History of India, as Told by its own Historians: The Muhammadan Period - The History of India, Volume 5

wide country of Bengál sufficient for my support may be assigned to me. If this is granted, I will rest content, and never after rebel.” The amírs communicated this to Khán-khánán, and after considerable discussion, it was determined to accept the proposal,³⁸⁹ upon the condition that Dáúd himself should come out to meet Khán-khánán, and confirm the agreement by solemn binding oaths.^389a

Next day^389b Khán-khánán ordered a grand Court to be held, and all the nobles and attendants to be present in their places in fine array, and the troops drawn up in arms in front of the tents. Dáúd came out of the fort, attended by his Afghán nobles and officers, and proceeded to the tent of Khán-khánán. When he approached it, Khán-khánán, with great courtesy and respect, rose up and walked half-way down the tent to meet him. When they met, Dáúd loosened his sword from the belt, and holding it before him, said, “I am tired of war since it inflicts wounds on worthy men like you.” Khán-khánán took the sword, and handed it to one of his attendants. Then gently taking Dáúd by the hand, he seated him by his side, and made the most kind and fatherly inquiries. Food and drink and sweetmeats were served, of which the Khán pressed him to partake.

After the dishes were removed, the terms of peace came under discussion. Dáúd protested that he would never take any course hostile to the Imperial throne, and he confirmed his promise by the most stringent oaths. The treaty of peace was drawn up, and then Khán-khánán brought a sword with a jewelled belt of great value out of his stores, and presenting it to Dáúd, said, “You have now become a subject of the Imperial throne, and have promised to give it your support. I have therefore requested that the country of Orissa may be settled upon you for your support, and I feel assured that His Majesty will confirm my proposition—granting this to you as my tankhwáh has been granted to me. I now gird you afresh with this warlike sword.” Then he bound on the sword with his own hands; and showing him every courtesy, and making him a great variety of gifts, he dismissed him. The Court then broke up, and Khán-khánán started on his return.

On the 10th Safar, 983, he reached Tánda the capital, and sent a report of his arrangements to the Emperor, who was greatly delighted and satisfied with the conquest of Bengal. Splendid robes and jewelled swords, and a horse with a golden saddle, were sent to Khán-khánán, and all the arrangements he had made were confirmed.

While Khán-khánán was occupied at Katak Banáras, the sons of Jalálu-d dín Súr, in concert with the zamíndárs of Ghorá-ghát, attacked and defeated Majnún Khán, drove him to the neighbourhood of Tánda, and captured the fort of Gaur. Mu'ín Khán and Majnún Khán provided for the security of Tánda, and awaited intelligence of Khán-khánan's success. When his return became known, the insurgents scattered and hid themselves in the jungles.³⁹⁰

Building of an 'Ibádat-Khána.

The Emperor had from his early youth taken delight in the society of learned and accomplished men, and had found pleasure in the assemblies of men of imagination and genius. He always treated them with the greatest respect and honour, and frequently graced their heavenly meetings. He listened to their discussions of nice points of science, of the ancient and modern history of religions and people and sects, and of all matters of worldly interest; and he profited by what he heard. His great favour for such men, led him at the time of his return from Ajmír in the month of Zí-l ka'da, 982, and in the twentieth year of his reign, to issue his commands for skilful architects and clever builders to erect in the gardens of the royal palace a refuge for súfís, and a home for holy men, into which none should be allowed to enter but saiyids of high rank, learned men ('ulamá), and shaikhs. In obedience to the Imperial commands, skilful architects planned a building, containing four halls (aiwán), and in a brief period completed it. When this happy abode was finished, the Emperor used to go there on Friday nights and on holy nights, and pass the night until the rising of the sun in the society of distinguished men. It was arranged that the western hall should be occupied by saiyids, the south by the learned ('ulamá) and the wise, the northern by shaikhs and men of ecstasy (arbáb-i hál); all without confusion or intermixture. The nobles and officers of the Court, whose tastes were in unison with those of men of greatness and excellence, were to sit in the eastern hall. His Majesty graced each of the four halls with his presence, and enriched those present with his gifts and bounty. The members of the assembly used to select a number of the most worthy among those present to be presented to His Majesty, and to receive from him handfuls of ashrafís and rupees. Those, who from evil fortune did not participate in the royal bounty in the evening, used to sit down in rows before the 'ibádat-khána on Friday mornings, and receive handfuls of ashrafís and rupees from His Majesty's own hands. This assemblage used frequently to last beyond mid-day on Fridays. Sometimes, when His Majesty was tired, one of the attendants of the Court, in whose kindness and gentleness he had confidence, was deputed to perform this duty. * *

In this year Gulbadan Begam, daughter of the Emperor Bábar, and aunt of Akbar, piously undertook the journey to Mecca. When Gujarát was annexed to the Imperial dominions, he determined that every year one of the officers of his Court should be appointed Mír Hájí, or Leader of the Pilgrims, to conduct a caravan from Hindústán, like the caravans from Egypt and Syria, to the holy places. This design was carried out, and every year a party of enlightened men of Hind, of Máwaráu-n nahr, and Khurásán, received provision for their journey from the royal treasury, and went under the appointed leader from the ports of Gujarát to the holy places.³⁹² Never before had any monarch provided for the annual departure of a caravan from India, nor had any one furnished means to the needy, to enable them to perform the pilgrimage. Gulbadan and Salíma Sultán Begam^392a now obtained the Emperor's permission to go the pilgrimage, and received from him a sum of money for the expenses of the journey. All the pious poor who desired to join in the pilgrimage obtained the means of travelling.

Arrival of Mirzá Sulaimán.

Mirzá Sulaimán had been ruler of Badakhshán since the time of the Emperor Bábar. He had a son, Mirzá Ibráhím, a fine intelligent young man, who was taken prisoner in battle and killed by the adherents of Pír Muhammad Khán Uzbek, in the year that Mirzá Sulaimán invaded Balkh. Mirzá Ibráhím left a son, Sháh Rukh by name, whom Sulaimán carefully brought up, and to whom, in spite of his tender age, he gave several districts of Badakhshán.

When Sháh Rukh arrived at years of discretion, and Mirzá Sulaimán grew old, some designing people incited the youth with stories of his rights. But the Mirzá's wife was a clever woman; she kept a sharp watch over Sháh Rukh, and prevented any outbreak. But when she died, these same people stirred up Sháh Rukh's ambition to be ruler of Badakhshán. He came from Kunduz to Koláb, and being supported by his party, the whole of Badakhshán, from Hisár Shádmán to Kábul, fell into his hands, and he wanted to send his grandfather to join his father.

Mirzá Sulaimán fled in great distress to seek assistance from Muhammad Hakím Mirzá. But he did not meet with the reception he expected, so he begged to be sent on to the Indus. Hakím Mirzá did not comply with this trifling request. He sent him a party of pretended guides, who left him at the first stage and fled to Kábul. But Mirzá Sulạimán, trusting in God, continued his journey,³⁹³ and although he was sometimes opposed by the Afgháns, and had to fight his way, and was wounded by an arrow, he at length reached the Indus. Thence he wrote to the Emperor, who sent him 50,000 rupees, horses, and necessaries, by the hand of Khwája Áká Khán, * * * and after some days Rájá Bhagwán Dás^393a came to the Indus with an escort, and conducted him honourably to Lahore.

At this time a farmán was sent to summon 'Azam Khán from Gujarát, and he arrived at Court^393b with speed and alacrity. Some cavillers and fault-finders made insinuations about his management of affairs,^393c and the Khán, in defending himself, passed the bounds of prudence and respect, and made use of unseemly words, which brought upon him the displeasure of the Emperor. Thereupon the Khán, forgetful of his duty, retired to his garden at Ágra, shut himself up alone, and refused admission to everybody.

Mirzá Sulaimán, after staying a few days at Lahore, started for Fathpúr. On reaching Mathúra, twenty kos from Fathpúr, the Emperor sent * * several nobles to meet him, and to arrange for his meeting the Emperor on the 15th Rajab, 983. All the nobles and officers were sent out to the distance of five kos from Fathpúr to receive him. And when intelligence of his having left this stage was brought, the Emperor himself went out on horseback to meet him. Five thousand elephants, with housings of velvet and brocade, with gold and silver chains, and with white and black fringes on their necks and trunks, were drawn up in lines on each side of the road to the distance of five kos from Fathpúr. Between each two elephants there was a cart (arába), the chítas in which had collars studded with gold and housings of fine cloth; also two bullock-carts, which had animals that wore gold-embroidered headstalls.

When all the arrangements were made, the Emperor went out with great pomp and splendour. Upon approaching, the Mirzá hastened to dismount, and ran forward to His Majesty; but the Emperor observing the venerable age of the Mirzá, also alighted from his horse, and would not allow the Mirzá to go through the usual observances and ceremonies. He fondly embraced him; then he mounted and made the Mirzá ride on his right hand. All the five kos he inquired about his circumstances, and on reaching the palace he seated him by his side on the throne. The young princes also were present, and were introduced to the Mirzá, and after a great entertainment, he gave the Mirzá a house near to the royal palace. On this occasion an order was issued to Khán-jahán, the ruler of the Panjáb, to take 5000 horse and proceed to Badakhshán in attendance on the Mirzá, to recover the country and restore it to him, and then to return to Lahore.

Death of Khán-khánán Mu'ním Khán.

When Khán-khánán, with his mind at ease about Dáúd, returned to Tánda, the capital of the country, under the influence of his evil destiny, he took a dislike to Tánda, and crossing the Ganges, he founded a home for himself at the fortress of Gaur, which in old times had been the capital of Bengal,³⁹⁴ and he ordered that all the soldiers and raiyats should remove from Tánda to Gaur. In the height of the rains the people were involved in the trouble of expatriation. The air of Gaur is extremely unhealthy, and in former times, the many diseases which distressed its inhabitants induced the rulers to abandon the place, and raise the town of Tánda. Sickness of many kinds now broke out among the people, and every day numbers of men departed from Gaur to the grave,³⁹⁵ and bade farewell to relatives and friends. By degrees the pestilence reached to such a pitch that men were unable to bury the dead, and cast the corpses into the river.^395a Every day the deaths of many amírs and officers were reported to Khán-khánán, but he took no warning, and made no resolution to change his residence. He was so great a man that no one had the courage to remove the cotton of heedlessness from his ears, and bring him to a sense of the actual position. His own health became affected, and he grew worse, and at the end of ten days, in the month of Safar, 983, he departed this life. His nobles and officers, who had so often met to congratulate him, now assembled to lament him. They placed Sháham Khán Jaláír in command,^395b and made a report of the facts to the Emperor. Khán-khánán had no son, so all his property escheated to the royal exchequer, and an account of it was made out. When the despatch reached His Majesty, he appointed Khán-jahán, who had been supreme governor of the Panjáb, to be governor of Bengal. He raised him to the dignity of amíru-l umará, commended the raiyats and people to his tender care, bestowed upon him gifts of embroidered coats, jewelled swords, and a richly-caparisoned horse, and dismissed him to his government. Khán-jahán, furnished with full credentials, then departed to assume his authority.

Twenty-first year of the Reign.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Sunday, 9th Zí-l hijja, 983 H. (11th March, 1576 A.D.)

Mirzá Sulaimán's Journey to Mecca.

* * The Emperor had determined that Khán-jahán should march with the army of the Panjáb to recover the country of Badakhshán, but fate ruled otherwise. Khán-khánán, the ruler of Bengal, was removed by death, and the Emperor deeming the retention and administration of that country more important than the conquest of Badakhshán, sent Khán-jahán thither. When Mirzá Sulaimán saw this change of fortune, he sought leave of the Emperor, through the officers of state, to go on the pilgrimage. The Emperor complied with his request, and furnished him with 50,000 rupees in cash, besides other things required for the journey. He sent with him, to attend upon him in his journey to the coast, Muhammad Kalíj Khán, one of the chief nobles, who had been appointed governor of Surat. When the Mirzá went on board ship, twenty thousand rupees more were given to him out of the revenues of Gujarát. The Mirzá performed the pilgrimage in the same year, and afterwards returned and recovered his kingdom of Badakhshán.

On the 7th Zí-l ka'da, 984, the Emperor set off on a visit to Ajmír. He hunted as he went, and on the 4th Zí-l hijja he encamped at ten kos from Ajmír. He afterwards, as usual, walked five kos on foot to the tomb of the saint, and after going through all the observances of the pilgrimage, he gave away two thousand rupees in charity.

Twenty-second year of the Reign.

The beginning of this year corresponded with the 20th Zí-l hijja, 984 H. (11th March, 1577 A.D.).

While the Emperor was encamped at Ajmír, the intelligence was brought to him that Dáúd Afghán had flung away the treaty which he had made with Khán-khánán, had risen against the royal authority, and had marched against Tánda. The Imperial officers in that quarter, having no chief among them on whom they could rely, had abandoned the country, and retired to Hájípúr and Patna. All this commotion had arisen because Khán-jahán had taken his time in going there in consequence of his army being at Lahore. Upon receiving this intelligence, the Emperor sent a letter by Subhán Kulí Turk to Khán-jahán, directing him to take with him all the amírs and jágírdárs who had abandoned Bengal, and to march against Dáúd. In twenty-two days Subhán Kulí travelled nearly a thousand kos,³⁹⁷ (!) and delivered the farman to Khán-jahán. The Khán took the field, and advanced into Bengal. He had an action with three thousand men whom Dáúd had left in charge of Garhí, and took the place. Nearly fifteen hundred of the enemy were slain, and many chiefs were made prisoners.

Whilst the Emperor was staying at Ajmír, he sent Kunwar Mán Singh, a brave and able man, with five thousand horse, against Ráná Kíká.^397a He also sent Kází Khán Badakhshí, * * * and other ambitious young men with him. Ásaf Khán was appointed Mír-bakhshí of this army. His Majesty presented Kunwar Mán Singh and all the amírs and sardárs of the army with robes and horses. After fitting out this army, he started to return home on the 20th Muharram, and reached Fathpúr on the 1st Safar, 985 H.

After his arrival at Fathpúr, messengers arrived with the intelligence that Khán-jahán, after the capture of Garhí, had advanced to the vicinity of Tánda. There he found that Dáúd had evacuated Tánda, and had taken up a position in the village of Ák.^397b On one flank was the river, on the other a mountain, and he had thrown up entrenchments to secure his position. Khán-jahán marched against him, and sharp fighting followed. One day Khwája 'Abdu-lla, one of the Imperial officers, advanced from his battery to the edge of the Afghán entrenchment. The enemy sallied forth and attacked him, and he fell, fighting bravely. On hearing of his fall, the Emperor's anger was roused, and he sent an order to Muzaffar Khán, the governor of Patna and Bihár, to assemble all the troops in his province, and to march to the assistance of Khán-jahán. In a few days, a letter arrived from Khán-jahán, with the news that there had been a battle with the enemy, in which the royal troops had fought bravely, and had won a victory, in which they killed the commander of the enemy's army, who was called Khán-khánán.

Defeat of Ráná Kíká by Kunwar Mán Singh.

Ráná Kíká was chief among the Rájás of Hindústán. After the conquest of Chitor, he built a town called Kokanda,³⁹⁸ with fine houses and gardens, in the mountains of Hinduwára. There he passed his days in rebellion. When Kunwar Mán Sing^398a drew near to Kokanda, Ráná Kíká called all the Rájás of Hindu-wára to his aid, and came out of Gháti Haldeo^398b with a strong force to oppose his assailant. Kunwar Mán Singh, in agreement with his amírs, put his troops in array and marched to the battlefield. Some desperate charges were made on both sides, and the battle raged for a watch with great slaughter. The Rájpúts in both armies fought fiercely in emulation of each other.^398c Nearly 150 horsemen of the royal army were killed, and more than 500 Rájpúts of the enemy's army were sent to perdition.³⁹⁹ The enemy lost Rámeswar Gwaliárí and his son,^399a and the son of Jai Mal. On that day Ráná Kíká fought obstinately till he received wounds from an arrow and from a spear; he then turned to save his life, and left the field of battle. The Imperial forces pursued the Rájpúts, and killed numbers of them. Kunwar Mán Sing wrote an account of his victory to the Emperor. Next day he went through the pass of Haldeo, and entered Kokanda. He took up his abode in the house of Ráná Kíká, and again returned thanks to the Almighty (sic). Ráná Kíká fled into the high hills for refuge. The Emperor rewarded Kunwar Mán Sing and his amírs with robes and horses.

Khán-jahán's campaign against Dáúd.

When the battle fought by Khán-jahán became known to the Emperor, he sent five lacs of rupees by dák-chauki towards defraying the expenses of the army. Orders were given for the despatch of boats laden with grain from Ágra, for the use of the army. * * *

Gajpatí was a zamíndár in the neighbourhood of Hájípúr and Patna, who had been enrolled among the partisans of the Emperor. When Muzaffar Khán went with reinforcements to Khán-jahán, leaving this country void of troops, he collected a party and attacked Farhat Khán and his son Mírak Ráwí, who were at the station of Árah. In the fight which ensued Farhat Khán and his son were killed. Great disturbances followed, and the roads were closed.

When intelligence of this reached the Emperor at Fathpúr, on the 25th Rabí'u-l ákhir he set off. At five kos distance he made a halt, and issued orders for the assembling of troops, and for the preparation of boats and artillery. Here he was waited upon by 'Abdu-lla Khán, whom he had sent as a messenger to Khán-jahán, and who now returned to cast the head of Dáúd at the foot of the Emperor's throne. Rejoiced at the victory, he returned to the capital.

Saiyid 'Abdu-lla Khán thus rehearsed the story of the victory. Muzaffar Khán arrived with the forces of Bihár, Hájípúr, and Patna, amounting to nearly 5000 horse, and joined Khán-jahán. On the 15th Rabí'u-l ákhir, 984, they drew out their forces and attacked the enemy. Dáúd also, supported by his uncle Junaid Kirání and other Afghán chiefs, made his dispositions. Junaid was struck by a cannon-ball. His leg was broken. After a while the armies closed with each other, and the enemy was defeated. Dáúd being left behind, was made prisoner, and Khán-jahán had his head struck off, and sent it to His Majesty. Great spoil and many elephants fell into the hands of the victors. * * *

At this time, Sultán Khwája was appointed Mír Hájí, and a sum of six lacs of rupees in cash and goods was assigned for the benefit of the poor people about to make the pilgrimage to the holy places, and given into his charge. He was directed to furnish what was necessary to any one desirous of being a pilgrim, and many benefited by this liberality.

[The annual pilgrimage to the tomb of Khwája Mu'ínu-d dín at Ajmír.]

It has already been related how Rájá Mán Singh defeated Ráná Kíká, and occupied his country—how the Ráná fled into the high hills, and how the army penetrated to Kokanda, which was the Ráná's home. The roads to this place were so difficult that little grain reached it, and the army was nearly famished. The order was given for Mán Singh to fall back quickly, and he very soon arrived at the Emperor's throne. When the distress of the army was inquired into, it appeared that, although the men were in such great straits, Kunwar Mán Singh would not suffer any plundering of Ráná Kíká's country. This caused the Emperor to be displeased with him, and he was banished from Court for a time.⁴⁰¹ After a while he was forgiven, and was sent at the head of a force to ravage the Ráná's country. It must be understood that in the language of Hind “Kunwar” signifies “son of a Rájá.” On the 19th of the month the army marched from Ajmír towards the Ráná's country.

Khwája Sháh Mansúr made Díwán.

Sháh Mansúr, a Shírází clerk, at the beginning of his career was employed in the royal perfumery department. But Muzaffar Khán was then in power, and he caused him to be first imprisoned, and afterwards banished from Court. He then entered the service of Khán-khánán Mu'nim Khán at Jaunpúr, and rose to be his díwán. The conversation of the Khán made his abilities known to the Emperor, and after Khán-khánán's death, Mansúr was summoned to Court, and appointed to the office of díwán in chief.^401a

Sultán Khwája had been appointed Mír Hájí, or Leader of the Pilgrims, and as the road to Gujarát viặ Kokanda was nearest, Kutbu-d dín Khán * * and the other amírs were ordered to escort the caravan through Kokanda. They were directed to plunder and lay waste the country of Ráná Kíká, and to follow him up, and harry him wherever they might hear of him. When Sultán Khwája was about to depart on the pilgrimage, the Emperor, acting after the manner of pilgrims, stripped himself, put on the ihrám or pilgrim's garment, and went some steps after the Khwája.^401b A cry arose from those present, and their voices were raised in benediction and praise.

When His Majesty reached the pargana of Mohí,⁴⁰² news came in from the front that Kutbu-d dín Khán and the other amírs, on arriving at Kokanda, found that the Ráná had fled into the hills. Orders were then given for Kutbu-d dín and Rájá Bhag-wán Dás to remain at Kokanda, and for Kalíj Khán and the other amírs to accompany the caravan of pilgrims as far as Ídar. The amírs were to stop at Ídar, and lay siege to it; but they were to send on an escort with the caravan as far as Ahmadábád, forty-eight kos from Ídar. When Kalíj Khán arrived there, he found that the Rájá^402a had fled into the hills, but that a party of Rájpúts remained in the temple resolved upon death. They were all killed in a short time. Next day Kalíj Khán sent on Tímúr Badakhshí with the caravan to Ahmadábád. Here Shahábu-d dín Ahmad * * * and other jágírdárs of Málwa came in to pay their respects.

Grants of mansabs to various chiefs.

When the Emperor reached Údípúr, a despatch arrived from Sultán Khwája, the Mír Hájí, from the port of Surat, reporting that, owing to no pass (kaul) having been obtained from the Europeans, the ship was useless. The Emperor directed a messenger to be sent to Kalíj Khán to bring him quickly to Surat, in order to secure the departure of the vessel. During Kalíj Khán's absence, Ásaf Khán was to have the command of his army.

Kutbu-d dín Khán and Rájá Bhagwán Dás returned from Kokanda, and waited upon the Emperor. Sháh Fakhru-d dín and Jagannáth were left in Údípúr, and Rajá Bhagwán Dás and Saiyid 'Abdu-lla Khán were left in Dhauli-ghátí of Údípúr. When His Majesty came into the territory of Bánswála (Bánswára) and Dúngarpúr, the Rájás and zamíndárs of the country came to wait upon him with their offerings, and were right royally received.^402b Here also Rájá Todar Mal came from Bengal to wait upon him, bringing nearly 500 elephants from the spoils of Bengal, with other presents and offerings. Kalíj Khán also arrived to attend upon him, and was sent to Surat to despatch the ships. He went along with Kalyán Ráí, a merchant (bakkál); and having got passes (kaul) from the Europeans, he sent off the ships. He quickly returned, and waited upon His Majesty, while he was in Málwa. After arranging his posts (thánaját) to his satisfaction, and securing the loyalty of the zamíndárs, he entered Málwa.

Twenty-third year of the Reign.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Tuesday, the 2nd Muharram, 986 H.⁴⁰³ (11th March, 1578).

The festivals of the Nau-roz and of the Emperor's accession were celebrated in the pargana of Dípálpúr, a dependency of Málwa. The Emperor devoted his attention to measures for increasing the prosperity of this country, and the raiyats waited upon him in parties, and made statements of their circumstances. He paid the kindest attention to every one's case, and made a satisfactory settlement of the affairs of the province. Many zamíndárs became submissive and obedient to his will.

Rájá 'Alí Khán, the ruler of Ásír and Burhánpúr, had not been duly subordinate, and it being deemed necessary to chastise him, several amírs, such as Shahábu-d dín Ahmad and * *, with other jágírdárs of Málwa, were sent against him. Shahábú-d dín was appointed commander. Shahbáz Khán, the Mír-bakhshí, was to check the brands (of the horses) and the muster of the army. The other amírs were to exercise their diligence, and secure the speedy departure of the force.

At this same place Rájá Todar Mal was commissioned to settle the revenue and other affairs of the province of Gujarát. News also was brought from the force at Ídar, that a battle had been fought with Rájá Náráín Dás and a victory gained. The particulars of the occurrence were these: When Muhammad Kalíj Khán, in obedience to orders, repaired to the Imperial camp along with 'Alí Murád Uzbek, the army was left under the command of Ásaf Khán. Intelligence came in that the Rájá of Ídar, with a number of Rájpúts who had been driven from their homes, together with some zamíndárs of the country, and supported by Rájá Kíká, had gathered a force which was posted ten kos distance, and contemplated a night attack. When this intelligence was confirmed, Ásaf Khán and * * * held a council. About 500 men were left to secure the camp, and the rest of the force was called out at midnight, and marched towards the enemy. On the morning of the 4th Zí-l hijja, after marching seven kos, they encountered the foe, and a battle began. Mirzá Muhammad Mukím, who led the advance, was killed; but the enemy was defeated. Rájá Náráín Dás fled, and the chiefs of the royal army obtained the victory. Ásaf Khán's despatch gave His Majesty much pleasure, and he ordered letters of thanks to be written to the amírs and officers of the army.

When His Majesty had arranged the affairs of Málwa, and settled the matters of the amírs of Ásír and Burhánpúr, he turned homewards; and, hunting as he went, he arrived at Fathpúr on Sunday, 23rd Safar. After three months, troubles arose in Gujarát, through the coming thither of Muzaffar Husain Mirzá, son of Ibráhím Mirzá, who was son of the daughter of Kámrán Mirzá. The circumstances of his case are these: When the Emperor was engaged in the siege of Surat, Gulrukh Begam, daughter of Kámrán and wife of Ibráhím, carried off her child Muzaffar Husain, as has been related in the account given of the conquest of Ahmadábád. A disaffected man named Mihr'Alí, a servant of the late Ibráhím Mirzá, who accompanied Gulrukh Begam when she fled from Surat to the Dekhin, now stirred up the ambition of Muzaffar Husain, who was fifteen or sixteen years of age. He induced him to leave the Dekhin, and collecting a number of adventurers from all directions, he entered Gujarát intent upon insurrection.

At this time Rájá Todar Mal was in Pattan, engaged in the settlement of the revenue. The insurrection spread, and the disaffected were everywhere raising their heads. Wazír Khán, the ruler of Gujarát, had 3000 horsemen, but there were amongst them many adventurous men upon whom he could not rely, so he retired into a fortress, and sent an account of the occurrences to Rájá Todar Mal. Before the Rájá came to his assistance, Báz Bahádur, son of Sharíf Khán, and Bábá Gadáí, the díwán of Gujarát, attacked Muzaffar Husain in the pargana of Nan-durbár, ⁴⁰⁵ and were defeated. Muzaffar Husain then went to Kambay,^405a and after staying two or three days, he went off towards Ahmadábád. Rájá Todar Mal turned back from Pattan, and arrived at Ahmadábád.

When the insurgents heard of this, they fell back, and went towards Dúlaka. The Rájá and Wazír Khán pursued them, and coming up with them at Dúlaka, a battle ensued, in which the royal forces were victorious, and the enemy drew off to Júnágarh. Rájá Todar Mal then departed on his return to Court.

Muzaffar Husain, as soon as he heard of the Rájá's departure, came back and besieged Wazír Khán in Ahmadábád; for although Wazír Khán's force was large, it was not trustworthy, and so he was obliged to seek the shelter of the fortress.^405b Mihr 'Alí, the vakíl of Muzaffar Husain, and the great prop of the revolt, brought forward scaling-ladders to attempt an assault, but he was sent to hell^405c by a bullet from the fortress. When he was removed, Muzaffar Husain withdrew, and went towards Sultánpúr. So the insurrection came to an end.

It has been mentioned above, that Shaháb Khán and other amírs were sent with 10,000 horse against Ásír and Burhánpúr. When Rájá 'Alí Khán heard of the approach of this force, he drew in his horns and crept into his fortress. The amírs entered the country, and did not stop till they reached Bíjanagar.⁴⁰⁶ Great dissension arose in the country of Ásír, and Rájá 'Alí Khán was reduced to beg pardon for his offences. He promised the amírs to send suitable tribute and some elephants in charge of his people to the Emperor's Court. At this time, Kutbu-d dín Muhammad Khán separated from the other amírs, and went off to Nandurbár and Sultánpúr, in consequence of disturbances which had arisen in his jágírs of Broach and Baroda, through the proceedings of Muzaffar Husain. The disorders in Ásír and Burhánpúr which the amirs had been sent to settle being ended, by the submission of Rájá 'Alí and his payment of tribute, the amírs retired to their respective jágírs. When Hakím 'Aínu-l Mulk, who had gone on an embassy to 'Ádil the ruler of the Dekhin, returned, he was sent with the elephants and the tribute to the Imperial Court.

[The annual pilgrimage to Ajmír.]

The Emperor, on his return journey, when he reached the neighbourhood of Ambír,^406a ordered a fort and town to be founded in the village of Mulathán,^406b one of the dependencies of Ambír, on the site of an old city which had been in ruins for some thousand years. Walls and forts, and gates and gardens were allotted out among the amírs, and injunctions were given for the completion of the work. So a building ('imárat), which might have taken years for its completion, was finished in twenty days. Orders were then given for raiyats and all sorts of mechanics to be collected from all the parganas of that province, to populate the fortress (hisár). The land of this place was an ancient possession of Ráí Lon Karan,⁴⁰⁷ and his son, who was young and was being brought up with the princes, was named Manohar, so the town was called Manohar-nagar after that child. This child has now grown up a clever young man, and composes poetry under the takhallus (nom de plume) of Tánsaní.^407a

Appearance of a Comet.^407b

At this period, at the time of evening prayer, a comet appeared in the sky towards the east, inclining to the north, and continued very awful for two hours. The opinion of the astrologers was, that the effects would not be felt in Hindústán, but probably in Khurásán and 'Irák. Shortly afterwards, Sháh Isma'íl, son of Sháh Tahmásp Safawí, departed this life, and great troubles arose in Persia.

On arriving at Nárnaul, the Emperor paid a visit to Shaikh Nizám Nárnaulí. * * From thence he proceeded to Dehlí, and encamped near the Hauz-i Khás, and paid a visit to the tomb of his father with due ceremony. Then he visited the tombs of the holy men who sleep at Dehlí and dispensed large charities. He next halted at the saráí of Báwalí, and here he was waited upon by Hájí Habíbu-lla, who had visited Europe, and had brought with him fine goods and fabrics for His Majesty's inspection. He started from thence, and passed through the pargana of Pálam. He passed the night in the house of the mukaddam of the village, and in the morning he directed that the revenue officers, whenever he so rested in the house of a cultivator, should remit the tax and tribute (báj o khiráj) of his cultivated land by way of madad-m'ásh,⁴⁰⁸ or help for subsistence.^408a * * * When he arrived at the pargana of Hánsí, he went to pay a visit in the town to Shaikh Jamál Hánsawí, and made his offerings and alms. Here a despatch arrived announcing that Muzaffar Husain Mirzá, after flying from Gujarát, had been taken prisoner by Rájá 'Alí Khán, the ruler of Ásír and Burhánpúr. On the 1st Zí-l ka'da the camp moved for the Panjáb, and a farmán was sent to Rájá 'Alí Khán, directing him to send Muzaffar Husain Mirzá with his (the Rájá's) son to Court.

[The maulúd-náma or horoscope of His Majesty.]

Twenty-fourth year of the Reign.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Thursday, 13th Muharram, 987^408b H. (12th March, 1579) * * * [Hunting, etc.]

The Emperor marched to the town of Bahíra, and here intelligence was brought of the approach of Her Highness Maryam Makání from the capital, and Prince Salím was sent to meet her. * * * After conferring the government of the Panjáb on Sa'íd Khán, the Emperor started on his return homewards, and on reaching the village of Sultánpúr, appertaining to Khizrábád,^408c he ordered boats to be collected, so that the rest of the journey might be performed by water. Muhammad Kásim Khán, the Mír-bahr, collected the vessels, and on the 3rd Jumáda-s sání, 986 H., the Emperor embarked. The camp returned by land. He reached Dehlí, and the boats were moored opposite the tomb of Khwája Khizr on the 29th of the month. This being the time of the 'ars, or anniversary of Khwája Mu'ínu-d dín, he left the boats on the 1st Rajab, and set off. Travelling thirty kos a day, he reached Ajmír on the evening of the 6th, which was the day of the festival, and paid his visit to the tomb. Next day he started for Fathpúr, and travelling fifty kos a day, he arrived there on the evening of the 9th.⁴⁰⁹ There he spent much of his time in the building called the 'Ibádat-khána, in the company of learned and holy men, every one of whom he enriched with gifts of gold and silver. Every Friday he used to pass the night there, making offerings and dispensing charity.

In those days there was a reservoir in the court-yard of the palace at Fathpúr, twenty gaz long by twenty broad and three gaz deep. This he caused to be filled with red, white, and black money (i.e. gold, silver, and copper), the whole of which he gave away to the amírs, the poor, the holy, and the learned. The total of this money amounted to twenty krors of tankas,^409a and the distribution of it lasted for three years.

In this year Ma'súm Khán, Koka of Mirzá Hakím, a young man of courage, who had done some great things, being offended with the Mirzá, left him and came to the Court of the Emperor, who received him with great kindness. He gave him a mansab of 500, and a jágír in Bihár, whither he sent him. When Ma'súm went there, Kálá Pahár, one of the highest and bravest of the Afghán amírs, attacked him; but he was victorious, although he received several wounds. The Emperor bestowed upon him as a recognition a mansab of 1000, with a horse and a robe.

In the month of Shawwál he appointed Mullá Taiyib to the díwání of the province of Bihár and Hájípúr, Purkhottam to be bakhshí, Mullá Majdí amín, and the eunuch Shamshír Khán to the charge of the khálisa of that province.^409b In the same month Maksúd Jauharí, who went to fetch Mirzá Muzaffar Husain from Rájá 'Alí Khán of A'sír, arrived at Court with the Mirzá and the Rájá's tribute, and presented it to His Majesty.

Campaign against Ráná Kíká.

His Majesty's mind was always intent upon clearing the land of Hindústán from the troubles and disturbances created by infidels and evil men. He sent Shahbáz Khán Mír-bakhshí * * and several other amírs, against Ráná Kíká, to ravage and occupy his country. Shahbáz Khán accordingly laid the country waste, and pursued the Ráná into the mountains and jungles. Upon reaching the fort of Kombalmír, Shahbáz Khán laid siege to it, and captured it in a few days. The Ráná made his escape from the fort by night.

Sultán Khwája, whom His Majesty had appointed Mír-i háj, now returned from Mecca, and waited upon him with presents— fabrics and stuffs of Turkey and of Europe, Arab horses, Abyssinian slaves, holy relics, and curiosities. These His Majesty accepted with much satisfaction, and he raised Sultán Khwája to the mansab of Sadr (chief judge). As it had been determined to send a leader of the pilgrims every year, Khwája Muhammad Yahya * * was now appointed, and he received four lacs of rupees for expenses.

At the end of this year, 987, intelligence arrived of the death of Khán-jahán, the ruler of Bengal. His Majesty was much grieved, and sent a letter of condolence to Isma'íl Khán, the brother of the deceased. Muzaffar Khán, who had been appointed díwán, was promoted to be governor of Bengal, Rizwí Khán to be bakhshí, and Hakím Abú-l Fath and Patar Dás to discharge jointly the office of díwán.

Twenty-fifth year of the Reign.

The beginning of this year corresponded with Thursday, the 24th Muharram, 988 H.⁴¹⁰ (12th March, 1580).

The rulers of Kashmír had always been well-wishers and servants of the Imperial house. His Majesty now intended, after performing his usual pilgrimage to Ajmír, to pay a visit to the tomb of Shaikh Faríd Shakar-ganj, and to visit the Panjáb. So he sent Mullá Ishkí, one of the old servants of the Court, along with Kazí Sadru-d dín, to Kashmír. 'Alí Khán, the ruler of Kashmír, entertained them nobly and respectfully, and exhibited his fidelity and devotion. Along with the two envoys he sent his own vakíl, Muhammad Kásim, to carry his tribute and productions of Kashmír as presents to the Emperor—saffron, musk, paper, shawls, etc. They accordingly brought them to His Majesty, and reported what they had seen and knew of 'Alí Khan's cordiality and good wishes.

Muzaffar Husain Mirzá, whom Maksúd Jauharí had brought from Rájá 'Alí Khán, was pardoned through His Majesty's clemency, and released from prison.

One day, when His Majesty was taking his dinner, it occurred to his mind that probably the eyes of some hungry one had fallen upon the food; how, therefore, could he eat it while the hungry were debarred from it? He therefore gave orders that every day some hungry persons should be fed with some of the food prepared for himself, and that afterwards he should be served.

Hakím 'Alí was now sent to Bíjagarh along with the envoys of 'A'dil Khán Dakhiní. The rulers of the Dakhin, every one of them severally, had been accustomed to send their envoys every year with tribute and presents to the Imperial Court. When Khwája 'Abdu-lla brought presents and elephants from 'A'díl Khán, the ambassador, and his son Sháhí Beg were presented with robes, one hundred Akbar-sháhí ashrafís, one thousand five hundred and one rupees, and twenty-four tankas.

Mír Nizám, husband of the sister of Mirzá Sháh Rukh, the ruler of Badakhshán, came on a mission to the Imperial Court, bringing Turkí horses bred in Badakhshán, fine rubies, several camels, and other gifts.

The Emperor used to keep every year the anniversary of the Prophet's birth. This year he kept it on the 12th Rabí'u-l awwal, and he gave a great entertainment, at which the saiyids, learned men, shaikhs, and amírs attended. Open table was kept, and no one in the city was debarred from partaking of the refreshments. On this occasion it was represented to him that the Prophet and the four lawful Khalífas⁴¹² used themselves to preach. The 'Abbáside Khalífas also observed this tradition, and themselves used to speak.^412a Sultáns such as Sáhib Kirán Amír Tímúr and Mirzá Ulugh Beg used to follow the examples thus set them. His Majesty therefore felt it to be his duty to carry into practice on some Friday the custom observed by the Khalífas and Imáms. On Friday, 1st Jumáda-l awwal, he went into the Masjid-i jáma' of Fathpúr, and mounting the pulpit, he opened his speech with these lines:

The Lord who gave me empire,
Gave me a wise heart and a strong arm,
Guided me in the way of justice and equity,
And drove all but justice from my thoughts.
His praise surpasses understanding!
Great is His power—Great is God!^412b

To these eloquent lines he briefly added some verses of the Kurán, expressing thanks for mercies and favours; then he repeated the fátiha, and came down from the pulpit and said his prayers.

Muzaffar Khán, since his appointment to the government of Bengal, had not sent a single article of the productions of the country, or any portion of its revenue, to the Imperial treasury; but he now sent five lacs of rupees in cash, various goods and articles of the country, and elephants and rarities of great value, which were graciously accepted. Muhammad Ma'súm Kábulí also sent thirty-nine elephants as tribute.

On a Friday in this month notice was given for all the poor and needy to assemble on the chaugán ground. Sultán Khwája Kalíj Khán distributed the alms to them one by one. Nearly a lac of persons assembled, and there was such a crowd and crush that eighty weak women and children were trampled to death. When the Emperor was informed of this, he ordered that for the future the people should come a few at a time, and not make a crowd.

Kutbu-d dín Atka, a nobleman of high rank, was now appointed tutor to Prince Salím. In celebration of this appointment he gave a grand feast, and the young prince honoured him with his presence. There was a grand assemblage, and Kutbu-d dín made many offerings of elephants and Arab horses, jewels and cloths. According to the usual custom, Kutbu-d dín Muhammad Atka carried the prince upon his back, and raised his aspiring head to the pinnacle of grandeur. He made presents of money and jewels to the prince, and the clamour of congratulations reached the sky.

'Abdu-lla Khán Uzbek, ruler of Máwaráu-n nahr, had always kept up a friendly intercourse and community of feeling, and used to send his envoys to the Imperial Court. His Majesty now sent Mirzá Fulád with Khwája Khatíb, a native of Bukhárá, as his envoys to 'Abdu-lla Khán, bearing a letter⁴¹³ full of kind words, and a great variety of presents. [A legal discussion. The usual journey to Ajmír.] On the 21st Shawwál he returned to Fathpúr. Mihtar Sa'ádat, whose title is Peshrau Khán, and who had been sent on an embassy to Nizámu-l Mulk Dakhiní, now returned with the Dakhiní envoys, who brought with them elephants and other tribute.

Twenty-sixth year of the Reign.

Corresponding to 988 H.^413a

An Imperial order was made abolishing the tamghá (tolls) and the zakát⁴¹⁴ (customs) throughout the empire. Farmáns enforcing this abolition were issued. These taxes amounted to as much as the whole revenue of I'rán, and it is clear that no king would have remitted them without divine guidance.^414a In this year Muhammad Ma'súm Khán, son of Mu'ínu-d dín Ahmad Khán Farankhúdí, who held the government of Jaun-púr, came to Court, and was allowed to return to that place. Mullá Muhammad Yazdí was appointed chief kází of Jaunpúr. The government of Dehlí was given to Muhibb 'Alí Khán, son of Mír Khalífa.

Affairs of Bengal.

Muzaffar Khán, on arriving in Bengal, set about arranging the affairs of that province. But his prosperity was on the wane, and his day was gone by. He was harsh in his measures, he offended men with his words, he deprived many amírs of their jágírs, he demanded the dágh (brand-tax), and brought old practices up again.

Bábá Khán Kákshál, although he was conciliatory, and begged that his jágír might be left undisturbed, was called upon for the dágh, and received no attention. The pargana of Jalesar, which was the jágír of Kháldí Khán, was taken away from him at the beginning of the spring harvest, and was added as tankhwáh to the jágír of Sháh Jamálu-d dín Husain. A sum of money due from the spring harvest had been received by Kháldí Khán, and to recover this Muzaffar Khán put him in prison, and ordered him to be scourged and bastinadoed.

At this time a farmán arrived from the Imperial Court, directing Muzaffar Khán to apprehend and put to death a servant of Mirzá Muhammad Hakím named Roshan Beg, who had left Kábul and gone into Bengal, and to send his head to Court. This Roshan Beg was among the Káksháls, and Muzaffar Beg issued an order for his execution. He also spake some harsh words about Bábá Khán Kákshál. The soldiers who were present, and especially Bábá Khán and the Káksháls, trembled together, and resolved upon mutiny. They shaved their heads, put on their high caps,⁴¹⁵ and broke out into revolt. Crossing the river, they went to the city of Gaur, celebrated in old times under the name of Lakhnautí. There they collected men, and having found property of Muzaffar Khán in several places, they took it or destroyed it. Muzaffar Khán collected boats, and sent Hakím Abú-l Fath and Patar Dás,^415a with an army against them on the banks of the river.

When the disaffection of the Káksháls was reported to the Emperor, he sent a farmán to Muzaffar Khán, in which he said that the Káksháls had long been servants of the throne, and that it was not right to hurt them; they were therefore to be conciliated and encouraged with hopes of the Emperor's favour, and the matter of their jágírs was to be settled. The farmán arrived at the time when Muzaffar Khán was in face of the insurgents.

Upon the arrival of the farmán, Bábá Khán and the other rebels made a show of submission, and sent a message to Muzaffar Khán, asking him to send Rizwí Khán and Patar Dás to arrange terms with them, and to set their minds at ease. He accordingly sent Rizwí Khán, Mír Abú Ishák, son of Mír Rafí'u-d dín and Ráí Patar Dás. Bábá Khán put all three of them in confinement, and so stirred the fire of warfare.

Coincident with this, it so happened that Mullá Taiyib, Pur-khottam Bakhshí, and the revenue officials of Bihár, also entered upon harsh dealings. They took away the jágírs of Muhammad Ma'súm Kábulí, 'Arab Bahádur, and all the amírs, and so laid the foundation of an evil system. Ma'súm Kábulí, who after this insurrection obtained the cognomen of 'A'sí, having leagued with 'Arab Bahádur and Sufaid Badakhshí, resolved to rebel, and kill Mullá Taiyib and Ráí Purkhottam. Having put them to flight, they plundered their dwellings. After a few days, Purkhottam rallied some loyal subjects, and crossed the river Jausa with the intention of attacking the rebels. But the rebel 'Arab Bahádur anticipated him, took him unawares, and killed him.

Upon intelligence of 'A'sí Ma'súm's rebellion reaching Bábá Khán Kákshál, a correspondence was opened between them, and when the Káksháls confronted Muzaffar Khán, 'A'sí marched to assist them, and arrived at Garhí. Muzaffar Khán then sent Khwája Shamsu-d dín Muhammad Khwáfí with a detachment and some guns to the passes of Garhí, to arrest the progress of 'A'sí Ma'súm. But the latter had a strong force; he broke through Garhí, and attached the Khwája and defeated him. He then formed a junction with the Káksháls, and the revolt gathered strength.

The Káksháls then crossed the river, and advanced against Muzaffar Khán. Wazír Jamíl,⁴¹⁶ one of the old amírs of the State, along with Ján Muhammad Bihbúdí and some others, deserted Muzaffar Khán, and joined the insurgents. Muzaffar Khán then took shelter in the fort of Tánda, which was nothing better than four walls. The rebels occupied the town of Tánda. They took Hakím Abú-l Fath, Khwája Shamsu-d dín and others prisoners, and began to pillage. Hakím Abú-l Fath with the Khwája and Ráí Patar Dás effected their escape by artifice, and fled on foot. By the help of the zamíndárs, they managed to reach Hájípúr. The rebels made themselves masters of the fort of Tánda, brought Muzaffar Khán out of his house upon a solemn assurance (of safety), and put him to death. They took possession of his property and effects, and all the country of Bengal and Bihár fell into their hands. Nearly 30,000 horsemen assembled round the rebels. The Emperor some time before this had taken Mirzá Sharafu-d dín Husain out of prison, and sent him to Bengal to Muzaffar Khán.⁴¹⁷ The rebels now released him from confinement, and placed him at their head. So the revolt increased.

Upon the facts being communicated to the Emperor, he sent Rájá Todar Mal * * and other amírs to repress it. Farmáns were sent to Muhammad Ma'súm Farankhúdí, governor of Jaunpúr, and Samánjí Khán and the jágírdárs of that country, directing them to place themselves under the command of Todar Mal, and render every assistance to quash the rebellion.

While the Imperial army was on the march, Sháham Khán Jaláír fought with Saiyid Badakhshí and killed him. When the army reached Jaunpúr, Muhammad Ma'súm joined Todar Mal with 3000 horsemen fully armed, and marched on with him. But Muhammad Ma'súm was a weak-minded man, his dignity and the strength of his army had turned his brain, and he began to show many little actions savouring of disaffection, and to utter expressions indicative of disloyalty. Rájá Todar Mal, like a prudent and experienced man, temporized with him, and did all he could to reassure and conciliate him.

When the Imperial army reached Mongír, 'A'sí Kábulí and the Káksháls, and Mirzá Sharafu-d dín Husain with 30,000 horse, and 500 elephants, and with war-boats and artillery, in battle order, advanced to meet the Imperial army. Rájá Todar Mal had no confidence in the (cohesion of the) adventurers composing the enemy's army, and deeming it inexpedient to fight, he occupied the fort of Mongír, and throwing up other fortifications around it, he kept that position. Every day combats occurred between the men of the outposts. When these proceedings were reported to the Emperor, he on one occasion sent Zainu-d dín Kambú by dák-chaukí with a lac of rupees for the expenditure of the army. Some days after, he sent the same amount by the hands of Daryá Khán áb-dár, and so on by different persons. At different times he sent a great deal of money.

At this time Humáyún Farmúlí and Tarkhán Díwána deserted the Imperial army and joined the insurgents. For four months the loyal forces and the insurgents faced each other, but at length some loyal zamíndárs of the vicinity cut off the supplies from the insurgents, and great scarcity prevailed among them. Bábá Khán Kákshál fell sick at Tánda and died. Jabbárí, son of Majnún Khán Kákshál, who was the main prop of the rabble, being informed of the sinking condition of Bábá Khán, wanted to go to Tánda. 'A'sí [Ma'súm], not being able to maintain his ground, withdrew to Bihár. 'Arab Bahádur made a rapid march to Patna, seized upon the city, and appropriated the treasure. Bihár Khán Khássa-khail⁴¹⁸ went into the fort of Patna, and held out. Rájá Todar Mal and his supporters sent Muhammad Ma'súm Farankhúdí with a detachment to the relief of Patna. On hearing of his approach, 'Arab Bahádur raised the siege, and went off towards Gajpatí, one of the chief zamíndárs of that country.

The Rájá and Sádik Khán and * * * and the other amírs marched to Bihár after 'A'sí Ma'súm, who sought an opportunity to make a night attack upon Sádik Khán's camp. But Sádik Khán was a wary commander, and on that night he and his men were prepared. Ján Beg and Ulúgh Khán Habshí were in command of his advanced force, and the enemy attacking them unawares, Ján Beg was killed and Ulúgh Khán fell back. Sádik Khán had to resist a sharp attack, but the Emperor's good fortune aided him, and he defeated Ma'súm, who went off to Bengal in sorry plight. Now, Garhí fell into the hands of the royal troops.

Among the strange occurrences of the time was this: A letter was sent by the hands of Hasan tawáchí-báshí to Shujá'at Khán, ruler of Málwa, summoning him to Court. Accordingly, he and his son Kiyám Khán set off from Sárangpúr to attend upon His Majesty. His attendants were seized with the desire to rebel, so they killed both him and his son, and then dispersed, each one taking his own way. When the Emperor heard this, he sent Sharíf Khán Atka to be governor of Málwa, and called the young surviving children of Shujá'at Khán to Court.

In consequence of the state of affairs in Bengal, 'Azam Khán who had been living for some time in retirement at A'gra, was again received into favour, and he was sent with 5000 horse to assume the government of Bihár.⁴¹⁹ For greater security, Sháhbáz Khán Kambú, who was engaged against Ráná Kíká, and had nearly driven the Ráná from the country, was summoned and sent with an army to the support of the forces in Bengal. When Sháhbáz Khán came near to Hájípúr, where 'Arab Bahádur had taken refuge with Rájá Gajpatí, he marched to attack him. For one month he carried on operations against him, clearing away the jungle, until at length he drove off 'Arab Bahádur, and made the Rájá succumb.

[The Emperor pays a visit to Sharíf Khán Atka. Hakímu-l Mulk Gílání appointed “Leader of the Pilgrimage.”]

A despatch now arrived from Rájá Todar Mal, stating that he had kept Muhammad Ma'súm Farankhúdí along with him by conciliatory treatment and all kinds of expedients. That Khwája Mansúr [the díwán] had written sharp letters to him, claiming a good deal of money due from him. He [the díwán] had also written letters to Tarsún Muhammad Khán, one of the great amírs and commander of an army, holding out threats to him, at a time when encouragement was necessary. The sharp practice of the díwán having been repeatedly mentioned to His Majesty, he removed him from office, and placed him in charge of Sháh Kulí Khán. An order was promulgated appointing Wazír Khán to be díwán in chief instead of him, and Kází 'Alí, son of Kutbu-d dín Baghdádí, was to assist him in deciding important questions.

A great natural curiosity was brought to the notice of the Emperor at this time. It was a man born without ears or any orifice of the ears, who yet heard all that was spoken, just like people with ears. His Majesty was greatly interested in the man, and settled a pension upon him.

[Prince Dániyál makes the usual pilgrimage to Ajmír instead of the Emperor.]

Rájá Todar Mal, Tarsún Muhammad Khán, and the other amírs took up their quarters in Hájípúr during the rainy season, and Ma'súm Farankhúdí, with their permission, went to Jaun-púr, which was his jágír. There he began to show signs of disaffection. His Majesty therefore sent Peshrau Khán, dárogha of the farásh-khána, to set him at ease; he also gave him the country of Oudh instead of Jaunpúr, and bestowed the latter upon Tarsún Khán. Ma'súm spoke dutiful words to Peshrau Khán, and did not show his disaffection; but as Oudh was near, he went there.

Niyábat Khán, son of Háshim Khán Naishapúrí, who had grown up in the nurture of the Imperial Court, broke out in rebellion in his jágír of Jausa and Payág (Allahábád), and attacked the fort of Karra, which was the jágír of Isma'íl Kulí Khán. Ilyás Khán, who was shikkdár of that place for Isma'íl Kulí, fought with him and was killed. He then invested the fort of Garha, and began to pillage. This being reported to His Majesty, he sent Ismá'íl Kulí Khán, * * and several other amírs to repress him. He also sent Rájá Birbal and Sháh Kulí Khán Mahram to excite the hopes of Ma'súm Khán Farankhúdí, and bring him to Court.

When Wazír Khán had departed, Khwája Mansúr was released from confinement, and again appointed to the office of díwán.

As soon as Niyábat heard of the approach of the royal army, he raised the siege of Karra, and went towards Kantal, one of the dependencies of Patna. The amírs followed him, crossed over the river, and came up with him. Niyábat Khán attacked them, and a hard fight ensued, but at last he was defeated and went off to Ma'súm Khán.

At this time, also, 'Arab Bahádur fled before Sháhbáz Khán, and took refuge with Ma'súm.⁴²¹ Sháhbáz Khán, in pursuit of him, went to Jaunpúr, and from thence to Oudh against Ma'súm. But Ma'súm advanced to meet him, defeated him, and put him to flight. In one day Sháhbáz Khán travelled forty kos to Jaunpúr. Tarsún Muhammad Khán, who commanded the right wing of Sháhbáz Khán's force, had been hidden by the jungle, and when Ma'súm's army was disordered, this force came up and defeated it. When Sháhbáz Khán was informed of this, he returned immediately, joined his right wing, and rallying his forces, pursued the enemy. Ma'súm fought again in the vicinity of the city of Oudh, and was again defeated. His mother and sisters, wives and children, property and troops were taken. He himself fled to the Siwálik hills. This happened in the month of Zí-l hijja, in the year 988^421a H.