáud, Amir, 42.
Sayyid Hádi, the, 239.
Sayyid Husaini, Amir, mausoleum of,
209.
Sayyidim Kukildásh, 278-9.
Sayyid Mahmud Mirzá, 75.
Sayyid Muhammad Mirzá, uncle of
Mirzá Haidar, 56, 102, 111, 133,
203 n., 252; put to death, 15*, 57 n.,
143, 144, 450, 451; invades Andiján,
131, 132, 144; attacks Fargháná, 140;
and battle of Tutluk, 132, 249, 250;
Jáni Beg Sultán and, 241; conquest
of Fárghana, 239-241; sent to Turfán,
240; sends from Andiján for help,
242; drowns Khalil Sultán by order
of Jáni Beg Khán, 183, 240, 264-5;
Said Khán and, 265-6; fortifies
Andiján, 271; advises Said Khán
to leave Farghána, 284-5; in charge
of the Dughlát army before Kash-
ghar, 305; at the siege of Yangi-
Hisar, 316, 318-19; and Mir
Vali, 320; goes to fetch Mirzá
Jahángir, 329; in attendance on
Said Khán, 369, 371; a disciple of,
the order of Yasavvi Shaikhs, 369,
371; taken ill, and healed by Khwája
Nurá, 389, 397; Said Khán and,
392-4.
Sayyid Muhammad Nurbakhshi, Amir,
435.
Sayyid Ná Mahdumi Mauláná: see
Muhammad Kazi.
Sayyid Sháh Buzurg Arhangi, 108.
Sayyids of Khorasán, the, called
Mughols, 89.*
Schuyler, E., on the observatory at
Samarkánd, 60 n.; the ancient Tá-
ráz, 63 n.; account of Lake Issigh-
Kul, 78 n.; on city of Chi-gu, 79 n.;
on city of Bála-Sákun, 362 n., 363 n.;
and Shaikh Ahmad, 369 n.
Seeland, Dr. N.; rest-house constructed
by Muhammad Khán, 58 n., 59 n.
Shabán, 309.
Sháh Badágh Sultán, son of Abulkhair
Khán, 92 n.
Sháh Báz Mirzá, 393.
Sháh Beg, defeated near Kandahar by
Bábar Padishah, 202; son of Zulnun
Arghun, 357, 483 n.
Sháh Begum, 108, 135, 180, 195, 196,
258; attempt to seize Kabul, 199,
200; lays claim to Badakhshán, 203;
captured by Abá Bakr's army, 203;
sent into Khorásán, 204.
Sháh Hasan, conquest of Tatta, 483 n.
Sháh Ismail, sons of, 16,* 132; finally
defeats Sháhi Beg Khán, 131; in-
vades Irák, 154.
Sháh Khán, son of Marsur Khán, 105,*
123,* 124,* 129.
Sháh Mirák, 185.
Sháh Muhammad, a Kukildásh, 459,
461.
Sháh Muhammad Diván, Khwája, 449.
Sháh Muhammad Sultán, son of Sultán
Muhammad Sultán, 142, 161, 163,
452.
Sháh Nazar Mirzá, 241, 247.
Sháh Rukh, Mirzá, 43,* 59, 62, 84;
Hazáras the posterity of an army of,
80* n.; his mother, 40 n.; founds
Bágh-i-Zaghán, 83 n.; the Zafar-
Náma dedicated to, 85 n.
Sháh Shaikh Muhammad Sultán, son
of Sultán Ahmád Khán, 160.
Sháh Sultán Muhammad Badakhshi,
107.
Sháh Tahmásp; besieges Kandahar,
16,* 24.*
Shaháb-ud-Din, a holy Shaikh, 8*;
description of Moghulistan in the
Masálak-al-Absár, 57.*
Shahbáz Mirzá, 308, 316.
Sháhi Beg Khán, 56,* 57,* 56, 116;
puts Mirza Haidar's father to death,
9*; defeat and death of, 10*; his
grandfather, Abulkhair Khán, 79 n.;
Turkistán given to, 118; takes
Samarkand, 119, 120; murders Sultán
Mahmud Khán, 120; defeats Sultán
Mahmud Khán and Sultán Ahmad
Khán at Akhsi, 122, 123, 159; cam-
paigns against Farghána, Hisár, and
Kunduz, 130; the Mangit tribe fol-
lowers of, 134 n., 154; conquers
Samarkand and Bokhárá, 158, 166;
forms three marriage alliances, 160;
and Sultán Mahmud Khán, 163, 167;
and Khusrau Sháh, 164-166, 169;
beheads Mir Vali, 165 n.; and Tam-
bal's revolt in Andiján, 167-9; mar-
ries Khánzáda Begum, 175, 196,
239; advance on Hisar, 176, 178;
puts Tambal to death, 178; and the
death of Sultán Mahmud Khán, 179,
208-9; invades Khwárizm, 180, 191,
195, 204; Said Khán decides to go
to, at Andiján, 190, 191; and Habiba
Sultán Khanish, 192; besieges Ko-
lat, 192 n., 209; marries Mihr Nigár
Khánim, 196; besieges Bábar Padi-
sháh in Samarkand, 196; conquest
of Khorásán, 201, 205; captures
Balkh, 204-5; receives Muhammad
Husain Kurkan, 205-6, 208-9; and
afterwards puts him to death, 209;
orders Ubaid Sultán to drown Mirzá
Haidar, 210, 211; and Sultán Said
Khán, 221-225; killed by Sháh
Ismail, 226, 234; expedition against
Kazák, 230, 231; hostilities with
Sháh Ismail, 232-7; followers of, in
Mávará-un-Nahr, 274, 282-3; takes
Tashkand, 336; defeats Khusrau
Sháh, 353; conquers province of
Farghána, 447.
Sháhnáz, 103; pass of, 398 and n.;
river, 296.
Shahr-i-Sabz, town of, 171, 191-93.
Shahrukhi, coin, 202 n., 469 n.
Sháhrukhia (Finákand), town of, 53,*
112, 289 and n.
Shaibáni Khán: see Sháhi Beg Khán.
Shaibán Uzbegs, Said Khán and the,
120*; in Mávará-un-Nahr, 282-3;
take the province of Farghána, 284.
Shaikham Mirzá, 216 n., 260.
Shaikh-i-Daulat, Amir, 38, 51.
Shaikh-ul-Islám, 235, 236.
Shaká Muni, religion of, 414-16.
Shakával, 309, 315.
Sham-i-Jahán Khán, 57, 68.
Shamlu tribe, 214 n.
Shammási, or sun-worshippers in Kash-
mir, 436.
Shams Abdál: see Dust Muhammad
Khán.
Shams-ud-Din, Amir, 38; at the battle
of the Mire, 34, 35, 51 n.; and his
sect of ‘Nurbakhshi,’ 435-437.
Shams-ud-Din Juvaini, 35.*
Shams-ud-Din, Sultán, 432; tomb of,
26 n.
Sharaf-ud-Din, author of the Zafar-
Náma, 7,* 118,* 119*; on the suc-
cession of the Moghul Kháns, 41*-
46,* 74, 84, 85 n., 151, 155.
Sharáwal, 34.
Shariat, the (Muhammadan law), 70.
Sharif, Khwája of Káshghar, 61, 75,
76, 90.
Sharim, Mir, 241, 308.
Shásh (Táshkand), province of, 52,*
53*; invaded by the Moghuls, 54,* 68;
Isán Bughá Khán and, 85; country
of, 153, 154; reign of Sultán Mah-
mud, 155; plundered by the Kirghiz,
367.
Shaw, Mr. R. B., geography of Eastern
Turkistan gathered from the Tarikh-
i-Rashidi, viii. 10 n., 417 n.; death
of, 10; and the word Tájik, 87*;
definition of Sart, 87* n.; on the
word Alách, 121 n.; and the sons of
Rashid Sultán, 121* n., 123*; and the
word ghalcha, 220 n.; on Artush,
295 n., situation of town of Kash-
ghar, 295 n.; meaning of Tázghun,
295 n.; and Suget Bulák, 296 n;
paper entitled ‘A Prince of Kásh-
ghar on the Geography of Eastern
Turkistan,’ 296 n.; on Káshtásh,
298 n; Chitral called Pálor, 385 n.;
on idioms used by Mirzá Haidar,
405 n., 406 n.; on the word Drok, 409.
Shaya (Sheh), castle of, 460 and n.
Sheep as beasts of burden in Tibet,
407 and n.
Sheep traders, the Champa, of Tibet,
407 and n., 408 n.
Sheh, town of, 410 n.
Sheh (or Shay), a village in Tibet
(Ladak), 460 n.
Shenkummuyán, brother of Amir
Hamid, 34.
Shiahs, sect of (the Muláhida), 218 n.,
247 n.; use of the word Mujtahid,
10 n.; sect in Kashmir, 435-7.
Shibarghán; Bayán Timur, governor
of, 40.
Shibartu, place called: see Shibr.
Shibr Pass (or Shibartu), the, 36 n.
Shidarku, name borne by the King of
Tangut, 360 and n., 361 n.
Shigár, fort of, 422.
Shighnan, 54.*
Shir Ali Oghlán, son of Muhammad
Khán, 60.
Shir Bahrám, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34.
Shir Khán defeats Emperor Humáyun
at Chausa, 470, 471; battle of the
Ganges, 471-477.
Shir Muhammad Khán, son of Mu-
hammad Khán, 60, 63, 68; hostility
between Vais Khán and, 43,* 64, 65.
Shir Sháh Sur, 480 n.; defeats Huma-
yun in Bengal, 16*; battle of Kanauj,
viii., 17*, 18*; battle in Kashmir
against Mirzá Haidar, 20.*
Shiram Chahra, 169.
Shiram, Mir, 356, 357.
Shiráz, residence of Yunus Khán, 85.
Shirun Taghái, 228.
Shiva-i-Shignán, 353.
Shulkárchi tribe, 309.
Shun-Chi, Emperor of China and Tur-
fán, 107,* 108,* 114*.
Shuruya, kills Khusrau, his father,
329 n.
Shujá-ud-Din, Mauláná, 10, 13, 14.
Sihpáyah, place called, 44.
Sihun River, battle of Lai on the bank
of, 31-36.
Si-liao (Kara-Khitai), kings of the,
279 n.
Sikandar Zulkarnain, 107.
Sind, ravaged by Davá, 36.*
Sind (Tatta) conquered by Shah Hasan,
483 n., 484 n.
Sind River, the, 423 n., 431 and n.
Sind, rivers of, their source, 406.
Singá, Raná (Sanka), defeated by Bábar
Pádisháh, 402.
Si-Ngan-fu, 404 n.
Singim, 113.*
Sir River, the, 53,* 54.*
‘Six Cities’ of Eastern Turkistan: see
Alti-Shahr.
Skardu (Skardo), pass of, 405 n.
Snake stone, the (called Jadah), 33 n.
So-fei (Sufi) sends an embassy to
China, 124.*
Spiti, 406 n.
Sprenger, on situation of Bála-Sákun,
362 n.
Square silver coins of the Kashmir
Sultans, Mr. C. J. Rodgers on, 487-
491.
Srinagar (Kashmir) town of, 410 n.;
described in the Zafar-Náma, 431-2,
433 n.; attack on, in 1543…20*.
Stak-brak, meaning of, 458 n.: see
Askábrak.
Steppes, nomads and inhabitants of
the, called Turks, 83.*
Stewart, Major C., on Amir Timur
(Sahib-i-Kirán), 17 n.
Stone Bridge, the, Amir Timur at, 24-26.
Strachey, General, on Maryul, 410 n.
Strachey, Capt. H., on Samku, 457 n.
Sufi Mirzá, killed at the battle of
Arish, 127, 128.
Sui (Sibi), 202.
Suchou, town of, in Kansu, 109.*
Sufi Sultán: see Adham Sultán.
Sufis, the, sect in Kashmir, 436, 437;
Said Khán and, 448.
Suget Bulák, hamlet of, 296 n.
Suget Pass, 446 n.
Sughunluk, place called, 310.
Sukár, 187.
Sukár Káluchi, 309.
Sukár Ukhsi, 309.
Sukát, village of, 313, 314 n.
Sulaimán, son of Mirzá Khán, 156.
Sulaimán Barlás, 26.
Sulaimán Sháh Mirzá, 373 and n.,
387, 467; reigns in Badakhshán, 388,
389.
Sulát-Kand, 222.
Sulduzi tribe, 55 n.
Su-li, ancient name for Kashghar, 8 n.
Sultákár Tufta Kuli, 309.
Sultán Ahmad, uncle of Mirzá Haidar,
11.*
Sultán Ahmad Tambal, revolts in
Andiján, 158, 159; Sháhi Beg Khán
and, 167-169, 174, 178.
Sultán Ali Jarás, Amir, 121.
Sultán Ali Mirzá, son of Sultán Ahmad
Khán, 154, 174, 175, 183, 196, 265,
308, 326.
Sultán Avais, Amir, 387.
Sultán Husain Mirzá, in Khorásán,
154, 193; and Muhammad Husain
Kurkan, 195; death of, 196, 210.
Sultán Khatun, mother of Vais Khan,
67.
Sultán Khalil Sultán, brother of Man-
sur Khán, 125, 131, 139, 161; his
death, 125, 126, 131.
Sultán Mahmud Mirzá, 93, 103; mar-
ries Sultán Nigár Khánim, 117, 118.
Sultán Muhammad Mirzá, 450.
Sultán Muhammad Sultán, son of
Mahmud Khán, 158, 159, 162, 163.
Sultán Nigár Khánim, daughter of
Yunus Khán, 108, 117, 156, 373, 377,
378; death of, 386; taken to wife
by Kásim Khán, 273.
Sultánpur, city of, 405.
Sultán Sanjar, 108.
Sultán Valad Mirzá, 112.
Sultánim Begum, daughter of Sultán
Ahmad Mirzá, 164, 170, 193.
Sultáns of Kashmir, 433 n., 434 n.
Sultán Vais Mirzá: see Mirzá Khán.
Sungtásh, 345.
Sunnis, the, sect in Kashmir, 247 n.,
262 n., 435-7; and use of the word
Mujtahid, 10 n.
Sun-worshippers (Shammási) in Kash-
mir, 436.
Superstition: the Jadah stone, 32 n.,
33 n.
Surkháb River, 263.
Suru, a district of Ladak, 15*; depart-
ment of Balti, 461, 462.
Sut, Tangi Sakab's home, 462 and n.
Sut Im Bahádur, 121.
Suvar-i-Akálim, the, 359, 361.
Suyah, the word, 7 n., 8 n.
Su-Yeh (or Su-Sa), the name, 8 n.;
city of: see Bála-Sákun.
Suyunj Khwája Khán defeats Sultán
Said Khán near Táshkand, 133.
Suyunjuk Khán puts Said Khán to
rout, 266, 268, 271, 274, 283; at-
tacked by Kasim Khán, 275; ad-
vances against Andiján, 284-5; and
Bustangir Mirzá, 330; at Akhsi,
342; Said Khán makes war on, 346;
death of, 375, 376.
Suyunjuk Sultán, 159, 243, 248.
Suyurghátmish Khán, 72 n., 83.
Taarif-i-Buldán, the, 359.
Tábán Bahádur, 34, 35.
Tabriz, Sultán Yakub's kiosk in, 429.
Tagár, in the Nubra Valley, 418 n.
Tágh-Dum-Básh mountains, 405.
Tágh Nák, place called, 464 and n.
Ta-gaz-gaz, the Karlughi Uighurs
known as, 94.*
Ta-hi, Arabs referred to as, 90* n.
Táhir Khan, 82, 273, 373, 374, 377;
joins forces with the Kirghiz, 379;
deserted by the Kirghiz, 388.
Tahit, tribe of, 20 n.
Tahmásp Sháh, 282; takes Kandahár,
400, 468, 469; and is retaken by
Kámrán Khán, 400.
Táikhán (Talikán), return of Amir
Husain and Amir Timur to, 23.
Taishi, a designation of Kálmák chiefs,
79 n.
Tai Yang Khán, flees from Chingiz
Khán, 287.
Tájik (or Tázik), the, 13, 141; name
given by the Mongols to the Mu-
hammadans, 85,* 87*; Mr. A. G.
Keene on, 90,* 91*; features of
Yunus Khán, 97 n., 98 n.
Tájri of Khwárizm, 51.
Táj-ud-Din Muhammad, Khwája, 127,
160, 372, 373.
Taka, brother of Khwája Ali Bahádur,
351.
Takil (or Jakil), governor of Khiva,
23 n.
Takudar Oghlán, 80* n.
Talak Muhammad, 112.
Talas (Táráz), city of, 171 n.
Tálás River, 80 n., 81 n.
Taliku, descendant of Chaghatai, 36.*
Tálish, tribe in Gilán, 435 n.
Talkhak, death of, in Tirmiz, 338.
Talki, defile of, 20 n.
Tamerlane (Timurlang): see Timur,
Amir.
Támlik, place in Tibet, 456 and n.,
457 and n.
Tangi Bálá, the, of Badakhshán, 227.
Tangi Sakáb of Balti, 462.
Tangri Bardi, 309.
Tangut, the, 88*; Chingiz Khán and,
360; rulers of, 360 n., 361 n.
Tank in district of Barnag, 427, 428.
Táráz (Yangi), city of, 58,* 79 n., 80 n.,
81 n., 364; taken by Kásim Khán,
274.
Tárbágatai mountains, 53.*
Tárbugur (Bugur), 9 n.
Tarikh-i-Guzida, the, of Hamid Ullah
Mustaufi, 151.
Tarikh-i-Jahán Kushái, extract from,
288-293, 293 n.; account of Moghul-
istán in, 360-367.
Tarikh - i - Manzum, the, of Abdur
Razzák, 151.
Tarikh-i-Rashidi, the, first translation
of, into English, v.; Erskine's
partial translation, v., vi.; data
obtained from, by Sir H. Howorth,
vii.; by Sir D. Forsyth, vii.; by Mr.
R. B. Shaw, viii.; by Professor Dow-
son, viii.; Moorcroft's reference to,
viii.; copies of, in England, ix.; in
Asia, ix.; the object of, 1,* 4, 5; its
shortcomings, 5,* 6*; scope and
character, 6,* 7*; divided into two
parts, 7,* 8*; written during Mirzá
Haidar's administration of Kashmir,
23*; a history of the Chaghatai
branch of the Mongol dynasty, 28,*
29*; weak points in, regarding the
succession of the Moghul Kháns,
41*-46*; the Kháns of Uighuristán
mentioned in, 106*; religious ad-
visers of the Kháns and Amirs, 116*;
its value as a history, 119*; sequel
to, 120*-128*; reasons for being so
called, 3; its contents, 3, 4; use of
the word Tibet (Ladak) in, 135 n.;
when completed, 149; reason for
Mirzá Haidar writing, 150, 151.
Tarikh - i - Sáhib - Kiráni: see Zafar-
Náma.
Tárim, 67.
Tarkhán, title of, among the Moghuls,
55 n.
Tarsa, the word, 290 n.
Tarsi, the Uighurs spoken of as, 96.*
Tarse (Tarsia), country of, 290 n.,
291 n.
Tásh Arighi, 26, 27.
Táshikun, ruler of Máryul, 418 and n.,
419 n., 423, 460.
Táshkand, town of, 53*; Timur camps
at, 29; devastated by Isán Bughá
Khán, 79; Yunus Khán captured at,
94, 95; passes into the power of
Shaikh Jamál Khar, 112; made over
to Yunus Khán, 113; death and
burial of Yunus Khán in, 114, 115;
events in, during the rule of Sultán
Mahmud Khán, 118-120; Sultán
Said Khán defeated near, 133;
(Shásh) Sultán Mahmud and, 155,
157; Sháhi Beg Khán at, 178; taken
by Sháhi Beg Khán, 159, 167, 336;
destruction of, by Sháhi Beg Khán,
164, 171; Hazrat Mauláná at, 213;
Uzbeg march against, 259, 271; in
charge of Ahmad Kásim Kuhbur,
271; taken by Kásim Khán, 274;
Kásim Khán attacks Suyunjuk Khán
in, 275; death of Hazrat Muhammad
at, 342.
Tásh-Rabát, not a Hindu temple, 59 n.
Tásh Timur; sent after Manlik and
her child, 6, 7.
Tatar (or Tartar), the nomadic nations
of the interior of Asia, 83,* 84,*
87.*
Tatar tribe, 55 n.
Tatars, the; Rashid-ud-Din, the histo-
rian, and, 88.*
Tatta (Sind), town of, 357, 431, 432 n.;
conquest of, by Sháh Hasan, 483 n.,
484 n.
Tavakkal Khánim, 52.
Tax-gatherer, story of the, 159.
Tázghun, meaning of, 295 n.
Tázi: see Tájik.
Táziks, the, 88.*
Tazkira-i-Khwájagán (Memoirs of the
Khwájas), x.
Tengri-Tágh Mountain, in the Tian
Shan, 112.*
Termedh (Tirmiz), town of, 338 n.
Tian Shan mountains, 53,* 112*; sub-
merged towns along the southern
spurs of, 70.*
Tibet (see also Ladak), Dr. L. A.
Waddell's work on, xv.; invaded in,
1531 by Mirzá Haidar, 13*-15*; also
in 1548, 21*; invasions of, during
reigns of Abá Bakr and Sultán Said,
65,* 66*, 253-4; invasion of, men-
tioned by Minhaj-ud-Din, 86*; Idrisi
on the Tibetan Turks, 86,* 87*;
holy war against, by Sultán Said
Khán, 135, 136, 143; Mir Váli takes,
320; Mirzá Abá Bakr flees to, 324;
invaded by Said Khán, 403; position
of, 404; mountains and rivers of,
405-7; inhabitants of, 407-11; gold
mines in, 411, 412; the dam-giri in,
412, 413; Lamas of, 414-16; idols
in, 416; wild kutás in, 416, 417;
idol temples in, 416, 443; holy war
on, 417-419; cold in, 419; method of
defence in, 422 n.; temple at Ursang,
443; invasion of, 444, 454-464.
Tibetan Yak (or Dong), the, 302 n.
Tie-men-Kuan (‘Iron Gate’ barrier),
20 n.
Tika, brother of Khwája Ali Bahádur,
187.
Tiká River, 365 and n.
Tiká (or Tekka) Sagrutku, battle at,
96, 97 and n.
Tilánji, 34.
Timur, Amir (Tamerlane), the rise of,
37*; selects Kháns from the Oktai
stock, 37*; genealogical table of the
house of, facing p. 50*; expedition
of in 1389-90, 53*; battles with the
Moghuls under Kamar-ud-Din, 56*;
the conquests of, 61*; expedition in
1388 against the Kalmáks, 101*;
sends one of his columns to Kara-
Khoja, 102*; passage of the River
Vakhsh at the Stone Bridge, 25, 26;
arrives at Chekadálik, 26; his dream,
27; battle with the army of Jatah,
27-29; conference with Amir Hu-
sain, 29-31; the battle of the Mire,
31-36; and the country of Jatah,
37; invasion of Almátu, 39; his
chief wife, 40 n.; third invasion of
Jatah, 41, 42; marriage with the
Princess Dilshad Aghá, 43; third
expedition into Khwárizm, 44, 45;
fourth expedition into Jatah, 46, 47;
the death of his son, Prince Jahangir,
47, 48; sends an army against Kamar-
ud-Din, 48, 49, 51; fifth expedition
into Jatah, 50; expedition against
Khitái, 53; death of, at Otrár, 54;
tribes submitted to his government,
55 n.; and Sultan Mahmud Khán,
72; Tartar tribe banished by, 79 n.;
difficulty with the Moghuls under
Kamar-ud-Din, 81 n.; and his gene-
rals, 83; called Timur Fu-ma by
the Chinese, 278 n.; nine wives of,
278 n., 279 n.; of the Uighur tribe
of Turfán, 77, 78.
Timur, a member of the Barlás tribe,
3.*
Timurchi, father of Chingiz Khán,
86.*
Timur-Khalaga (Iron Gate), 20 n.
Timur Khwájá Oghlán, 32, 36.
Timán (Tumán) River, 295 and n.,
310.
Timur Sultán, son of Sháhi Beg Khán,
160, 169, 234, 351, 451; defeated and
killed by Babár Padisháh, 243-5,
248.
Timurtu Nor (Lake Issigh-Kul), 79 n.
Timur Uljaitu: see Uljaitu.
Tirák, district of, 312.
Tiráz (Táráz), 86.*
Tirlánji Irlat, 32.
Tirmiz (Termedh), town of, 179,
338 n.
Tiz-Ab (Tiznáf), stream called, 298.
Toghuz Uighur, the (or “Nine Ui-
ghurs”), 93.*
Tokanak, 464 n.
Tokhta Rashid (Uighur chief), 67.*
Toktámish Oghlán, brought before
Amir Timur, 50.
Tombs in Khotan, 298-9; of Yarkand,
299, 300; of Káshghar, 300, 301.
Touines, Buddhist monks called, 290 n.
Tou Nazar Khán, kills Abdul Latif,
121* n.
Trágái, Amir (father of Amir Timur),
death of, 17.
Transoxiana (Mávará-un-Nahr), tribes
of, 31*; capital of: see Samarkand;
the Uighurs and, 95*; ruled by Ubaid
Ullah Khán, 206 n.: see Mávará-un-
Nahr.
Tribute missions to China, Benedict
Goës and, 110,* 111.*
Tsong-Kapa, religious reformer, 418 n.
Tub River, 78 n.
Tubra Nuyághuth (Tubra Tiághuth),
183, 248, 264; killed by Said Khán,
265.
Tughai tribe, 55 n.
Tughluk Salduz, 24.
Tughluk Timur Khán, his reign, 7,* 2;
converted to Islám, 2, 3, 10-15; and
Shaikh Jamál-ud-Din, 5, 12, 13;
forefathers of, 5; early history, 6-9;
expedition into Mávará-un-Nahr, 15,
16; intrigues with Amir Háji Barlás,
17, 18; second invasion of Mávará-
un-Nahr, 18-22; and Amir Husain,
22 n., 23 n.; return to Táikhán and
Badakhshán, 23, 24; death of, 26,
38; one of his sons, 39; privileges
conferred upon Amir Buláji, 55; his
rule extended as far as Kunduz, 56;
tomb of, in Almáligh, 364.
Tuk, in Tibet, 410.
Tukal Khánim, one of Timur's wives,
279 n.
Tuka Timur, 299 n., 300 n.; succeeds
Nikpai to the Khanate, 35.*
Tuktái, a Makrit Amir, 289.
Tuk Timur, Amir, slain in battle, 28.
Tukuz Tárám, ford of, 238 and n.
Tulik Amir, governor at Kashghar, 14,
38, 51 n.
Tuli Khán; Khitái given to, 293.
Tulkchi tribe, 55 n.
Tului, son of Chingiz Khán, and the
Jadah stone, 33 n.
Tuluk, brother of Mir Kambar, 307.
Tu-lu-fan (Turfán), prince of, 102.*
Tumán, people so called, in Khotan and
Káshghar, 301.
Tumán (Kárman), town of, 20.
Tumán Aghá, Amir, 42, 50.
Tumán Bahádur Kaluchi, 309, 423.
Tumán Bughái Salduz, 36.
Tumán Kapak Khán, 36.
Tumán River, 295 n.; fort built by
Abá Bakr on, 285-6.
Tunkana, a degree of the Lámas, 414
and n.
Tupchák (a fine horse), 260 n.
Turakima, Oktai's widow, 32,* 33.*
Turán, conquered by Chingiz Khán,
293.
Turángir Mirzá, 330.
Turah, the: see Yázák.
Turfán, district of, 67, 99,* 100,* 125,
332; Kumul annexed to, 101*; con-
quest of, by Khizir Khwája, 103*;
a tribute to China, 103*; history of,
as recorded in the Chinese Chronicles
of the Ming dynasty, 102*-109*;
depression below the sea level, 112*;
the modern city of, Captain F. E.
Younghusband on, 112*; Dr. Regel
on ruins near, 113*; attacked by
Khizir Khwája, 52; Mansur Khán's
expeditions into, 128; Rashid Khán
marches on, 146; Moghuls in, 148;
Sayyid Muhammad Mirzá sent to,
240; Khwája Nurá visits Mansur
Khán in, 396-7; see also Uighuris-
tán.
Turkán Arlát, 43-5.
Turk, dual use of the word, 78,* 98 n.;
common origin with the Mongol,
78*-80*; misleading employment of
the name, 83*; Abul Ghazi and
others, use of the word, 84*-87*;
used in opposition to the word Sart,
87* n.; Mr. H. G. Keene and others,
on the word, 88*-92*; the first,
to become a Musulmán, 300.
Turkát tribe, 67.
Turki language, the Uighurs first to
reduce to writing, 95.*
Turki-Uighur people: see Uighurs.
Turks, literary compositions of the, 2.;
a separate people from the Moghul
Ulus, 82*; see also Uighurs.
Turkistan, delivered from the oppres-
sion of the Jatah, 29, 30; province
of, 53*; invaded by the Moghuls,
54,* 58*; town of, 63 n.; Moghul
attacks on, 68; laid waste by Isán
Bughá Khán, 79; inhabitants of,
of, under Buruj Khán, defeated by
Yunus Khán, 92, 93; given to
Sháhi Beg Khán, 118; Muhammad
Kirghiz in, 134, 349; Uzbeg Sultáns
flee to, 245, 250; Uighur dynasty in,
287 n.; given to Chaghatai Khán,
293; plundered by Kirghiz, 358,
367.
Turkistan, Eastern, province of, given
to the house of Dughlát, 33*; Batu
and, 34*; Dr. Bellew's history of,
vii.; the ‘Six Cities’ of, 51* n.: see
Alti-Shahr; towns ruined by moving
sands, 68*; overrun by Yeliu Taishi,
94*; small residue of Moghuls still
existing in, 127,* 128*; the air of,
12 n.; Buddhism in, 124 n.; haze
peculiar to, 303 n.
Turkistan, Western, raids of the
Moghuls into, 65.*
Turkoman, the, 88.*
Turkomans, with Sultán Said's army,
66.*
Turkomans, under Bábar Pádisháh,
defeated by the Uzbeg Sultáns,
260-1.
Turmish, brother of Turkán Arlát, 44,
45.
Turshiz, battle at, 206.
Turuk Shárán, valley of, 168.
Tushi (or Juji), eldest son of Chingiz,
29,* 30.*
Tushku, placed called, 304, 322.
Tutluk (Tutlugh), battle of, Said Khán
defeats Abá Bakr Mirzá at, 11,*
132, 249, 250, 284, 320.
Tutuk Khánim, daughter of Mahmud
Khán, 251.
Tuyun Báshi, River, 304, 346, 394.
Tuz-kul (Lake Issigh-Kul), 79 n.
UBAID-UL-HADI, Khwája, 396.
Ubaid Ullah Khán, 206, 234, 243,
247 n.; battle with Bábar Pádisháh,
132; married to Habiba Sultán
Khánish, 207; ordered by Sháhi
Beg Khán to drown Mirzá Haidar,
210, 211; fortified in castle of Karshi,
245, 248; marches against Bokhára,
259; is met by Bábar Pádisháh,
260; battle at Kul Malik, 260, 268;
takes Hisar from the Moghuls, 262-
3; his reign in Mavárá-un-Nahr,
283.
Ubaira-Subaira, 282.
Uch (Ush Turfán), town of, 393, 431 n.,
432 n.; country of, 42; fort of, 124;
seized by Abá Bakr, 254; garrisoned
by Mirzá Abá Bakr, 333; Aiman
Khwája Sultán in, 343.
Ucha, 357.
Uch Barkhán, village of, 75, 304, 310.
Uch Burhán, 42 n.
Uchibi, a lieutenant of Amir Timur,
45.
Uch Kará Bahádur, Amir, 25, 42, 47.
Uchku Muhammad Mirza, 185.
Uighur, the, 88*; province of, 360.
Uighurs, the (a Turki tribe), 57*; re-
mains of one of their towns or forts,
59*; country of, 61*; in Moghulis-
tan, 73,* 74* n.; their origin and
early history, 92*-97*; credited with
having first reduced the Turki lan-
guage to writing, 95*; spoken of as
Tarsi, 96,* 97*; displaced by the
Karai tribe, 16 n.; the “family of
Afrásiáb the Turk,” 287 n.; Nes-
torian Christianity prevalent among,
290 n.; Tarse, land of the Uighurs,
291 n.; settled in Khorásán, 311 n.
Uighuristán (Turfán), the province of,
7,* 54,* 99*-114*; mentioned by
Mirzá Haidar, 100,* 101*; given to
Chaghatai Khán, 100*; people of,
101,* 102,* 112*; subdued by the
Ming army, 103*-106*; the Kháns
of, 105,* 106*; irrigation in, by Vais
Khán, 112*; once one of the chief
centres of the Buddhists, 113*;
ancient capital of, 113*; becomes
Chinese territory, 113-4*; succes-
sion of Kháns of, after date of Mirzá
Haidar's history, 123,* 124*; Khizir
Khwája and, 52 n.
Uirát, the, 88.*
Ujá Betu Irdi (Ulja Yetu Aberdi),
32.
Uktái Khán, 360; kingdom of, 294.
Ulama, the: Dust Muhammad Khán
and, 89; Said Khan and the, 448.
Uláng Káhdastan, 206.
Uláng-zádagán, 162.
Ul Islám, Shaikh, 194.
Uljái Turkán, Princess, 29.
Uljaitu, grandson of Kublai, 36*; routs
Chapár, 36*.
Ulugh Mirzá, 478.
Ulugh Timur, 26.
Ulugh Tuktimur, of the tribe of Karait,
15, 16.
Ulugh Beg Mirzá, 59, 68 n.; defeats
Shir Muhammad, 43*; battles with
the Moghuls, 56*; his reign and
death, 59 n.; governor of Káshghar,
61; and Amir Sayyid Ali, 62; and
Khwája Sharif, 76; summoned to
Moghulistan by Khudáidád, 69;
reception of Yunus Khán at Samar-
kand, 74; history called the Ulus
Arbaa, 148, 151; murdered by his
son, Abdul Latif, 329 n.
Ulur (or Wular) lake in Kashmir, 428,
429 n.
Ulus Arbaa (the four hordes), work of
Mirzá Ulugh Beg, 148, 151.
Ulusbegi, the title of, 132 n.; office of,
38.
Ulus Sultán, son of Rashid Sultán,
122.*
Ungut, the, 88.*
Urdubegi, family of the, 307.
Urdukand (Kashghar), 287 n.
Urátippa, country of, 118, 154, 158,
163, 164.
Urdu, an: see Aul.
Urdum Padshah, sand dunes at, 12 n.
Ursang (Lassa), 410 n., 411, 443; Mirzá
Haidar sent to, 136 and n., 143;
temple of, 454-459.
Urtubu, Dughlát Amir, 294 n.; Man-
galai Suyah given to, 7; seven
privileges conferred upon, by Chin-
giz Khán, 54, 55.
Uruk, 183.
Urumtsi, town of, 62*; the present,
93*: see also Bishbálik.
Urung Kásh (Yurung Kásh), river in
Khotán, 298.
Urun Sultán Khánim, 88.
Urus Durman, Amir, 237.
Urus Khán, 45, 50.
Ush, province of, given to Yunus Khán,
110, 111; taken by Abá Bakr, 249,
254; Mir Váli takes, 320; Said
Khán and, 376.
Ushter Ushna (Urátippa), country of,
154.
Ushtur, fort of, in Táshkand, 115.
Ush-Turfán, city of, 51* n.
Ustád Abdál Sháikh, 322.
Ustád Ahmad Rumi, 475.
Ustád Yunus (Yunus Khán), 85.
Ustájlu tribe, 214 n.
Utluk, place in Moghulistan, 377, 463;
desert plains of, 189.
Uzbeg, a tribe of Khotan, 67.
Uzbegs, the, defeated at Hisar. 10*;
route of Baber at the battle of Ghaj-
diwán, 10*; lay siege to Andiján,
11*; the Moghuls and, 56,* 57*; de-
feated by Rashid Sultán, 120*, 146;
present line of Bokhara Kháns de-
scended from, 126*; defeat the
Chaghatai under Shahi Beg Khán,
206, 234; government of the, 206 n.;
defeated by Bábar Padisháh, 243-6;
set out against Andiján, 280-2; in
Said Khán's army, 305: see also
Sháiban-Uzbeg.
Uzbeg: see also Kazák-Uzbegs.
Uzbegistán, 366, 374.
Uzbeg-Kazák, the tribe of, 82; de-
feated by Rashid Khán, 146.
Uzbeg-Shaibán, Rashid Khán and, 146;
retire from Andiján, 376; to Kháss
and Kunkás, 377.
Uzbeg Sultáns, the, defeated at Hisár
Shádmán, 132; advance on Andiján,
133; attack fort of Kásán, 248-9;
flee to Turkistán, 245, 250; march
against Táshkand, 259, 271; defeat
the Turkomans and Bábar Pádi-
sháh, 260-1; decimated by famine,
262; take Hisar from the Moghuls,
262-3.
Uzbeg Timur, 39.
Uzbeg Ulus, division among, on the
death of Abulkhair Khán, 272.
Uzchand (Uzkand), seized by Abá
Bakr, 248-9, 254, 259.
Uzkand, 50; Amir Timur at, 43;
plundered by Kushluk Khán, 289;
Mir Váli takes, 320; taken by Said
Khán, 376.
Uzun Ahmad, 130.
Uzun Sakál Tufta Kuli, 309.
Uzun Sultán Khánim, 64.
VAKAI, or Turki History: see Baber's
“Memoirs.”
Vais Khán, son of Shir Muhammad
Khán, 103*; attacks Shir Muhammad
Oghlán, 43*; and irrigation in
Turfán and Kara-Khoja, 112*; early
life of, 60, 61; takes to highway
robbery, 63; hostility between Shir
Muhammad Khán and, 64, 65;
battles with the Kalmáks, 65-67;
saved by Amir Sayyid Ali, 65-7;
studies theology, 67; and Amir
Khudáidád, 69; martyrdom of 71-3;
his sister, 91.
Vais Mirzá, son of Sultán Mahmud
Mirzá, 10*, 373 and n.
Vais Khán: see Mirzá Khán and Vais
Mirzá.
Vakhsh River, 20.
Vakhsh, mountains of, 263.
Vali Beg, 316, 317.
Vali, Mir, brother of Khusrau Sháh, 165.
Vali Mir, Abá Bakr's general, entrusted
with army and military affairs, 319,
320; at Yangi-Hisar, 321; overruns
Ladak, 403 n.
Valikhanof, Captain, and ancient
Taráz, 63 n.
Vigne, Mr. T. G., and the ruined
temples of Kashmir, 426 n., 427 n.
Viráni of Irázán, the, 73 n.
Virnág (Barnag), spring of, 428 and n.,
431.
WADDELL, Dr. L. A., xv.; on the mean-
ing of Yulpa, 407 n.; on the Dolpa
tribe, 409 n.; on Maryul, 410 n.; on
dam-giri, 413 n.; on the Lamas,
414 n., 415 n., 417 n.; meaning of
Stak-brak, 458 n.
Wakhán, 54,* 467.*
Wala: see Oirat.
Wang Khán (or Prester John), the
Karai tribe ruled by, 16 n.
Ward, Colonel A. E., on dimensions of
the wild yak, 302 n.
Warren, Mr., on the kingdom of Tarse,
291 n.
Wassáf, and the Kuránas tribe, 76,*
77.*
Watters, Mr., and the “Five Cities,”
62* n.; on the town of Kuchar,
100* n.; on Su-Sa (Su Yeh), 8 n.
Wheeler, Mr. Stephen, xv., 91* n.
White Horde, Toktámish Khán of the,
50 n.
White Horde (Kazák), Kháns of, 272 n.
William of Modena, 117.*
Wilson, Prof. H. H., and Moorcroft's
travels, viii.
Wular, lake of: see Ular.
YÁDGÁR MUHAMMAD, 449.
Yádgár Násir Mirzá, 241, 261, 308,
472, 478, 483, 484.
Yadrintzeff, Mr. N., and ancient city of
Karákorum, 10 n.
Yághistan, petty states known as, 12.*
Yak, wild (kutás), 466, and n.; in the
hills of Khotan, 302 n.
Yakchak, Malik of Kashmir, 441.
Yakábulung, 72 n.
Yakut, the Arab author, and Farghána,
8 n.
Yakub Sultán, 451; kiosk of, in
Tabriz, 429.
Yakuti, the Arab, and Taghaz-ghaz,
94* n.
Yám, River, 29.
Yangalik, Moghul custom of, 251.
Yanki (Chálish or Kara Shahr), town
of, 99.*
Yangi (Taráz), town of, 40, 63 n., 81 n.,
364; Isán Bughá Khán in, 79 n.,
80 n.
Yangi-Hisar, city of, 51* n.; siege of,
6,* 11*; Sultán Said's operations
against, 66,* 133, 369, 394; sand
buried ruins in the neighbourhood
of, 67*; given to Muhammad Haidar
Mirzá, 88, 89; ravaged by Abá Bakr
Mirzá, 103; taken by Sultán Ahmad
Khán, 122; its situation, 295; Yár-
kand a companion city to, 296; Abá
Bakr at, 304, 321; attack on the
citadel of, by Said Khán, 312-319;
Mirzá Jahangir killed in, 330;
Khwája Nurá at, 390.
Yángi-Kand (Yangi), 80 n., 81 n.
Yár, Amir, son of Amir Ján Vafá,
193.
Yáráka Atáka, 125, 126, 332, 340.
Yarkh, a district of Badakhshán, 353.
Yarkand, city of, 51* n., 296; fall of,
11*; Benedict Goës at, in 1603…
122*; attacked by Dust Muhammad
Khán, 89; Yunus Khán's head-
quarters, 90; Mirzá Abá Bakr master
of, 99, 304, 322; his battles at, with
the joint armies of Yunus Khán and
Muhammad Haidar Mirzá, 104-107;
Mirzá Abá Bakr defeats Sultán
Ahmad Khán, 122; reduced by Mirzá
Abá Bakr, 252, 253; treasure found
in, 257, 326-7; citadel at, built by
Abá Bákr, 296-7; water of, 297;
river of, 297-8; tombs of, 299, 300;
Sultán Said Khán's march against,
312-313, 445; Said Khán enters,
325-6, 345.
Yar Muhammad: see Najm, Mir.
Yas: see Dam-giri.
Yasavvi Shaikhs, order of the, 369
and n.
Yashm: see Jade.
Yasu (or Isu) Mangu, 33,* 180 n.,
181 n.; given to Yunus Khán, 87.
Yázák (Turah) of Chingiz Khán, 70.
Yázak (Yássá) the, legal code of the
Mongols, 22 n.; Khwája Ali
Bahádur, appointed, 350.
Yázi Dabán, Pass of, 43.
Ye-liu Taishi, a Kara-Khitai king,
279 n.; the Gurkhán of the Kara-
Khitai, 94.*
Yeliu Taishi, Liao prince, 152 n.
Yellow River, legend concerning,
406 n., 407 n.
Yellow Uighurs, country of the, 349 n.
Ye-mi-li Huo-jo, Turfán chief, 103.*
Yen-hai, Chinese name for Lake Issigh-
Kul, 79 n.
Yenki: see Karashahr.
Yogurs, the: see Uighurs.
Younghusband, Captain F. E., x. n.;
and the modern city of Turfán,
112*; and Mr. Shaw's papers,
121* n.
Yuan-pao, Chinese ingots of silver,
256 n.
Yulduz of Moghulistán, 86.
Yule, Sir H., on counterfeit tribute
mission to China, 111* n.; on occu-
pants of the throne of Moghulistan,
2, 3; on the word Khákán, 30* n.;
on the Caraonas, 77*; on old town of
Kunah-Shahr, 12 n.; on the “Iron
Gate,” 20 n.; on the province of
Khatlán, 21 n.; on Arhang, 24 n.;
on the word Jadah, 33 n.; on the
Katur tribe, 104 n.; on a Bishop of
Kumul, 126 n.; on the town of
Sairám, 171 n.; on Yuan-pao, Chinese
ingots of silver, 256 n.; on the Kizil-
básh, 214 n.; on Balur (or Bolor),
385 n.; on dam-giri, 413 n.
Yulpá, inhabitants of Tibet, 407 and n.,
410.
Yultimur, 26.
Yumghál, place called, 365 and n.
Yunus Khán, son of Vais Khán, 73, 153;
personal appearance of, 79; Muham-
mad Kázi and, 84,* 85*; his recep-
tion in Samarkand by Ulugh Beg,
74; fights against his brother Isán
Bughá Khán, 81, 82, 172; appointed
Khán by Sultán Abu Said, 83, 84;
early life of, 84, 85; his arrival in
Moghulistán, 86, 87; marries Isán
Daulát Begum, 86; Yatikand given
to, 87; seizes Aksu, 90; second
return to Moghulistán, 90-92; de-
feated by Amásánji Táishi, 91;
defeat and murder of Buruj Oghlán,
92, 93; captured by Shaikh Jamal-
ud-Din at Táshkand, 94, 95; and
the Kings of Mávará-un-Nahr, 95-
98; battle with Omar Shaikh Mirzá
at Tiká Sagrutku, 96, 97; visited by
Khwája Nasiruddin Ubaidullah, 97,
114; the Tájik features of, 97 n., 98 n.;
battles in conjunction with Muham-
mad Haidar Mirzá against Mirzá
Abá Bakr, 104-7; marries Sháh
Begum, 108; obtains complete con-
trol over the Moghuls, 108; dif-
ference with Muhammad Haidar
Mirzá at Aksu, 109-111; enters
Táshkand, 112, 113; his death and
burial in Táshkand, 114, 115, 157;
daughters of, 117, 118; account of
his life and list of his offspring, 155,
156, 197, 198; defeated by Mirzá
Abá Bakr at Yarkand, 253.
Yupurghi River, 295 n.
Yurung Kásh, river in Khotán, 298.
Yusfán, son of Mirzá Abá Bakr,
304.
Yusuf, Amir, taken prisoner by Timur,
28.
Yusuf Ali Kukildásh Diváná, 203.
Yusuf Bakával, 309.
Yusuf Káshghari, 226.
Yusuf, Mauláná, 486.
Yusun Timur Sultán, son of Sultán
Ahmad Khán, 161.
Yusurghátmish Khán, 72.
Yutun Báshi River, 304.
ZABIHA, IMÁM, tomb of, 298.
Zafar-Náma, Sharaf-ud-Din Ali Yazdi,
author of, 84, 85 n., 151; Pétis de la
Croix's translation of, 75*; extracts
from, in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi, xi.,
xiii.; and succession of the Moghul
Khans, 41*-46*; mention of the
‘cities’ of the Moghulistan, 57*;
and Moghul encampments, 60*; and
wars between Timur and the Mo-
ghuls, 99*; history of events in
Moghulistan, 118,* 119*; history of
the Moghuls and their Khákáns, 2;
story of Alánkuá Kurkluk, 5; speaks
of Amir Timur as Sahib-i-Kirán,
17 n.; victory of Timur over a Jatah
Amir, 21 n.; adventures of Timur
and Husain, 22 n., 23 n.; and Ilyás
Khwája Khán, 23, 38; rebellion of
Kamar-ud-Din, 38-40; and Amir
Timur's expedition against Khitái,
53; history of Tughluk Timur re-
corded in, 56; nine wives of Timur,
278 n.; and Davá Khán, 300; account
of Kashmir in, 430-432; the mis-
deeds of Sultán Khalil (grandson of
Timur) recorded in, 451.
Záhid, Khwája, 69.
Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Bábar Pádi- sháh Gházi, 117, 119, 120: see Bábar Pádisháh.
Zainab Sultán Khánim, 146, 467.
Zain-ul-Abidin, Sultán, 428, 433, 434; palace of, on the island of Lanka, 429 and n., 430.
Zamindáwar, Sháh Beg conducts affairs of, 202.
Zangi Chak, 482, 487.
Zangskar, a district of Ladak, 15,* 410, 462.
Zanjir Sarái, 43.
Záuka Pass, 350 n.
Ziá-ud-Din, Amir, 107, 108.
Zij Kurkán, astronomical tables called, 59 and n.; 60 n.
Zikul Bahádur, 185.
Zinda Hasham, 32, 34, 40.
Zir-Sud-Kankar in Tibet, 410.
Zobir Rághi, killed by Mirzá Khán, 203, 219.
Zoráwar Sing, the Dogra general, 15*; expedition of, to Tibet in 1841 … 458 n., 461 n.
Zoroastrians, the, in Asia, known as Tarsi, 96.*
Zuji, the pass of Kashmir, 423.
Zulkadar tribe, 214 n.
Zungaria (or Jungar), country of, 31,* 34,* 53*; the Uighurs of, 93,* 95.*
Zungars, the, 97* n.
Zunka, in Tibet, 410, 416.
Zu'nnun, Mirzá, 205.
This is really a play on the Persian verbs khást and bar-khást.—R.
↩The allusion here is to the defeat which Humayun suffered at Chausa (the Jusa of the text) near Buxar on 27th June, 1539, while marching northward from Bengal. Shir Khán, after coming to an understanding with the Emperor, treacherously attacked his camp on the banks of the Karamnása, and afterwards endeavoured to cut off his road to Kalpi and Agra. In most histories, the surprise of Humayun's camp is said to have occurred at Chapa Ghát on the Ganges—a spot not far from Chausa. The name written Paik, or Baik, in the text does not appear in any other account of these events that I am acquainted with.
↩The month of Safar 946 H., fell 18th June to 17th July, 1539.
↩Throughout this chapter the word Gang has been rendered Ganges.
↩The various complications are specified, but omitted in translation.
↩One Persian MS. has here: “The Uzbeg and Kirim Sultans” i.e. “Crimean.”
↩Or “you will be showing sympathy with none.”—R.
↩Firishta, according to Briggs' translation, disposes of this subject in one short sentence:—“Mirza Haidar Doghlat, disgusted with his [Kamrán's] conduct, abandoned his standard and joined Hoomayoon, to whom he was afterwards of great service.” And the translator adds in a footnote:—“This person ascended the throne of Kashmir, and is the author of the most authentic history of that interesting principality.” Would that it were so! (Briggs, ii., p. 89.)
↩The Indian historian, Jauher, refers to this episode of breaking through the chains of the gun-carriages. He implies that the chains were loosened by order of Humayun, and attributes the order to bad advice given by Mirza Haidar. He writes: “Mirza Haidar represented that, in order to let the fugitives pass, it was requisite to loose the chains of the carriages which formed a barricade in front of the centre; His Majesty unfortunately complied with this advice, and the chains, being unloosed, the runaways passed through the line of carriages in files.” There appears, however, to be no reason to doubt Mirza Haidar's version of the affair. He took an active part in the battle, and was an eye-witness of what occurred. (For Jauher, see Elliot, v., p. 143; or C. Stewart's Mem. of Humayun, p. 21.)
↩Three lines of titles of the Khwája are omitted.—R.
↩As this passage has been differently translated in two published works— those of Mr. Erskine and Major Price—a few words of explanation are necessary, to account for the alteration I have made in the text. The Tárikh-i-Rashidi reads (and Mr. Ross translated the sentence in this way) just as Erskine has it, i.e., “the skirts of the hill-country between Sirhind and Sárang”; but no indication is afforded of the meaning of Sárang. It appears to be intended for the name of a place or district, but no such place-name occurs in the part of India in question. Price's translation is not from the Tárikh-i-Rashidi, but from the Akbar-Náma, though the author of that work evidently copied from Mirza Haidar. The passage stands thus, as Price gives it: “they should … occupy the acclivities of the hills all the way from Sehrind to Saurung, that is, all across the sources of the Kuggar, Sareswaty, and Jumna rivers, from Sehrind to Sauhaurungpour.” The last sentence is, apparently, an insertion by the author of the Akbar-Náma, added by way of explanation.
In the next chapter but one of the Tárikh-i-Rashidi, it will be seen that the name Sárang appears again, and this time is applied to a person and not to a place. But Sárang is then described as: “One of the Sultans of the slopes of the hills of Hind.” From this indication, it is, I think, clear that the personage alluded to, can be no other than Sultan Sárang of the tribe of Gakars, and that the region which Mirza Haidar advised should be occupied by the Chaghatai princes and army, was that of the lower or outer hills, extending from Sirhind to the Salt Range—for it was in and about the Salt Range, that the Gakar country was situated. Therefore, in making the passage read as it now does in the text, the only intelligible meaning has been given to it.
Sultan Sárang, as chief of the Gakars and the ally of the Chaghatais, in the early half of the sixteenth century, is a character fairly well known in Indian history, and the tract of country which was occupied by the Gakar tribe, was then very much the same as now. Nizám-ud-Din Ahmad, in the Tabákát-i-Akbari says: “The country of the Gakars lies upon the banks of the river Sind, well-known as the Niláb. This territory, from the Siwalik hills to the borders of Kashmir, has been, from all time, the possession of the Gakars.” By the Siwalik hills he means, apparently, the Salt Range. Though Sádik Ispaháni, it may be mentioned, speaks of Jammu as “a territory in the Kuhistan of Suválik” (p. 86)—thus the skirts of the Pir Panjal range. Abul Fazl, in the Akbar-Náma, more briefly locates it “between the Sind and the Behat,” that is, between the Indus and the Jhilam. What little is to be found about the Gakars in the two authors above-named, in the Tarikh-i-Daudi, and the Tarikh-i-Jahán Khán Lodi, differs very considerably, while dates are very sparingly furnished in any of the extracts from these works, as published by Elliot. It appears, however, that the Gakar country belonged to Kashmir in the first half of the fifteenth century, but during the reign of the Kashmir Sultan, Zain-ul-Abidin (1423-69 according to Firishta, and 1422-72 according to others), one Malik Kad, Amir of Ghazni, invaded the territory and wrested it from the Kashmiris. Malik Kad was succeeded by his son, Malik Kilán, as chief of the tribe, and the latter by his son, Malik Pir. After the reign of Malik Pir, and shortly before the year 1519, the Gakars seem to have been divided into two factions. One, Hati Khan, possessed the higher and more inaccessible country, while a certain Tátár Khan held the lower tracts. When Baber was about to return from Bhira to Kabul in 1519, Hati Gakar had made war on Tátár, had defeated and slain him, and seized his territory. Baber planned an expedition against Perhálah (or Pharwala), which had been the capital of Tátár, and took it, together with the whole country. Shortly afterwards Hati Khan, who had escaped from Perhálah, tendered his submission, and from that time forward his family became the staunch allies of the Chaghatais.
At his death, which appears to have taken place about 1525, he left two sons named Sárang and Adam respectively; the former succeeded to the chiefship, and at once gave in his allegiance to Baber. After the disasters experienced by Humayun in 1540, and his flight across the Indus, Sárang maintained himself bravely against the Afghans, under Shir Shah, but was at last, after several years of hostilities, taken prisoner and flayed alive. The date of his death I find nowhere stated with certainty, and moreover, the native authors disagree as to the name of the Afghan king of Hindustan who committed this act of barbarity. Niámat Ullah and Nizám-ud-Din Ahmad ascribe it to Shir Shah, and in this case it must have occurred before the year 1545, when the latter's death took place. Shir Shah was succeeded by his son Salim, in May of that year, and two years later marched to attack the Gakars. It is to this prince that Abdulla, the author of the Tarikh-i-Daudi, attributes the death of Sárang, and, if his story is the correct one, the date would be 1547 or 1548. At any rate the authorities appear to be so far agreed, as to make Sultan Adam, Sárang's brother, the reigning chief of the Gakars, when Salim prevailed over them in 1548. In the closing chapters of his book, which relate to Kashmir, Mirza Haidar gives few particulars, but by a comparison of the events of that period, as recounted by Firishta, Abul Fazl and others, it would appear that the end of Sárang's career must have occurred about the date estimated above.
However this may be, it is evident that Sárang was not a place-name, but that of a Gakar chief, who was an ally of Humayun and the house of Chaghatai, and who was alive in 1540; while nothing is more consistent with the narrative than that Mirza Haidar should have advised his master, after the defeat at Kanauj, to take up a position that included Sárang's territory as a support. A subsequent allusion to Adam, Sultan of the Gakars, occurs in Firishta, when he is represented as having met Mirza Haidar at “the fortress of Dibal” [Deobal?] in 1549, for the purpose of mediating between the refugee Maliks of Kashmir. (See Erskine, Hist., i., pp. 414-15; ii., pp. 425-27 and 465-6. Also Baber, pp. 259-62; Abul Fazl in Price's Muham. Hist., iii., pp. 787-8; Tarikh-i-Daudi in Elliot, iv., p. 493; Tarikh-i-Jáhán Khán Lodi, ib., p. 114; Tabákát-i-Akbari, ib., v., pp. 278-80; Firishta (Briggs), iv., p. 501, and ib. (Rodgers), J. A. S. B., 1855, pt. i., p. 118.)
↩The Biás.
↩It may be noted here, that there had existed in Kashmir, since the days of the first Musulman Sultan, Shah Mir, about the middle of the fourteenth century, two great families, or houses, known as the Chak and the Makri. Their rivalry seems to have been the cause of most of the disorder and confusion, from which the State suffered for the greater part of the sixteenth century. They contended with one another perpetually, for the office of chief minister under the dynastic princes, whose power was merely nominal, and who were, apparently, incapable either of administering their dominions, or suppressing the ambitions of these two influential houses. The names of the Chak and Makri are very variously spelled by Mirza Haidar, Firishta, Abul Fazl, and other writers, but they may generally be identified one with another. One, Malik Achi, Káchi, or Ajhi, of the Chak family, appears to have been the minister in power, under a prince called Názuk Shah (or sometimes Nádir Shah) when Mirza Haidar invaded the country.
A detailed account of the affairs of Kashmir during Mirza Haidar's regency, will be found in Appendix A. It consists of an extract from Mr. C. J. Rodgers' able paper on “The Coins of the Sultans of Kashmir,” which is based chiefly on translations made by him from collated copies of Firishta. (Sec J. A. S. B., liv., pt. i., 1885, pp. 92, seq.)
↩A village in the lower hills of Rajaori.
↩Shah Beg seems to be usually known in history as Shah Shujá Beg, while his son is as often called Shah Hasan, as Shah Husain. The former's conquest of Tatta (or Sind), here alluded to, took place in 1521. He died in 1524, when his dominions in Sind passed to his son Husain or Hasan, who, after two years of hard struggles, possessed himself of Uch and Multan. He lost the latter province to Baber in 1527, but eventually recovered it from Humayun. He was the third and last of the Arghun line, while his rule continued till 1554. (See Erskine, Hist., i., chap. vi., secs. 1 and 2; and Stokvis, i., p. 253.)
↩The omission here consists of a few lines descriptive of spring.—R.
↩Firishta makes this name (according to both Rodgers and Briggs) Indrakot, a form which would be thoroughly Kashmiri, and more likely to be correct than Andarkul. I cannot identify the place, but infer from the context in Firishta (see App. A., p. 489) that it must have been near the modern Bárámula.
↩2nd August, 1541 A.D.
↩Should be 947.—[ED.].
↩The western province of Kashmir. See Pakhli on map.—[ED.].
↩Baltistan.—[ED.].
↩Ladak.—[ED.].
↩On the impossibility of eradicating a race, or even a small tribe, by violent measures, M. Khanikof's Mémoire sur l'Ethnographie de la Perse (p. 12) may be consulted. He shows how, with implacable hate, Timur hunted down the small tribe of the Black Sheep (viz., the Kara Koinlu). He drove them from Azar-baiján into Egypt, killed every member of it that he could find, yet never succeeded in completely annihilating them, for even now they exist in the environs of Khoï. Secondly, the Persians took similar measures on several occasions against the Luris, but with no greater success. Again, in the present century, Mahomad Rahim, Khan of Khiva, used every effort to annihilate the Kara-Kalpaks. He forced them to camp on the islands of the Aral Sea, whence escape was impossible, and endeavoured to exterminate them. Nevertheless, after half a century, the tribe still figures among those of Central Asia. Further, Ahmad Khan, Governor of Marágha, and a contemporary of the Khivan just mentioned, did his best to exterminate the Kurd tribe of Bilba, but with no better success, for the Bilbas are still found as a tribe on the plains of Sunuj Bulák.
↩This is probably correct, for I have frequently met with individuals in Badakhshán and Afghan Turkistan who call themselves “Chingizi.” My recollection is that these people appeared much mixed in type; but, never having seen a community of them, I am not prepared to say how far the Moghuls of those parts retain the Mongol racial characteristics.
↩The numbers are no doubt greatly exaggerated.
↩Here there is something wrong. Sháh Abbás II. was reigning in 1071 Husain only began to reign in 1105 H.
↩Aftau, abtau, &c.—thus Pitau.
↩