The Literary History of Persia, Volume 4

CHAPTER X.

THE MOST MODERN DEVELOPMENTS
(A.D. 1850 ONWARDS).

I have endeavoured to show that under the Qájár Dynasty, especially since the middle of the nineteenth Modernizing influences. century, the old forms of literature, both prose and verse, took on a fresh lease of life, and, so far from deteriorating, rose to a higher level than they had hitherto reached during the four centuries (roughly speaking A.D. 1500-1900) with which we are dealing in this volume. We must now consider three or four quite recent developments due in the first instance to what Mírzá Muḥammad 'Alí Khán “Tarbiyat,” the real author of my Press and Poetry in Modern Persia (pp. 154-66), calls “Modernizing Influences in the Persian Press other than Magazines and Journals.” Amongst these he assigns an important place to the various scientific text-books compiled by, or under the supervision of, the numerous The Dáru'lFunún. Europeans appointed as teachers in the Dáru'l-Funún and the Military and Political Colleges in Ṭihrán from A.D. 1851 onwards, and the Persian translations of European (especially French) books of a more general character, such as some of Molière's plays and Jules Verne's novels, which resulted from an increased interest in Europe and knowledge of European languages. Of such books, and of others originally written in Persian in this atmosphere, he gives a list containing one hundred and sixty-two entries, which should be consulted by those who are interested in this matter. The Revolution of A.D. 1906, with the remarkable development of journalism which it brought about, and the increase of facilities for printing resulting from this, gave a fresh impulse to this movement, which, checked by the difficulties and miseries imposed on Persia by the Great War, seems now again to be gathering fresh impetus. What we have to say falls under three heads, the Drama, Fiction and the Press, of which the first two need not detain us long.

The Drama.

The only indigenous form of drama is that connected with the Muḥarram mournings, the so-called “Passion The Drama. Plays” discussed in a previous chapter, ^459a and even in their case it is not certain that they owe nothing to European influence. Three at least of Molière's plays (Le Médecin malgré lui, Le Misanthrope, and Translations of Molière. another entitled The Ass, which I think must be intended for L'Étourdi) have appeared in Persian translations, but are seldom met with, and seem never to have attained any great popularity. I possess only Le Misanthrope, printed at Constantinople in the Taṣwíru'l-Afkár Press in 1286/1869-70. The title is rendered as Guzárísh-i-Mardum-guríz (“the Adventure of him who fled from mankind”), the characters are Persian-ized, and the text is in verse and follows the original very closely, though occasionally Persian idioms or proverbs are substituted for French. Here, for instance, is the rendering —in this case a paraphrase—of the “Vieille chanson” in Act I, Scene 2:

“Si le roi m'avait donné
Paris, sa grand' ville,
Et qu'il me fallût quitter
L'amour de ma mie,
Je dirais au roi Henri
‘Reprenez votre Paris,
J'aime mieux ma mie, o gai!
J'aime mieux ma mie!’”

The following Persian version of Act II, Scene 7, if compared with the original, will give a fair idea of the translator's method. The characters are Mú'nis (Alceste), Fatína (Célimène), Laylá (Éliante), Náṣiḥ (Acaste), Na'ím Beg (Philinte) and Farrásh (un garde de la Maréchaussée):

No indication of the translator's identity appears on the title-page of my edition, nor is there any prefatory matter. Curiously enough, in the very same year in which this Persian version of Le Misanthrope was published (1286/ 1869-70) Aḥmed Vefíq (Aḥmad Wafíq) Pasha printed his Turkish translations of George Dandin, Le Médecin malgré lui, and Le Mariage Forcé, ^462a while Tartufe appeared in Turkish somewhat later.^462b

In 1291/1874 there was lithographed in Ṭihrán a volume containing seven Persian plays with an Introduction on the Mírzá Ja'far Qarája-dághí's plays. educational value of the stage by Mírzá Ja'far Qarája-dághí. These plays were originally written in Ádharbáyjání Turkish by Mírzá Fatḥ-'Alí Darbandí, and were published in Tiflis about A.D. 1861. Five of them have been republished in Europe, with glossaries, notes and in some cases translations. These are (1) the Wazír of Lankurán, text, translation, vocabulary and notes, by W. H. D. Haggard and G. le Strange (London, 1882); (2) Trois Comédies traduites du dialecte Turc Azeri en Persan et publiées…avec un glossaire et des notes par C. Barbier de Meynard et S. Guyard (Paris, 1886); (3) Monsieur Jourdan, with translation, notes, etc. edited by A. Wahrmund (Vienna and Leipzig, 1889). The three comedies contained in No. 2 are the “Thief-catching Bear” (Khirs-i-qúldúr-básán), “the Advocates” (Wukalá-yi-Mu-ráfa'a ), and “the Alchemist” (Mullá Ibráhím Khalíl-i-Kímiyá-gar ). The two remaining plays, hitherto unpublished in Europe, are “the Miser” (Mard-i-Khasís) and “Yúsuf Sháh the Saddler.”^462c

Three more plays, written at a date unknown to me, by the late Prince Malkom Khán, formerly Persian Minister Three plays by Prince Malkom Khán. in London, were partly published as a feuilleton (pá-waraq) in the Tabríz newspaper Ittiḥád (“Union”) in 1326/1908. A complete edition, from a copy in the library of Dr F. Rosen, the well-known scholarly German diplomatist, was published in 1340/1921-2 by the “Kaviani” Press in Berlin. These plays are (1) the “Adventures of Ashraf Khán, Governor of 'Arabistán, during his sojourn in Ṭihrán in 1232/1817”; (2) the “Methods of Government of Zamán Khán of Burújird,” placed in the year 1236/1820-1; and (3) “Sháh-qulí Mírzá goes to Karbalá and spends some days at Kirmánsháh with the Governor Sháh Murád Mírzá.”

Finally in 1326/1908 there appeared at Ṭihrán a biweekly newspaper called “the Theatre” (Tiyátr) which The newspaper Tiyátr. published plays satirizing the autocratic régime. I possess only a few numbers, containing part of a play entitled “Shaykh 'Alí Mírzá, Governor of Maláyir and Túysirkán, and his marriage with the daughter of the King of the Fairies.”

These are all the Persian plays I have met with. ^463a All are comedies, and all are satires on the administrative or social conditions of Persia. In the “Wazír of Lankurán” a rather weak and common-place love-story is combined with the satire, but generally speaking this element is lacking, and the object of the writer is simply to arouse dislike and contempt for the old-fashioned methods of government. In other words, these productions, like the “Travels of Ibráhím Beg,” of which we shall shortly have to speak, are primarily political pamphlets rather than plays. Hardly one of them has ever been acted on the stage, and none has produced an effect comparable to Kemál Bey's Turkish play Waṭan, yakhod Silistra. ^464a In short the drama has not succeeded in establishing itself in Persia even to the extent which it has done in Turkey.

The Novel.

Of stories after the style of the “Arabian Nights” or the more popular and indigenous “Ḥusayn the Kurd” there is The Novel. in Persia no end, but of the novel properly so called there is even less to be said than of the drama. Two rather ambitious attempts in this direction have recently come under my notice, and it is characteristic of recent tendencies to glorify Zoroastrian Persia that both of them deal with pre-Islamic times, the one with Cyrus, the other with Qubád and his son and successor Anúsharwán (Núshírwán) and the heresiarch Mazdak.

The former (or rather the first volume of it, which, to judge by the colophon, was intended to be followed by two “Love and Lordship,” a historical novel of the days of Cyrus. more volumes) was completed in 1334/1916, and printed at Hamadán in 1337/1919. It is entitled “Love and Lordship” ('Ishq u Salṭanat), and was written by a certain Shaykh Músá, Director of the “Nuṣrat” Government College at Hamadán, who was good enough to send me a copy in January, 1920. It is described in the colophon as “the first novel (roman) composed in Persia in the Western fashion”:

It aims at being a historical novel, but the proper names generally have their French, not their Old Persian, forms, e.g. “Mítrádát” (correctly explained as Mihr-dád), “Ak-bátán” (Ecbatana, instead of Hagmatána, for Hamadán), “Agrádát,” “Ispákú (Spako)” and “Siyákzar” (Cyaxares, for Huvakhshatara), though Cambyses (Kambújiya) takes the intermediate form “Kámbúziyá.” The lengthy descriptions of the scenes and persons introduced into the story, and the numerous dialogues are evidently copied from European models. The story itself, into which an element of love as well as of war is introduced, is readable if not very thrilling, but is overloaded with dates, archaeological and mythological notes, and prolix historical dissertations ultimately based for the most part on the statements of Herodotus mixed with information derived from the Avesta. There is no attempt to make use of archaic language or to eschew the use of Arabic words, but the author has at any rate avoided glaring anachronisms. The following short extract (p. 247) from the description of the preparations for the marriage of Cyrus will suffice to show how far removed is the style of this book from that of the type of story hitherto current in Persia:

“Yes! These preparations are the preparations for a wedding, and I do not think that it can be the wedding of anyone else than Cyrus, the mighty King of Persia and Media, for today none but he commands in so great a measure the affection of the people of Ecbatana, so that they regard his wedding as a great festival, and have decorated the bazaars, and from the bottom of their hearts make manifest their joy and gladness.”

I do not know what measure of success this “historical novel” has achieved in Persia, nor did I ever meet with more than the one copy sent me by the author, accompanied by a letter dated 4 Ṣafar, 1338 (Oct. 30, 1919), in which he requested me to review it in the Times. I hope he will accept this brief notice as the best I can do to make his book known in Europe as a praiseworthy attempt to instruct while entertaining his countrymen, and to introduce a literary form hitherto unknown in Persia.

The second of the two historical novels mentioned above was printed at Bombay in 1339/1920-1, was written by “The Ensnarers: or the Avengers of Mazdak.” Ṣan'atí-záda of Kirmán, and is entitled “the Ensnarers: or the Avengers of Mazdak.” ^466a Like the last it is incomplete, for it ends (on p. 110) with the words “here ends the first volume,” though how many more the author intended to add does not appear, nor do I know whether any further instalment was actually published. In general style it much resembles “Love and Lordship,” but presents more archaeological errors, as, for instance, where (p. 10) a portrait of the Sásánian king Bahrám Gúr is described as bearing a label written in the cuneiform character (khaṭṭ-i-míkhí)!

Before leaving this subject I must at least mention a Persian translation of three episodes in the career of the “Sherlock Holmes” in Persia and Turkey. immortal Sherlock Holmes, translated from a Russian version by Mír Isma'íl 'Abdu'lláh-záda, and printed at the Khurshíd Press in Ṭihrán in 1323/1905-6. They are entitled respectively the “Episode of the Gold Spectacles,” the “Account of Charles Augustus Milverton,” ^466b and “the Village Lords.” Holmes in passing through a Russian medium has been transmuted into “Khums” () or “Khúmis” (): Dr Watson has been more fortunate. The adventures are narrated in the simplest possible style, and would form an admirable reading-book for beginners in Persian, if the book were obtainable in any quantity, which is unlikely. In Turkey Sherlock Holmes had an enormous success, and I remember a news-vendor on one of the Bosphorus steamers offering me a Turkish version of the “Engineer's Thumb,” while the late Sulṭán 'Abdu'l-Ḥamíd was said to entertain the greatest admiration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and to desire above all things to put him in charge of his Secret Police.

It is hard to say whether Ḥájji Zaynu'l-'Ábidín of Mará-gha's fictitious “Travels (Siyáḥat-náma) of Ibráhím Beg,”

The “Travels of Ibráhím Beg, and the cause of his enthusiasm.” which, according to Mírzá Muḥammad 'Alí Khán “Tarbiyat,” ^467a had an appreciable effect in precipitating the Persian Revolution of A.D. 1905-6, should be reckoned as a novel or not. The hero and his adventures are, of course, fictitious, but there is little exaggeration, and they might well be actual. The book is a bitter satire on Persian methods of government and social conditions, which are depicted in the most sombre colours, with the definite object of arousing discontent in order to bring about reform. The Persians are very sensitive to ridicule, but on the whole bear it much better than most European nations, and most Persian reformers have made extensive use of satire as a means of promoting their objects. This Siyáḥat-náma is well and powerfully written in a simple yet forcible style, and I know of no better reading-book for the student who wishes to obtain a good knowledge of the current speech and a general, if somewhat lurid, idea of the country.

In this connection mention should also be made of the Persian translation made by the talented and unfortunate The Persian translation of Ḥájji Bábá. Ḥájji Shaykh Aḥmad “Rúḥí” of Kirmán of Morier's Ḥájji Bábá, published by Colonel D. C. Phillott at Calcutta in 1905. ^468a This book, like the last, is a clever satire on the Persians, the more remarkable as being the work of a foreigner; but it belongs rather to the domain of English than Persian literature. All that I had to say about it is contained in the Introduction (pp. ix-xxiii) which I contributed to the edition published by Messrs Methuen in 1895, and all that need be said about the Persian translator and his work has been well said by Colonel Phillott in his Introduction to the Persian text.

The Press.

Of Persian Journalism, which has been the most powerful modernizing influence in Persia, I have treated so fully in Development of the Press in Persia. a previous monograph on the subject ^468b that little need be said here, save by way of summary. Printing was introduced into Persia about a century ago by 'Abbás Mírzá, and the first Persian newspaper appeared about A.D. 1851, in the third year of Náṣiru'd-Dín Sháh's reign. It was soon followed by others, but these early news-sheets, issued by the Government, were entirely colourless, and even when I was in Persia in 1887-8 the Five earlier newspapers of importance. only Persian newspaper worth reading was the Akhtar (“Star”), published weekly at Constantinople. It was founded in 1875, and lasted about twenty years. Prince Malkom Khán's Qánún (“Law”) appeared in 1890 and was printed and published in London, but in consequence of its violent attacks on the Persian Government, the Sháh, and his Ministers, its circulation in Persia was prohibited. The Calcutta Ḥablu'l-Matín first appeared in 1893, the Thurayyá (“Pleiades”) in Cairo in 1898, and the Parwarish, which replaced it, in 1900. These were the most important Persian papers published outside The best postRevolution newspaper. Persia, and it was not until 1907, when the Revolution was an accomplished fact, and the conflict between King and Parliament was at its height, that independent and influential newspapers began to appear in Persia itself. Amongst the most interesting of these from a literary point of view I should place the Ṣúr-i-Isráfíl (“Trumpet of Isráfíl”—the Angel of the Resurrection), the Nasím-i-Shimál (“Breeze of the North”), the Muṣáwát (“Equality”), and the Naw Bahár (“Early Spring”).

The Ṣúr-iIsráfíl and its Charand. Parand. The first, second, and fourth of these supplied me with many fine poems from the pens of Dakhaw, Sayyid Ashraf of Gílán, and Bahár of Mashhad, for my Press and Poetry in Modern Persia, but the Charand-parand (“Charivari”) column of the Ṣúr-i-Isráfíl also contained some excellent and original prose writing of which I shall now give two specimens, since they are unlike anything else which I have met with in Persian. Both are by Dakhaw: the first appeared in No. 1 of the Ṣúr-i-Isráfíl (May 30, 1907); the second in No. 2 (June 6, 1907).

Translation.

“After several years travelling in India, seeing the invisible saints, ^472a and acquiring skill in Alchemy, Talismans and Necromancy, ^472b thank A cure for opium-eating. God, I have succeeded in a great experiment; no less than a method for curing the opium-habit! If any one in any foreign country had made such a discovery, he would certainly have received decorations and rich rewards, and his name would have been mentioned with honour in all the newspapers. But what can one do, since in Persia no one recognizes merit?

“Custom is a second nature, and as soon as one becomes habituated to any act, one cannot easily abandon it. The only curative method is to reduce it gradually by some special procedure, until it is entirely forgotten.

“To all my zealous, opium-eating, Muslim brethren I now proclaim the possibility of breaking the opium-habit, thus. First, they must be firmly determined and resolved on abandoning it. Secondly, one who, for example, eats two mithqáls ^472c of opium daily should every day diminish this dose by a grain (nukhúd) and add two grains of morphine in its stead. One who smokes ten mithqáls of opium should daily reduce the amount by one grain, adding instead two grains of ḥashísh (Indian hemp). Thus he should persevere until such time as the two mithqáls of opium which he eats are replaced by four mithqáls of morphine, or the ten mithqáls of opium which he smokes by twenty mithqáls of ḥashísh. After this it is very easy to substitute for morphine pills hypodermic injections of the same, and for ḥashísh ‘curds of Unity.’ ^473a O my zealous, opium-eating brethren, seeing that God has made matters so easy, why do you not save yourselves from the annoyance of men's foolish chatter, and the waste of all this time and money? Change of habit, if it be effected in this way, does not cause illness and is a very easy matter.

“Moreover great and eminent men who wish to make people forget some evil habit act in precisely this way. See, for example, how well indeed the poet says that intelligence and fortune are closely connected with one another. For example, when our great men consider that the people are poor and cannot eat wheaten bread, and that the peasant must spend all his life in cultivating wheat, yet must himself remain hungry, see what they do.

“On the first day of the year they bake the bread with pure wheat-flour. On the second day in every hundredweight (kharwár) they put a maund of bitter apricot stones, barley, fennel-flower, sawdust, lucerne, sand—I put it shortly as an illustration—clods, brick-bats and bullets of eight mithqáls. It is evident that in a hundredweight of corn, which is a hundred maunds, one maund of these things will not be noticed. On the second day they put in two maunds, on the third three, and after a hundred days, which is three months and ten days, a hundred maunds of wheat-flour have become a hundred maunds of bitter apricot stones, barley, fennel-flower, sawdust, chaff, lucerne and sand, and that in such fashion that no one has noticed it, while the wheaten bread habit has entirely passed out of men's minds.

“In truth intelligence and fortune are closely connected with one another!

“O my zealous, opium-eating brethren! Assuredly you know that man is a little world, and has the closest resemblance to the great world; that is to say, for example, that whatever is possible for man may happen also in the case of animals, trees, stones, clods, doors, walls, mountains and seas; and that whatever is possible for these is possible also for men, because man is the microcosm, while these form part of the macrocosm. For example, I wanted to say this, that just as it is possible to put a habit out of men's minds, even so is it possible to put a habit out of the minds of stones, clods, and bricks, because the closest resemblance exists between the microcosm and the macrocosm. What sort of a man, then, is he who is less than even a stone or a clod?

“For example, the late mujtahid Ḥájji Shaykh Hádí ^474a built a hospital and settled on it certain endowments so that eleven sick persons might always be there. So long as Ḥájji Shaykh Hádí was alive the hospital was accustomed to receive eleven patients. But as soon as Ḥájji Shaykh Hádí departed this life, the students of the college said to his eldest son, ‘We will recognize you as the Master only when you spend the hospital endowments on us!’ See now what this worthy eldest son did by dint of knowledge. In the first month he reduced the number of patients by one, in the second by two, in the third by three, in the fourth by four; and so in like fashion until the present time, when the number of patients has been reduced to five, and gradually, by this excellent device, these few also will disappear in the course of the next five months. See then how by wise management it is possible to expel habit from the minds of every one and every thing, so that a hospital which was accustomed to eleven patients has entirely forgotten this habit without falling ill. Why? Because it also forms part of the macrocosm, so that it is possible to drive a habit out of its mind, just as in the case of man, who is the microcosm.”

“Dakhaw.”

Translation.

Charand-parand. City letter.

“Kablá'í ^478a Dakhaw!

“In old days you used sometimes to be a help to people: if any A modern Persian Ephialtes. difficulty befel your friends, you used to solve it. Latterly, there being no sign or sound of you, I kept telling myself that perhaps you too had taken to opium and were lolling ^478b at the foot of the brazier in the corner of the room. Now don't tell me that ^478c you, you queer mug, ^478d quietly, without any one's knowledge (I do not know whether in order to study Alchemy, Talismans and Necromancy, as you have written in the Ṣúr-i-Isráfíl) have cut and run to India. Surely then you have found the key to a treasure also! At any rate, if I have entertained an unworthy suspicion of you, you must forgive me: I ask your pardon! Anyhow, praise be to God, you have got safely back, a lasting cause of thankfulness, for you have come at just the right moment, seeing that affairs are all topsy-turvy.

“May God forgive everybody's departed friends! ^479a May the earth not whisper it to him! In Qáqázán we had a certain Mullá Ínak-'Alí, ^479b a rawḍa-khwán ^479c and a very impudent fellow. Whatever may be the case now, he was at that time very thick with me. When he went to recite a rawḍa, he used first of all to put forward a long-winded prologue. He used to say (saving your presence), ^479d ‘In this way the matter will be more ass-plain’ (no need to quarrel over a mere illustration). It occurs to me that it would not be a bad thing if I too were to begin with a prologue for you, simply in order that you may get the hang of the matter.

“In olden days there was in the world one great Persian Empire with the State of Greece as its neighbour. At that time the Persian Empire was puffed up with pride. ^479e It was very well pleased with itself, and, if you will pardon the expression, its pipe took a lot of filling. ^479f Its ambition was the King-of-Kingship of the world. Yes, there was then in Persia no ‘King's Darling,’ ‘State's Sweetheart,’ ‘Pet of the Province,’ ‘Beauty of the Privy Chamber,’ ‘Charmer of the Presence,’ or ‘Minion of the Kingdom.’ ^479g Nor had they yet made ‘slides’ in their palaces. ^479h Nor did the Mullás of that time include a ‘Club of the Canon Law,’ ‘Chamberlain of the Canon Law,’ or ‘Park of the Canon Law.’ At that time, in short, there did not exist a ‘Carriage of Islám,’ ‘Table and Chair of the Faith,’ or ‘Russian Horse of Religion.’ Fine days were those indeed, which were in truth the time of King Wizwizak!^480a

“But to be brief. One day the Persian Government collected its armies and quietly advanced to the back of the wall of Greece. Now to enter Greece there was only one way, by which way the Persian army must needs pass. Yes, but behind that way there was a lane like the Áshtí-kunán ^480b of the Mosque of Áqá Sayyid 'Azízu'lláh, that is to say, there was another narrow lane, but the Persian army did not know about it. As soon as the Persian army arrived behind the wall of Greece, they saw that these seven-fold rascals of Greeks had blocked the road with troops. Well, what dust must Persia now scatter on her head? How, if she would advance, should she advance, or how, if she would retreat, could she retreat? She was left abased and confounded. God have mercy on the poet who so well says, ‘Neither does my heart rejoice in exile, nor have I any honour in my native land,’ etc. But, since things must somehow come right, suddenly the Persian army saw one of those Ja'far-qulí Áqás, ^480c a son of the Begler-Áqá of Cossacks, in other words a certain friend of the foreigner and hospitable humanitarian, gently detach himself from the Greek army, and, stepping softly, ^480d approach the Persian host. ‘Peace be upon you,’ said he; ‘Your arrival is fortunate! You are welcome! Your visit is a pleasure! May your journey be without danger!’ All the while he was quietly pointing out to the Persians with his forefinger that Áshtí-kunán lane. ‘We Greeks,’ said he, ‘have no troops there. If you go that way, you can take our country.’ The Persians agreed, and by that road entered the Greek land.

“This, however, is not the point… By the bye, while I remember, let me mention the name of this foreigner's friend, though it comes a trifle heavy on our tongues; but what is to be done? His name was Ephialtes…God curse the Devil! ^480e I don't know why it is that whenever I hear this name I think of some of our Persian Ministers…But let us return to the point.

“When His Excellency, that double-distilled essence of zeal and sum of science and political acumen, Mírzá 'Abdu'r-Razzáq Khán, engineer, and lecturer in the School of the Cossack barracks, after a three months' pedestrian tour drew for the Russians a military map of the road through Mázandarán, we his friends said, ‘It is a pity that such a man of spirit should not have a title.’ So some twenty of us sat for three days and nights considering what title we should obtain for him, but nothing occurred to our minds. Worst of all, he was a man of taste. ‘Any title obtained for me,’ says he, ‘must be virgin; that is to say, no one else must have borne it before me.’ We enquired of the State Accountants, who said there was no ‘virgin title’ left. We opened our dictionaries, and found that neither in the languages of the Persians, Arabs, Turks, or Franks from A to Z was there one single word left which had not been employed as a title at least ten times over. Well, what were we to do? Would it be pleasing to God that this man should thus remain untitled?

“However, since such things must come right, one day, being in a state of extreme dejection, I picked up a history book which was at hand in order to distract my mind. No sooner had I opened the book than I read in the first line of the right-hand page: ‘Ever afterwards the Greeks stigmatized Ephialtes as a traitor whose blood might lawfully be shed.’ O you cursed Greeks, what had poor Ephialtes done to you that you should call him a traitor? Is hospitality to strangers blasphemy in your creed? Do you not believe in kindness to foreigners?

“In short as soon as I saw this name I said, ‘Nothing could be better than that we should adopt this name as a title for Mírzá 'Abdu'r-Razzáq Khán, both because it is “virgin,” and because these two persons have the closest resemblance to one another. This one was kind to strangers and so was that one. This one was hospitable to guests and so was that one. This one said, “Had I not acted thus, another would have done so,” and so did that one. There was only one difference between them, namely, that the buttons of Ephialtes's coat were not made of native forest-wood. Well, supposing they were not, such trifles are unworthy of consideration.’

“In short, we friends assembled and gave an entertainment and made great rejoicings. We also instantly despatched a telegram to Káshán bidding them send quickly five bottles of Qamṣar rose-water and two boxes of sugared walnuts, so that we might present them [to the Sháh] and secure the title. In the midst of these proceedings Ḥájji Maliku't-Tujjár ^481a conceded the Astárá road to the Russians. I don't know what scoundrel told him the history of this title, but he put his two feet in one shoe ^482a and declared that he was a heaven-sent genius, and that this title was his rightful property. Now for some months you don't know what a hullabaloo is going on, with Mírzá 'Abdu'r-Razzáq Khán on the one hand, supported by his science of Geometry, and Ḥájji Maliku't-Tujjár on the other with his persuasive eloquence and his quotations from the poems of Imru'u'l-Qays and Náṣir-i-Khusraw-i-'Alawí. O Kablá'í Dakhaw, you don't know in what toil and moil we are caught! If you can deliver us from this calamity it would be as though you had freed a slave for God's sake, and may God, if He will, forgive your sons!

“May God make one day of your life a hundred years! Today is a day for zealous endeavour. For the rest, you are the best judge. I have nothing more to submit.

“Your faithful servant, GADFLY.”

It is difficult in a translation to do justice to these articles, which mark an absolutely new departure in Persian Originality of Dakhaw both in prose and verse. satire, and are written in a style at once idiomatic and forcible. Though they appeared under variou pseudonyms, I fancy they were all written by Dakhaw, who, little as he wrote, on the strength of them and a few of his poems ^482b deserves, in my opinion, to occupy the first rank amongst contemporary Persian men of letters. It is to be regretted that, though a comparatively young man, he has apparently produced nothing during the last ten or twelve years.

Of the last twelve years I have little to say. The beginning of 1912 saw the culmination of Russian violence The last twelve years (A.D. 1912- 1923). and oppression in Persia, and, for the time being, the end alike of liberty and literary effort. Then came the War, when Persia became the passive victim of three contending foreign armies, with little profit to expect from the success of any one of them, while there was scarcity everywhere and famine and devastation in the western provinces. To Persia at least the Russian Revolution came as a godsend, while the subsequent withdrawal of Great Britain after the failure of the Anglo-Persian Agreement left her at last more or less mistress in her own house. How far she will be able to make use of the breathing-space thus accorded her remains to be seen.

Surprise has sometimes been expressed that during the War there should have existed in Persia a considerable pro- Persia and Germany. German party, largely composed of prominent Democrats and Reformers. The explanation is simple enough. Imperial Russia was hated and feared, and with good reason, and any Power which diverted her attention from her victim and threatened her supremacy was sure of a large measure of popularity, while Persia had no reason to fear or dislike Germany, which lay remote from her borders and had at no time threatened her independence. Germany, of course, took advantage of this sentiment, and carried on an active propaganda, of which the curious history remains to be written.

The old Káwa newspaper (1916-1919). One of the chief organs of the propaganda was the Káwa (Kaveh) newspaper published at Berlin, nominally once a fortnight, from January 24, 1916, to August 15, 1919. There was a long gap between the combined Nos. 29 and 30, July 15, 1918, and Nos. 31 and 32, October 15, 1918; between No. 33, Nov. 15, 1918, and No. 34, March 1, 1919; and between this last and the final number of the old series mentioned above, which appeared five months and a half later. On The new Káwa (1920-1921). January 22, 1920, appeared the first number of the New Series (Dawra-i-Jadíd), which definitely renounced politics in favour of literature and science, while keeping the same external form and high standard of style and typography. In this form the paper, now appearing only once a month, endured for two years more, the last number (No. 12, Jahrg. 2, Neue Folge) being dated December 1, 1921, and containing no less than 33 large pages, closely printed in double columns.

During its propagandist days the contents of the Káwa were, of course, chiefly political, and, though valuable for Articles of interest in the old Káwa. the light they throw on events in Persia, and especially on the doings of the Nationalist “Committee of Defence,” have little bearing on literary matters until after the armistice, though here and there exceptions to this rule occur. Thus No. 4 (March 14, 1916) contains a Kurdish poem; ^484a No.20 an obituary notice of that eminent man of letters Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣádiq “Qá'im-maqámí,” ^484b better known by his title of Adíbu'l-Mamálik , who died on the 28th of Rabí' ii, 1335 (Feb. 21, 1917); No. 21 an account of some of the scientific results obtained by Captain Niedermayer's mission to Afghánistán; ^484c No. 23 an article by Professor Mittwoch on the artist Riḍá-yi-'Abbásí; ^484d No. 26 an account of Persian students in Germany; No. 33 (Nov. 15, 1918), à propos of a new publication, which, though bearing the Persian title Ráh-i-Naw (the “New Road”), was written in German, a brief sketch of various attempts to reform or replace the Persian alphabet; No. 34 (March 1, 1919) an account of the foundation in Berlin of a Persian Literary Society, and a letter from Mírzá Muḥammad of Qazwín on a point of Persian orthography; and No. 35 (August 15, 1919) a long and very interesting article by the writer last named on the oldest recorded Persian verses subsequent to the Arab conquest in the seventh century after Christ.^485a

The Káwa of the New Series, which began on Jan. 22, 1920, is, on the other hand, almost entirely literary, and High literary and critical value of the new Káwa. contains numerous articles of the greatest value and interest. The Persian colony in Berlin, though comparatively small, included several men of great intellectual distinction, and, though ardent patriots, keenly alive to the national faults, and eager to absorb what was best of European learning. The special characteristic of the best German scholarship is its sobriety, thoroughness, painstaking accuracy, and exhaustive examination of relevant material from all available sources. This steadying influence is exactly what the Persians, with their tendency to ingenious but rash conjectures and premature theories, most need. In the leading article which opened the New Series the editor, Sayyid Ḥasan Taqí-záda, thus defined his aims:

“The Kawá newspaper was born of the War, and therefore its conduct was correlated with the situations arising from the War. Now The new Káwa's definition of its aims. that the War is ended and International Peace has supervened, the Káwa considers its War period as concluded, and now enters on a Peace period. It therefore adopts, as from the beginning of the Christian year 1920, corresponding with the 9th of Rabí' ii, A.H. 1338, a new basis and line of conduct. It has nothing to do with the former Káwa, and is, indeed, a new paper, the contents of which will for the most part consist of scientific, literary, and historical articles. Above all else, its object will be to promote European civilization in Persia, to combat fanaticism, to help to preserve the national feeling and unity of Persia, to endeavour to purify and safeguard the Persian language and literature from the disorders and dangers which threaten them, and, so far as possible, to support internal and external freedom…In the opinion of the writer of these lines, that which is today in the highest degree necessary for Persia, which all patriotic Persians should exert themselves to promote, literally, with all their strength, and should place before everything else, is threefold.

“First, the adoption and promotion, without condition or reservation, of European civilization, absolute submission to Europe, and the assimilation of the culture, customs, practices, organization, sciences, arts, life, and the whole attitude of Europe, without any exception save language; and the putting aside of every kind of self-satisfaction, and such senseless objections as arise from a mistaken, or, as we prefer to call it, a false patriotism.

“Secondly, a sedulous attention to the preservation of the Persian language and literature, and the development, extension, and popularization thereof.

“Thirdly, the diffusion of European sciences, and a general advance in founding colleges, promoting public instruction, and utilizing all the sources of material and spiritual power…in this way…

“Such is the belief of the writer of these lines as to the way to serve Persia, and likewise the opinion of those who, by virtue of much cultural and political experience, share his belief.

“Outwardly and inwardly, in body and in spirit, Persia must become Europeanized.

“In concluding this explanation of fundamental beliefs, I must add that in the writer's opinion perhaps the greatest and most effective service of this sort which one could render would be the publication in Persia of translations of a whole series of the most important European books in plain and simple language.”

In pursuance of this programme, there are a certain number of articles on the German system of education, the Some interesting articles in the new Káwa. proceedings of the Perso-German Society, ^486a and the arrangements for facilitating the studies of Persian students in Germany; but matters connected with the language and literature of Persia supply the subject-matter of most of the articles. Thus we find in the year 1920 a series of admirable articles by Taqízáda (signed Muḥaṣṣil) on the most notable Persian poets of early times; ^486b an original article written in Persian by Dr Arthur Christensen of Copenhagen on the existence of verse in Pahlawí; ^487a a discussion on the evolution of the Persian language during the last century; ^487b articles entitled “Bolshevism in ancient Persia” on Mazdak; ^487c comparisons between Eastern and Western research and its results (greatly in favour of the latter), entitled Munáẓara-i-Shab u Rúz (“Dispute between Night and Day”); ^487d the four periods of the Persian language since the Arab conquest; ^487e “a Touchstone of Taste,” on good modern Persian verse and what the writer calls “Karbalá'í verse”; ^487f Pahlawí, Arabic and Persian sources of the Sháh-náma; ^487g ancient and modern translations from Arabic into Persian; ^487h and a very interesting article on the “Sources of eloquent Persian and ‘Khán-i-Wálida Persian’”, ⁴⁸⁷ⁱ in which the writer ridicules and condemns the slavish imitation of Turkish idiom and style practised by certain young Persians resident in Constantinople. These articles, in most cases, display a wealth of knowledge, critical ability, and originality which I have nowhere else encountered in Persian, and deserve a fuller analysis than can be accorded to them in this volume.

During the last year of its existence (1921) the Káwa maintained the same high standard, publishing many The last year (1921) of the Káwa. articles, both historical and literary, which were fully up to the level of the best European scholarship. A series of important historical articles on “the Relations of Russia and Persia during the period of the Áq-Qoyúnlú and Ṣafawí dynasties, down to the beginning of the reign of Áqá Muḥammad Khán Qájár,” written by Sayyid Muḥammad 'Alí Jamál-záda, also appeared as a monthly supplement, and showed very wide and judicious use of all available sources, both Eastern and Western. The sudden cessation of the paper after December, 1921, was a great loss to Persian learning and scholarship.

In June, 1922, there appeared at Berlin a new Persian literary and scientific review entitled Írán-shahr, edited by The Iránshahr. Ḥusayn Káẓim-záda, which, though described as a “Revue…bimensuelle,” actually appeared only once a month. It is of a lighter and more popular character than was the Káwa, and shows a more marked preference for matters connected either with pre-Islamic Persia, or with the problems with which the progressive Persians of today are confronted. No. 7 (December, 1922) contains a long article on the sending of Persian students to Europe, in the third section of which, “on the place and manner of study” (pp. 162-4), the writer argues that such students should go to England or Germany rather than to France, for the following reasons:

“We Persians (with the exception of the people of Ádhar-báyján, whose nature and character agree better with those German education preferred to French for Persian students. of the Anglo-Saxons), in respect to character, nature, capacity and mental tendencies, more closely resemble and approach the French, that is to say the Latin races, since quick and piercing intelligence, self-confidence, versatility of thought, wit and acuteness of perception, sociability and amiability in intercourse on the one hand, and inconstancy, fickleness of character, quickly-developed weariness and want of perseverance, recklessness, and lack of moderation in action on the other, are characteristic of the nature and disposition both of ourselves and of the French.”

This view seems to have commended itself to the Persians generally, for while in August, 1922, there were seventy Persian students in Germany, in the following December the number had increased to over 120.^489a

In Persia itself the Press, paralysed for a time after the Russian aggressions of 1912, has resumed its activities,

The post-War Press of Persia. especially since the conclusion of the War; but owing to the badness of the communications and the irregularity of the posts one has to be content with somewhat fragmentary information about it. No. 4 of the Káwa for 1921 (pp. 15-16) contained a brief list of Persian papers and magazines which had come into being since the beginning of A.H. 1334 (November, 1915). These, forty-seven in number, were arranged alphabetically, the place of publication, name of the editor, and date of inauguration, being recorded in each case. Ṭihrán heads the list with eighteen papers, next comes Shíráz with seven, Tabríz and Rasht with four each, and Iṣfahán, Mashhad, Kirmán, Kirmánsháh, Khúy, Bushire, Bákú, Herát, Kábul and Jalálábád (the last three in Afghánistán) with one or two each. More than half of these papers (twenty-five) first appeared in A.H. 1338 (began on Sept. 26, 1919). That the list is far from exhaustive is shown by the fact that of nine Persian magazines of which copies were sent me by their editors or by friends, only two, the 'Álam-i-Niswán (“Women's World”) and the Armaghán (“Gift”), appear in the above list. The latter is one of the best, containing many poems, including some by the late Adíbu'l-Mamálik, and accounts of the proceedings of the “Literary Society” (Anjuman-i-Adabí) of Ṭihrán. The others are the Bahár (“Spring”), very modern and European in tone, but including some interesting poems; the Furúgh-i-Tarbiyat (“Lustre of Education”); the Dánish (“Knowledge”), published at Mashhad; the Mimát u Ḥayát (“Death and Life”), entirely devoted to European inventions and material progress; the Firdawsí, edited and written by diplomés of the American College at Ṭihrán; the Párs, written half in Persian and half in French, which first appeared at Constantinople on April 15, 1921; and the Ganjína-i-Ma'árif (“Treasury of Sciences”), of which the first number appeared at Tabríz on October 24, 1922. None of these approach the Írán-shahr, still less the Káwa, in excellence of matter or form. An exception should perhaps be made in favour of the Gul-i-Zard (“Yellow Rose”), which appeared in Ṭihrán about the end of August, 1920, and in which the editor, Mírzá Yaḥyá Khán, used to publish the poems he composed under the nom de guerre of Rayḥání.

The establishment in Berlin of the “Kaviani” Printing-press (Cháp-khána-i-Káwayání) owned and managed by The “Kavïani Press” in Berlin. Mírzá 'Abdu'sh-Shukúr and other Persians anxious to meet the growing demand for cheap, correct, and well-printed Persian books, marks another very important stage in the Persian literary revival; and at the present time there exists no other Press which can rival it in these respects. Besides modern plays and treatises on Music, Agriculture and the like, and tasteful editions of such well-known classics as the Gulistán of Sa'dí and the “Cat and Mouse” (Músh u Gurba) of 'Ubayd-i-Zákání, the managers have had the spirit and enterprise Its great services to scholarship. to print such rare works of the great writers of old as the Zádu'l-Musáfirín (“Travellers' Provision”) of Náṣir-i-Khusraw, a book of which only two manuscripts (those of Paris and King's College, Cambridge) are known to exist; and are now (November, 1923) printing the Wajh-i-Dín (“Way of Religion”) of which the unique manuscript has recently been discovered at Petrograd, though books of this sort, recondite in character, costly to print, and unlikely to command a large sale, must almost inevitably be published at a loss. In Mírzá Maḥ-múd Ghaní-Záda the Press possesses a most competent scholar, who carries on the high traditions of criticism and accuracy established by Mírzá Muḥammad Khán of Qazwín.

INDEX

In the following Index where many reference-numbers occur under one heading the more important are printed in Clarendon type, which is also used for the first entry under each letter of the alphabet. To save needless repetition, all references to any name common to several persons mentioned in the text are brought together under one heading, the individuals bearing this name being arranged either in chronological order, or in order of importance, or in classes (rulers, men of letters, poets, etc.). The letter b. between two names stands for Ibn (“Son of…”), and n. after the number of a page indicates a footnote. The addition in brackets of a Roman number after a name or book indicates the century of the Christian era in which the man lived or the book was written. Prefixes like Abú (“Father of…”) and Ibn (“Son of…”) in Muḥammadan, and de, le, von in European names are disregarded in the alphabetical arrangement, so that names like Abú Sa'íd, Ibn Síná, le Strange, de Slane, etc., must be sought under S, not under A, I, L or D. Titles of books and foreign words are printed in italics. A hyphen preceding a word indicates that the Arabic definite article al- should be prefixed to it.

Aaron (Hárún), 207, 217
Abarqúh, 55, 56
'Abbás, uncle of the Prophet Muḥam-
mad and ancestor of the 'Abbásid
Caliphs (A.D. 750-1258), 23, 24,
41 n., 54 n., 127, 394, 424-5, 437-
9; 'Abbás b. 'Alí b. Abí Ṭálib
(perished with the Imám Ḥusayn,
his half-brother, at Karbalá), 190,
192, 340; Sháh — I Ṣafawí
(A.D. 1587-1629), 4, 5, 6-8, 9,
25, 28, 99, 100, 101, 102-112, 118,
119, 256, 258, 266, 364 n., 368,
369, 406, 407, 408, 426, 427 n.,
428, 434; Sháh — II Ṣafawí
(A.D. 1642-67), 111, 112, 264,
267; Sháh — III Ṣafawí (A.D.
1731-6), 113, 134-5; — Mírzá
(eldest and favourite son of Fatḥ-
'Alí Sháh Qájár, d. A.D. 1833),
146, 155, 311, 313, 314 n., 315,
468; — Efendi ('Abdu'l-Bahá,
q.v.), 217 n., 218 n., 220; —
of Bisṭám (poet, better known
as Furúghí and Miskín, q.v.),
328, 336; Ḥájji — (fictitious),
183, 185
'Abbásábád (near Iṣfahán), 266
Abdál (a class of the Rijálu'l-Ghayb,
or “Men of the Unseen”), 469,
472 n.
Abdál Beg (renegade Christian painter),
283
Abdálí Afgháns, 125, 138
'Abdu'l-'Azíz Khán (Afghán envoy
to Constantinople, A.D. 1726-7),
131-2
'Abdu'l-Bahá ('Abbás Efendi, q.v.),
207, 217 n., 218 n., 220
'Abdu'l-Báqí (a descendant of Sayyid
Ni'matu'lláh, killed at Cháldirán,
A.D. 1514), 76; Sayyid — Ṭabíb
(poet, xviii), 283
'Abdu'l-Ḥamíd, Sultán — (xix-xx),
13 n., 467
'Abdu'l-Jabbár (artist at the court of
Sháh 'Abbás I), 110
'Abdu'lláh b. -Ḥusayn b. 'Alí b. Abí
Ṭálib, 393; — -Aftaḥ (son of the
Imám Ja'far-Ṣádiq), 391; — -i-
Shírází (saint, xiii), 37; — Khán
Uzbek (xvi), 105; — -i-Yazdí,
Mullá (xvi), 427; — -i-Túní,
Mullá (xvii), 368; — Afghán
(brother of Mír Ways, xviii), 125;
Mírzá —, physician (xviii), 283
'Abdu'l-Majíd Belshah (d. A.D.
1923), 366 n.
'Abdu'l-Muḥammad-Maḥallátí (xix),
149
'Abdu'l-Mú'min Khan Uzbek (xvi),
104, 105
'Abdu'l-Muqtadir, Mawlawí — (xx),
448 n.
'Abdu'l-Qádir-i-Badá'úní (historian
of Akbar, xvi-xvii), 242, 243, 249
'Abdu'r-Raḥím Khán-khánán (xvi),
165, 245, 252
'Abdu'r-Raḥmán Bey Sheref (Turkish
historian, xx), 71 n.
'Abdu'r-Razzáq-i-Láhijí, called
Fayyáḍ (philosopher, xvii), 250 n.,
408-9, 426, 427, 435-6; — Khán (of
the Cossack Brigade, A.D. 1907),
476-8, 481-2
'Abdu'sh-Shukúr (proprietor of the
“Kaviani” Press, Berlin, 1924),
490
Abdu'l-Wahháb Nasháṭ (poet, d.
A.D. 1828-9), 307, 311
'Abdu'l-Wási'-i-Jabalí (poet, xii), 299
Abíward, 109
Abraham (Ibráhím), 388, 389
Ábtín (legendary father of Firídún),
310 and n.
Abwábu'l-Janán (A.D. 1645, by Mullá
Muḥsin-i-Fayḍ), 407, 435
“Accomplishments” (Kamáliyyát),
26-7
“Achmetes” (i.e. Aḥmad Pasha), 70
Acre, 151 n., 154, 187 n. See 'Akká
Adab (newspaper), 346-7
Adam, 207, 217, 388
Ad-ham (poet, xvii), 267
Adhar (poet and biographer). See
Átash-kada, Luṭf-'Alí Beg
Ádhar Kaywán (xvii), 258
Ádharbáyján, 45, 47, 52, 55, 82, 87,
93, 104, 139, 279, 316, 347, 375 n.,
451, 462, 488
Adíb Ṣábir (poet, xii), 299
Adíbu'l-Mamálik (poet and journalist,
d. A.D. 1917), 303, 346-9, 484, 489
'Ádil Sháh Afshár (A.D. 1747-8), 116,
138, 141
'Adliyya (Ministry of Justice), 347
Adonis, 188
Adrianople, 76, 154, 237
Adventure of Appledore Towers, 466 n.
Advocates, The — (Wukalá-yi-Murá-
fa'a), 462
Afḍal of Qá'in, Mullá — (xvi), 427
Afgháns, Afghánistán, 10, 24, 111, 115-
118, 121-133, 135, 138, 139, 168,
278-9, 282, 450, 451, 484, 489
Afláki (author of the Manáqibu'l-
'Árifín), 35
Afrásiyáb, 13, 14, 414
Africa, North —, 59
Afshár, 52 n., 137 n.
Áftáb (newspaper), 347
Aftaḥiyya sect, 391
Ágáh (poet of Shíráz, d. A.D. 1828-9),
225 n., 311
Aghá (or Áqá), title given to eunuchs,
141
Aghayeff, Aḥmad Bey — (xix-xx), 346
Ágra, 255, 256, 266, 267
Agradates, 465
Ahar, 50
Ahlí (poet of Turshíz, d. A.D. 1527-8),
233-4; — (poet of Shíráz, d. A.D.
1535-6), 233-4
Ahlu'l-Buyútát, 209 n.
Ahlwardt, 358 n., 444 n.
Aḥmad-A'rábí, Sayyid — (ancestor
of the Ṣafawís), 33 n.; — b. 'Alí
-Najáshí (d. A.D. 1063), 355, 358,
405; — (son of Rashídu'd-Dín
Faḍlu'lláh (xiv), 33; — Mírzá
(brother of Sháh Isma'íl I Ṣafawí),
59; — Mírzá (another Ṣafawí
prince, put to death by Sháh
Isma'íl II in A.D. 1577), 99; —
Khán (ruler of Gílán, circâ A.D.
1567), 96; — Beg Áq-qoyúnlú,
58 n.; — Ján (envoy to Sulṭán
Salím, A.D. 1514), 75; — b. Mu-
ḥammad-Ardabílí, Mullá—, known
as Muqaddas-i-Ardabílí (“the
Saint of Ardabíl,” d. A.D. 1585),
369, 406; — b. Abú'l-Fatḥ (author
of the Aḥsanu'l-Qiṣaṣ), 30; — i-
Rází (author of the Haft Iqlím,
composed in A.D. 1619), 448; —
b. Zaynu'l-'Ábidín-'Alawí (oppo-
nent of Xavier, xvii), 421; —
Qazwíní (musician at Court of
Sháh 'Abbás I, xvii), 110; —
Hátif, Sayyid — (poet of Iṣfahán,
xvii-xviii), 283-297, 305; — Páshá
of Baghdád (circâ A.D. 1732), 134;
— Khán Abdálí, afterwards —
Sháh Durrání (A.D. 1747-73),
138; — b. Zaynu'd-Dín-Aḥsá'í,
Shaykh — (d. A.D. 1827), 407,
410-411, 421-2, 429, 434; —
Niráqí, Mullá — (d. A.D. 1828-9),
411; Wafíq (Vefíq) Pasha (Turkish
scholar and man of letters, xix),
462; — Ṣafá'í (son of the poet
Yaghmá), 338; — -i- Rúḥí-i-
Kirmání (put to death in A.D.
1896), 468; — Bey Aghayeff (xix-
xx), 346; Aḥmad Sháh Qájár,
Sulṭán — (regnant), 158
Aḥmadábád (Gujerát), 252
Aḥmadnagar, 169 n.
-Aḥsá, 364
-Aḥsá'í. See under Aḥmad b. Zaynu'd-
Dín (d. A.D. 1827) and Shaykhís
Aḥsanu'l-Qiṣaṣ, 30 n.
Aḥsanu't-Tawáríkh (composed in A.D.
1577), 5, 14, 20, 28 n., 32 n., 43,
48 n., 54-56, 58 n., 64 n., 71, 72,
77 n., 78, 80-83, 85, 87, 88, 89,
92, 94, 98, 100, 168-172, 231 n.,
413-415, 444
'Á'isha (wife of the Prophet Muḥam-
mad), 392
Á'ína-i-Ḥaqq-numá (by Xavier), 421
'Ajá'ibu'l-Makhlúqát (of -Qazwíní),
448 n.
-'Ajamí, Shrine of —, 46 n.
Akbar (Moghul Emperor of India,
A.D. 1556-1605), 92, 137, 165,
245, 249, 250
Akbar-náma (poem by Fayḍí), 244
Akhbárí Sect, 374-6, 402-3, 407,
434
Akhláq-i-Jalálí, 424, 427; — -i-
Muḥsiní, 424; — -i-Náṣirí, 405,
424
Akhláṭ, 58
Akhtar (newspaper), 157, 468; —
Press, 344
'Akká (Acre in Syria), 151 n., 154,
187 n.
Aksún (a black brocade), 209 n.
'Álam-i-Niswán (periodical), 489,
'Álam-Sháh Begum (daughter of Uzún
Ḥasan, xv), 47
'Alamu'l-Hudá (d. A.D. 1044), 405.
Alamút, 89, 102
'Alá'u'd-Dawla Samnání (xiii), 37;
— Dhu'l-Qadar (circâ A.D. 1510:
the “Aliduli” of the Venetian
travellers), 58, 61, 77 n.; —, edition
of Mathnawí named after —, 457
'Alá'u'd-Dín Maḥmúd (physician of
Sháh 'Abbás l), 427
Alchemist (Kímiyá-gar, a Persian
comedy) 462 and n.
d'Alessandri, Vincentio — (A.D. 1571),
50 n., 85
Alexander the Great (Iskandar-i-
Rúmí), 13-14, 52, 80 n., 199, 209,
211 n., 246, 247, 270, 391
Alfiyya of Ibn Málik, 363, 364
Algebra (of 'Umar Khayyám), 425
'Alí b. Abí Ṭálib (First Imám of
the Shí'a, cousin and son-in-law
of the Prophet Muḥammad, vii),
16, 17, 19, 28, 29, 32, 33 n., 43,
44, 46, 52, 54, 58, 86, 87, 174-6,
178, 180, 192 n., 230, 235, 236,
248, 264, 356, 369, 385, 390, 391,
392, 418, 433; — b. -Ḥusayn b.
'Alí, entitled Zaynu'l-'Ábidín
(Fourth Imám, vii-viii), 18, 179,
181 n., 347, 393; the Third Imám
-Ḥusayn had three sons named
'Alí, distinguished according to
their ages by the titles -Akbar,
-Awsaṭ and -Aṣghar; -Akbar,
191, 193, 393; — -Awsaṭ (identi-
cal with — Zaynu'l-'Ábidín just
mentioned) and Aṣghar, 393; —
Riḍá (Eighth Imám, viii-ix),
36, 65, 87, 109, 394, 455, 456; —
Naqí (Tenth Imám, ix), 394;
Khwája — (grandson of Shaykh
Ṣafiyyu'd-Dín, d. A.D. 1427), 19,
45-6; doubtful identifications of
him with Sayyid — -'Ajamí, or
— b. 'Alawí, buried in Palestine,
45-46 and footnote; — Mírzá, or
Sulṭán — (brother of Sháh Isma'íl
I Ṣafawí), 21, 48 n., 49; Mír —
Shír Nawá'í (d. A.D. 1501), 83,
163, 227, 234; — Beg Áq-qoyúnlú,
58 n.; — Beg Chákarlú (Turk-
mán Sulṭán, circâ A.D. 1500, possi-
bly identical with preceding), 51;
Sídí — Ra'is (Turkish naval officer,
A.D. 1554-6), 10 n.; — b. 'Abdu'l-
'Álí-'Ámilí, Shaykh Núru'd-Dín,
called Muḥaqqiq-i-Thání (d.
A.D. 1533), 256, 406, 428; Sulṭán
— Mírzá (Ṣafawí prince, murdered
by Sháh Isma'íl II in A.D. 1577),
99; — Páshá or Ághá (envoy to
Sháh Ṭahmásp in A.D. 1562), 90-
1; — Páshá (minister of Sulṭán
Báyazíd II), 70 and note; Mullá
— Mudhahhib (teacher of
Shaykh-i-Bahá'í), 427; — Sháh
(early xviii), 284; — Mardán Khán
(circâ A.D. 1750), 139; Shaykh —
Khán (general of Karím Khán-i-
Zand, circâ A.D. 1760), 140; — Mu-
rád nephew of Karím Khán-i-Zand,
d. A.D. 1785), 142; — Riḍá (his-
torian of Zand dynasty), 140 n.; Mír
Sayyid — of Iṣfahán, poetically
surnamed Mushtáq, 283, 248;
Mullá — Núrí (early xviii), 376,
437; — Akbar (poet of Shíráz,
surnamed Bismil, author of the
Tadhkira-i-Dilgushá, circâ A.D.
1821), 304; — Ashraf (brother of
the preceding, poetically surnamed
Ágáh), 311; — Muḥammad of
Shíráz, called the Báb, q.v. (put
to death in A.D. 1850), 150: Ḥájji
— Khán-i-Marágha'i Ḥájibu'd-
Dawla, 153, 454; — Aṣghar b. —
Akbar (lithographer, xix), 381
'Alí-qulí Salím (poet at Akbar's
Court), 166; Shámlú (servant of
Sháh Isma'íl II -Safawí, xvi), 99;
— Khán (general of Sháh 'Abbás
I), 104; — Khán (nephew and
successor of Nádir Sháh, A.D. 1747-
8), 138; see also 'Ádil Sháh,
supra
“Alidoli,” or “Aliduli” (an Italian
corruption of 'Alá'u'd-Dawla,
q.v.), 58, 61
'Alláma-i-Ḥillí (“the Sage of Ḥilla”),
whose proper name was Ḥasan b.
Yúsuf b. 'Alí b. Muṭahhar (q.v.),
and who died in A.D. 1325, 356,
406
Alma Qúlághí, Battle of —; 82
Alqáṣ Mírzá (brother of Sháh Ṭahmásp,
put to death in A.D. 1576-7), 81,
89, 93
“Alumut” (an Italian corruption of
Alwand, q.v.), 62
Alwáḥ (“Tablets,” plural of Lawḥ),
423
Alwand (prince of the “White Sheep”
Dynasty, defeated by Sháh Isma'íl I
in A.D. 1503), 52, 55, 58, 61, 62, 68,
82
Amalu'l-Ámil fí 'Ulamá'i Jabal 'Ámil
(xvii), 356, 359, 360, 449
Amání (poet of Mázandarán, d. A.D.
1651), 251, 258.
Amánu'lláh Khán (Afghán general,
A.D. 1722), 130
Amar, Emil — (translator of Kitábu'l-
Fakhrí), 444 n.
Amásiya, 76
America, 12, 150, 422, 489
'Ámil, Jabal — (in Syria), 360, 449
Amíní (poet, xvi), 81
Amínu'd-Dín Jibrá'íl (father of Shaykh
Ṣafiyyu'd-Dín, xiii), 32 n., 37
Amírí, 303, 347. See above, Adíbu'l-
Mamálik
Amír-i-Kabír, or Amír Niẓám (Mírzá
Taqí Khán, d. A.D. 1852), 152-3
Amír Niẓám, Ḥasan 'Alí Khán-i-Gar-
rúsí (circâ A.D. 1890), 347
'Amr and Zayd, 380 and n.
Anatolia, 48, 70. See also Asia Minor
Anatomy, 425
Andakhúd, 109
'Andalíb (Mírzá Ḥusayn Khán, poet,
xix), 309
Angels, 384, 390, 394-8
Angioletto (Venetian traveller in Persia,
xv-xvi), 22, 47, 49, 60-61
Anglo-French rivalry in Persia, 146
Anglo-Persian War (A.D. 1856-7),
154, 450; — Agreement (A.D. 1919,
157, 483
Anglo-Russian rivalry in Persia, 147
Anglo-Saxon character, 488
Angora, 15
Anjuman-i-Adabí (“Literary So-
ciety” of Ṭihrán), 489;—i-Kháqán
(biographies of poets), 298; —
i-Ma'árif (Turkish Academy), 450
'Anqá (mythical bird), 263
Anthropomorphism (tashbíh), 17, 382
Antichrist (Dajjál), 399
Antinomianism (suqúṭ-i-'ibádát), 382
Ants, instinct in —, 440-1
Anúsharwán (Khusraw —, Sásánian
king, vi), 52, 391, 401, 464. See
also Núshírwán
Anwarí (poet, xii), 246, 284, 299, 348
Anwár-i-Suhaylí, 83, 412
-Anwáru'n Nu'mániyya (by Sayyid
Ni'matu'lláh-Jazá'irí, A.D. 1678),
361 n., 366
Apostates, punishment of —, 402
Apostles of Christ (Ḥawáriyyún), 207,
218
Apotheosis (Ittiḥád), 382
Áqá Khán, 148-9
'Aqá'idu'sh-Shí'a, 381-402
Áq-qoyúnlú Turkmán dynasty. See
White Sheep
Arabia, Arabs, 18 (democratic ten-
dencies), 77, 125, 388 (Prophets
of —), 401 (idolatrous —): Arab
conquest of Persia, 3, 14 n., 32,
122, 128, 485, 487
Arabian Medicine, Philosophy and
Science, 424-5, 437-440
Arabic language, 15, 359, 363, 388,
415-420, 425 n.
Ibnu'l-'Arabí, Shaykh Muḥyi'd-Dín
—, 37
'Arabistán, 126, 129
-A'ráf (Purgatory), 401
Ardabíl, 21, 28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37,
41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60,
67, 88, 109, 369, 370
-Ardabílí, -Muqaddas —, 369, 406
Arda Viráf-náma, 396 n.
Ardistán, 307
Arfa'u'd-Dawla, Mírzá Riḍá Khán,
344 n.
'Árif of Qazwín (contemporary poet),
223, 345
Aristotle, 201, 212
Arjásp, 230. See Umídí
Arjawán (on the Caspian), 51
Arjísh, 58, 93
Armaghán (Persian magazine), 346 n.,
489
Armenia, Armenians, 49, 128, 134, 451
Armenia and Erzeroum, by the
Hon. Robert Curzon, 152
Arnold, Mathew —, 186
'Arshiyya, -Ḥikmatu'l- — (by Mullá
Ṣadrá), 430
Art and Architecture during the Ṣafawí
period, 24-25
Artillery, 75, 93, 105, 106
Arzinján, or Erzinján, 22, 52, 62, 75,
76, 77
Asadí (poet, xi) 299; Salmán-i- —
(contemporary student), 346 n.
Áṣaf (Solomon's chief Minister), 310
Ascension (Mi'ráj) of the Prophet,
390, 395
Asfár of Mullá Ṣadrá, 429-430 and
note
-A'shá (Arabian poet), 284
Ash'arí sect, 384
Ash'ath b. Nafís, 392
'Áshiq (poet of Iṣfahán, xviii), 283
Ashraf, Malik-i- — (xiv), 45; —
(place in Mázandarán), 109; —
(Afghán prince, killed A.D. 1730),
116, 131, 133; — (of Gílán, con-
temporary poet), 223, 345, 469
Aṣlán, Malik — (Dhu'l-Qadar dynas-
ty), 77 n.
Ashtí-kunán, Kúcha-i- — (“Recon-
ciliation Lane”), 475-6, 480
'Áshúrá (the 10th of Muḥarram, or
Rúz-i-Qatl), 29, 188. See also
Ta'ziya.
Asia Minor, 16, 20, 44, 51, 67, 106.
See also Anatolia
Asmá (Ja'da bint-Ash'ath b. Nafís,
vii), 392
Asmá'u'r-Rijál of -Najáshí (d. A.D.
1063), 355
Asrár, pen-name of Ḥájji Mullá
Hádí of Sabzawár (d. A.D. 1878),
326, 411, 437; —i-Khudí (“Secrets
of the Self”), by Dr Muḥammad
Iqbál, 431 n.; — i-Qásimí, 442;
— u'l-Ḥikam, by Ḥájji Mullá
Hádí of Sabzawár, 437; — u'sh-
Shahádat (“Mysteries of Martyr-
dom”), 182, 188, 194
“Assambei” (Italian corruption of
Ḥasan Beg, or Úzún Ḥasan, q.v.),
48
Astárá, 51, 277, 478, 481
Astarábád, 56, 59, 109, 137, 234, 251,
428
Astumar (supposed to be Lake Van),
49
Átash-kada (of Luṭf-'Alí Beg Ádhar),
87 n., 231, 235, 236, 238, 241, 244,
251, 264, 266, 282-4
Átháru'l-Bilád (of -Qazwíní, xiii),
397 n., 448
Ibnu'l-Athír (the historian, xiii), 118 n.
Atonement, Doctrine of — in Islám,
187, 188. See also Intercession
'Aṭṭár, Shaykh Farídu'd-Dín — (xiii),
220
Ibn 'Aṭṭásh, Aḥmad —, execution of
—, 222
Attributes of God, 382-6
Aṭwáqu'dh-Dhahab of -Zamakhsharí,
317
Austria, Austrians, 106, 452
Avesta, 14 n., 122, 465
Avicenna (Shaykh Abú 'Alí b. Síná),
201, 212, 257, 357, 425, 430-1,
438
“Awakening of the Persians” (Ta'-
ríkh-i-Bídárí-yi-Írániyán, q.v.),
413
'Awaḍ-Khawwáṣ (ancestor of Ṣafawís),
32 n., 36
Awḥadí (poet, xiii-xiv), 267
Awjí (poet, xvii), 267
Awranzíb (Moghul Emperor, A.D.
1659-1707), 165
Ayás Bey of Latakia (killed at Chál-
dirán, A.D. 1514), 76
Aybu Khwája (descendant of Chingíz
Khán), 64 n.
'Aynu'l-Ḥayát (by Mullá Muḥammad
Báqir-i-Majlisí, xvii), 409, 417
'Aynu'l-Kamál (the Evil Eye so
called), 117 n.
Ázád (Afghán ruler of Ádharbáyján,
xviii), 139-140; — (poet, xix),
225 n.
Azalís, 187 n., 423
-Azhar, University of — in Cairo, 377,
416
Azhidaháka (Ḍaḥḥák of the Muslim
writers), 14 n.
'Azímábád, 452
'Azízu'lláh, Mosque of Áqá Sayyid —,
475, 480
'Azra'íl (the Angel of Death), 389, 395
Azraqí (poet, xi), 299

Baal, Priests of —, 188
Báb (Mírzá 'Alí Muḥammad of Shíráz,
put to death in A.D. 1850), and his
followers the Bábís, 121, 122, 147,
149-151, 153-4, 156, 162, 187 n.,
194-220 (poem), 329, 354, 355,
380-1, 399 n., 403, 411, 415, 420-3,
430, 446
Ibn Bábawayhi (eminent Shí'a theo-
logian, d. A.D. 991-2), 358, 377,
405, 448
Bab-el-Wad (Hebron), 46 ad calc.
Bábil (grandfather of Shaykh Záhid
of Gílán), 42
Babinger, Dr F. —, 35 n., 44 n.,
45 n., 46 n., 47 n.
Bábu'lláh (“the Gate of God,” 'Alí
so called), 385
Bábur (Tímúrid founder of the Moghul
Empire in India, d. A.D. 1530-1),
63, 64, 66, 74 n., 85, 91, 92, 234
Babylon (meaning Baghdád, q.v.), 112
Badakhshán, 322, 451
Badá'úní (author of the Muntakhabu't-
Tawáríkh), 165
Badhlu'r-Raḥmán, Professor —, 440
Badí'u'z-Zamán Mírzá (Tímúrid
prince), 55, 64, 77, 99
Badru'd-Dín Muḥammad (father of the
poet 'Urfí), 245
Báfq, 238
Baghdád, 24, 30-31, 55, 58, 62, 93,
106, 112, 127, 134, 140, 149, 154,
235, 236, 279, 280, 321, 364, 425
Bahá'í, a follower of Bahá'u'lláh,
q.v. Shaykh-i- —, 28. See Bahá'u'd-
Dín-'Amilí, infra
Bahár (contemporary poet), 223, 345;
469; — (newspaper), 469
Bahá'u'd-Dawla, Bahman Mírzá —
(xix), 149, 450 n.
Bahá'u'd-Dín-'Ámilí, Shaykh —
(theologian, d. A.D. 1621-2), 28,
110, 250, 253, 278, 364, 366, 372,
407, 408, 426-8, 429
Bahá'u'lláh, Bahá'ís, 151, 187 n., 194-
220 (poem), 354, 415, 420-3; —
“the Splendour of God” (book by
Ibráhím Khayru'lláh), 214 n.
Bahjatu'r-Rawáj (treatise on music),
223 n.
Bahman Mírzá. See above under
Bahá'u'd-Dawla
Bahrám Gúr (Sásánian King), 466;
— Mírzá (son of Badí'u'z-Zamán
Mírzá), 99; — Mírzá (son of Sháh
Ṭahmásp, xvi), 81, 88-9
Bahrámábád (near Kirmán), 126
Baḥrayn, 125, 356, 360, 364, 374, 421,
433
Baḥru'l-'Ulúm (Sayyid Muḥammad
Mahdí of Burújird, d. circâ A.D.
1825), 410
Bajazet, 70; a corrupt spelling of
Báyazíd, q.v.
Bakhtiyárís, 139
Bakí Aqá (daughter of Úzún Ḥasan),
47
Abú Bakr (the First Caliph, vii), 17,
22, 53, 54, 74, 80 n., 94, 95, 104,
391, 392, 418
Bákú, 52, 109, 130, 135, 346, 347, 489
Ba'labakk (Baalbek), 407, 428
Bal'amí (translator of-Ṭabarí's history
into Persian), 412
Balance (Mízán), 400
Balkh, 51, 55, 82, 109
-Balkhí (schismatic), 384
Balúchistán, Balúchís, 24, 128 n.,
133
Bam, 149
Bandar-i-'Abbás, 279, 280
Bang (Cannabis Indica, Ḥashísh),
87 n., 470, 473
Bankipore Library, 358
Banná'í (poet, killed in A.D. 1512),
63, 83, 94, 227
Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 358 n.
Baqá'í (poet, rival of Hilálí, xvi), 235
Baqiyyatu'lláh (“the Remnant of
God,” the Imám Mahdí so called),
394
Baráhínu'l-'Ajam (by Sipihr), 326
Barahút, Wádí —, 397 and note
Bárbad (minstrel of Khusraw Parwíz),
221
Barbaro, Josepho—(Venetian traveller,
xv), 10
Barbier de Meynard, 462
Bar-bítán (the seven great noble fami-
lies of Ancient Persia), 209 n.
Bárík Parnák (ruler of 'Iráq-i-'Arab
about A.D. 1500), 55
Barkhiyá (father of Áṣaf, Solomon's
Prime Minister), 310 and note
Barníqí, Shamsu'd-Dín —, 44
St Bartholomew, Massacre of —, 72
Barzakh (the “World of the Barrier”),
395, 397
-Basásírí (xi), 54 and note
Baṣra, 200, 210, 279, 363, 429
“Bassa” (i.e. Pasha), 70
Ibn Baṭúṭa (traveller, xiv), 27
Bayán, Persian — (by the Báb), 150,
197, 422
Báyandarí, 67 and note, another name
for the “White Sheep” (Áq-
Qoyúnlú) dynasty, q.v.
Báyazíd of Bisṭám (saint and mystic),
336, 357; — II (Ottomán Sulṭán,
A.D. 1482-1512), 9, 57, 65, 67-9,
70, 71, 72; — son of Sulaymán I
(Ottoman Prince, A.D. 1562), 89-
91
Bayburt, 76
Bayram Beg (Humáyún's envoy), 57;
— Khán-Khánán (murdered in
A.D. 1561), 165, 245
Baysunghur, or Baysunqur (of the
“White Sheep” dynasty), 49-50,
58 n.
Bayt Maḥsír (Hebron), 46 n.
Ibnu'l-Bayṭár (botanist), 441
Bazm-i-Wiṣál, 317
Ibnu'l-Bazzáz (author of Ṣafwatu'ṣ-
Ṣafá, xiv), 34
Bear, the Thief-catching — (Khirs-i-
Qúldúr-básán, Persian comedy),
462
Bedr ed-Dīn der Sohn des Richters von
Simāw by F. Babinger, 44 n., 48 n.
Beer, Ernst —, 140 n., 445 n.
Bees, Habits of — observed by Mír
Dámád, 428-9
Belfour, F. C. —, 115, 277
Benares, 115
Bengal, Asiatic Society of —, 358
Berlin, 13 n., 425, 483-9
Bethune, Sir Henry Lindsay —, 147
Bíbí Fáṭima (wife of Shaykh Ṣafiyyu'd-
Dín, xiii), 42
-Bidá (doctrine of —), 385
Bídábád (quarter of Iṣfahán), 410
Bí-dil (poet), 178, 269
Biḥáru'l-Anwár (by Mullá Muḥam-
mad Báqir-i-Majlisí), 359, 366 n.,
409, 417
Bihbihání, Muḥammad 'Alí —, 420
Bihzád (artist, circâ A.D. 1500), 25
-Bírúní, Abú Rayḥán — (xi), 357, 449
Bísh bád, kam ma-bád (a curse), 54
Bismil, Mírzá 'Alí Akbar of Shíráz
(poet, circâ A.D. 1821), 304-5, 311,
317; Murgh-i- —, 166 n.
Bisṭám, 328, 336, 455
Bitlís, 58
“Blasi,” 62
Blochet, E. —, 444 n.
Blochmann, 210 n., 249 n.
Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen —, 196
de Boer, Dr T. J. —, 424 n., 425,
426 n.
Bolsheviks, Bolshevism, 371, 487
Bombay, 149
Bosphorus, 467
British Legation at Ṭihrán, 370; —
Museum, 457. See Edwards, Rieu.
Brockelmann's Gesch. d. Arab. Litt.,
57 n., 440 n.
Brydges, Sir Harford Jones —, 142-4,
146
Búdáq Sulṭán (father of Shaybak or
Shaybání Khán), 64 n.
Buddhists, 258
Buhlúl (the “Wise fool”), 387
Bujnúrd, 455
Bukhárá, 51, 64, 136, 250, 258, 265,
269, 282 n.
Buláq, 253
Bulgháy (descendant of Chingíz Khán),
64 n.
-Búní, Shaykh — (occultist), 442
Bunker, Mr — (Lunatic at Large),
322
Búq-i-Waḥdat, 473 n.
Buqráṭ (Hippocrates), 201
Búqu'l-'Ishq (poet, xvi), 97
Burhán (Niẓám Sháh, A.D. 1508-
1553), 169 n.; — (descendant of
Shírwán-sháh, circâ A.D. 1549),
96; — u'd-Dín, Qáḍí — (circâ
A.D. 1384), 406
Bury, Professor J. B. —, 186 n.
Busbecq, 11, 93
Busḥaq (poet of Shíráz), 241
Bushire (Abú Shahr), 489
Bustánu's-Siyáḥat (A.D. 1831-2),
450-2
Buwayhid (or Daylamite) dynasty, 3,
8, 30-31, 54 n.
Buzghush, Shaykh — of Shíráz, 42
Byron, 227
Byzantine Empire, 80 n.

Caesarea, 23, 76
Cain (Qábíl), 207, 217
Cairo (-Qáhira), 425, 469
Calcutta, 469
Caliph (Khalífa), Caliphate (Khiláfat),
3, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 24, 58, 104,
126-7, 131-2, 348, 363, 391;
Cursing of first three Caliphs, 53-
54, 58, 74, 104, 135, 363
Calligraphy, History of — (Khaṭṭ u
Khaṭṭáṭán), 450 (by Mírzá Ḥabíb),
457 (by Mírzá-yi-Sanglákh)
Cambridge University Library, 15 n.,
49 n., 51 n., 52 n., 53 n., 55, 56 n.,
59 n., 63 n., 65 n., 77 n., 194 n.,
431
Cambyses (Kambujiya), 465
Canaan (Kan'án), 207, 217 and note
Canopus (Suhayl), 184, 185
Capuchin Mission (Iṣfahán), 9
Carabas (corruption of Qará-bágh), 49
Caramania (Qaramán), 48
Carmel, Mount —, 204, 214
Cartwright (xv), 10
Cashmere (Kashmír), 110, 245, 451
Caspian Sea, 6, 42, 51, 62, 116, 130,
139
Catholicism, Persian converts to —, 6
Caucasus, 347, 451
Cawnpore (Kánpúr), 281 n.
Cellini, Benvenuto —, 303
Chaghatáy Turks, 234
Chahár Maqála (“the Four Dis-
courses,” xii), 196-7, 209 n, 412,
434 n.
Chahár-súq (cross-roads), 95 n.
Chahár-tárí (player on four-stringed
lute), 110 and note
Chahil Sutún (palace at Iṣfahán), 92
Chákarlú, 'Alí Beg — (Turkmán ruler,
xv), 51
Chakma wa shalwár (boots and
breeches), 320, 322
Chaláwí, Ḥusayn Kiyá-yi- — (ruler of
Samnán about A.D. 1500), 55, 56
Cháldirán, Battle of — (Aug. 23,
1514), 9, 24, 57, 73, 75-7, 82
Changí (harper), 110 and note
Charand-parand (“Charivari”), 469-
482
Chardin (the Chevalier —), 10, 20,
113, 115
“Chasan Chelife,” 70. See Ḥasan
Khalífa
Chelsea, 221
Chighála-záda Sinán Páshá (Turkish
general, circâ A.D. 1603), 106
China (Chín, Ṣín), 128, 202, 205,
211 n., 212, 215, 451
Chingíz Khán, 3, 64 and note, 94, 322
Chrestomathie Persane (by M. Ch.
Schefer), 9 n.
Christ, 187, 420. See Jesus ('Isá)
Christensen, Dr Arthur —, 487
Christians, 6, 7, 9, 112, 113, 123, 137,
187, 188-9, 293-4, 314 n., 401,
421, 422, 434, 452. See also
Georgians, Missionaries
Cicala, 106
Circassians, 101
Clavijo, 41 n., 57
Clements Markham, 41 n.
Clive, Lord —, 186
Clouston, J. Storer —, 322 n.
“Committee of Defence,” 484
Communism (Ibáḥat), 382 and note
Comneni, 47
Constantinople, 11, 65, 66 n., 76, 77 n.,
89, 93 n., 94, 104, 130, 131, 133,
157, 158, 164 n., 173 n., 344, 450,
452, 468, 487, 490
Contarini, Ambrosio —, 10
Continens of Rhazes (-Ḥáwí of -Rází,
x), 438-9
Controversial Tracts, etc., by Professor
Samuel Lee, 421
Copenhagen, 487
Cossacks, 480 n., 481
Court Directory, Persian —, 454-6
Cowley, Lord —, 154
Creasy's History of the Ottoman Turks,
11 n., 75, 90 n., 93
Crimea, 76, 103
Croesus, 209 n.
de la Croix, Pétis —, 10
“Cudi de Lac,” 101 n.
Cuneiform writing (khaṭṭ-i-míkhí), 466
Curds, 58 n. See Kurds
Cureton, 15 n.
Curzon, Hon. Robert —, 152; Lord
— of Kedleston, 92 n., 109, 132 n.
Cyaxares, 465
Cynic (Kalbí), 200, 201
Cyprus, 154, 464 n.
Cyrus, 464, 465

Dabistán, 258, 436
Dághistán, 269
Ḍaḥḥák, 14
Dá'í (court-poet of Sháh 'Abbás, xvi),
110; — (poet, d. A.D. 1742-3), 282
Dajjál (Antichrist), 399
Dakhaw (contemporary poet and
writer), 223, 345, 469-482
Dalá'il-i-Sab'a (“Seven Proofs” of
the Báb), 422
Dámád, Mír Muḥammad Báqir —
(philosopher and theologian, d.
A.D. 1630), 110, 250, 252, 256-7,
372, 406-7, 408, 426-9
Damascus, 179, 406
Damáwand, 455
Dámghán, 133, 456
Ḍamír (thought-reading), 434 n.
Ḍamírí (poet, xvii), 110
Dandin, George —, 462
Daniel (the Prophet), 204, 214
Dánish (newspaper), 489
Dárá, Dáráb, 13, 14
Dáráb [jird], 59, 218 n.
Darband, 48, 60, 109, 130, 134, 135
Darmesteter, James —, 122
Dáru'l-Funún (College at Ṭihrán),
155, 441, 458
Dáru's-Salám, 204. See Baghdád
Dáru't-Tarjuma (Translation Bureau),
347
Darwinian theory, 211 n.
Dastán, Mírzá Ibráhím — (son of the
poet Yaghmá), 338
Dastúru'l-Inshá (by Ṣárí 'Abdu'lláh,
d. A.D. 1668), 9 n.
Dastúru'l-Wuzará (by Khwándamír,
A.D. 1510), 447
Davies, John —, 114
Dáwarí (poet, xix), 163, 300-301,
319-322
Dawlatí (wife of Amínu'd-Dín Jibrá'íl
and mother of Shaykh Ṣafiyyu'd-
Dín), 37
Dawlatsháh (author of “Memoirs of
the Poets,” A.D. 1550), 447
Dawlat Shaykh, 64 n.
Death slain, 401
Deccan, 168, 169, 253, 259, 266, 267,
269, 365
Delhi. See Dihlí
Democracy, Arabian —, 18
Dengiz Beg Shámlú (envoy of Sháh
'Abbás, put to death A.D. 1613-4),
6 n.
Derenbourg, M. Hartwig —, 444 n.
Despina Khátún (“Despinacaton”),
47
Determinism (Jabr). See Fatalism
Deutsch-Persische Gesellschaft, 486 n.
Development of Metaphysics in Persia
(by Shaykh Muḥammad Iqbál),
430 n., 431, 436
Devil, 384
Abú Dharr, 208, 218
Dharra u Khurshíd (poem by Zulálí,
d. A.D. 1614-5), 252
Dhu'l-Fiqár Khán of Samnán (patron
of Yaghmá), 337
Dhu'l-Qadar (Turkish tribe), 52 n.,
58, 77, 104, 414
Dhu'l-Qarnayn, 80 n. See Alexander
the Great
Dhu'n-Nún, Amír — (ruler of Qanda-
hár about A.D. 1500), 55
Dhu'r-Rumma (Arabian poet), 357
Diego, Don — of Persia (about A.D.
1600), 6
Dihlí (Delhi), 28, 91, 92, 136, 168,
169, 266, 281
Dijla (the Tigrís), 321
Dilgushá, Garden of — at Shíráz, 221
Dínár, 410 n.
Dín Muḥammad Sulṭán Uzbek (xvi),
92
Divine Right of Kings, 18
Ḍiyá (Ẓiyá) Páshá (xix), 164 n., 173,
242
Diyár Bakr, 47, 55, 58, 69, 82, 106
Dizful, 46, 59, 279
Doe, John —, 380
“Dog of the Threshold of 'Alí,” or
“of the Immaculate Imáms,” 354,
369
Donisthorpe, Horace —, 440
Dorn, Bernard —, 30, 450 n.
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan —, 467
Dreams, Shah Ṭahmásp's —, 86-8
Droit Musulman by M. Amédée
Querry, 377-8
Dúgh-i-Waḥdat, 473 n.
Dunlop's Perzië, 10, 129
Durra-i-Nádirí (by Mírzá Mahdí
Khán of Astarábád), 445
Dutch, 10, 129, 280

Ecbatana (Hagmatána, Hamadán),
465
Edom, 204, 214
Edwards, Edward —, 304 n., 330 n.,
335, 379 n., 453, 462 n.
Egypt, 11, 14 n., 24, 69, 77, 416, 427,
451, 453
Elephant, Year of the —, 391
Elias, Ney —, 64 n.
Elizabeth, Queen —, 85, 92, 412
Ellis, A. G. —, 5, 14 n., 34, 35, 43 n.,
54 n., 55 n., 58 n., 71 n., 414
Engineer's Thumb (by Sir A. Conan
Doyle), 467
England, 5, 105, 107, 146, 147, 154,
156, 452, 488
Enoch (Idrís), 390
Envoûtement, 375
Ephialtes, 476-7, 480-1
Epirus, 72
“Epistles to the Kings” (Alwáḥ-i-
Saláṭín), 423
Erivan, 109, 130, 135, 137
Erlangen, 425
Erskine, W. —, 57 n., 64, 85, 91,
170 n.
Erzeroum, 135, 152; Treaty of —, 146
Erzinján, 22. See Arzinján
“Essential meanings of words,” 409
Estat de la Perse en 1660, 9, 20 n.,
115, 116
Ethé, Professor Hermann —, 25, 168,
233 n., 234, 264 n., 265
l'Étourdi (Molière), 459
Euclid, 201, 212
Eunuchs, 141
Euphrates (Furát), 341
Euphuists, 412
Europe (monthly review), 153 n.
Europeans, Persian view of —, 452;
— as instructors in Persia, 458; —,
their ships highly esteemed, 280
Evil not created by the Devil, 384
Evil Eye ('Aynu'l-Kamál), 117 n.,
216 n., 274 n.
Executions, compulsory attendance at
—, 108

Abu'l-Faḍl (Akbar's Minister), 242,
249, 252; — b. Idrís of Bitlís, 72
Fairchild, Blair —, 222
-Fakhrí, Kitábu'l- —, 127, 180 n.,
443-4
Fakhru'l-Muḥaqqiqín, 406
Famagusta (Cyprus), 464 n.
-Fárábí, Abú Naṣr — (philosopher),
257, 449
Faraḥábád (near Iṣfahán), 128, 129,
132
Faráhán, 303, 311
Abu'l-Faraj-i-Rúní (poet), 246, 299
Faras-náma (by Shaykh 'Alí Ḥazín),
278
Farazdaq (Arabic poet), 357
Farghána, 64
Farhád Mírzá (uncle of Náṣiru'd-
Dín Sháh), 157, 312; — Páshá
(Turkish General, xvi), 104; — u
Shírín (romantic poem by Waḥshí
and Wiṣál), 238, 317, 319
Farhang (Mírzá Abu'l-Qásim, poet,
of Shíráz, xix), 300, 319, 322-5
Ibnu'l-Fáriḍ (Egyptian mystic and
poet), 357
Farídu'd-Dín 'Aṭṭár (mystical poet,
xiii), 357, 449; — Aḥmad Taftá-
zání (d. A.D. 1510), 63, 69
Farmán-farmá (grandson of Fatḥ-'Alí
Sháh), 146
Farqadán (“Guard-stars”), 295 and
note
Farrukh Khán (Persian plenipoten-
tiary at Paris in A.D. 1857), 154,
450; —Yasár (Shírwán-shah, killed
in A.D. 1500), 22, 52, 60, 82
Farrukhí (poet, xi), 265, 299
Fárs (province), 49, 56, 57, 59, 60,
82, 134, 225, 283
Faṣíḥ (poet, xvi), 243
Fatalism (jabr), 382, 384 n., 385,
386-7, 424
Fatḥ-'Alí Sháh Qájár (A.D. 1797-
1834), 115, 145-6, 298, 303, 304,
305, 309, 311, 314 n., 315, 368,
374-6, 411; — Khán Qájár (circâ
A.D. 1728), 132, 139; — Khán of
Káshán (poetically surnamed Ṣabá,
q.v.), 309-310; — -i-Darbandí
(xix), 462
Abu'l-Fatḥ Beg Báyandarí (ruler of
Kirmán, circâ A.D. 1500), 55; —
-Ḥusayní (xvi), 34-5; — (son of
Karím Khán-i-Zand, xviii), 142;
— of Gílán (Ḥakím, xvi), 245
Fatḥí (rhapsodist at Court of Sháh
'Abbás the Great), 110; — (Indian
poet), 267
Fáṭima (daughter of the Prophet
Muḥammad, wife of 'Alí, and
mother of the Imáms al-Ḥasan
and al-Ḥusayn, vii), 17, 18, 29,
32, 33 n., 176 n., 178, 180, 182,
185, 190, 192, 391, 392, 400 n.,
451; — -Kubrà and Ṣughrà
(daughters of the Imám-Ḥusayn),
181, 393
Fáṭimid Caliphs, 54 n., 98
Fatwá (legal decision), 372
Fawá'id-i-Ṣafawiyya (composed A.D.
1796-7), 444
-Fawá'idu'l-Madaniyya (by Mullá
Muḥammad Amín, d. A.D. 1623-
4), 374
Fayḍ, Mullá Muḥsin-i- —. See under
Muḥsin
Fayḍí (Fayẓí, Feyẓí, poet at Akbar's
Court, d. A.D. 1595), 163, 164,
167, 242-5, 249, 267
Fayyáḍ, 'Abdu'r-Razzáq-i-Láhijí
(theologian and philosopher, xvii),
250 n., 408-9, 435-6; Sultán —
(heretic suppressed by Sháh Is-
ma'íl, circâ A.D. 1508), 59
Felenk and Pelenk (factions), 119
Ferdinand, the Archduke, 11, 93
Feuvrier, Dr —, 371
Fig, Valley of the —, 214, 219
Fighání, Bábá — of Shíráz (d. A.D.
1519), 164, 229-230, 242
Figuerosa, Don Garcias de Silva —,
10
Fihrist (of -Ṭúsí, xi), 355, 405
Fín (near Káshán), 56, 152
Findariski, Mír Abu'l-Qásim-i- —
(d. circâ A.D. 1640), 250, 257-8
“Firangí ambassador” at the Court
of Yazíd, 188
Firangís Khánum (daughter of Sháh
Isma'íl, xvi), 81 n.
Firdawsí (poet, xi), 13, 228, 229,
299, 309; — (magazine), 489
Firídún (legendary Persian king),
12, 13, 14, 310; — Bey (compiler
of Turkish State Papers, xvi), 8,
12, 13 n., 66-9, 73-80, 88 n., 91,
93 n.
Fírúzkúh, 55, 56, 455
Fírúz Mírzá (A.D. 1840), 149
Fírúzsháh-i-Zarrín-Kuláh (ancestor
of Shaykh Ṣafiyyu'd-Dín), 32 n.,
36
Fishing as a pastime, 51
Five Years in a Persian Town (by
Napier Malcolm), 195
Flügel, 66 n.
Fonahn, Dr Adolf —, 439
Forbes's Persian Grammar, 387 n.
“Four Books” of the Shí'a, 359, 405
“Fourteen Immaculate Ones” (Cha-
hárdah Ma'ṣúm, i.e. the Prophet,
Fáṭima, and the Twelve Imáms),
400
France, 5, 6, 146, 153, 450
Franks (Firangí), 275, 283
Frederick Duke of Holstein, 114
Free Will, 15, 384-5, 386-7, 424
French, 226-7, 371, 452, 458, 488; —
language, 10, 323-5, 459-62, 465,
490; — Legation at Ṭihrán, 378
Fuḍúlí (Fuẓúlí), poet of Baghdád (d.
A.D. 1562-3), 236-7
Fúlád-Oghlán (descendant of Chingíz
Khán), 64 n.
Furát (Euphrates), 340
Furúghí of Qazwín (court-poet of
Sháh 'Abbás, xvii), 110; — of
Bisṭám (xix), 26, 168, 225, 307 n.,
326, 328, 336-7
Furúgh-i-Tarbiyat (magazine), 489
Furúghu'd-Dawla (son of Ḥasan 'Alí
Mírzá Shiyá'u's-Salṭana), 328

Gabr (guebre), 80 n., 95, 126, 179.
See also Magian, Zoroastrian
Gabriel (Jibrá'íl), the Archangel, 175,
177, 229, 291, 294 n., 297, 388,
389, 390
Ganja, 99, 104, 109, 134, 229
Ganj-i- Dánish (“the Treasure of
Learning,” published in 1887-8),
456-7
Ganjína of Nasháṭ (d. A.D. 1828-9);
— -i-Ma'árif (magazine), 490
Gardanne, General —, 146
“Gates” (Abwáb), 150. See Báb
Gawhar-i-Murád (“the Pearl of De-
sire,” by 'Abdu'r-Razzáq-i-Láhijí),
408, 435
Gedik Páshá, Theatre of — at Con-
stantinople, 464 n.
Genoa, 6
Georgia, Georgians, 37, 44, 52, 95,
103, 104, 107, 123, 134, 137, 140,
144, 298, 375 n.
Germany, 5, 6, 13 n., 128, 153, 483-
9; people of —, 425, 463; language
of —, 10, 12
Geschichte der Arabischen Aerzte (by
Wüstenfeld), 440 n.; — der Chali-
fen (by Weil), 54 n.; — der Medizin
(Max Neuburger), 438
Ghálib, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn
(poet, xviii), 283
Ghaní-záda, Mírzá Maḥmúd —, 490
Ghaybat (“Occultation” of the Twelfth
Imám), 150, 381, 398-9
Ghazála, 393. See Shahrbánú
-Ghazálí, 449
Gházán Khán (xiv), 18, 41
Abu'l-Ghází Ḥusayn b. Bayqará,
Sulṭán — (Tímúrid, xv-xvi), 63,
64, 69, 77, 83
Ghazna, 228; House of —, 3, 18
Ghujduwán, Battle of — (A.D. 1512),
66
Ghulát (extreme Shí'a), 17, 58, 385,
395, 452
Ghúrí, Sulṭán — (of Egypt, xvi), 69
Ghúriyání, Khwája Kalán — (xvi), 97
Ghuzz Turks, 348
Gibb, E. J. W. — (History of Ottoman
Poetry), 13 n., 20 n., 89 n., 107 n.,
163 n., 164 n., 210 n., 236-7, 242,
250, 265, 462 n., 464 n.
Gibbon (Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire), 186
Gílán, 19, 36, 50, 96, 104, 130, 134,
135, 223, 237, 238, 277, 279, 280,
451, 469; dialect of — (Gílakí), 43
Gílkhwárán, 36 n. See Kalkhorán
Giustiniani, Nicolo — (A.D. 1514), 72
Gobineau, M. le Comte de —, 147 n.,
153, 403, 423, 430 n., 431, 435,
436
Gog and Magog (Yajúj wa Májúj),
211 and note, 400
Goldziher, Prof. Ignaz —, 424 n.
Good and Evil, Problem of —, 384-5
Gospels (Injíl, Ingilyún), 137, 204,
214, 388
di Govea, Antonio —, 10
Grahame, George —, 190, 198, 222
Grand Maître des Assassins, un —,
by S. Guyard, 149 n.
Grebaiodoff (Russian Minister mur-
dered at Ṭihrán, Feb. 11, 1829),
146, 312
Greeks, 47, 475-481; Philosophy and
Science of the —, 219, 424-5,
437-8, 457
Green birds of Paradise, 395, 397
Grey, Charles —, 48 n., 49 n.
“Guard-stars” (Farqadán), 295 and n.
Guebre, 80 n. See Gabr, Magian,
Zoroastrian
Gujerát, 168, 169, 252
Gulistán (place), 52, 146; (book)
269, 326, 335, 490
Gul-i-zard (magazine), 490
Gulkhandán (fortress), 56
Gulnábád, Battle of — (March 8,
1722), 126-8
Gulshan-i-Maḥmúd, 298; — -i-Ráz,
37; — -i-Ṣabá, 309
Gurgán (Jurján), 130, 234
Gurgín Khán, 123-4
Guzárish-i-Mardum-guríz (Persian
version of le Misanthrope), 459
Gyawur (“giaour”), 80 n. See Gab??
Gyuk Cháy (near Síwás), 71

Ḥabíb, 328, 332 (the early pen-name
of Qá'ání, q.v.); Mírzá — of
Iṣfahán (xix), 450; Shaykh —
Aḥmad (contemporary), 442; —
u's-Siyar (by Khwándamír, A.D.
1523), 445
Ḥablu'l-Matín (newspaper), 469
Ḥádhiq (poet, xvii), 267
Hádí, Ḥájji Mullá — of Sabzawár
(philosopher, d. A.D. 1878), 326,
409, 411, 426, 430, 431, 436-7;
Ḥájji Shaykh — [-i-Najmábádí],
471, 474
Ḥadíqatu'l-Ḥaqíqa (by Saná'í), 256;
— 's-Su'adá (by Fuḍúlí), 237
Ḥáfiẓ (of Shíráz, xiv), 25, 122, 216 n.,
222, 268, 299, 348, 382 n., 383 n.;
— Pasha (A.D. 1625), 107; —
(title of Qur'án-reciters), 110
Haft-band (of Muḥtasham), 173-7;
— Iqlím (of Amín Aḥmad-i-Rází),
231 n., 234, 235, 241 n., 448 and
note; — -Kishwar (of Fayḍí), 244;
— Manẓar (of Hátifí), 229; —
Paykar (of Niẓámí), 229; — Sín
(“the seven S's”), 333 n.
Haggard, W. H. D. —, 462
Ḥájibu'd-Dawla, Ḥájji 'Alí Khán —,
153, 454
Ḥájji Baba (Morier's), 195, 468; —
Khalífa (“Kyátib Chelebi”), 66 n.;
— Mírzá Áqásí, 147, 149, 151, 329
Ibnu'l-Ḥájib, 362
Ḥakím, Mírzá Maḥmúd — (poet and
physician, son of the poet Wiṣál, d.
A.D. 1851), 300; —, Muḥammad
Taqí Khán (A.D. 1887), 456-7
Hakluyt Society, 41 n., 48 n., 49 n.,
50 n., 57 n., 60 n., 85 n., 90 n.
Halákí (poet of the time of Sháh
'Abbás), 110
Ḥálatí (poet of the time of Sháh
'Abbás), 110
Halévy, 397 n.
“Half the World” (Nisf-i-Jahán,
“Medio Mundo”), Iṣfahán so
called, 4
Ḥalíma (daughter of Úzún Ḥasan), 47
Hamadán (Hagmatána, Ecbatana), 57,
82, 89, 109, 130, 132, 134, 258,
279, 451, 464, 465
-Ḥamása, 270
Hamerton, P. G. —, 226
von Hammer, 66 n., 71 n., 72, 73
Ḥamza, Abu'l-Qásim — (son of the
Seventh Imám Músá Káẓim), 33 n.,
36; — (“White Sheep” dynasty),
58 n.; — (son of the Ṣafawí Sháh
Muḥammad Khudá-banda, d. A.D.
1586), 101, 102
Ibnu'l-Ḥanafiyya (son of 'Alí b. Abí
Ṭálib), 17, 391
Hanauer, Rev. Canon J. E. —, 46 n.
Ibn Ḥanbal (Aḥmad b. Muḥammad
—, A.D. 855), 353
Abú Ḥanífa (d. A.D. 767), 353, 387
Hanway, Jonas — (xviii), 4, 112, 116,
118, 119 n., 126, 127, 129, 130 n.,
132 n., 134, 136
Ḥaqqu'l-Yaqín (by Mullá Muḥammad
Báqir-i-Majlisí), 381, 417, 418
Ḥaram. See Holy Cities, Mecca,
-Madína
Ḥarára (a kind of ballad), 222
Ḥarfí (poet of Iṣfahán), 237
Harford Jones Brydges, Sir —, 142-6
Hárímu'r-Rashíd, 394, 438
-Ḥarírí, 412
Ḥárith (slayer of Muslim's children),
191, 193
Ḥasan b. 'Alí (the Second Imám),
16 n., 173, 175, 176 n., 193 n., 392-3;
— -'Askarí (the Eleventh Imám),
394; — b. Muḥammad (ancestor
of the Ṣafawís), 33 n.; — -Baṣrí,
384; — b. Yúsuf b. 'Alí b. Mu-
tahhar-Ḥillí (called 'Alláma-i-
Ḥillí, q.v., d. A.D. 1326), 356,
406; — (of the Áq-qoyúnlú dynasty,
A.D. 1466-1478), see Úzún Ḥasan;
— Khalífa (xv), 70; — Beg (Turk-
ish governor of Morea, killed in
A.D. 1514), 76; — Beg Rúmlú
(author of Aḥsanu't-Tawáríkh,
A.D. 1577-8, q.v.), 85, 100, 444;
— Beg (gaoler of Alqáṣ Mírzá, xvi),
89; — Áqá (Turkish officer, xvi),
91; — Beg (favourite of Isma'íl II,
xvi), 99-100; — Páshá (Begler-
begi of Rumelia, killed in A.D.
1514), 76; — Mírzá, Sulṭán —
Ṣafawí (xvi), 99; — of Yazd,
Mullá — (defies Fatḥ-'Alí Sháh),
368-9; — of Shíráz, Ḥájji Mírzá
—, and of Ashtiyán (opponents of
Tobacco concession in A.D. 1890-
1), 370-1; — Muqaddam (author
of a play), 463 n.
Ḥasan 'Alí Khán-i-Garrúsí (A.D.
1890), 347; — Khán-i-Nawwáb
(xix), 301-2, 319; — Mírzá
Shujá'u's-Salṭana (early patron of
Qá'ání and Furúghí, xix), 328
Abu'l-Ḥasan-Jandaqí, 337. See Yagh-
má; Sayyid — Khán (head of
Isma'ílí sect, xviii), 148; — Mírzá,
called Ḥájji Shaykhu'r-Ra'ís
(xix-xx), 303, 420
Háshim-i-Qazwíní, Ḥáfiz — (time of
Sháh 'Abbás I), 110
Ḥashísh (Indian hemp), 87 n., 470,
473 and note
Hasht Bihisht, 151
Hátif of Iṣfahán (poet, xviii), 221,
277, 283-297, 305, 309
Hátifí (poet of Kharjird, d. A.D. 1520),
25, 83, 227-9
Ḥátim of Ṭayy, 401; — of Káshán
(poet of the time of Sháh 'Abbás I),
110
-Ḥáwí (“Continens”) of-Rází (Rhazes),
438-9
-Háwiya (the lowest Hell), 400-401
Ḥayátí (poet), 167
Ḥayátu'l-Qulúb (“the Life of Hearts”),
by Mullá Muḥammad Báqir-i-
Majlisí (xvii), 409, 417
Ḥaydar, Shaykh — (father of Sháh
Isma'íl I, xv), 19, 21, 47-9, 60,
67, 70; — -i-Mu'ammá'í (poet of
the time of Sháh 'Abbás I), 110;
— (rhapsodist, contemporary with
the preceding), 110; — Mírzá
(son of Sháh Ṭahmásp I, xvi), 98;
— Mírzá (nephew of Sháh 'Abbás
I), 104; — 'Alí Khán Nawwáb
(xix), 328
Ḥaydarábád (Deccan), 269, 365
Ḥaydarí and Ni'matí (factions), 119 n.
Ḥayrat (pen-name of Abu'l-Ḥasan
Mírzá, q.v.), 303
Ḥayratí (poet, d. A.D. 1553), 97, 170
Ḥayya ilà khayri'l-'amal, 54
Hazár-jaríb, 283
Ḥazín, Shaykh 'Alí — (xviii), 115,
117-118, 265, 277-281, 450
Heaven and Hell described, 395-401,
418
Hebron, 46 n.
Hells, the Seven —, 400-401
Heraclius, Prince of Georgia (xviii),
140
Herát, 25, 44, 63, 69, 83, 86, 94, 95,
97, 99, 100, 125, 133, 147, 154,
229, 234, 334 n., 489
Herbert, Sir Thomas —, 10
Heretics put to death, 57, 71-3
Hermes, 201, 212
Herodotus, 465
-Hidáya of -Maybudí, 57 n.
Hidáyat (the pen-name of Riḍá-qulí
Khán, q.v.), 224, 225, 304, 307 n.,
326, 344
Ḥijáz, 280, 427, 451
Hijrat-i-Ṣughrà (“the Minor Migra-
tion,” Dec. 1905), 446 n.
-Ḥikmatu'l-'Arshiyya and Ḥikmatu'l-
Ishráq, 430
Hilálí (poet, put to death in A.D.
1528), 25, 83, 94, 227, 234-5
-Ḥillí, 378, 405 (see -Muḥaqqiq-
Awwal); 54 and note, 406 (see
'Alláma-i-Ḥillí)
Ḥilyatu'l-Muttaqín (“the Ornament
of the Pious,” by Mullá Muḥammad
Báqir-i-Majlisí), 409, 417
Himmat (poet, xix), 300
Hind (wife of Abú Sufyán, vii), 178,
180 and note
Hindí language, 259 n.
Hindús, 179, 181, 258, 452
Hindúsháh b. Sanjar…-Kírání (author
of Tajáribu's-Salaf, xiv), 443
Hindustán, 282. See India
Hippocrates (Buqráṭ), 212, 439
Hirschberg, Dr Julius —, 425, 440
Ḥisábí (poet of the time of Sháh
'Abbás I), 110
Hishám b. 'Abdu'l-Malik (Umayyad,
viii), 393
Histoire de la Médecine Arabe (by
Dr L. Leclerc), 440 n.
Histoire des Mongols (by d'Ohsson),
45 n., 322
Holmyard, 440
Holstein, Frederick Duke of —, 114
Holy Cities, 11, 24, 59, 280. See
Karbalá, Mecca, -Madína, Najaf,
etc.
Hoopoe (Hudhud), 190, 192
Horn, Dr Paul —, 13 n., 84 n., 86 n.,
87 n., 88 n., 90
Houtsma, 18 n.
Houtum-Schindler, Sir Albert —, 5,
33 n., 48 n., 223, 305, 450 n., 457
Huart, M. Clément —, 35, 40
Húd (the Prophet), 388
Ḥujjatu'l-Islám (Ḥájji Sayyid Muḥam-
mad Báqir so entitled), 368
Ḥujjatu'lláh (title of the Imám Mahdí),
394
Húlágú Khán (Mongol, xiii), 37,
41 n., 148, 405
Ḥulúl (Incarnation), 382
Humáyún (Moghul Emperor of India,
xvi), 28 n., 57, 91-2, 165, 169-170
Hunar, Mírzá Isma'íl — (son of the
poet Yaghmá), 338
Ḥunayn b. Isḥáq (“Johanitius”), 357
Ḥúrís (of Paradise), 190, 192 and note
Hurmuz, Island of —, 107
Ḥurr-'Ámilí, Shaykh —, 28
Ḥurr b. Yazíd-Riyáḥí, 190
Ḥusayn b. 'Alí b. Abí Ṭálib (the
Third Imám), 17, 30-31, 87 n.,
135, 176 n., 177, 178, 180, 182,
184-193, 241, 392-3, 399, 434;
— b. Bayqará, Sultán Abu'l-Ghází
— (Tímúrid, xv-xvi), 55-6, 63,
64, 69, 77, 83; — Sháh-i-Ṣafawí
(A.D. 1694-1722), 111, 113-4, 116,
120, 123, 125, 128, 129, 131, 138,
139, 283; — b. Manṣúr-Ḥalláj
(mystic, x), 336, 357; — Kiyá-yi-
Chaláwí (killed by Sháh Isma'íl I
about A.D. 1503), 55, 56; — -i-
Maybudí, Mír — (xvi), 57; —
Wá'iẓ-i-Káshifí (xv-xvi), 83, 182,
227, 237; —, Shaykh — (father
of Shaykh-i-Bahá'í, xvi), 427; —
'Alí Beg (Persian ambassador to
Spain, A.D. 1599), 5, 6 n.; —,
Khwája — (poet) and — Tanbúra'í
(musician), contemporaries of Sháh
'Abbás the Great, 110; — Páshá
(Governor of Baṣra, xvii), 363.
Mullá — Rafíq (poet of Iṣfahán,
xviii), 282; — Ḥusayn of Yazd
(turbulent ecclesiastic, A.D. 1817),
148; Sayyid — -i-Ṭabáṭabá'í of
Ardistán (poetically surnamed
Mijmar, q.v., d. A.D. 1810), 307-
8; — Khán, poetically surnamed
'Andalíb (xix), 309; Mírzá — b.
'Abdu'lláh (A.D. 1857-8), 450;
— qulí (author of Minháju'ṭ-
Ṭálibín, q.v.), 423; — Dánish
Bey (contemporary man of letters),
8 n., 29; — i-Kurd (fictitious hero
of popular romance), 464
Ḥusn-i-ta'líl (“poetical aetiology”),
164
-Ḥuṭama (the sixth of the Seven
Hells), 400-401
Huwarqilyá, Jism-i- —, Arḍ-i- —,
397 and note; 403
Ḥuwayza, 58, 362, 367

Ibáḥat, 382. See Communism
Ibráhím, the Patriarch, see Abra-
ham; — (son of the Prophet
Muḥammad), 391; — b. Adham
(saint, viii), 36, 357; — b. Ja'far
(ancestor of the Ṣafawís), 33 n.;
—, commonly called Shaykh Sháh
(xv), 47; — (brother of Sháh
Isma'íl I), 48 n.; — Mírzá (son of
Sháh Ṭahmásp I), 98; — (nephew
of Nádir Sháh, circâ A.D. 1750),
138; — Sháh (xviii), 284; — (son
of Mullá Ṣadrá, xvii), 376, 408 n.,
429; — Khán (custodian of Alqáṣ
Mírzá, xvi), 89; Ḥájjí — (betrayer
of Luṭf-'Alí Khán-i-Zand), 143 n.,
145 and note, 146; Mírzá — (op-
ponent of Henry Martyn), 421; —
Dastán (son of the poet Yaghmá),
338; — Khayru'lláh (Bahá'í pro-
pagandist in America), 214 n.;
Siyáḥat-náma-i- — Beg, 463-4;
467-8
'Ibrat-náma of Ṣabá (xix), 309
Íḍáḥu'l-Ishtibáh (of -Ḥillí, xiii-xiv),
356
Idolatry, 386, 401
Idrís (Enoch), 388; — of Bitlís
(historian, xvi), 72
Iḥqáqu'l-Ḥaqq (Refutation of the
Bábís), 423
I'jáz Ḥusayn, Sayyid — (d. A.D. 1870),
357
Ijtihád (doctrine of —), 353, 382.
See also Mujtahid
'Ilmu'r-Rijál (Biography of Tradi-
tionists), 355
Íltí-oghlán (descendant of Chingíz
Khán), 64 n.
'Imádu'l-Kuttáb (contemporary poet
and calligraphist), 303
Imámate, Imáms, 16-9, 22, 28, 32,
36, 46, 48 and note, 53-5, 88,
109, 148, 150, 162, 172-3, 181,
197, 214, 236, 241, 372, 382, 386,
391-5, 451
Imámí Sect, 18. See Shí'a and
Twelve, Sect of the —
Imámí (poet of Herát, xiii), 334 n.
Imám-qulí Mírzá (Ṣafawí prince
murdered in A.D. 1577), 99
Ímán and Islám, 401-2
'Imrán (father of Moses), 292
Imru'u'l-Qays (old Arabian poet), 478,
482
Ínak-'Alí, Mullá —, 475, 479
Incarnation (Ḥulúl), 382
India, 4, 24, 25, 115, 123, 135, 136,
148, 154, 164-170, 189, 205, 215,
241, 245-6, 252, 253, 254, 255,
258-260, 265-6, 277, 280-1, 282,
283, 284, 300, 356, 365, 408, 431,
438, 451, 453, 472; literary taste
in —, 226, 227, 229, 300
Inṣáf (fairness, a Persian character-
istic), 196 n.
“Inspector's head,” 375
Intellectual Life (by Hamerton), 226
Intercession (Doctrine of — in Islám),
179, 186-7, 390
Íqán (Bábí apology), 422-3
Írán and Túrán, 13; — (newspaper),
157
Írán-shahr (magazine), 488-9, 490
'Iráq, 47, 55, 57, 59, 82, 191, 192,
234, 255, 347, 366, 410, 451
'Iráq-i-'Ajam (newspaper), 346, 347
Irish language, 185 n., 223
Irsálu'l-mathal (“Proverbial Com-
mission”), 164
Irshád (newspaper), 346, 347
'Ísá, see Jesus; Mírzá — of Faráhán.
Qá'im-maqám, 147 n., 303, 311,
347
Isaiah, 204, 214
'Ísáwiyya (N. African order of der-
vishes), 59
Iṣfahán, 4, 6, 9, 10, 15, 25, 56, 59,
92, 107, 109, 110, 115, 116, 118,
119, 120, 123-133, 134, 139, 140,
141, 167, 184, 186, 195, 198, 222,
225, 237, 265, 268, 277-9, 281,
282, 283, 284, 307, 325, 365-6,
368, 408, 410, 427, 428, 429, 436,
450, 451, 489
Isfaranján (in Gílán), 36
Isḥáq Beg 'Udhrí (poet, died A.D.
1771-2), 283
Ishmael, 388. See Isma'íl
“Ishpukhtar” (Inspector), 375
'Ishq u Salṭanat (“Love and Lord-
ship,” a novel), 464
Ishráq (pen-name of Mullá Muḥam-
mad Báqir-i-Dámád, q.v.), 257,
407, 428
Ishráqiyyún (“Illuminati,” Platon-
ists), 431
Iskandar (Alexander the Great,
q.v.), 13, 14; — Munshí (author
of the Ta'ríkh-i-'Álam-árá-yi-
'Abbásí, composed in A.D. 1616,
q.v.), 99, 108, 109, 444
Islám Sháh b. Shír Sháh (the Afghán
ruler of Dihlí, d. A.D. 1553-4),
168
Islamische Welt, Die —, 484 n.
Isma'íl b. Ja'far-Ṣádiq (Seventh
Imám of the Isma'íliyya), 391;
— b. Muḥammad (ancestor of the
Ṣafawís), 33 n.; — b. Amínu'd-
Dín Jibrá'íl (ancestor of the Ṣa-
fawís, xiii), 37; Sháh — I (A. D.
1502-1524), 5, 9, 12-15, 19-24,
25 n., 49-83 passim, 92, 101 n.,
112, 158, 172, 224, 229, 360, 444,
447; his character and appearance,
22-23, 60-63; Sháh — II (A.D.
1576-7), 98-100, 101, 102; Sháh
— (xviii), 284; — Khán Sarbáz
(poet), 188; — son of Yaghmá,
poetically surnamed Hunar, 338;
—Naṣírí Qarája-Dághí (A.D. 1890),
344; — 'Abdu'lláh-záda (A.D.
1905), 466
Isma'ílí Sect, 17, 18, 147-9, 391
Isnáds, 443
Israel, Children of —, 207, 388
Isráfíl (Angel of the Resurrection),
400
Iṣṭakhr, 49
Istibṣár (of -Ṭúsí, d. A.D. 1067), 359,
405
Istidláliyya (Bahá'í controversy),
214 n.
Italy, Italians, 6, 58 n., 60; — lan-
guage, 10
I'timádu'd-Dawla (Muḥammad Ḥasan
Khán, xix), 84 n., 454
I'timádu's-Salṭana (Ḥájji 'Alí Khán
Ḥájibu'd-Dawla, father of the
above), 454
Ittiḥád (Apotheosis), 382; — (Tabríz
newspaper), 463; — u'l-Islám
(“Union of Islám,” by Ḥájji
Shaykhu'r-Ra'ís), 420 n.
Iṭṭilá' (newspaper), 157

Jabal 'Ámil (Syria), 360, 427
Jabání, Battle of — (A.D. 1500), 82
Jabr (Fatalism, q.v.), 382
“Jachia” (i.e. Yaḥyá Páshá), 70
Jacob (Ya'qúb), 207
Ja'da bint-Ash'ath (vii), 392
Ja'far-Ṣádiq (the Sixth Imám, viii),
391, 394; — b. -Ḥusayn b. 'Alí
(vii), 393; — b. Muḥammad (an-
cestor of the Ṣafawís), 33 n.; —
Bey (Turkish officer, A.D. 1514),
76; Shaykh — -Baḥrání (xvii),
364-5; — b. Ṣádiq-i-Zand (A.D.
1785), 142; — of Iṣfahán, poeti-
cally surnamed Ṣáfí (xviii); Mírzá
— Qarája-dághí (xix), 462; —
-qulí Áqá (officer of Persian Cos-
sacks, A.D. 1907), 476, 480; —
Khán az Firang ámada (Persian
comedy), 463 n.
Ja'farí, Ithnà-'ashariyya (“Sect of
the Twelve”) why so called, 394
Jaffa, 46 n.
Jahán, Qáḍí-i- — (contemporary of
Sháh Ṭahmásp I), 92
Jahángír Mírzá (“White Sheep”
dynasty), 58 n.; — (Moghul
Emperor of India, A.D. 1605-
1628), 253, 255, 447; Mírzá —
Khán of Shíráz (editor of the
Ṣúr-i-Isráfíl, put to death in
A.D. 1908), 302, 345, 482 n.
Jahánsháh (Turkmán ruler of Ádhar-
báyján, xv), 47
Jaḥím (the fourth of the Seven Hells),
400-401
-Jáḥiẓ (Arab philologist and poly-
graph, ix), 440-441
Jalájil-i-Bákharzí (musician at Court
of Sháh 'Abbás), 110
Jalál (or Jelál, Turkish heresiarch,
A.D. 1519), 106; — (chief astro-
loger of Sháh 'Abbás the Great,
A.D. 1593), 7; — i-Asír (poet,
A.D. 1640), 251, 258, 268-9
Jalálábád (Afghánistán), 489
Jalálu'd-Dín Rúmí (xiii), 35 n., 37,
38, 220, 357, 411, 449; — Dawání
(philosopher, circâ A.D. 1500), 69,
83, 231, 427
Jalá'u'l-'Uyún (by Mullá Muḥammad
Báqir-i-Majlisí, d. A.D. 1700), 410,
417
Jamá'a, Ibn —, Qáḍí (A.D. 1384),
406
Jamál, Áqá — Iṣfahání, 373
Jamálu'd-Dín, Sayyid — (Spiritual
director of Shaykh Záhid of Gílán,
xiii), 42; — b. Muṭahhir-Ḥillí,
Shaykh —, 54; — Muḥammad
b. Badru'd-Dín, 245, see 'Urfí;
— Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn-Khwán-
sárí (theologian and jurisconsult),
373; Sayyid — -Afghán (xix), 155,
371
Jamál-záda, Mírzá Muḥammad 'Alí
— (contemporary writer), 488
Jámí, Mullá Núru'd-Dín 'Abdu'r-
Raḥmán — (poet and writer, xv),
25, 26, 40 n., 42 n., 69, 83, 162,
163, 220, 227, 228, 230, 242, 299,
362
Jámi'-i-'Abbásí (by Shaykh-i-Bahá'í,
d. A.D. 1622), 407, 428
Jamshíd, 29, 246, 247
Jandaq, 337
Jání Beg Khán (xiv), 45; Ḥájji Mírzá
— of Káshán (historian of the Báb,
killed in A.D. 1852), 198, 218 n.,
446
Janissaries (Yeñi-cheri), 77, 106
Japan, 205, 215
-Járbardí, 362
Jarír (old Arab poet), 284
Jarrett, H. S. —, 249
Jaubert, 146
Jawhar (servant of Humáyún), 91
Jawshan-i-Kabír, 437
Jayḥún (the River Oxus), 208, 219;
— (poet of Yazd, xix), 325
-Jazá'irí, Sayyid Ni'matu'lláh — (xvii),
360-367
Jenkinson, Anthony — (xvi), 10, 85,
90, 91, 92
Jerusalem, 46 n., 204, 214
Jesuits, 116
Jesus ('Ísá), 174, 176, 187, 189, 207,
217, 388, 390, 392, 420
Jews, 179, 181, 214 n., 392, 400, 404,
421, 452
Jibrá'íl (Gabriel, q.v.), 175
Jigar-gúsha, 185 n.
Jihád (Religious War), 371, 377
Jihannam (the first of the Seven
Hells), 400-401
Jinn, 36 and note, 39, 42, 111, 190,
192, 388, 389, 396
Jisr-i-Júbán, 76
Jones, Sir William —, 229 n.; E. R.
—, 424 n., 425
“Jonuses” (Yúnus Páshá, executed
in A.D. 1517), 71
Joseph (Yúsuf), 207, 217
Jourdan, Monsieur — (Persian
comedy), 462
Journalism, Persian —, 413
Juan di Persia, Don — (xvi-xvii), 4,
5 and note, 6, 21, 101 n., 102 n.
Jubilee (of Queen Victoria), 322
Judaism, 137. See also Jews
Judas Iscariot, 207, 218
Jújí (son of Chingíz Khán, xiii), 64 n.
Julfá (suburb of Iṣfahán), 128
Junayd, Shaykh — Ṣafawí (xv), 19,
47, 51, 52
Jurjání, Sayyid-i-Sharíf-i- —, 59, 427
Justice (Inṣáf), a Persian character-
istic, 196
Juwayní (author of the Ta'ríkh-i-
Jahán-gusháy, xiii), 443

Ka'ba, 386
“Kabláy” (poem by Dakhaw, A.D.
1907), 345, 482 n.
Kábul, 136, 489
-Káfí (of -Kulayní, x), 359, 405
-Káfiya (of Ibnu'l-Ḥájib), 362, 363,
364
Ká'ká (poet of the time of Sháh
'Abbás the Great), 110
Kalám, Ahl-i- —, 376, 403, 426;
'Ilmu'l- —. See Mutakallimún
Kalán, Khwája — -i-Ghuriyání (xvi),
97
Kalát-i-Nádirí, 132
Kalb-'Alí (“the Dog of 'Alí”), a
common name amongst the Shí'a,
235 n.
Kalím, Abú Ṭálib — (poet, d. A.D.
1651), 164, 166, 250, 258-263,
268
Kalkhorán (in Gílán), 36
Kalo Ioannes (last Christian Emperor
of Trebizond), 47
Kamákh (near Arzinján), 77
Kamál (or Kemál) Bey, Námiq —
(Turkish reformer and writer, xix),
464
Kamáliyyát (“Accomplishments”),
27 and note
Kamálu'd-Din 'Arabsháh, Khwája
— (xiii), 37; Ḥusayn of Ardabíl
(the first to write in Persian on
Shí'a theology, A.D. 1500), 359-
360; Khwája — Ságharchí (A.D.
1510), 65-6
Kamárij, Battle of — (A.D. 1753), 140
Kandahar, 112. See Qandahár
“Kanlu oldum” (“I am guilty of
bloodshed”), 113
Kánpúr (Cawnpore), 281 n.
Karak, 406
Karámát (“Gifts” or miracles of
Saints), 40 and note
Karbalá, 28, 30, 58, 147, 149, 174,
175, 176 n., 177-181, 182, 187,
188, 189, 197, 198, 344 n., 370,
371, 372, 375, 393, 396, 451, 463
“Karbalá'í verse,” 487
Karím Khán-i-Zand (A.D. 1750-1779),
121, 139-142, 144, 282, 368
Kár-Kiyá Mírzá 'Alí (ruler of Láhiján,
A.D. 1500), 50
Karnál, Battle of — (February, 1739),
136
Káshá, Mírzá — (fictitious), 184, 186
Káshán, 28, 55, 56, 108, 130, 152,
162, 170, 225, 258, 309, 326, 344,
407, 432, 477, 481
Kashfu'l- Abyát (concordance of
verses in Mathnawí), 457; —
-Ḥujub (Shí'a bibliography, A.D.
1870), 355 n., 357-8, 359, 361 n.,
364 n., 366 n., 374 n.
Kashkúl (of Shaykh Bahá'u'd-Dín
al-'Ámilí, d. A.D. 1622), 253, 278,
407, 428
Kashmír. See Cashmere
Kasru Aṣnámi'l-Jahiliyyat (by Mullá
Ṣadrá), 430
Ibn Kathír (historian), 30, 31
Ká'ús (legendary King of Persia), 81
“Kaveh” (Káwa) newspaper, 346,
348, 483-9, 490
“Kaviani” (Káwayání) Press, Berlin,
346, 463, 490
Káwa, Káwayání, the legendary
blacksmith who revolted against
the tyrant Ḍaḥḥák (Azhidaháka),
and, raising aloft his leather apron,
made it, under the name of Di-
rafsh-i-Káwayán, the standard
and symbol of all Persian patriots,
lovers of freedom, and foes of
foreign dominion. The paper and
Press mentioned above (under
“Kaveh” and “Kaviani”) are
named after this blacksmith and
his flag, but spell their names
thus in the Roman character. See
14 n.
Kawthar, Water of — in Paradise,
401
Kay, Kayání, Kay-Khusraw, 13, 14
Kaysání Sect, 17, 391
Kaywán, 436; — Cháwúsh (A.D.
1502), 68
Kázarún, 55, 97
Káẓim, Sayyid — of Rasht, 421. See
Shaykhís
Káẓimayn, 366
Kazimirski, A. de Biberstein —, 417
Káẓimzáda, Mírzá Ḥusayn —, 488
Kemál Bey. See under Kamál
Khaby (a kind of divination), 434 n.
Khadíja (wife of the Prophet Mu-
ḥammad), 391, 392; — (sister of
Úzún Ḥasan, xv), 47
Khádim 'Alí Páshá (xvi), 71
Ibn Khaldún (historian, xiv-xv), 163,
425, 442, 445
Khálid b. -Walíd, 170, 171; — Bey
(killed in A.D. 1514), 76
Khalífa, 16, see Caliph, Caliphate;
— Sulṭán (xvii), 264
Khalíl Shírwánsháh (xv), 52; — Áq-
Qoyúnlú (xv), 58 n.; — Khán
Afshár (xvi), 101; — u'lláh, Sháh
— (head of the Isma'ílí sect until
A.D. 1817), 148
Khalkhál, 51
Ibn Khallikán (biographer, xiii), 446
Khamsa (“Quintet” of Niẓámí and
Fayḍí), 229, 244
Khanikoff, 35 n.
Khánish Khánum (daughter of Sháh
Isma'íl I), 81 n.
“Khán-i-Wálida Persian,” 487
Khán-Khánán (Bayram Khán and his
son 'Abdu'r-Raḥím, xvi), 166, 245
Khán Malik-i-Ḥusayní-i-Sásání, 346,
348
Kháqán (title of Emperor of the
Turks), 14 and note, 52; — (pen-
name of Fatḥ-'Alí Sháh), 146, 298
Kháqání (poet, xii), 52, 246, 299
Kharábát (anthology compiled by
Ḍiyá Páshá, xix), 164 and note,
173, 242, 248, 270
Khárak (island in Persian Gulf), 154
Khárijí (pl. Khawárij), 392
Kharjird (in Khurásán), 227
Khaṭá'í (pen-name of Sháh Isma'íl I),
13
Khaṭar, Muḥammad 'Alí, son of the
poet Yaghmá, 338
Khaṭṭ u Khaṭṭáṭán (“Calligraphy
and Calligraphists,” by Mírzá
Ḥabíb of Iṣfahán), 450, 457
Khawáriqu'l-'Ádát (thaumaturgy),
40 n.
Khaybar, 392
Abu'l-Khayr Khán (descendant of
Chingíz Khán), 64 n.
Khayrát^un Ḥisán^un (biographies of
eminent women), 456
Khayyám, 'Umár — (astronomer and
poet), 425
Khiḍr, 270
Khiva (Khíwaq), 136, 347. See also
Khwárazm
Khudá-áfarín (“Creator of Gods”),
151
Khudá-banda (Uljáytú, Mongol,
xiv), 18; Sháh Muḥammad —
(Ṣafawí, A.D. 1577-1587), 98,
100-103; — (son of Sháh 'Abbás
the Great), 111
Khudá-verdí (barber), 101, 103
Khudáwand-náma (of Ṣabá, d. A.D.
1822), 309
Khuláṣatu'l-Ḥisáb (by Shaykh-i-
Bahá'í, d. A.D. 1622), 428; —
-Iftiḍáḥ (of Yaghmá), 339
Khuld-i-Barín (poem by Waḥshí,
d. A.D. 1583), 238; — (history,
A.D. 1660), 100, 445
Khúnkár (title of Ottoman Sulṭáns),
90 n.
Khurásán, 25, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66,
78 n., 82, 95, 99, 101, 104, 105,
133, 138, 140, 151, 167, 227, 229,
230, 233, 234, 328, 399, 451, 455
Khurram (Russian wife of Sulṭán
Sulaymán I), 89
Khurram-ábád (Luristán), 104, 279
Khurshíd Press (Ṭihrán), 466
Khusraw Parwíz (Sásánian king),
221; Amír — of Dihlí (poet, xiii),
164, 167, 242 n.; — Khán (circâ
A.D. 1713), 124; — Mírzá (son of
'Abbás Mírzá, A.D. 1829), 313,
314 and note
Khusraw wa Shírín (poem by
Niẓámí), 248; — (poem by Sayyid
Muḥammad Ṣádiq), 283
Khutan, 321
Khúy, 76, 130, 489
Khúzistán, 82
Khwája Mawláná-yi-Iṣfahání (poet,
d. A.D. 1521), 78-80
Khwándamír (historian, xvi), 445, 447
Khwánsár, 251, 252
Khwár, 55
Khwárazm, 78 n., 347. See also
Khiva
Khwárazmsháhs, 3
King, Sir Lucas White —, 64 n.
King's College, Cambridge, 229 n.,
490
Kirámí Sect, 384
Kirmán, 55, 64, 76, 82, 104, 118,
126, 128 n., 131, 133, 137, 148,
149, 151, 157, 184, 186, 238, 280,
328, 413, 446, 451, 466, 489
Kirmánsháh, 131, 134, 151, 184, 186,
279, 347, 410, 463, 489
Kitáb al-Aghání, 485; — Aḥmad
(by Yaghmá), 339; — Aqdas
(“the Most Holy Book” of the
Bahá'ís), 423; — -Fakhrí, 444;
— -Ḥayawán (of -Jáhiẓ), 440; —
Hidáya (of -Maybudí), 57 n., 430;
— -Ma'áthir wa'l-Áthár, 456; —
-Milal (of -Shahristání), 15 n., 16-
17; — -Shi'r (of Ibn Qutayba),
485; — -Sufra, 182-6; — Ṣukú-
ku'd-Dalá'il (of Yaghmá), 339;
— -Wáridátu'l-Qalbiyya (by Mullá
Ṣadra), 430
Knolles, Richard —, 70, 72, 90 n.
Korah, 209 n. See Qárún
Krusinski, 4, 10, 21 n., 111, 112,
114 n., 115, 116, 119, 129
Kúfa, 174, 176, 190, 191, 192, 193,
200, 210
Kufwí (poet, xvi), 168
-Kulayní, Muḥammad b. Ya'qúb (d.
A.D. 941), 358, 404 n., 405, 448
Kulthúm, 179, 181; Umm —, 392
Kurdish poem, 484
Kurdistán, Kurds, 27, 46, 58, 76,
125, 151, 279, 347
Kútáhiya, 89
Kutub-Arba'a (“the Four Books”),
359; — -Rijál, 355, 405

Láhiján, 21, 50, 277
Lahore, 136, 266, 267, 281 n., 440
Lámi'í (poet), 299
Lane-Poole, Stanley —, 169 n.
Langlès, 115
Lár, 149, 279, 283
Latakia, 76
Latin, 10, 359, 425 n.; — races, 488
Law, Muḥammadan —, 377-8
Lawḥ-i-Maḥfúẓ (“Preserved Tablet”),
388. See also Alwáḥ
Lawḥí (poet), 194
Laylà wa Majnún, 206, 216, 229,
283
Laylatu'l-Qadr (“Night of Worth,”
on which the Qur'án was revealed),
388
Lazgís, 125, 137
-Laẓẓà (the fifth of the Seven Hells),
400-1
Leclerc, Dr L. —, 440 n.
Lee, Samuel —, 421
Leroux, E. —, 9 n.
Lion in the Ḥusayn-legend, 189; —
killed by Sháh Isma'íl, 62
Lippert, Prof. Julius —, 447 n.
Lisání (poet of Shíráz, d. A.D. 1533),
235-6
Lisánu'l-Mulk (historian, xix), 326,
413, 445. See also Sipihr
London, 450, 469
Louis Philippe, 325
Lucknow (Lakhnáw), 281
Lú'lú'atu'l-Baḥrayn, 356, 360, 406 n.,
408, 449
Lunatic at Large (by J. Storer
Clouston), 322 n.
Luqmániyya College (Tabríz), 347
Lur, Lurístán, 59, 76, 104, 279, 443
Luṭf 'Alí Beg (poetically surnamed
Ádhar, author of the Átash-kada,
q.v.), 277, 282-4, 309; — Khán
(Persian General, A.D. 1720), 125,
129; — Khán-i-Zand (A.D. 1789-
1794), 121, 142-4

Ma'álimu'l-'Ulamá (by Muḥammad
b. 'Alí b. Shahr-áshúb, d. A.D.
1192), 356
Ma'áthir-i-Sulṭániyya (History of the
Qájár dynasty to A.D. 1826), 144 n.
Macaulay, Lord —, 186
Macdonald, Professor Duncan Black
—, 40, 442
Macedonia, 72
McNeill, Sir John — (British Minister
in Persia, A.D. 1838-1841), 147
McTaggart, Dr J. E. —, 431
-Madína, 24, 174, 175, 391, 392
Madras, 462 n.
Mafátíḥu'sh-Sharáyi' (by Mullá Muḥ-
sin-i-Fayḍ, d. A.D. 1680), 432
Magians (Majús), 179, 181, 292, 293,
297, 401. See also Gabr, Zo-
roastrian
Magic, Lawful — (Siḥr-i-Ḥalál),
poetry so called, 196
Maḥallát of Qum, 148
Mahd-i-'Ulyá (“the Supreme Cradle,”
title of the Queen-mother in
Persia), 151, 332
Mahdí, the Imám — (Twelfth Imám,
-Qá'im), 150, 151, 197, 394; —
Khán of Astarábád (author of the
Durra-i-Nádirí), 445; Ḥájji —
(father of Ḥájji Mullá Ḥádí of
Sabzawár), 436
Maḥmud of Ghazna, Sulṭán — (x-
xi), 228; — III of Gujerát (d.
A.D. 1553), 168-9; Mír — Afghán
(murdered in A.D. 1725), 116, 118,
125-131; — Áqá Cháwúsh-báshí
(envoy of Sulṭán Báyazíd II, A.D.
1502), 68; Sulṭán — Mírzá (Ṣafawí
prince, murdered in A.D. 1577),
99; — -i-Shabistarí (author of the
Gulshan-i-Ráz, d. A.D. 1320), 37,
220; — Qárí of Yazd (author of
the Díwán-i-Albisa, d. A.D. 1585),
241; Mírzá — (physician, poeti-
cally surnamed Ḥakím, son of
Wiṣál, d. A.D. 1851), 300, 319
Maḥmúd u Ayáz (poem by Zulálí,
d. A.D. 1614), 252
Majálisu'l-Mú'minín (by Sayyid
Núru'lláh Mar'ashí of Shúshtar,
put to death in A.D. 1610), 54 n.,
230, 234, 235, 236, 249, 356, 358,
447
Májid, Sayyid — of Baḥrayn (xvii),
433-4
Majlis (newspaper), 346-7
Majlisí family, 28, 120, 253, 416. See
under Muḥammad Báqir and
Muḥammad Taqí
Majma'u'l-Bayán (by Shaykh Ṭabar-
sí), 409
Majma'u'l-Fuṣaḥá (by Riḍá-qulí
Khán, xix), 25, 147 n., 172, 225,
228 n., 230, 232, 234 n., 235 n.,
238, 241, 243-4, 245 n., 251, 265,
298-9, 300 n., 304, 305, 309, 315 n.,
319, 323, 325 n., 326 n., 328, 337,
344, 408, 411, 428, 432
Majnún, 206, 216. See also under
Laylà
Majús, 179, 181. See above under
Magians
Makhzanu'l-Asrár (of Niẓámí of
Ganja, xii), 248
Mákú, 151
Maláyir, 463
Malcolm, Sir John —, 4, 7, 8, 46 n.,
77, 85, 91, 100 n., 101, 111, 116,
134, 137 n., 138 n., 139, 141 n.,
144, 145 n., 146, 372, 373, 420 n.;
Rev. Napier —, 195
Malíḥa (poisons the Twelfth Imám),
399
Málik b. Anas (d. A.D. 795), 353;
Ibn — (Arab grammarian), 363-
364
Malik (poet of Qum, xvii), 110, 253,
259, 267; — u't-Tujjár (Ḥájji
Muḥammad Káẓim, xix-xx), 478,
481, 482
Malkom Khán Náẓimu'd-Dawla,
Prince — (xix), 463, 468
Mameluke (Mamlúk) dynasty, 14 n.
-Ma'mún ('Abbásid Caliph, ix), 394,
438
Ma'n b. Zá'ida, 207, 217
Manáqibu'l-'Árifín (by Aflákí, A.D.
1318), 35, 40
“Manifestation” of the Báb (Ẓuhúr,
May 23, 1844), 150
Man lá Yaḥḍuruhul'-Faqíh (by Ibn
Bábawayhi, d. A.D. 991), 359, 405
Mann, Oskar —, 137 n., 445 n.
Manṣúr ('Abbásid Caliph, viii), 394,
438; — Beg Parnák (xv), 49
Manṣúriyya College (Shíráz), 360-1,
363, 364
Maqámát (of -Ḥarírí), 412; — (of
Adíbu'l-Mamálik), 349
Marágha, 44, 131, 467
Marand, 76
Mar'ash, 69; — í Sayyids, 102
Márdín, 414-415
Mariage forcé, le — (Molière), 462
Máriqín (“Rebels,” i.e. the Khári-
jites), 392
Máriya, Plain of — (Karbalá so
called), 178, 180
Marjána (mother of Ibn Ziyád), 178,
180
Markaz-i-Adwár (by Fayḍí), 244
Markham, Sir Clements —, 4
Marta (daughter of Úzún Ḥasan, xv),
47
Martin, Dr R. F. —, 63 n.
Martyn, Henry — (missionary), 421-2
Martyrdom, Passion for —, 195-8
Marwán (Umayyad Caliph, A.D. 683-
5), 23, 343
Mary (Maryam) the Copt (wife of the
Prophet), 391
Mashá'ír (of Mullá Ṣadrá), 408 n.,
430
Mashhad, 30, 65, 94, 98, 105, 109,
133, 137, 138, 157, 223, 230, 251,
279, 284, 345, 346, 347, 367, 371,
394, 428, 429, 436, 455, 456, 469,
489
Mashhad 'Alí, 30
Mashshá'ún (“Peripatetics,” Aristo-
telians), 431
Masíḥ, Mírzá — (Mujtahid, A.D. 1829),
315
Masíḥí (Turkish poet), 237
Mas'úd-i-Sa'd-i-Salmán (poet, d.
A.D. 1131), 299; Mawláná —
(circâ A.D. 1500 ruled in Káshán),
55
Ma'ṣúm, Mír — (poet, xvii), 259,
268; — Kamáncha'í (musician at
the Court of Sháh 'Abbás the
Great), 110; — (darwísh and
mystic, xviii), 420
Maṭá'inu'ṣ-Ṣúfiyya (by Muḥammad
Rafí', A.D. 1806), 420
Materials for the Study of the Bábí
Religion (by E. G. Browne), 150,
154 n., 197 n., 198, 422 n.
Mathnawí (of Jalálu'd-Dín Rúmí,
xiii), 35 n., 411, 457
Maṭla'u'sh-Shams (by Muḥammad
Ḥasan Khán, xix), 84 n., 455
Mawṣil (Mosul), 137
Mawṣillú (tribe), 14
Mawzún (poet), 194
Maybudí, Mír Ḥusayn — (xvi), 57
Maydán-i-Sháh (Iṣfahán), 368
Maykhána (poem by Zulálí, xvi-xvii),
252
Mázandarán, 65, 102, 109, 130, 132,
140, 141, 151, 153, 197, 251, 258,
284, 355, 476, 481
Mazdak (heresiarch and communist,
vi), 382 n., 452, 464, 466, 487
Maẓharí (poet of Cashmere at Court
of Sháh 'Abbás), 110
Mecca, 24, 45, 123, 124, 149, 177 n.,
192 n., 252, 258, 279, 284, 374 n.,
386, 391, 399, 427. See also Holy
Cities
Médecin malgré lui, Le — (Molière),
459, 462
Media, 465
Medina. See -Madína
Mejd ed-Dín (Majdu'd-Dín, historian),
46 n.
Mélanges Asiatiques, 30, 35 n.
Merchants, European — in Persia,
107
Merv (Marw), 82, 109
Mesopotamia, 24, 27, 427. See also
'Iráq
Metempsychosis (Tanásukhu'l-Ar-
wáḥ), 382
Methuen, Messrs —, 468
Miftáḥu'l-Faláḥ (by Shaykh-i-Bahá'í,
xvi-xvii), 428
Miftáḥu'l-Labíb (by Sayyid Ni'matu-
'lláh-Jazá'irí), 364
Mihínbánú Sulṭánum (daughter of
Sháh Isma'íl, xvi), 81 n.
Mijmar (poet of Ardistán, d. 1810),
225, 307-8
Mikhlát (of Shaykh-i-Bahá'í), 407, 428
Abú Mikhnaf Lúṭ b. Yaḥyà, 188
Mimát u Ḥayát (“Death and Life,”
newspaper), 489
Minháju'ṭ-Ṭálibín (Refutation of the
Bábís), 423
Minorsky, V. —, 35 n., 36 n., 153 n.,
375 n.
Minúchihrí (poet, xi), 265, 299
Miqbásu'l-Maṣábíḥ (by Mullá Mu-
ḥammad Báqir-i-Majlisí), 417
Mi'ráj (Ascension of the Prophet),
390
Miracle Plays, 28-9. See also Mu-
ḥarram, Ta'ziya
Miracles of the Prophet, 40 n., 389-
390
Mirátu'l-Buldán (by Muḥammad
Ḥasan Khán, xix), 454-5
Mirátu'l-Mamálik (by Sídí 'Alí Ra'ís,
xvi), 10 n.
Mírkhwánd (historian, xv), 5, 83, 250,
304, 413. See also Rawḍatu'ṣ-Ṣafá
Mírzá Buzurg (Mírzá 'Ísá of Fará-
hán, the elder Qá'im-maqám, d.
A.D. 1831), 311; — of Núr, 316
Mírzá Kúchak, 317. See Wiṣál
Misanthrope, Le — (Molière), 459
Miser, The — (Mard-i-Khasís, a
Persian comedy), 462
Mishkátu'l-Anwár (by Mullá Mu-
ḥammad Báqir-i-Majlisí), 409
Miskín, Mírzá 'Abbás of Bisṭám (poet,
d. A.D. 1858), 328, 336. See also
Furúghí
Missionaries in Persia, 107, 195, 421-2
Mithradates, 465
Miṭláq (“the great Divorcer”), the
Imám Ḥasan so named, 393
Mittwoch, Professor E. —, 484
Mochyn du (“the Black Pig,” Welsh
song), 223
Moghul Emperors of India (A.D.
1525-1857), 25, 28, 92, 123, 164.
See also Akbar, Bábur, Humáyún,
Jahángír and Sháh Jahán
Molière, 458-462
Mongols, 3, 14 n., 37, 41, 122, 127,
128, 147, 299, 322, 348, 405, 412,
439
Moon, Cleaving of the — (Shaqqu'l-
qamar), 389
Moore, Thomas —, 80 n.
Morier's Hajji Baba, 195, 468
Moscow, 6
Moses (Músà), 207, 254 n., 292, 297 n.,
388
Mosul, 137. See Mawṣil
Mu'ammá'í, Amír Ḥusayn — (d.
A.D. 1498), 83; Mír Ḥaydar —
(poet at Court of Sháh 'Abbás the
Great), 110
Mu'áwiya (Umayyad Caliph, A.D.
661-680), 16 n., 46, 175 n., 392
Mubárak, Shaykh — (father of the
poet Fayḍí, xvi), 245
Muddatu'l-'Umr (by Shaykh 'Alí
Ḥazín, xviii), 278
-Mufíd, -Shaykh — (Muḥammad b.
Muḥammad…-Ḥárithí, d. A.D.
1022), 405, 449
Muḥammad (the Prophet), 16, 17,
80, 173, 174, 176, 235, 314 n.,
381, 387-392, 451; — b. 'Alí
called Ibnu'l-Ḥanafiyya, 17, 391;
— b. Ḥusayn b. 'Alí (brother of
the Fourth Imám 'Alí Zaynu'l-
'Ábidín), 393; — b. 'Alí Zaynu'l-
'Ábidín, see Muḥammad Báqir;
— b. 'Alí-Riḍá, see Muḥammad
Taqí. Amongst the ancestors of
the Ṣafawís and descendants of
the Imám Músà-Káẓim mention
is made (in the footnote on pp.
32-3) of six persons named Mu-
ḥammad, viz. Nos. 6, 9, 11, 13,
16, 18, and one, No. 20, named
Abú Muḥammad; and, on p. 37,
of a son of Amínu'd-Dín Jibrá'íl
and brother of Shaykh Ṣafiyyu'd-
Dín likewise so named. — (Kings
and Princes named Muḥam-
mad):— Mírzá or Beg of the
“White Sheep” dynasty, early
sixteenth century, probably iden-
tical, 58 n., 74; — Khudá-banda
(Ṣafawí, A.D. 1578-1587), 98, 100-
103; — III (Ottoman Sulṭán,
A.D. 1595-1603), 106; — Sháh
(Moghul Emperor of Dihlí, A.D.
1739), 136; Sayyid — (grandson
of Sháh Sulaymán II the Ṣafawí,
xviii), 138; Áqá — Khán Qájár
(assassinated in A.D. 1797), 139-
145, 158, 298, 487; — Sháh Qájár
(A.D. 1834-1848), 149, 151, 311,
329, 381; Sulṭán — Sháh, con-
temporary pontiff of the Isma-
'íliyya, commonly known as the
Áqá Khán, q.v., 149 n. (Mu-
ḥammad ibn —) — b. 'Abdu'l-
Wahháb-Qazwíní (Mírzá Muḥam-
mad Khán, contemporary scholar),
26, 372, 484, 490; — b. 'Alí b.
Músá, 358, see Ibn Bábawayhi;
— b. 'Alí b. Shahr-áshúb (d. A.D.
1192), 355-6; — b. Ḥasan b.
'Alí…-Ḥurr-'Ámilí (d. A.D. 1686),
356, 359, 449; — b. Ḥasan b.
'Alí-Ṭúsí, 355, 358, see -Ṭúsí;
— b. Makkí-'Ámilí (put to death
in A.D. 1384), 406, see Shahíd-i-
Awwal; — b. — b. Nu'mán
-Ḥárithí, 405, see Shaykh-Mufíd;
— b. -Murtaḍá, 359, see Muḥsin-
i-Fayḍ; — b. Ṣádiq b. Mahdí,
357, see under Nujúmu's-Samá
(“Stars of Heaven”), of which he
was the author; — Sulaymán-
Tanukábuní, author of the Qi-
ṣaṣu'l-'Ulamá, q.v., 354-5 and
449; — b. 'Abí Ṭálib of Gílán,
277, see under 'Alí Ḥazín supra;
— b. Ya'qúb, 358, see -Kulayní.
— (Muḥammad Beg) — (envoy
of Sulṭán Salím I, A.D. 1514), 73;
— Ḥájji — (uncle of Luṭf-'Alí
Beg, xviii), 283. — (Muḥammad
Khán) — Ustájlú (A.D. 1509),
414-415; Khán — (killed at
Cháldirán, A.D. 1514), 76; —
Qájár (assassin of Nádir Sháh,
A.D. 1747), 137 n.; Mírzá —
Qazwíní (contemporary scholar),
261, 372, 484, 490. — (Muḥam-
mads distinguished only by
profession, native place, or
pen-name.) Qáḍí — -i-Káshí
(circâ A.D. 1500), 55, 59; Ra'ís —
Karra (circâ A.D. 1500), 55-6;
Sayyid — Kamúna-i-Najafí (killed
at Cháldirán, A.D. 1514), 76; four
Muḥammads are mentioned on
p. 110 amongst the musicians and
rhapsodists of the court of Sháh
'Abbás the Great, a harper
(Changí), a drummer (Ṭanbúra'í),
a violinist (Kamáncha'í), and a
Shahnáma-khwán, surnamed
Khursand; Áqá — 'Áshiq, poet
of Iṣfahán (d. A.D. 1767), 283,
325; Sayyid — Shu'la (xviii),
poet of Iṣfahán, 282; Sayyid —
Saḥáb, poet of Iṣfahán (d. A.D.
1807), 305-6; — -qulí Afshár
Ulfat, poet (d. 1824), 311; —
Akhbárí of Baḥrayn (circâ A.D.
1825), 374-6; Mullá — Máma-
qání (circâ A.D. 1850), 422; Say-
yid — (father of Mír Dámád,
xvi), 428
Muḥammad 'Abduh, Shaykh —
(Grand Muftí of Egypt and Chan-
cellor of the University of al-
Azhar, died A.D. 1905), 377,
416
Muḥammad 'Alí Sháh Qájár (suc-
ceeded to the throne of Persia in
A.D. 1907: deposed in A.D. 1909),
158; — son of Karím Khán-i-Zand
(circâ A.D. 1782), 142; — Mírzá
(buys a mansion in Paradise), 370,
411; Mullá — “Ṣúfí-kush” (circâ
A.D. 1750), 368; Áqá — Bihbihání
(another great antagonist of the
Ṣúfís), 420; Mírzá — (son of
Bahá'u'lláh, contemporary), 218 n.
1; Mírzá — (author of Nujúmu's-
Samá, q.v., circâ A.D. 1870), 449;
Mírzá — Láhijí, see Shaykh 'Alí
Ḥazín; — Beg son of Abdál Beg
(xviii), 283; —, poet of Yazd (xix),
325, see Jayḥún; — Khaṭar,
son of the poet Yaghmá, 338; —
Gulshan (father of the poet
Qá'ání), 328; Mírzá —, see Ṣá'ib;
— Ṣubúḥ, q.v., of Iṣfahán, 282;
— Surúsh, q.v., of Si-dih (d
A.D. 1868), 325
Muḥammad Amín b. Muḥammad
Sharíf of Astarábád (d. A.D. 1623),
founder of the Akhbárí school
(q.v.), 374
Muḥammad Báqir, the fifth Imám
(vii-viii), 393-4; Mír—-i-Dámád,
q.v.; Mullá — b. Muḥammad
Taqí-i-Majlisí (d. A.D. 1700), 120,
194, 358, 359, 366, 379, 381,
403-4, 409-410, 416-418, 432;
Ḥájji Sayyid — b. Muḥammad
Taqí, entitled Ḥujjatu'l-Islám (d.
A.D. 1844), 368, 378, 410; Mullá
— b. Ḥájji Zaynu'l-'Ábidín of
Khwánsár (author of the Raw-
ḍátu'l-Jannát, composed in A.D.
1870, q.v.), 356-7, 448; — Mírzá
(Ṣafawí prince, murdered at the
age of two in A.D. 1577), 99
Muḥammad Ḥasan Khán Qájár
(killed in A.D. 1757), 139-141;
— called Zargar (poet of Iṣfahán,
d. A.D. 1853), 325; — Khán
I'timádu's-Salṭana (d. A.D. 1896),
84 n., 453-6
Muḥammad Ḥusayn Mírzá (nephew
of Sháh Isma'íl II, murdered by
his uncle in A.D. 1577), 99; — of
Tabríz, calligraphist (xvii), 100;
— Ghálib (poet, xviii), 283; —
Hidáyat (contemporary), 357
Muḥammad Iqbál, Shaykh —
(author of Development of Meta-
physics in Persia and Asrár-i-
Khúdí, q.v., contemporary think-
er), 430, 431, 436; — Professor
—, Ph. D. (contemporary scholar),
56 n.
Muḥammad Karím Khán of Kirmán,
Ḥájji — (head of the later Shay-
khís and rival of the Báb, xix), 421
Muḥammad Káẓim of Khurásán,
Mullá — (patriotic mujtahid, d.
Dec. 12, 1911), 371
Muḥammad Mahdí, Sayyid — of
Burújird, entitled Baḥru'l-'Ulúm
(“the Ocean of Learning”) (d.
circâ A.D. 1824), 379, 410
Muḥammad Muḥsin Mírzá (son of
Sulṭán Ḥusayn Mírzá the Tímúrid,
A.D. 1504), 56
Muḥammad Mú'min (musician at
the court of Sháh 'Abbás the
Great), 110; —, poetically sur-
named Dá'í (d. A.D. 1742), 282; —
-Ḥusayní (author of the Tuhfatu'l-
Mú'minín, q.v., A.D. 1669), 439
Muḥammad Rafí' b. Muḥammad
Shafí' of Tabríz (author of the
Maṭá'inu'ṣ-Ṣúfiyya, A.D. 1806),
420
Muḥammad Raḥím (court-physician
to Sulṭán Ḥusayn, circâ A.D. 1700),
283
Muḥammad Ṣádiq (poet of Tafrísh,
xviii), 282, 283; — Qá'im-maqámí,
better known as Adíbu'l-Mamá-
lik, q.v. (d. Feb. 21, 1917), 346-9,
484; — Ṭabáṭabá'í (editor of the
newspaper Majlis in A.D. 1906),
347
Muḥammad Ṣáliḥ (cruelly put to
death about A.D. 1574), 97; —
Khán (one of the assassins of
Wádir Sháh in A.D. 1747), 137 n.
Muḥammad Shafí', Professor — (con-
temporary scholar), 281 n.
Muḥammad Ṭáhir Waḥíd (poet, d.
A.D. 1708), 258, 264-5
Muḥammad Taqí, the ninth Imám
(ix), 46, 394; Mullá — -i-Majlisí
(d. A.D. 1660), 253, 403-4, 409,
417; — of Káshán, state-historian
and poet, entitled Lisánu'l-Mulk
and Sipihr (xix), 326, 344, 445;
Mullá — of Qazwín (assassinated
by Bábís about A.D. 1847, and
hence entitled Shahíd-i-Thálith,
“the Third Martyr,” q.v.), 411,
421; — Khán, called Ḥakím
(author of the Ganj-i-Dánish, A.D.
1887), 456; — of Hamadán
(author of the Iḥqáqu'l-Ḥaqq,
A.D. 1908), 423
“Muḥammads,” “the Three —” (i.e.
-Kulayní, Ibn Bábawayhi and
-Ṭúsí q.v.), all before A.D. 1067;
and, in a later age (between A.D.
1600 and 1700), Mullá Muḥsin-i-
Fayḍ, Mullá Muḥammad Báqir-
i-Majlisí, and the author of
the Amalu'l-Ámil, q.v., 358-9,
366 n., 405
Muḥaqqiq-i-Awwal (“the First
Verifier,” xiii), 378, 405-6; —
-i-Thání (“the Second Verifier,”
xvii), 28, 379, 406, 409; —
-i-Ṭúsí (Naṣíru'd-Dín-i-Ṭúsí, d.
A.D. 1274), 405; — -i-Ardabílí
(xvii), 370
Muḥarram (month of mourning), 28-
31, 162, 194. See Rawḍa-khwán,
Ta'ziya
Muḥassin (son of 'Alí b. Abí Ṭálib,
vii), 392
Muḥsin, Mír Sulṭán — (d. circâ
A.D. 1508), 59; Mullá — -i-Fayḍ
(philosopher and poet, d. A.D.
1680), 250, 359, 377, 407-8, 411,
426-7, 432-6
Muḥtasham (poet of Káshán, d. A.D.
1587), 28, 110, 162, 172, 173-7,
178, 193, 241
Muḥyi'd-Dín ibnu'l-'Arabí, Shaykh
— (d. A.D. 1240), 37, 432, 434,
449; — of Barda'a, Qáḍí — (xiv),
45
Mu'izzí, Amír — (poet, d. A.D. 1148),
168, 299
Mu'izz-i-Káshí, Mír — (calligraphist,
xvii), 110
Mu'izzu'd-Dawla (Buwayhid, x), 30-1
Mu'jamu'l-Buldán (of Yáqút, xiii),
397 n., 454
Mu'jizát (Miracles, q.v.), 40 n.
Mujtabà (title of the Imám Ḥasan),
393
Mujtahids, 353-4, 367-380
Mujtahidu'sh-Shu'ará, 307. See Mij-
mar
Mukhlíṣ (poet), 194
Mukhtárí (poet, xii), 299
Ibn Muljam (the murderer of 'Alí b.
Abí Ṭálib), 392
Mullás, 353-4. See Mujtahids above
Mumítu'd-Dín (“the Slayer of Re-
ligion”), Shaykh Muḥyi'd-Dín so
called, 434
Munajjim-báshí (“Chief Astrologer,”
author of a history entitled Ṣaḥá-
'ifu'l-Akhbár, q.v.), 106 n.
Munáẓara-i-Shab u Rúz (“Dispute
of Night and Day,” title of an
article in the Káwa newspaper),
487
Munkir and Nakír (the Angels who
conduct the “Questioning of the
Tomb”), 370, 396
Munsha'át-i-Rashídí (xiii-xiv), 33-4
Munshá'átu's-Saláṭín (Turkish State
Papers collected and arranged
about A.D. 1583 by Firídún Bey,
q.v.), 8 n., 66 n.
Muntakhabu't-Tawáríkh (by 'Abdu'l-
Qádir-i-Badá'úní), 165 n., 242 n.,
243 n., 245 n., 249
Muntaẓam-i-Náṣirí (by Muḥammad
Ḥasan Khán I'timádu's-Salṭana,
A.D. 1881-3), 455
Munyatu'l-Fúḍalá (title ascribed to
the Kitábu'l-Fakhrí), 444
Múqán, Plain of —, 144 n.
Muqbil (poet), 194
Murád Beg Báyandarí (ruler of Yazd,
circâ A.D. 1500), 55; Sulṭán —
Aq-qoyúnlú (ruler of 'Iráq, circâ
A.D. 1500), 55, 58, 69, 76, 82;
Sulṭán — III (A.D. 1574-1595), 92;
Sulṭán — IV (A.D. 1623-1640),
107
Múrchakhúr (near Iṣfahán), 133, 142
Muríd (disciple), 20
Murshid (spiritual director), 19-20
Murshid-qulí Khán Ustájlú (tutor of
Sháh 'Abbás the Great, A.D. 1586),
101, 104
Murtaḍá (title of 'Alí b. Abí Ṭálib,
q.v.); Sayyid —, entitled 'A-
lamu'l-Hudá, q.v.
Músà (the Prophet Moses, q.v.); —
Káẓim (the seventh Imám, viii),
19, 33 n., 36, 87 n., 391, 394,
405; — Beg Afshár (one of the
murderers of Nádir Sháh, A.D.
1747), 137 n.; — of Bisṭám,
father of the poet Furúghí (xviii-
xix), 336; Shaykh — of Hamadán
(author of 'Ishq u Salṭana, “Love
and Lordship,” A.D. 1920), 464
Musammaṭ (a kind of poem), 163 and
note
Musáwát (newspaper), 469
Muscat, 280
Músh u Gurba (“the Mouse and the
Cat,” a poem by 'Ubayd-i-
Zákání, xiv), 490
Musha'shi' Sayyids of Ḥuwayza (chas-
tised by Sháh Isma'íl I in A.D.
1508), 58
Mushtáq (poet of Iṣfahán, xvii), 283,
284
Mushtáq 'Alí (Ṣúfí killed by fanatics
about A.D. 1796), 420
Music, Persian —, 222-3
Muslim b. 'Aqíl, martyrdom of —
(vii), 190-3
Abú Muslim ('Abbásid propagandist,
viii), 23
Mustafá (title of the Prophet Mu-
ḥammad, q.v.), 178, 180; —
Mírzá (son of Sháh Ṭahmásp,
murdered by his brother Sháh
Isma'íl II in A.D. 1577), 98
-Mustanṣir bi'lláh (Fáṭimid Caliph,
A.D. 1035-1094), 54 n., 98
-Musta'ṣim (the last 'Abbásid Caliph,
A.D. 1242-1258), 41 n.
Muṭahhar-Ḥillí, 356
Mutakallimún (Schoolmen), 376, 402,
426
Mu'tamanu's-Sulṭán (earlier title of
Muḥammad Ḥasan Khán, q.v.), 454
Mu'tamadu'd-Dawla (title conferred
on the poet Nasháṭ by Fatḥ-'Alí
Sháh), 311
-Mu'tamid ('Abbásid Caliph, A.D.
870-892), 394
-Mutanabbí (Arab poet, d. A.D. 965),
357
-Mu'taṣim ('Abbásid Caliph, A.D.
833-842), 394
Mutawallí (pl. Matáwila, Shí'a so
called in Syria), 16
Mu'tazila (sect), 17, 384, 424
-Mu'tazz ('Abbásid Caliph, A.D. 866-
9), 394
Muṭí' (poet, xvii), 267
Mutiny, Indian —, 154
Muẓaffar Sulṭán (governor of Rasht,
barbarously put to death about
A.D. 1574), 96; — 'Alí (artist at
court of Sháh 'Abbás the Great),
and Ḥafiẓ — of Qum (musician
at the same, about A.D. 1600),
110; — u'd-Dín Sháh Qájár
(A.D. 1896-1907), 157-8
Mysteries of Sound and Number (by
Shaykh Ḥabíb Aḥmad), 442

Nabíl (numerically equivalent to Mu-
ḥammad), of Zarand, Bahá'í poet
(d. A.D. 1892), 151 n., 187 n.
Nádir-qulí, 116, 132, afterwards Nádir
Sháh (A.D. 1736-1747), 11, 52 n.,
113, 116, 121, 122, 128, 132-8,
139, 141, 144 n., 158, 280, 281,
283, 284, 420
Nafaḥátu'l-Uns (by Jámí, xv), 40 n.,
42 n.
Nafsiyya (prose work by 'Urfí on
Ṣúfíism, xvi), 248
Na'ím (Bahá'í poet, xix), 163 n.,
198-220
Najaf, 58, 59, 76, 251, 370, 372, 376
-Najáshí, Aḥmad b. 'Alí — (author
of the Asmá'u'r-Rijál, d. A.D.
1063), 355, 358, 405
Najíbu'd-Dín Buzghúsh. See below
under Najmu'd-Dín
-Najjár (heretical views of —), 384
Najmu'd-Dín Kubrà (xiii), 37; —
Buzghúsh (d. A.D. 1279), 37, 42
and note; — Mas'úd of Rasht
(called Najm-i-awwal, “the
First Star,” d. A.D. 1510), 59,
74 n.; he was succeeded by
Najm-i-thání, “the Second
Star,” Amír Yár Aḥmad-i-Khúzání
(killed in A.D. 1512), 59, 66, 74,
83, 231; — Ja'far b. Yaḥyà, en-
titled Muḥaqqiq-i-awwal, q.v.
(d. A.D. 1325), 378, 405-6
Nakhjuwán, 76, 93, 104, 109, 130
Nákithín (“troth-breakers,” 'Á'isha,
Ṭalḥa and Zubayr), 392
Nallino, Professor —, 13 n.
Nalu Daman (poem by Fayḍí, xvi), 244
Náma-i-Dánishwarán (xix), 446
Namakdán (by Jayḥún of Yazd), 326;
— -i-Ḥaqíqat (by Shifá'í, d. A.D.
1627), 256
Námí (poet, xvi), 231
Nán u Ḥalwá (“Bread and Sweet-
meats,” by Shaykh-i-Bahá'í, xvii),
253, 407, 428
Napoleon, 128, 199, 209, 325
Náqiẓín (“Covenant-breakers,” a
name applied by the followers of
'Abbás Efendi 'Abdu'l-Bahá to
the partisans of his half-brother
Muḥammad 'Alí), 220
Narjís Khátún (mother of the Imám
Mahdi, A.D. 869), 394
Nasab-náma-i-Silsila-i-Ṣafawiyya (or
Silsilatu'n-Nasab, q.v., xvii), 4, 5,
13 n., 35 and note, 36, 40
Nasháṭ (poet of Iṣfahán, d. A.D. 1828),
225, 307, 311
Násikhu't-Tawáríkh (general history
by Lisánu'l-Mulk, q.v., xix), 145 n.,
148, 326, 413, 445
Nasím (poet), 194; — -i-Shimál
(newspaper), 345, 469
Nasimatu's-Saḥar fí-man tashayya'a
wa sha'ar (biography of Shí'a
poets who wrote in Arabic), 358
Náṣir-i-Khusraw (poet, philosopher
and propagandist, xi), 177, 257,
299, 357, 412, 478, 482, 490;
— 'Alí (poet, xvii), 269; — u'd-
Dín Sháh Qájár (A.D. 1848-1896),
151-8, 161, 224, 298, 319, 329,
336, 344, 370, 441, 450, 454-6,
468; — u'd-Dín (of the Dhu'l-
Qadar dynasty, xv-xvi), 77 n.
Naṣíru'd-Dín-i-Ṭúsí (called Mu-
ḥaqqiq-i-Ṭúsí, d. A.D. 1274), 405
Naṣír b. 'Abdu'lláh, Mírzá — (poet,
d. A.D. 1778), 283
Naṣru'd-Dín Efendi, Khoja (Khwája),
Turkish wit, 416
Naṣru'lláh Zaytúní, Qáḍí — (circâ
A.D. 1500), 54; — (Zoroastrian
general of Afgháns, A.D. 1722),
126, 130
Abú Naṣr Fatḥu'lláh Khán Shaybání
(poet of Káshán, xix), 326, 344
Nassau Lees, 40 n.
Nationalism, ancient and modern,
12-14
Nawá'í, Mír 'Alí Shír — (xv), 83,
163, 227
Naw Bahár (newspaper), 345, 469
Naw'í (poet, xvii), 168, 267
Nawrúz (Persian New Year's Day),
135, 333-4
Nawwáb Mírzá Ḥasan 'Alí Khán
(xix), 301-2, 319
Nayríz, 153, 218 n.
Náẓimu'l-Islám of Kirmán (xx), 413,
446
Naẓírí (poet, xvii), 167, 250, 252, 268
Náẓir u Manẓúr (poem by Waḥshí,
xvi), 238
Nero, 23, 62
Neuburger, Dr Max —, 438
Neue Orient, 484 n.
Nicholson, Dr R. A. —, 431 n.
Nicolas, A.-L.-M. —, 422 n.
Niedermeyer, Captain —, 484
Nietzsche, 431 n.
Nigáristán (palace in Ṭihrán), 479 n.;
— -i-Dárá (biographies of poets
of Fatḥ-'Alí Sháh's reign), 298
Niháwand, 279
Ni'matu'lláh, Sháh — of Kirmán
(saint and poet, xiv-xv), 76; —
-Jazá'irí, Sayyid — (theologian,
xvii), 360-7, 376
Niráqí, Mullá Aḥmad -i- — (theo-
logian and poet, d. A.D. 1828),
411
Nisá, 109
Níshápúr, 132, 133, 252, 456
Niyází (poet, xvi), 81
Niẓámí (poet of Ganja, xii), 229, 244,
248, 299
Niẓámu'l-Mulk (Minister of Alp
Arslán and Maliksháh, xi), 412;
— (King of the Deccan, d. A.D.
1553), 168-9
Noah (Núḥ), 207, 217, 388
Nöldeke, Prof. Th. —, 209 n.
Núḥa-i-Sína-zaní (a special form of
poem by Yaghmá), 339-344
Nujúmu's-Samá (“Stars of Heaven,”
A.D. 1870), 357, 358, 359 n., 449
Nuqṭa (“Point,” title assumed by the
Báb), 197; — -i-A'lá, or — -i-
Bayán (the same), 150
Nuqṭatu'l-Káf (contemporary history
of the Báb by his admirer and
disciple Ḥájji Mírzá Jání of Káshán,
killed in A.D. 1852), 218 n., 446
Nuqṭawiyya sect, 8
Núr (in Mázandarán), 316
Núr 'Alí Sháh (Ṣúfí killed by fanatics,
circâ A.D. 1806), 420
Núr-bakhshí, Qiwámu'd-Dín — (A.D.
1520), 231
Núr-i-Iṣfahání, Qáḍí — (poet, circâ
A.D. 1600), 110
Núru'd-Dín 'Abdu'l-Wahháb (envoy
of Sháh Isma'íl I to the Turks,
about A.D. 1515), 77; — (physician
of Sháh Ṭahmásp, A.D. 1544),
92
Núru'lláh b. Sharíf-Mar'ashí of Shúsh-
tar (author of the Majálisu'l-
Mú'minín, q.v., put to death by
Jahángír in A.D. 1610), 356, 447
Núshírwán (Anúsharwán, Sásánian
king, vi), 52, 96, 391, 464
Nuṣrat College, Hamadán, 464
Nuṣratu'd-Dín Aḥmad, Atábak of
Luristán (A.D. 1324), 443
Abú Nuwás (Arab poet, ix), 357

Occultation (Ghaybat) of the Twelfth
Imám, 150
Occult Sciences, 441-2
Oelschläger. See Olearius
Ogotáy Qá'án (son of Ḥasan 'Alí
Mírzá Shujá'u's-Salṭana, xix), 328
d'Ohsson (author of Histoire des Mon-
gols), 45 n., 322
Olearius, 10, 15 n., 28, 114-115
Olives, Mount of —, 214, 218
Opium-eating, 472-3
'Osmán, Ṭopál — (Turkish general,
killed in A.D. 1733), 134
'Osmánlí. See Ottoman, Turk
Ottoman Turks, 6, 11, 13, 24, 26, 44,
55, 57, 60, 63, 65, 66-9, 80 n.,
87-8, 103-7, 135, 315, 316; —
poetry, Persian influences on —,
163-5
Oude, Catalogue of the Library of the
King of — by Sprenger, 165 n.
Ouseley, Sir Gore —, 227 n.
Oxus (Ámú, Jayḥún), 219

Pádzahr-i-ḥaywání (“animal anti-
dote”), 59
Pahlawí, 209 n., 487
Palestine, 45, 46 n., 428
Pan-Islamism, 24, 303
Pantheism (Waḥdatu'l-Wujúd), 382,
383
Pan-Turanian Movement, 15
Parí-Khán Khánum, 81 n., 101, 102,
172
Paris, 323-5 (Farhang's poem on —),
444, 450, 459, 490; Treaty of —,
154
Paríshán, Kitáb-i- — (by Qá'ání,
A.D. 1836), 326-8, 335
Parry, 10
Párs (newspaper), 489
Pársí-nigárí (use of pure Persian by
Yaghmá), 338; cf. 423
Parwána (earlier pen-name of the
Adibu'l-Mamálik, q.v.) 347
Parwarish (newspaper, A.D. 1900), 469
Passion Plays, 29, 186-194. See
Muḥarram, Pelly, Sir Lewis —,
and Ta'ziya
Pelenk and Felenk, 119
Pelly, Sir Lewis —, 29, 186, 187 n.,
188 n., 190 n., 193 n.
Peloponnesus, 72
Pentateuch (Tawrát), 204, 214, 388
“Perfection,” “the Blessed —”
(Jamál-i-Mubárak, title of Bahá'u-
'lláh, q.v.), 214 n.
Persecution, 69, 77, 92, 94-5, 120,
147, 227. See Bábís, Shí'a, Ṣúfís,
Sunnís
Persepolis, 133
Persian belief in Divine Right of
Kings, 18; — Gulf, 107, 154, 451;
— language, 13; — Revolution (by
E. G. Browne), 371
Peshawur, 136
Peter the Great, 131
Petrograd, 490
Pharaoh (Fir'awn, pl. Fará'ina), 14,
336
Phillipe, Don — of Persia, 6
Phillott, Col. D. C. —, 468
Philosophy, 422-437
Pír (spiritual director), 19, 20; —
-ẓáda (family name), 42
Plato (Afláṭún), 201, 202, 212
Platts (ed. of Gulistán), 269 n.
Pliny, 441
Point (Nuqṭa, q.v.), 150
Poland, 5
Polytheism (Shirk), 385-6
Pope, the —, 5, 7
Portugal, Portuguese, 4, 10, 92, 107
Pote Collection of MSS. (Eton and
King's Colleges), 35, 229 n.
Predestination (Jabr), 15, 384-5. See
also Fatalism
Press and Poetry of Modern Persia by
E. G. Browne, 155 n., 162 n., 223,
302, 303 n., 340, 343, 345, 346,
371, 441, 447, 454 n., 457 n.,
467 n., 468 n., 469, 478 n., 482 n.
Priests, Christian —, 4-6, 9-10. See
also Missionaries
Printing introduced into Persia, 155,
468
Prophetic Office, 387-8
Prose, Varieties of —, 412
Psalms (Zubúr, Mazámír), 388
Psychical Research, 40
Ptolemy, 201, 212
Purchas's Pilgrims, 105
Pushtô (Afghán) language, 122

Qá'án, 14 n. See also Kháqán
Qá'ání (poet, d. A.D. 1853), 26, 163,
168, 177-181, 225, 227, 265, 299,
307 n., 326-335, 336, 337, 339, 344
Qábíl (Cain), 207, 217
Qábús-náma (xi), 412
Qádisiyya, Battle of — (vii), 126-7
Qahqaha, Castle of —, 89, 96, 98
Qá'im-i-Ál-i-Muḥammad (the Twelfth
Imám or Imám Mahdí, q.v.), 150,
394, 419; — ('Abbásid Caliph,
A.D. 1031-1075), 54 n.; — maqám
(Mírzá 'Ísá of Faráhán, d. A.D.
1831, and his son Mírzá Abu'l-
Qásim, put to death in A.D. 1835),
147 and note, 152, 303, 311-316,
346, 347, 484 n.
Qájárs, 10, 26, 29, 52 n., 115, 121,
122, 128, 132, 139, 140-158, 168,
224, 298, 299, 300, 375, 455,
487-8. See also under the names
of the individual kings of this
dynasty
Qamṣar (near Káshán), 477, 481
Qanbar-i-Rawḍa-khwán, Sayyid —
(satirized by Yaghmá), 339
Qandahár, 55, 112, 118 n., 123-5, 136
-Qánún (newspaper), 468-9
Qánúní (“the Law-giver,” title of
Sulṭán Sulaymán I), 81
Qáqázán (? Qázán), 475, 479
Qará-bagh, 49, 346
Qaramán (Caramania), 48
Qâren, 199, 209 and note
Qárún (Corah, amongst the Muslims
proverbial for his wealth, like
Croesus in Europe), 199, 207,
209, 217
Qárs, 104
Qarshí, Massacre of Sunnís at — in
A.D. 1512, 63, 83, 94, 227
Qárúyál (or Quryál, or Qúriyán), 47
Qásim (son of the Prophet Muḥam-
mad, died in infancy), 391; —
Beg ibn Jahángír Beg ibn 'Alí
Beg (ruler of Diyár Bakr about
A.D. 1500), 55; Mawláná — (poet,
circâ A.D. 1554), 169-170
Abu'l-Qásim Ḥamza (son of the
seventh Imám Músà Káẓim, and
ancestor of the Ṣafawís), 33 n.;
— Findariskí (xvi-xvii), 250, 257-
8, 408, 435; Mírzá — Qá'im-
maqám (q.v.), 147, 311-316,
484 n.; — (poet of Shíráz, xix),
225 n.
Qásimí (poet to Sháh Isma'íl, xvi),
83, 229 n.
Qásimu'l-Anwár (poet, xiv-xv), 44
Qásimu'l-Arzáq (“the Assigner of
Daily Bread,” 'Alí so called), 385
Qásiṭín (“Wrong-doers,” Mu'áwiya
and the Umayyads so called), 392
Qaṣr-i-Zar (in Fárs), 59
Qaṣṣábiyya (by the poet Yaghmá), 339
Qaṭrán (poet, xi), 299
Qawá'idu'l-Islám (Shí'a theological
work by -Ḥillí), 54 and note
Qáyin (in Khurásán), 427
Qayṣar-i-Rúm, 80 n.
Qayṣariyya (Caesarea), 71
Qazwín, 4, 10 n., 26, 85, 90, 97, 98,
100, 104, 105, 109, 110, 129,
130, 131, 135, 170-172 (Ḥayratí's
satire on the people of —), 223,
264, 282 n., 345
-Qazwíní, Zakariyyá b. Muḥammad
b. Maḥmúd (geographer, xiii),
397 n., 448
-Qifṭí (author of the Ta'ríkhu'l-
Ḥukamá, xiii), 447
Qipcháq, Dasht-i- —, 45
Qiṣaṣu'l-'Ulamá (Biographies of Shí'a
doctors, by Muḥammad b. Sulay-
mán of Tanukábun, A.D. 1873),
120, 354-5, 356, 358, 360 n., 361,
368 n., 369 n., 370 n., 372, 373,
376, 377, 378 n., 379 n., 404-9,
416, 426, 427 n., 428, 429, 432,
434, 435, 449
Qishrí (formalist, externalist), 376, 402
Qiwámu'd-Dín Núr-bakshí (A.D. 1519),
231 and note
Qiyás (analogy), 374
Qizil-básh (also called Qizil-burk and
Surkh-sar, “Red-heads”), 12, 13,
14, 48 (why so called), 68-9, 74,
76, 80 n. (Qizil-burk), 93, 102,
104, 106, 236 and note
Qoja Beg Günduzlu (one of the
assassins of Nádir Sháh), 137 n.
Qubád (Sásánian king), 464
Qúchán, 455
Qudsí (poet of Mashhad, d. A.D. 1646),
251, 258
-Quds wa'l-Khalíl (Jerusalem and
Hebron), 46 ad calc.
Quellenkunde der Persischen Medizin
(by Dr A. Fonahn), 439
Querry, M. Amédée —, 377, 378
“Questioning of the Tomb” (Su'ál-i-
Qabr), 396
Quhrúd, 109
“Quintet,” 229. See Khamsa
Qum, 30, 56, 100, 130, 148, 149, 237,
253, 259, 283, 309, 429
-Qur'án, 16, 36, 39, 110, 114, 137,
209 n., 210, 212 n., 214, 215 n.,
217 n., 243, 254 n., 336 n., 361,
374, 381, 382, 388-390, 401, 415,
418, 430, 432
Qúriyán (Qaruyál, or Quryál), 47
Qurratu'l-'Ayn (the Bábí heroine, put
to death in A.D. 1852), 154, 197,
421
Ibn Qutayba, 485 n.
Quṭbu'd-Dín Aḥmad (great-grand-
father of Shaykh Ṣafiyyu'd-Dín),
32 n., 36-7

Rabino, H. L. —, 30
Rabí'u'l-Asábí' (by Mullá Muḥammad
Báqir-i-Majlisí, d. A.D. 1700), 417
Ráfiḍí, 234. See Shí'a
Rafíq, Mullá Ḥusayn — (poet, xviii),
282
Rafsinjan, 126
Ráḥatu'ṣ-Ṣudúr (history of the Saljúqs
by -Ráwandi), 18 n., 56 n., 222
and note
-Raḥím, -Malik — (Buwayhid, xi),
54 n.
Ráh-i-Naw (newspaper), 484
Raj'at (“Return,” doctrine of —),
197, 398-400
Rangín (in Gílán), 36
Raphaël du Mans, Père — (xvii), 9,
20, 115, 116
Ráqim (poet, xvii), 267
Rashaḥát-i-Saḥáb (by Saḥáb of Iṣfahán,
d. A.D. 1807), 305
Rashídu'd-Dín Faḍlu'lláh (xiv), 19, 33
Rasht, 50, 59, 96, 135, 184, 186, 222,
410, 489
Rasmí (poet, xvi), 166
Rastákhíz (“the Resurrection,” news-
paper), 484 n.
-Ráwandí, Abú Bakr Najmu'd-Dín
Muḥammad — (author of the
Ráḥatu'ṣ-Ṣudúr, xii-xiii), 222
Rawḍa-khwán, 29, 181 (why so called);
182-194
Rawḍátu'l-Jannát (Biographies of
eminent Muslims, compiled in
A.D. 1870), 251, 257, 356-7, 358,
359, 408-411 passim, 416, 417,
421-2, 426-432 passim, 435, 446,
448
Rawḍatu'ṣ-Ṣafá (vols. i-vii by Mír-
khwánd, xv; supplementary vols.
viii-x by Riḍá-qulí Khán Hidáyat,
xix), 5, 7, 8, 102, 250-251, 304,
317, 413, 445
Rawḍatu'sh-Shuhadá (“Garden of
the Martyrs,” by Ḥusayn Wa'iẓ-i-
Káshifí, xv), 29, 181, 237
Ray, 232, 233, 438
Rayḥání, Yaḥyá Khán — (contem-
porary poet), 490
-Rází (Abú Bakr Muḥammad b.
Zakariyyá, physician, x), 425,
438-9, 449
Recording Angels (named Sá'iq and
Shahíd), 398, 400
“Red-heads.” See Qizil-básh
Redhouse, Sir James —, 35
“Reign of Terror at Tabríz” (by
E. G. Browne), 371 n.
Religions et Philosophies dans l'Asie
Centrale (by the Comte de
Gobineau). See Gobineau
Religious Attitude and Life in Islam
(by D. B. Macdonald), 40
Renaissance, 438
Resurrection (Qiyámat), 382, 390,
399-401, 422
“Return” (Raj'at, q.v.), 419
Revolution of 1906 in Persia, 121,
122, 155-8, 162, 302, 303, 340,
344, 345, 467; Persian Revolution
of 1905-1909 (by E. G. Browne,
1910), 155, 302, 468 n.
Rhodes, 81
Riḍá-qulí (son of Nádir Sháh, xviii),
135, 136, 138; — Khán, poetically
surnamed Hidáyat, q.v. (born
A.D. 1800, died 1872), 5, 7, 25,
26, 28, 102, 164 n., 172, 224, 230,
233, 234, 235, 245, 250, 251, 256,
258, 264, 265, 298, 299, 304, 305,
307, 309, 311, 316, 317, 319, 326,
344, 413, 445. See also Majma'u'l-
Fuṣaḥá, Riyáḍu'l-'Árifín, etc.
Riḍá-yi-'Abbásí (portrait-painter,
xvii), 25, 484; Shaykh — yi-Kurd
(poet, date unknown), 29; Sayyid
— b. Mahdí, 370; — of Kirmán
(assassin of Náṣiru'd-Dín Sháh,
A.D. 1896), 155; — Khán (Com-
mander-in-chief and practically
Dictator of Persia, A.D. 1923-4),
15; — Khán, Mírzá —. See
Arfa'u'd-Dawla
Rieu, Dr Charles — (author of the
British Museum Catalogues of
Arabic, Persian and Turkish MSS.),
35 n., 54 n., 57 n., 66 n., 83 n.,
229 n., 231 n., 233, 235 n., 237 n.,
238, 241 n., 243 n., 251, 252, 253,
256, 257, 264, 265, 278 n., 281 n.,
298, 408 n., 420 n., 447 n., 453
Rijálu'l-Ghayb (“Men of the Unseen
World”), 472 and note
Risála-i-Khayrátiyya (by Áqá Mu-
hammad 'Alí Bihbihání), 420
Riyáḍát (mortification, discipline), 382
Riyáḍiyyát (the exact or mathematical
sciences), 437
Riyáḍu'l-'Arifín (by Riḍá-qulí Khán,
xix), 230, 251, 265, 304, 305,
309 n., 319, 326 n., 436, 437
Riyáḍu'sh-Shu'ará (by Wálih, A.D.
1748), 229
Roe, Richard —, 380
Rome, 5, 6; Church of —, 359
Rosen, Dr F. —, 463
Rosenzweig-Schwannau (ed. of Ḥáfiẓ),
216 n.
Ross, Col. Sir E. —, 462 n.
Ross, Sir E. Denison —, 15 n., 50 n.,
64 n., 358, 444
Roxburgh Club, 105 n.
Rúdagí, or Rúdakí (poet, x), 221, 299
Rúḥí, Ḥájji Shaykh Aḥmad — of Kir-
mán (put to death in A.D. 1896), 468
Rukná (poet, xvii), 268
Ruknu'd-Dín Mas'úd or Kázarún
(burned to death about A.D. 1574).
97
Rúm, 166-7. See Asia Minor
Rumelia, 76
Rúmlú, 14, 52 n.
Ruqayya (daughter of the Prophet
Muḥammad), 392
Rús-i-Manḥús (the “sinister Rus-
sians”), 316
Russia, 4, 5, 114, 128, 130, 131, 134,
146, 147, 155, 156, 157, 312-316,
371, 374-5, 476, 478, 480-483,
489; Russian wife of Sulṭán
Sulaymán, 89-90; — Mission
massacred at Ṭihrán in A.D. 1829,
146, 312-316; — cruelties in
Tabríz, 371; — general's death
compassed by Persian theologian,
374-5; — aggression in Persia,
poem on —, 348
Rustam Áq-qoyúnlú, grandson of
Úzún Ḥasan (xv), 49, 50, 58 n.;
— Beg the Kurd, Ḥájji — (A.D.
1502), 68-69; — Rúz-afzún
(ruler of Mázandarán, A.D. 1510),
65; Sháh — of Luristán (A.D.
1508), 59, 76; — Khán (general,
A.D. 1713), 124; — u's-Sádát
(Sayyid Qanbar, satirized by
Yaghmá), 339; Kamán-i- — (the
Rainbow), 414
Rúzbihání, Ṣabrí — (poet at court of
Sháh 'Abbás I), 110
Rúz-i-Qatl (the “Day of Slaughter,”
i.e. the 'Áshúrá or 10th of Mu-
ḥarram), 29, 188. See also Mú-
harram, Passion Play, Ta'ziya,
etc.
Rúznáma-i-Írán-i-Sulṭání (news-
paper), 346, 347

Ṣabá (Fath-'Alí Khán of Káshán,
poet, d. A.D. 1822), 307 n., 309-310
Sabá (Sheba), 190, 192
Ṣabáḥí (Ḥájji Sulaymán, poet of
Káshàn, d. A.D. 1791), 142, 178,
282, 309
Ṣabrí Rúzbihání (poet of the court of
Sháh 'Abbás), 110
Sabzawár, 105, 136, 326, 436-7, 456
Ibn Sa'd ('Umar — b. Abí Waqqáṣ,
vii), 178, 180, 188
Sa'dí (of Shíráz, xiii), 37, 42, 246,
299, 348, 490
Ṣádiq Beg (artist at the court of
Sháh 'Abbás I), 110; — Khán
(brother of Karím Khán-i-Zand,
killed in A.D. 1782), 140, 142; —
Khán-i-Qá'im-maqámí (d. A.D.
1917), 346-9. See Adíbu'l-Ma-
málik
Ṣadr, Office of —, 59, 427
Ṣadrá, Mullá — of Shíráz (philosopher,
d. A.D. 1640), 257, 376, 407, 408,
411, 426, 427, 428-432, 434-7
Ṣadru'd-Dín, Shaykh — (son of
Shaykh Ṣafiyyu'd-Dín, whom he
succeeded in A.D. 1334 and died
in A.D. 1392), 19, 34, 35, 39, 42-
46; — Muḥammad (calligraphist
at the court of Sháh 'Abbás I),
110. See also under Ṣadrá above
Sa'du'd-Dín-Taftázání, 63; — (Turk-
ish historian), 72; — 'Ináyatu'lláh
Khúzání, Amír — (burned to death,
xvi), 97
Ṣadúq, title of Ibn Bábawayhi, q.v.
Ṣafá, 225, 307 n., an error for Ṣabá,
q.v.
Ṣafá'í, Mullá Aḥmad-i-Niráqí (d. A.D.
1828), 411; Mírzá Aḥmad —, son
of the poet Yaghmá, 338
Safar-náma (of Náṣir-i-Khusraw, xi),
412
Safárat-náma-i-Khwárazm (Riḍá-qulí
Khán, A.D. 1855), 304
Ṣafawí Dynasty (A.D. 1502-1736),
1-133 passim, 168, 372, 487;
historical importance of the —,
3-4; historical records of the —,
4-11; characteristics of the —,
11 et seqq.; poetry under —, 26-8,
221, 250, 354; rise of the —, 32-
83; culmination and decline of the
—, 84-120; — greatly venerated
by their subjects, 86; Shí'a faith
promoted by —, 353-4
Ṣafí I, Sháh — (A.D. 1629-1642),
111, 231; — II (subsequently called
Sulaymán I, A.D. 1666-1694), 111
Ṣáfí (Mírzá Ja'far, poet, of Iṣfahán,
xviii), 282
Safínatu'l-Maḥmúd (anthology of
Fatḥ-'Alí Sháh's poets, xix), 298
Ṣafí-qulí Khán (Persian general, xviii),
125
Ṣafiyyu'd-Dín, Shaykh Abu'l-Fatḥ
Isḥáq — (born A.D. 1252, died
1334), 4, 19, 32-44, 46 n., 88, 115;
pedigree, 32-3 ad calc., 87 n., 444
Ṣafwatu'ṣ-Ṣafá (biography of the
above-mentioned Shaykh Ṣafiy-
yu'd-Dín), 4, 19, 32 n., 38-42, 444
Ságharchí, Kamálu'd-Dín — (xvi),
65-6
Saḥábí (poet, of Astarábád, d. A.D.
1601), 251
Ṣaḥá'ifu'l-Akhbár (Turkish version of
Munajjím-báshí's history), 106 n.
Ṣahbá, Áqá Taqí — (poet, of Qum,
xviii), 283
Ṣáḥib-Díwán (A.D. 1888), 221
Ṣáḥib-Qirán, 108
Sáḥilán (near Tabríz), 76
Sahl 'Alí, Imám-záda — (near Hama-
dán), 57
Sahwu'l-Lisán (“Lapsus Linguæ,”
Sharíf's compilation of Lisání's
poems so called), 236
Ṣá'ib (poet of Tabriz, d. A.D. 1670),
25, 163-5, 242, 250, 251, 258-261,
265-276, 299
Sa'íd ('Umar b. Sa'd, q.v., appears
to be intended), 170, 171
Abú Sa'íd (Tímúrid, A.D., 1452-1467),
100
Sá'iq (Recording Angel), 400
Sa'ír (the second of the Seven Hells),
400-401
Sajjád (title of the Fourth Imám 'Alí
b. -Ḥusayn, better known as
Zaynu'l-'Ábidín, q.v.), 179, 181
and note, 393
Sakína (daughter of the Imám Ḥusayn,
vii), 179, 181, 393
Sakísá (minstrel of Khusraw Parwíz),
221
Sakkákí (earlier pen-name of Fighání,
q.v.), 230 n.
Ṣaláḥu'd-Dín Rashíd b. Muḥammad
Ḥáfiẓ (ancestor of the Ṣafawís),
32 n., 36-7
Saláma, 393. See Shahrbánú
Sale's Qur'án, 209 n.
Ṣáliḥ (Prophet sent to ancient Arabs),
388; — b. Quṭbu'd-Dín Aḥmad
(ancestor of the Ṣafawís), 32 n.;
— Beg (assassin of Nádir Sháh),
137-8
Salím I (Ottoman Sulṭán, A.D. 1512-
1520), 9, 11-14, 20, 23-4, 65 n.,
67, 71 n., 72, 73-80, 93; — II
(Ottoman Sulṭán, called “the
Sot,” A.D. 1566-1574), 90-92; —
(poet of Ṭihrán, d. A.D. 1647),
251, 258
Saljúq Dynasty, 3, 18, 54, 222
Salmán-i-Asadí (Persian student),
346 n.
Salmás, 106
Sál-náma (Year Book), 456
Salsabíl (river in Paradise), 175, 177,
228 n., 229
Sám Mírzá (son of Sháh Isma'íl I,
xvi), 25 n., 81, 88, 89, 231 n.,
237, 238, 447; — (grandson of
Sháh 'Abbás the Great, who suc-
ceeded him in A.D. 1629 under
the title of Sháh Ṣafí I, q.v.),
111
Sámánid Dynasty, 221
Samarqand, 64, 348
Sámarrá, 366
Samnán, 55, 337, 347, 456
Saná'í (poet, xii), 220, 299, 357, 449
Ṣan'atí-záda of Kirmán (contemporary
writer), 466
Sanglákh, Mírzá-yi- —, 457
Ṣaní'u'd-Dawla (early title of Mu-
ḥammad Ḥasan Khán, better
known by his later title of
I'timádu's-Salṭana, q.v.), 453-6
Sanskrit, 244
Saqar (the third of the Seven Hells),
400-401
Sáqí-náma (of Umídí, xvi), 231; —
(of Ẓuhúrí, xvii), 253
Sar-afráz Khán, Nawwáb — (xviii),
283
Sarbáz (Isma'íl Khán, poet), 188
Sardáriyya (of Yaghmá), 337, 338
Sárí (in Mázandarán), 65
Ṣárí 'Abdu'lláh Efendi (d. A.D. 1668),
9 n.
Sar-máya-í-Ímán (by 'Abdu'r-Raz-
záq-i-Láhijí), 408, 435
Sásánian Dynasty (iii-vii), 3, 4, 18,
29, 32, 52, 60, 126, 209 n., 221,
382 n., 393, 466
Sawáṭi'u'l-Islám (Fayḍí's Commen-
tary on the Qur'án), 244 n.
Sayyida (wife of Sháh Khudá-banda,
xvi), 103
Sayyidu'sh-Shuhadá (“the Chief of
Martyrs,” i.e. the Imám Ḥusayn,
q.v.), 393
“Schach Culi,” 70. See Shah-qulí
Schefer, M. Charles —, 9, 10, 20 n.,
115, 116, 304, 457
Schemann, Ludwig —, 153 ad calc.
Schindler, Sir Albert Houtum- —, 5,
450 n. See also Houtum-Schindler
Schu??tz, Dr Walter —, 467 n.
Scotland, 5
Sean Bhean Bhochd, 223
Don Sebastian of Portugal (xvi), 92
“Sechaidar,” 47. See Ḥaydar, Shaykh
—
Sell, E. —, 462 n.
Seniory of Venice, 5
Seth (Prophet), 388
“Seven,” “Sect of the —” (Sab'iyya),
17. See Isma'ílís
“Seven Martyrs” of the Bábís
(Shuhadá-i-Sab'a), 196
“Seventy-two Sects” (Haftád u du
Millat), 15
Shafí'á Athar (poet of Shíráz, xviii),
282 n.
Shafí'í (poet), 194
-Sháfiya, 362
Sháh 'Abdu'l-Aẓím, Shrine of —, 151,
155
Shahíd-i-awwal (“the First Martyr,”
put to death in A.D. 1384), 406;
— -i-thání (“the Second Martyr”),
379, 427; — -i-thálith (“the Third
Martyr,” assassinated by a Bábí in
A.D. 1847), 411, 421; but on
p. 447 this title is given to Sayyid
Núru'lláh of Shúshtar, q.v., who
was put to death by Jahángír in
A.D. 1610
“Sháh-i-Dín-panáh” (Ṭahmásp so
entitled), 84
Shahinsháh-náma (by Ṣabá, xix), 309
Sháh Jahán (A.D. 1628-1659), 259,
260, 408
Sháh-náma (of Firdawsí, xi), 13,
14 n., 228 n., 229, 309, 339, 487;
— khwáns (rhapsodists), 110; —
-i-Isma'íl (by Hátifí, A.D. 1512),
83, 229
Sháh-qulí (xvi), 69, 70, 71, 75
Shahr-angíz and Shahr-áshúb (a kind
of topical ballad), 237, 238
Shahr-ashúb (name of a Shí'a divine),
355
Shahrbánú (daughter of Yazdigird and
wife of the Imám Ḥusayn, vii),
393
Shahr-i-Bábak, 149
-Shahristání (author of the Kitábu'l-
Milal, xii), 15 n., 16-17, 449
Sháhrúd, 104, 456
Sháhrukh (Tímúrid, xv), 44; —
Shírwánsháh (killed by Sháh
Ṭahmásp in A.D. 1540), 96; —
Dhu'l-Qadar (A.D. 1508), 414; —
(grandson of Nádir Sháh, xviii),
138, 140
Shah-seven (“King-lovers,” a coalition
of tribes created by Sháh 'Abbás
the Great), 106, 119
Sháh Shujá' (infant son of Sháh
Isma'íl II killed by his successor,
A.D. 1577), 101
Shahsuwár-i-Chahár-tárí (musician at
the court of Sháh 'Abbás the
Great), 110
Sháh u Darwish or Sháh u Gadá
(“the King and the Beggar” by
Hilálí, xvi), 234
Shakí, 104
Shakíbí (poet, xvi), 167
Shaltáq-i-Sipáhí (chronogram yield-
ing A.H. 909 = A.D. 1503-4), 56
Shamákhí, 104, 125, 134, 450
Shamásí (near Ardabíl), 50
Shamkhál Khán (put to death by
Sháh Khudá-banda about A.D.
1577), 101
Shámlú (one of the Seven Tribes),
14, 52 n.
Shams-i-Shupurghú'í (musician at
court of Sháh 'Abbás the Great),
110
Shams-i-Tabríz (xiii), 37
Shamsu'd-Dín Barníqi of Ardabíl,
44; — Kuhistání (poet, xvi), 235
Shamsu'l-Ma'árif (by the Shaykh
al-Búní), 442
Shamsu'sh-Shu'ará, 325. See Surúsh
Shápúr (poet, xvii), 267
Sharafsháh (ancestor of the Ṣafawís),
32 n.
Sharafu'd-Dín Ḥasan, 256. See
Shifá'í
Sharávi'u'l-Islám (by Najmu'd-Dín-
Ḥillí, xiii), 54 n., 378, 405-6
Sharḥu'l-Fawá'id and — 'z-Ziyárati-
'l-Kabíra (by Shaykh Aḥmad-
Aḥsá'í, xviii-xix), 411; — ṣ-Ṣadr
(by Mullá Muḥsin-i-Fayḍ, A.D.
1654), 432 and note
Sharíf, Sayyid-i- — (killed at Chál-
dirán, A.D. 1514), 59, 76; — of
Tabríz (compiler of Lisání's poems,
xvi), 236
Sharmí (poet of Qazwín at court of
Sháh 'Abbás), 110
Shawáhidu'r-Rubúbiyya (by Mullá
Ṣadrá, xvii), 430, 437
Shawkat (poet of Bukhárá, d. 1695),
250, 258, 265, 269, 282 n., 299
Shawqí (poet, xvii), 267
Shaybak, 63, 74. See Shaybání
Shaybání, or Shaybak, Muḥammad
Khán — Uzbek (killed in battle
with Sháh Isma'íl at Ṭáhírábád in
A.D. 1510), 63, 64-6, 74, 78 and
note, 82, 94; —, Abu'n-Naṣr
Fatḥu'lláh Khán — of Káshán
(poet, xix), 326, 344
Shaykh Sháh (Shaykh Ibráhím,
grandson of Ṣadru'd-Dín and great-
grandfather of Sháh Isma'íl I, d.
A.D. 1447), 47; — son of Farrukh
Yasár Shírwánsháh, 60, 96
Shaykhí sect, 150, 355, 397 n., 399 n.,
402-3, 407, 408, 410-411, 421,
422, 429, 430
Shaykhu'r-Ra'ís. See Avicenna
and Abu'l-Ḥasan Mírzá
Shaykhu'ṭ-Ṭá'ifa. See -Ṭúsí
Shaypúrghú'í (trumpeter), 110 and note
Shayṭán-qulí, 70. See Sháh-qulí
Abú Sha'yún, 208, 218
Sheba (Sabá), 190, 192
Sherley brothers (Sir Anthony and
Sir Robert, xvi-xvii), 5, 6, 10,
105
Sherlock Holmes, 466-7
Shí'a (Ithná-'ashariyya, “Sect of the
Twelve”), 16-19, 20, 22, 23, 26,
32, 43, 46, 52-4, 56, 58, 64, 65,
66, 70-73, 83, 92, 94-5, 122, 132,
135, 230, 234, 235, 264, 353-404,
409, 415-423, 424; the doctrine
of the Perfect —, 150. See also
Ghulát
Shiblí (Ṣúfí saint), 357; — Nu'mání
(Indian scholar, author of the
Shi'ru'l-'Ajam, q.v.), 164, 165,
229, 241, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250,
251, 252, 254, 258, 259, 260, 262,
265, 266 n., 268, 269, 299
Shifá (of Avicenna), 430
Shifá'í (Sharafu'd-Dín Ḥasan, phy-
sician and poet, d. A.D. 1627),
250, 256, 268
Shihábu'd-Dín Suhrawardí,
Shaykh —, 88; — -Maqtúl, 430
Shílún (? Solon), 201, 212 and note
Shimr, 178, 180
Shíráz, 42, 55, 56, 76, 100, 104,
125, 130, 133, 140, 141, 143 n.,
151, 157, 184, 186, 221, 222,
225, 230, 233, 235, 241, 245, 246,
258, 279, 282 n., 283, 300, 302,
305, 316, 317, 322, 326, 328, 360,
363, 365, 407, 420, 429, 434, 451,
489
Shírín u Khusraw (by Hátifí, d.
A.D. 1520-1), 229
Shirley. See Sherley, above
Shír Ṣárim (Kurdish chief, killed in
battle in A.D. 1510), 58
Shi'ru'l-'Ajam (“Poetry of the Per-
sians,” by Shiblí Nu'mání), 164,
165, 166 n., 229, 241, 244, 246,
250, 251, 258, 259, 265 n., 266 n.,
299 n.
Shír u Shakkar (by Shaykh Bahá'u'd-
Dín-'Ámilí, xvi-xvii), 253, 428
Shírwán, 22, 52, 60, 82, 106, 134,
135, 137, 450
Shírwánsháh, 41, 47, 48, 52, 96
Shu'ayb (Jethro), 388
Shujá'u's-Salṭana, Ḥasan 'Alí Mírzá
—, 328
Shu'la (poet of Iṣfahán, xviii), 282
Shurúr, Battle of — (A.D. 1501), 52, 82
Shúshtar, 59, 184, 186, 279, 356, 366,
447
Sidratu'l-Muntahá (“Lote-tree of the
Limit”), 401
Si-dih (near Iṣfahán), 198, 325
Ṣifát (Attributes of God), 382-6
Ṣifátu'l-'Áshiqín (by Hilálí, d. A.D.
1528), 234
Sikandar or Iskandar, Alexander the
Great, q.v., 13-14; — náma (of
Niẓámí of Ganja, xii), 229
Silsilatu'n-Nasab-i-Ṣafawiyya, 4, 5,
13 n., 20, 32 n., 35, 36, 37, 40, 42,
44, 45, 46
Similitudes, World of — ('Álam-i-
Mithál), 397
Simon, Dr Max —, 425
Simon Peter, 207, 218
Símurgh (mythical bird), 263 n.
Ibn Síná. See Avicenna
Sinai, Mount — (Jabal Ṭúr), 292
Sinán Páshá Chigála-záda (“Cicala,”
A.D. 1605), 106
Sion (Ṣayyún), 204, 214
Sipihr (Mírzá Muḥammad Taqí or
Káshán, Lisánu'l-Mulk, q.v., xix),
326, 344, 413
Ṣiráṭ, Bridge of —, 401; — -Mustaqím
(by Mír Dámád), 407
Sírján, 149
Sirru'lláh (“God's Secret”), 217 n.
See 'Abbás Efendí, 'Abdu'l-Bahá
Sístán, 125
Síwás, 71, 76, 106 n.
Siyáḥat-náma-i-Ibráhím Beg (about
A.D. 1900), 463-4, 467-8
Siyámak (“Siyáh-marg”) son of
Shírwánsháh, 41
Siyásat-náma (of the Niẓámu'l-Mulk,
xi), 18 n., 412
Siyáwushání, Mawláná Isḥáq —
(calligraphist at the court of Sháh
'Abbás), 110
Sízdah band (of Shifá'í, d. A.D. 1627),
256
Smart, W. A. — (Consul), 196, 302
Smith, Vincent —, 249, 445 n.
Socrates (Suqráṭ), 201, 212
Soláq-záda (Turkish historian), 72
Solomon (Sulaymán), 190, 192, 310 n.;
a legend of —, 111
Solon (Shílún), 212
“Sophi,” “the Great —,” 20, 21,
23, 61, 112; — sect, 48, 50. See
Ṣúfí
Spain, Spanish, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 101 n.
See also Don Juan di Persia
Spirit (Rúḥ), Five grades of —, 389
Sprenger, Dr A. —, 165, 234, 281 n.,
355
Squeezing of the Tomb, 396-7
Stewart, Major Charles —, 91
le Strange, Guy —, 360 n., 462
Strettell, Alma — (“Twelve Persian
Folk-Songs”), 222
Style, good and bad —, 412-415
Su'ál u Jawáb (by Ḥájji Sayyid
Muḥammad Báqir, circâ A.D.
1820), 378-381
Ṣubúḥ (poet of Iṣfahán, xviii), 282
“Suffavean,” 48, 51. See Ṣafawís
Ṣúfí-kush (“the Ṣúfí-slayer,” title
given to Áqá Muḥammad 'Alí,
xviii), 368
Ṣúfís, 19-21, 26-7, 47, 50-51, 56,
120, 220-221, 254 n., 354, 376,
383, 403-4, 409, 411, 420-1, 422,
452
Abú Sufyán (father of Mu'áwiya, the
first Umayyad Caliph, vii), 180 n.
Sufyání (appearance with Antichrist
in the last days), 399
Ṣuḥuf (Book revealed to Abraham),
388
Sulaymán, Sulṭán — I (A.D. 1520-
1566), 9, 11, 13 n., 67, 76, 80, 81,
87, 89, 92, 93, 236; — Mírzá
(murdered by his brother Sháh
Isma'íl II in A.D. 1577), 98; —
Páshá (great-grandson of the
Tímúrid Abú Sa'íd, xvi), 100;
Sháh — I -i-Ṣafawí (originally
named Ṣafí, A.D. 1669-1694), 111,
112-113, 439; Sháh — II (xviii),
138, 284; — Efendi (Turkish
envoy to Persia, A.D. 1728), 133;
— Ṣabáḥí (poet of Káshán, circâ
A.D. 1791) q.v.; — Khán (promi-
nent Bábí put to death in A.D.
1852), 196, 213 n.; — u Bilqís
(poem by Fayḍí, xvi), 244
Sulaymániyya, 27
Sulṭániyya, 88
Sulṭánu'l-Fuqará (poet at the court
of Sháh 'Abbás), 110
Sulṭánum Khánum (sister of Sháh
Ṭahmásp I, xvi), 92
Sunduq (Turkmán envoy to Con-
stantinople, A.D. 1553), 94
Sunnís, 16-19, 22, 43-4, 53, 55, 57,
63-4, 66, 74, 78, 93-5, 97, 123,
132, 137, 170-2, 234, 353-4, 363,
391, 402, 420, 447
Suqúṭu'l-'Ibádát (Antinomianism,
neglect of religious duties), 382
Ṣúr-i-Isráfíl (newspaper), 302, 345,
469-482
Surkh-sar (“Red-head”). See Qizil-
básh
Sursurak (“the Slide”), 221, 479
Surúsh (Angel), 294-5; — (poet of
Iṣfahán, d. A.D. 1868), 225, 307 n.,
325
Súzaní (poet, xii), 348
Sykes, Sir Percy Molesworth —, 92 n.,
144 n., 154, 156
Syria, Syrians, 16, 36, 51, 77, 360,
388 (Prophets), 427, 428, 451

-Ṭabarí (Muḥammad b. Jarír —,
historian, ix-x), 188, 217 n., 412,
443, 449, 485
Ṭabarsarán, 48
-Ṭabarsí, Shaykh —, 153, 197-8, 409
Ṭabíb, Sayyid 'Abdu'l-Báqí — (poet
and physician to Nádir Sháh,
xviii), 283
Tabkhí (poet of the court of Sháh
'Abbás the Great), 110
Tabríz, 21, 22, 23, 44, 45, 49, 52, 53,
61, 62, 71, 76, 77, 96, 104, 109,
130, 131, 134, 144 n., 151, 153,
155, 222, 230, 235, 236, 237,
265 n., 266, 346, 347, 360, 371,
380, 422, 454, 489, 490
Tadhkiratu'l-Aḥwál (by Shaykh 'Alí
Ḥazín, A.D. 1741), 277-281; —
Ál-i-Dáwúd (A.D. 1803), 444; —
Dawlatsháh (xv), 447; — Dil-
-gushá (A.D. 1821), 304, 307, 309,
317, 328, 337; — Mu'áṣirín (by
Shaykh 'Alí Ḥazín, A.D. 1752),
281; — Muḥammad-Sháhí (xviii-
xix), 298
Tafrísh, 282
-Taftázání, Farídu'd-Dín Aḥmad —
(put to death in A.D. 1510), 63, 69
Tafwíḍ, 386. See Free Will and
Fatalism
Tahdhíb (of Shaykh Bahá'u'd-Dín
-'Ámilí), 364; — u'l-Aḥkám (of
-Ṭúsí, xi), 359, 405
Ṭáhir (son of the Prophet Muḥammad),
391; — (poet of Qazwín, xviii),
282 ad calc.
Ṭáhir-ábád, Battle of — (A.D. 1510),
65
Ṭahmásp, Sháh — I (A.D. 1524-
1576), 5, 9, 10 n., 19, 28, 34, 43,
50 n., 52, 57, 81, 84-98, 100-103,
106, 172, 238, 241, 406, 456; — b.
Muḥammad Khudá-banda (circâ
A.D. 1586), 101; Sháh — II (put
to death by Nádir Sháh's son
Riḍá-qulí in A.D. 1739), 129-136
Tajáribu's-Salaf (Persion version of
the Kitábu'l-Fakhrí made by
Hindú-Sháh, q.v., in A.D. 1324),
443
Táj-i-duwázdah tark (the scarlet cap
with twelve gores worn by the
Qizil-básh), 48
Táju'd-Dín Ibráhím. See Záhid-i-
Gílání, Shaykh —
Takallú (one of the Seven Tribes),
52 n., 70 n.
Takfír (denunciation as an infidel),
372
Takya-i-Humáyún (the Royal Theatre,
Ṭihrán), 194
Ṭalḥa (vii), 392
Ṭálib-i-Ámulí (poet, d. A.D. 1626),
164, 250, 253-256, 267
Abú Ṭálib (uncle of the Prophet
Muḥammad), 392; — Mírzá (son
of Sháh Muḥammad Khudá-banda,
circâ A.D. 1586), 101-2; — Kalím
(poet, d. A.D. 1651), 164, 166,
250, 258-263, 268; Shaykh —
(father of Shaykh 'Alí Ḥazín,
d. A.D. 1715), 278
Ṭáliqán (in Khurásán), 399
Abú Tammám (compiler of the
Ḥamása, ix), 270
Tanásukh (Metempsychosis, q.v.), 382
Tanbúra'í (drummer), 110
Tanukábun, 355
Ṭáqdís (poem by Mullá Aḥmad-i-
Niráqí, d. A.D. 1828), 411
Taqí, Mírzá — (founder of a College
at Iṣfahán, xvii), 366; Áqá —
(poet of Qum, called Ṣahbá, q.v.,
xviii), 283; — Khán Amír-i-Kabír
(put to death by Náṣiru'd-Dín
Sháh on Jan. 9, 1852), 152-3, 316,
329, 333; — -záda, Sayyid Ḥasan
— (contemporary), 29, 485
Taqiyyu'd-Dín Muḥammad (prime
minister, xvii), 264
Ṭáqiya-i-Turkmání (the Turkmán
cap), 48
Taqiyya (prudential concealment of
opinions), 16 n., 17
Taqlíd (submission to ecclesiastical
authority), 382
“Tarbiyat,” Mírzá Muḥammad 'Alí
Khán — (contemporary), 458, 467.
See Press and Poetry of Modern
Persia
Ta'ríkh-i-'Álam-árá-yi-'Abbásí (by
Iskandar Munshí, A.D. 1616), 5,
6, 7, 8, 47, 48, 88, 99 n., 100,
101 n., 103 n., 105 n., 107-8, 172,
238, 256, 257, 427 n., 428, 444;
— i-ba'd-Nádiriyya (xviii), 137 n.,
445; — i-Bídári yi-Írániyán (A.D.
1910), 413, 446; — i-Guzída (by
Ḥamdu'lláh Muṣtawfí of Qazwín,
xiv), 118 n.; — u'l-Ḥukamá (by
-Qiftí, xiii), 447; — i-Jadíd (the
“New History,” xix), 197 n.; —
i-Jahán-gusháy (by Juwayní, xiii),
443; — i-Waṣṣáf, 443; — i-Zan-
diyya (xviii), 140 n., 141 n., 142 n.,
444-5
Tartars (more correctly Tatárs), 3.
See Mongols
Tartufe (by Molière, translated into
Turkish), 462
Ṭárum, 22, 51
Tashbíh (Anthropomorphism), 17, 382
Táshkand, 64
Tashríḥu'l-Aflák (by Shaykh Ba-
há'u'd-Dín-'Ámilí, xvii), 428
Taṣníf (ballad), 162, 221-3
Taṣwíru'l-Afkár (Press in Constanti-
nople), 459
Tauris, 61. See Tabríz
Ṭá'úsí sect, 391
Tavernier, 10, 112
Tawakkul (or Túklí) b. Isma'íl, 34.
See Ibnu'l-Bazzáz and Ṣafwatu'ṣ-
Ṣafá
Tawḥíd (Doctrine of the Divine Unity),
382-6
Ṭayfúr (poet at the court of Sháh
'Abbás the Great), 110
Ṭayyib (son of the Prophet Mu-
ḥammad), 391
Táza Bahár (newspaper), 345
Táza-gú'í (originality of expression),
163
Ta'ziya (“mourning”), 28, 29, 162,
172-194, 459
“Techellis” (Tekellú, Takallu), 70-
72
“Teckel Schachoculu” (Tekellú
Sháh-qulí), 70 and note
Teixeira, 10
Telegraph, Indo-European —, 154-5
Tennyson, 227
Thábit b. Qurra, 357
Thales, 201, 212
Thaná'í (poet, xvi), 242; — pen-
name of Mírzá Abu'l-Qásim Qá'im-
maqám, q.v.
Theologians, Rise of the Great Shí'a
—, 26-8, 83, 114
Thevenot, 10
Thibet, 128
Thiqatu'l-Islám (put to death by the
Russians at Tabríz on Jan. 1, 1912),
371
Thurayyá (“Pleiades,” newspaper),
469
Tiflís, 104, 109, 130, 134, 298, 462
Tigris (Dijla), 198, 321
Ṭihrán, 105, 137, 146, 149, 151, 155,
194, 198, 222, 231, 251, 258, 279,
301, 303, 312, 319, 328, 346-8,
368, 371, 374, 378, 441, 451, 454,
458, 463, 466, 489, 490
Times, 466
Tímúr, 9, 25, 46, 57, 348; House of
—, 3, 25, 63-4, 77, 83, 229; —
-náma (of Hátifí), 229
Ṭiqṭaqí, Ṣafiyyu'd-Dín Muḥammad
— (author of the Kitábu'l-Fakhrí),
443
Tiyátr (“the Theatre,” newspaper), 463
Tobacco concession (A.D. 1890-1),
156, 370-1
Tolerance, Growth of — in modern
Persia, 420
“Tom, Dick and Harry” (English
equivalent of 'Amr and Zayd),
380 n.
Tomb, State of the Dead in the —,
396-7
Ṭopál 'Osmán (or 'Uthmán, Turkish
general, killed in October, 1733),
134
Transmigration of Souls (tanásukh),
382
Transoxiana (Má wará'a'n-Nahr), 4,
24, 63, 92, 125, 451
Travel, Five Advantages of —, 433
Traveller's Narrative (ed. and transl.
by E. G. Browne), 150, 154 n.,
294 n., 329, 381, 397 n., 399 n.,
420 n., 422 n.
Trebizond, 47, 48
Trinity, The —, 293-4
Trois Ans à la Cour de Perse (by
Dr Feuvrier), 371
Trois Comédies Persanes (ed. and
transl. by C. Barbier de Meynard
and S. Guyard), 462
Tsar of Russia, Murder of — by
Bolsheviks, 371
Tsitsianoff (Russian general called by
the Persians Ishpukhtar), 374, 375
and note
Ṭúbà (tree in Paradise), 401
Ṭúfán (poet of Hazár-jaríb, d. A.D.
1776), 283; — u'l-Buká (the
“Deluge of Weeping”), 182
Ṭughril (the Saljúq, A.D. 1037-1063),
31, 54
Tuḥfatu'l-Mú'minín (on Materia
Medica, composed by Muḥammad
Mú'min-i-Ḥusayní in A.D. 1669),
439; — 'z-Zá'irín (the “Pilgrims'
Present,” by Mullá Muḥammad
Báqír-i-Majlisí, d. A.D. 1700), 410,
417
Tuḥfa-i-Sámí (biographies of con-
temporary poets compiled by Sám
Mírzá in A.D. 1550), 25, 88 n.,
230, 237, 447
Túklí (or Tawakkul), 34 and note.
See Ibnu'l-Bazzáz and Ṣafwatu'ṣ-
Ṣafá
Túmán, value of the —, 410 n.
Tunis, 425
Abú Turáb, Mír — (Turkmán envoy
to Constantinople, A.D. 1553), 94
Túrán, 13, 282
Turkey, 4, 10, 92, 130, 134, 135, 137,
146, 164, 241, 246, 250, 260, 265,
451, 453, 467; Turks, 10, 135,
140, 280, 427, 450; Turkish dy-
nasties, 3; Turkish language, 14-
15, 250, 375 n.; Turkish literary
taste, 226, 227, 265, 300, 412,
443, 487; “Turkish Ṣúfís,” 46.
See also Ottomans
Turkí (poet of Shíráz), 182 n.
Turkistán, 451
Turkmán-cháy, Treaty of — (A.D.
1826), 146
Turkmáns, 47, 50, 93, 137, 230. See
also White Sheep
Turner Macan (ed. of Sháhnáma),
228
Turshíz, 233, 234, 253
Ṭús, 94
-Ṭúsí, Muḥammad b. -Ḥasan b. 'Alí
(d. A.D. 1067), 355, 358, 405
Ṭúṭí, Mír — (Turkmán envoy to Con-
stantinople in A.D. 1553), 94
Túysirkán, 463
Twelve, Sect of the — (Ithnà-
'ashariyya), 17, 391. See Shí'a

'Ubayd-i-Zákání (poet and satirist,
xiv), 241, 490; — u'lláh Khán-i-
Uzbek (d. A.D. 1540), 43, 73-4,
77, 92, 94-5, 97, 227, 234-5
'Udhrí (poet, d. A.D. 1771), 283
'Ulamá (doctors of theology), 353
et seqq. See Mujtahids, Mullás
Ulfat (poet of Káshán, d. A.D. 1824),
225 n., 311
Úljaytú (Khudá-banda, Mongol ruler
of Persia, xiv), 18, 413
Úlu'l-'Azm (the Five Great Prophets),
388
'Umarb. -Khaṭṭáb (the second Caliph,
assassinated in A.D. 644), 17, 22,
29, 53, 54, 74, 80 n., 95 n., 104,
391, 392, 418; — b. Sa'd b. Abí
Waqqáṣ (vii), 178, 180
Umayyad Caliphs, 16 n., 180 n.,
392-4
Umíd (or Ummíd, poet of Kirmán-
sháh, xix), 225 n.
Umídí (or Ummídí, poet of Ṭihrán,
d. A.D. 1519 or 1524), 59, 230-233
Umm 'Abdi'lláh (wife and cousin of
'Alí Zaynu'l-'Ábidín, the fourth
Imám), 393
Umm Kulthúm (daughter of 'Alí and
Fáṭima), 392
Ummí (“illiterate,” an attribute of
the Prophet Muḥammad), 389
'Unṣurí (poet, xi), 299
Urdú (or Hindustání) language, 164,
300
'Urfí (poet of Shíráz, d. A.D. 1590),
25, 163, 164, 167 n., 241-9, 265,
268, 299
Ibn Abí Uṣaybi'a (author of the well-
known biographies of Physicians,
xiii), 447
“Ussein Alibeg” (A.D. 1599-1600),
5 n.
Ustá (fortress of —), 56
Ustájlú (one of the Seven Tribes), 52 n.
Uṣúlí school, 374, 376, 402
Uṣúlu'l-Káfí (Mullá Ṣadrá's com-
mentary on the —), 430
'Uthmán (the third Caliph, assassi-
nated in A.D. 656), 17, 22, 53, 54,
80 n., 94, 95, 104, 391, 392, 418;
Qará — (of the Aq-qoyúnlú or
“White Sheep” dynasty), 58 n.
'Uyúnu'l-Anbá fí Ṭabaqáti'l Aṭibbá
(Lives of notable Physicians, by
Ibn Abí Uṣaybi'a), 447
Uzbeks, 19, 43, 45, 60, 63-6, 73,
74 n., 77, 78, 83, 86-7, 92, 93,
94, 97, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109,
125, 136, 137, 227, 235
“Uzen Aly Bech” (A.D. 1599-1600),
5 n.
Úzún Ḥasan (Áq-qoyúnlú, A.D. 1466-
1478), 47-49, 51, 58 n.

Valladolid, 21 n.
Valle, Pietro della —, 10
Vámbéry, Arminius —, 10 n.
Van, Lake —, 49, 106
Venice, Venetians, 5, 6, 10, 21, 22,
47, 48, 50 n., 51, 85-6
Verlaine, Paul —, 344
Verne, Jules —, 458
Victoria, Queen —, 322; “Victorian
Era” of Persia (A.D. 1848-1896),
161
Vienna, 11
Virgin Mary, 398
Volga, 6

Wadí'at (Trusts, Law of —), 379-380
Wádí's-Salám (Terrestrial Paradise),
397
Wafayátu'l-A'yán (Biographies of
Ibn Khallikán, xiii), 446
-Wáfí (by Mullá Muḥsin-i-Fayḍ, xvii),
359
Waḥdatu'l-Wujúd (Pantheism), 382,
383, 420
Waḥid (title given by the Báb first
to Sayyid Yaḥyá of Dáráb or
Nayríz, and after his death to
Mírzá Yaḥyá Ṣubḥ-i-Azal), 208,
218 and note; Muḥammad Ṭáhir
— (poet, d. A.D. 1708), 258, 264-5
Waḥídí (poet of Qum, xvi), 237
Wahrmund, A. —, 462
Waḥshí (poet of Báfq, d. A.D. 1583),
110, 238-240, 241
Wajh-i-Dín (by Náṣir-i-Khusraw, xi),
490
Wajhu'lláh (“the Face of God,” title
given to 'Alí), 385
Wakíl (Regent), 139. See Karím
Khán-i-Zand
Walí (poet of the court of Sháh
'Abbás), 110
Wálih (of Qum, poet at the court of
Sháh 'Abbás the Great), 110; —
of Dághistán (author of the
Riyáḍu'sh-Shu'ará), 229, 269
Wámiq u 'Adhrá (romantic poem),
283
Wáqifí sect, 391
Wasá'il (of Muḥammad b. Ḥasan b.
Ḥurr-'Ámilí), 359
Wásiṭa (“Means” or “Channel of
Grace”), 150
Waṣṣáf (historian of Mongols, xiv),
413
Waṭan, yakhod Silistra (Turkish
patriotic play by Kemál Bey), 464
Watson, R. G. — (author of the
History of Persia), 3, 139 n.,
144 n., 145 n., 146 and note, 147,
148 n., 151 n., 152 n., 311 n.,
312 n., 314 n., 316 n., 450 n.;
Dr — (in Sherlock Holmes), 466
Ways, Mír — (Afghán), 118 n., 123-5
Wazír of Lankurán, 462, 463
Weil's Geschichte der Chalifen, 54 n.
Welsh song (Mochyn du), 223
“White Hand” (Yad-i-Bayḍá) of
Moses, 254 n.
“White Sheep” (Áq-qoyúnlú) Turk-
mán dynasty (A.D. 1378-1502), 21,
47, 51, 54, 58 and note, 63, 67-9,
76, 230, 487
Who's Who, 149 n.
“Why-less” (Bí-chún), God so called,
212 and note, 218
Wiedemann, Dr Eilhard —, 425, 440
“Wiklís” (? Wilkins), Mr —, 452
Wine-drinking, 114
Wiqár (poet, son of Wiṣál, xix), 178,
225, 300, 307 n., 319
Wiṣál (poet of Shíráz, d. A.D. 1846),
168, 178, 225, 300, 307 n., 316-
319
Wizwizak, King —, 475, 480
Woepcke, 425, 440
Wood-worm and Solomon, Legend of
the —, 111
Wüstenfeld, 440 n., 448 n.

Xavier, 421

Yadu'lláh (“the Hand of God,” 'Alí
so called), 385
Yaghmá (poet of Jandaq, xix), 26,
168, 326, 337-344
Yaḥyà, Sayyid — of Dáráb (Waḥíd-
i-Awwal), and Mírzá — Ṣubḥ-i-
Azal (Waḥíd-i-thání), two notable
followers of the Báb, 218 n.; Ḥájji
Mírzá — Dawlatábádí (contem-
porary scholar), 225, 307; Mírzá
— Khán Rayḥání (contemporary
poet and editor of the Gul-i-Zard,
or “Yellow Rose”), 490
Yájúj (Gog), 201, 211 and note
Yaman, 279, 451
Ya'qúb b. Amínu'd-Dín Jibrá'íl
(younger brother of Shaykh
Ṣafiyyu'd-Dín, xiii), 37 n.; Sulṭán
— Áq-qoyúnlú (son of Úzún Ḥasan,
xv), 49, 58 n.; — Khán Dhu'l-
Qadar (xvi), 104
-Ya'qúbí (historian, ix), 18, 36
Yáqút (geographer and biographer,
xiii), 397 n., 454
Yár Aḥmad-i-Khúzání, Amír — (en-
titled Najm-i-thání, q.v.), 59
Yasá'úl, Darwísh Muḥammad — (A.D.
1510), 65
Yá-Sín, Ál-i- — (the Prophet's family
so called), 343
Yazd, 55, 56, 118, 126, 130, 133, 148,
151, 153, 184-6, 195, 238, 325,
348, 368, 410, 427
Yazdání (son of the poet Wiṣál, xix),
300, 319
Yazdigird (last Sásánian king of Persia,
vii), 18, 393
Yazdikhwást, 89
Yazíd b. Mu'áwiya (Umayyad Caliph,
A.D. 680-683), 178, 180, 188, 485
Yazídí sect (so-called “Devil-wor-
shippers”), 46, 58
Year amongst the Persians (by
E. G. Browne), 109 n., 147 n.,
156 n., 198 n., 213 n., 221 n.,
300 n., 326 n., 335 n., 411 n.,
436 n., 442 n., 457 n., 479 n.
“Young Persians,” 15
Yúnus Páshá (executed A.D. 1517),
71 n.
Yúsuf (Joseph), 239-240; Romance
of — and Zulaykhá (Potiphar's
wife) by Luṭf-'Alí Beg Ádhar
(xviii), 284; Fakhru'd-Dín — b.
Amínu'd-Dín Jibrá'íl (younger
brother of Shaykh Ṣafiyyu'd-Dín),
37 n.; — b. Aḥmad b. Ibráhím-
Baḥrání (d. A.D. 1773), 356, 449;
— b. Yaḥyà-Yamaní-Ṣan'ání
(author of the Nasimatu's-Saḥar),
358; — the Saddler (Persian
comedy), 462
Yúsufí (heretic put to death by Sháh
'Abbás the Great in A.D. 1593), 8
Zabardast Khán (Afghán general,
A.D. 1724), 130
Zádu'l-Ma'ád (by Mullá Muḥammad
Báqir-i-Majlisí, xvii), 417; —
Musáfirín (of Náṣir-i-Khusraw,
xi), 490
Ẓafar Khán (patron of the poet Ṣá'ib,
xvii), 266
Záhid-i-Gílání, Shaykh — (d. circâ
A.D. 1300), 38, 41-43, 115,
277
Ẓahír-i-Fáryábí (poet, xiii), 284
Ẓahíru'd-Dín b. Buzghúsh (xiii), 42
-Zahrá (i.e. Fáṭima, q.v.), 343
Zakariyyá b. Muḥammad b. Maḥmúd
-Qazwíní (author of the Átháru'l-
Bilád and 'Ajá'ibu'l-Makhlúqát,
xiii), 448
-Zamakhsharí (philologist, xii), 317
Zand dynasty (A.D. 1750-1794), 121,
139-144, 148, 282, 283
Zanján, 153
-Zanjání (Arab grammarian), 361
“Zan-qaḥba,” the poet Yaghmá, q.v.,
so called, 337-9
Zarand, 151 n.
Zargar (“Goldsmith,” pen-name of
Áqá Muḥammad Ḥasan of Iṣfahán,
d. A.D. 1853), 325
Zarrín-Kuláh (“Golden-cap”), Fí-
rúzsháh — (ancestor of Shaykh
Ṣafiyyu'd-Dín), 32 n., 36; — -Táj
(“Golden-crown”). See Qurratu'l-
'Ayn
Zayd b. 'Alí b. Ḥusayn (d. A.D. 712),
393; — b. Ḥasan, whom the
Zaydí sect (pp. 17, 391) recog-
nize as Imám, 391; 'Amr and
Zayd (equivalent to John Doe and
Richard Roe in Muslim law-
books), 380 and note
Zaynab (daughter of the Prophet
Muḥammad), 392; — (daughter
of 'Alí and Fáṭima and sister of
the Imám-Ḥusayn), 179, 181, 191,
193, 392; — Khánum (daughter
of Sháh Isma'íl I, xvi), 81 n.
Zaynu'l-'Ábidín, 'Alí b. -Ḥusayn,
the fourth Imám, q.v., 393; —
(artist at the court of Sháh 'Abbás
the Great), 110; — (printer of
Tabríz, circâ A.D. 1820), 378; — of
Shírwán (author of the Bustánu's-
Siyáḥat, circâ A.D. 1831), 450;
— (praised by Qá'ání), 332; — of
Marágha (author of the Siyáḥat-
náma-i-Ibráhím Beg), 467
Zaynu'd-Dín, called “the second
Martyr” (Shahíd-i-thání), 427
Zaytúní, Qáḍí Naṣru'lláh — (circâ
A.D. 1500), 54
Zeno (Zínún), 201, 212; Catarino
— (Venetian traveller in Persia,
xv), 10, 22, 60
Zíj-i-Ilkhání (by Naṣíru'd-Dín-Ṭúsí,
xiii), 405
Ẓillu's-Sulṭán (son of Fatḥ-'Alí Sháh,
A.D. 1835), 146
Zínatu'l-Madá'iḥ (Biography of Poets
of Fatḥ-'Alí Sháh's reign), 298
Ziyá (Ḍiyá) Páshá (circâ A.D. 1874),
164 n., 173, 228 n., 242
Ibn Ziyád (vii), 178, 180
Ziyárat-náma (of the Báb), 430 n.
Zoroastrians, 3, 80, 95, 122, 126,
130-1, 230 n., 258, 294 n., 384,
396 n., 401, 423, 452, 464, 479 n.
See also Gabr (or Guebre), Magian
Zotenberg, H. —, 217 n.
Zubayr (vii), 392
Zubda (by Shaykh Bahá'u'd-Dín-
'Ámilí, xvii), 428
Ẓuhúr (the “Manifestation” of the
Báb on May 23, 1844), 150
Ẓuhúrí (poet of Turshíz, d. A.D. 1615),
234, 250, 253, 268
Zulálí (poet of Khwánsár, d. A.D.
1615), 251, 252
Zustände im heutigen Persien (by
Dr Walter Schulz), 467 n.

Pp. 172-94 supra.

↩

E. J. W. Gibb's History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. v, p. 14.

↩

Ibid., p. 59 and n. 1 ad calc.

↩

“The Alchemist” was translated by G. le Strange in the J.R.A.S. for 1886 (pp. 103-26); “Yúsuf Sháh” in the same Journal for 1895 (pp. 537-69) by Colonel Sir E. Ross; and the text of the same was published in 1889 at Madras by E. Sell. See E. Edwards's Catalogue of the Persian printed books in the British Museum, 1922, col. 207-8.

↩

Since this was written I have come across a little comedy entitled “Ja'far Khán comes from Europe” () by Ḥasan Muqaddam, printed at Ṭihrán and actually performed there about two years ago.

↩

Gibb (op. laud., vol. v, p. 15) alludes very briefly to the outburst of patriotic enthusiasm aroused by this play “Fatherland” when it was first acted in the theatre of Gedik Pasha. Sulṭán 'Abdu'l-'Azíz was highly displeased and alarmed, and banished Kemál Bey to Fama-gusta in Cyprus.

↩

The original is entitled “the Adventure of Appledore Towers.”

↩

See my Press and Poetry of Modern Persia, pp. 22 and 164. The Persian text was printed in three volumes, the first at Cairo without date; the second at Calcutta in 1323/1905, though publication was apparently delayed until 1907; the third at Constantinople in 1327/1909. The name of the author appears only on the title-page of vol. iii. A German version of the first volume by Dr Walter Schulz was published at Leipzig in 1903 with the title Zustände im heutigen Persien wie sie das Reisebuch Ibrahim Begs enthüllt.

↩

See pp. vii-viii of the English Introduction to this work, and also my Persian Revolution, pp. 93-6.

↩

The Press and Poetry in Modern Persia, Cambridge, 1914.

↩

The Abdál (“Substitutes”) and Awtád (“Pegs”) are two classes of the Rijálu'l-Ghayb, or “Men of the Unseen World,” who play an important part in the cosmogony of the Mystics.

↩

Concerning these Occult Sciences, see pp. 441-2 supra.

↩

The mithqál=4.60 grammes, and is divided into 24 nukhúd (“peas”), each of which consists of 4 grains or barley-corns (gandum).

↩

Dúgh-í-Waḥdat, or Banjáb, is a mixture of ḥashísh and curdled milk similar to asrár, ḥabb-i-nasháṭ, etc. Búq-i-Waḥdat (“the trumpet of unity”) is the name given by ḥashísh-smokers to a paper funnel through which the smoke of the drug is inhaled.

↩

See my Persian Revolution, pp. 406-7.

↩

For the half slang use of “Kablá'í” (= Karbalá'í), see my Press and Poetry of Modern Persia, pp. 179-82.

↩

Lam dádan (slang), “to loll, lounge.”

↩

Equivalent to balki, “perhaps.”

↩

Náquláy ḥuqqa, explained as equivalent to the French “drôle de type.”

↩

This formula is common amongst the Zoroastrians. See my Year amongst the Persians, p. 375. Here it implies that the Mullá was dead.

↩

Ínak is the Turkish for a cow. The name is, of course, meant to be ridiculous. Qáqázán may be a misprint for Qázán.

↩

See pp. 181-2 supra.

↩

Har chand bí-adabíst, “Although it be an incivility” to use such an expression. Khar-fahm (“ass-plain”) means comprehensible to the greatest fool.

↩

“To have wind in the brain,” a common expression for conceit.

↩

Luláhingash khaylí áb mí-girift, “Its jug held a lot of water,” said of one who has a great capacity for self-esteem.

↩

The innumerable titles conferred by the Persian Government form a constant subject of mockery. The fictitious titles here mentioned are, of course, intended to be both barbarous in form and degrading in meaning.

↩

The reference is to the sursurak in the Nigáristán Palace at Ṭihrán. See my Year amongst the Persians, p. 96.

↩

An imaginary “good time” in the remote past, as we might say “in the days of good King Cole.”

↩

I understand that this is the name of a narrow lane, or passage, in Ṭihrán. It means “Reconciliation Street.”

↩

The name of a Persian officer in the Cossack Brigade.

↩

Pá-war-chín, “picking up the feet.”

↩

An expression used when some ill-natured or inappropriate idea occurs to the mind, as though it had been suggested by Satan.

↩

This title, “King of the Merchants,” was at this time borne by Ḥájji Muḥammad Káẓim, whose accomplishments were reputed greater than his honesty.

↩

This means to stand firm, be obstinate.

↩

Especially “Kabláy,” and his elegy on Mírzá Jahángír Khán, the latter a poem of rare beauty and feeling. See my Press and Poetry of Modern Persia, pp. 179-82 and 200-4.

↩

Reprinted from the Persian newspaper Rastakhíz (“the Resurrection”).

↩

So called on account of his descent from the celebrated Mírzá Abu'l-Qásim Qá'im-maqám. See pp. 311-16 supra.

↩

Translated from the Neue Orient, Nos. 4 and 5, May, 1917.

↩

Translated from No. 7 of Die Islamische Welt.

↩

Two such early attempts are discussed, both taken from Arabic books of authority, such as Ibn Qutayba's Kitábu'sh-Shi'r wa'sh-Shu'ará , the Kitábu'l-Aghání, and Ṭabarí's great history. The earliest goes back to the reign of Yazíd ibn Mu'áwiya (A.H. 60-4 = A.D. 680-4).

↩

Deutsch-Persische Gesellschaft.

↩

Káwa, Nos. 1, pp. 2-6; 4, pp. 15-24; 8, pp. 10-4; and 10, pp. 9-14.

↩

Nos. 4-5, pp. 24-6.

↩

Nos. 3, pp. 3-5; and 4-5, pp. 3-4.

↩

Nos. 3, pp. 5-11, and 4-5, pp. 8-15.

↩

Nos. 4-5, pp. 7-8; 6, pp. 3-6; 8, pp. 5-10.