FARÍDU'D-DÍN 'AṬṬÁR, JALÁLU'D-DÍN RÚMÍ, AND SA'DÍ,
AND SOME LESSER POETS OF THIS PERIOD
IF Ibnu'l-Fáriḍ, of whom we spoke at the conclusion of the preceding chapter, be without doubt the greatest mystical poet The three great mystical poets of Persia. of the Arabs, that distinction amongst the Persians unquestionably belongs to Jalálu'd-Dín Rúmí, the author of the great mystical Mathnawí, and of the collection of lyric poems known as the Díwán of Shams-i-Tabríz. Now Jalálu'd-Dín, as we have already observed, regards Saná'í, of whose work we have spoken at pp. 317-322 supra, and Farídu'd-Dín 'Aṭṭár, of whom we shall immediately speak, as his most illustrious predecessors and masters in mystical verse, and we are therefore justified in taking these three singers as the most eminent exponents of the Ṣúfí doctrine amongst the Persian poets. For in all these matters, as it seems to me, native taste must be taken as the supreme criterion, since it is hardly possible for a foreigner to judge with the same authority as a critic of the poet's own blood and speech; and, though I personally may derive greater pleasure from the poems of 'Iráqí than from those of Saná'í, I have no right to elevate such personal preference into a general dogma.
Farídu'd-Dín 'Aṭṭár, like so many other Eastern poets, would be much more known and read if he had written very much less. The number of his works, it is often stated (e.g., by Qáḍí Núru'lláh of Shushtar in his Majálisu'l-Mú'minín), is equal to the number of Súras in the Qur'án, viz., one hundred and fourteen; but this is probably a great exaggeration, since Farídu'd-Dín 'Aṭṭár. only about thirty are actually preserved, or mentioned by name in his own writings. Of these the best known are the Pand-náma, or “Book of Counsels,” a dull little book, filled with maxims of conduct, which has been often published in the East; the Manṭiqu'ṭ-Ṭayr , or “Language of the Birds,” a mystical allegory in verse, which was published with a French translation by Garcin de Tassy (Paris, 1857, 1863); and the Tadhkiratu'l-Awliyá, or “Memoirs of the Saints,” of which vol. i has been already published in my “Persian Historical Texts” by Mr. R. A. Nicholson, and vol. ii is now in the press. To the first volume is prefixed a critical Persian Preface by my learned friend Mírzá Muḥammad b. 'Abdu'l-Wahháb of Qazwín, who constructed it almost entirely out of the only materials which can be regarded as trustworthy, namely, the information which can be gleaned from the poet's own works. As this preface is untranslated, and is, moreover, the best and most critical account of 'Aṭṭár which we yet possess, I shall in what here follows make almost exclusive use of it.
The poet's full name was Abú Ṭálib (or, according to others, Abú Ḥámid) Muḥammad, son of Abú Bakr Ibráhím,
Biography of Shaykh 'Aṭṭár. son of Muṣṭafá, son of Sha'bán, generally known as Farídu'd-Dín 'Aṭṭár. This last word, generally translated “the Druggist,” means exactly one who deals in 'iṭr, or otto of roses, and other perfumes; but, as Mírzá Muḥammad shows by citations from the Khusraw-náma and the Asrár-náma, it indicates in this case something more, namely, that he kept a sort of pharmacy, where he was consulted by patients for whom he prescribed, and whose prescriptions he himself made up. Speaking of his poems, the Muṣíbát-náma (“the Book of Affliction”) and the Iláhí-náma (“the Divine Book”), the poet says that he composed them both in his Dárú-khána, or Drug-store, which was at that time frequented by five hundred patients, whose pulses he daily felt. Riḍá-qulí Khán (without giving his authority) says in the Riyáḍu'l-'Árifín (“Gardens of the Gnostics”) that his teacher in the healing art was Shaykh Majdu'd-Dín of Baghdád, probably the same whom we mentioned in the last chapter as one of the disciples of Najmu'd-Dín Kubrá.Concerning the particulars of Shaykh 'Aṭṭár's life, little accurate information is to be gleaned from the biographers. The oldest of these, 'Awfí, whose Lubábu'l-Albáb contains a singularly jejune article on him (vol. ii, pp. 337-9), places him amongst the poets who flourished after the time of Sanjar, i.e., after A.H. 552 (= A.D. 1157), and the fact that 'Aṭṭár in his poems frequently speaks of Sanjar as of one no longer alive points in the same direction. Moreover, the Lubáb, which was certainly composed about the year A.H. 617 (= A.D. 1220-21), speaks of 'Aṭṭár as of a poet still living. He was born, as appears from a passage in the Lisánu'l-Ghayb (“Tongue of the Unseen”), in the city of Níshápúr, spent thirteen years of his childhood by the shrine of the Imám Riḍá, travelled extensively, visiting Ray, Kúfa, Egypt, Damascus, Mecca, India, and Turkistán, and finally settled once more in his native town. For thirty-nine years he busied himself in collecting the verses and sayings of Ṣúfí saints, and never in his life, he tells us, did he prostitute his poetic talent to panegyric. He too, as he relates in the Ushtur-náma, or “Book of the Camel,” like Ibnu'l-'Arabí and Ibnu'l-Fáriḍ, saw the Prophet in a dream, and received his direct and special blessing.
One of the latest of his works is the Madhharu'l-'Ajá'ib, or “Manifestation of Wonders” (a title given to 'Alí ibn Abí Ṭálib, to whose praises this poem is consecrated), which, according to Mírzá Muḥammad (for I have no access to the book), is remarkable both for its strong Shí'ite tendencies and for the marked inferiority of its style to his previous works. The publication of this poem appears to have aroused the anger and stirred up the persecuting spirit of a certain orthodox theologian of Samarqand, who caused the book to be burned and denounced the author as a heretic deserving of death. Not content with this, he charged him before Buráq the Turkmán 509a with heresy, caused him to be driven into banishment, and incited the common people to destroy his house and plunder his property. After this 'Aṭṭár seems to have retired to Mecca, where, apparently, he composed his last work, the Lisánu'l-Ghayb, a poem which bears the same traces of failing power and extreme age as that last mentioned. It is worth noting that in it he compares himself to Náṣir-i-Khusraw, who, like himself, “in order that he might not look on the accursed faces” of his persecutors, retired from the world and “hid himself like a ruby in Badakhshán.”
As to the date of Shaykh 'Aṭṭár's death, there is an extraordinary diversity of opinion amongst the biographers. Thus Date of 'Aṭṭár's death. the Qáḍí Núru'lláh of Shushtar places it in A.H. 589 (= A.D. 1193), and the old British Museum Catalogue of Arabic MSS. (p. 84) in A.H. 597 (= A.D. 1200-1), on the authority of Dawlatsháh (see p. 192 of my edition), who gives A.H. 602 (= A.D. 1205-6) as an alternative date, though both these dates are in direct conflict with the story which he gives on the preceding page or 'Aṭṭár's death at the hands of the Mongols during the sack of Níshápúr in A.H. 627 (= A.D. 1229-30). Dawlatsháh also gives yet a fourth date, A.H. 619 (= A.D. 1222), which is likewise the date given by Taqiyyu'd-Dín Káshí, while Ḥajji Khalífa and Amín Aḥmad-i-Rází mention both A.H. 619 and 627. This latter date, indeed, seems to be the favourite one, having eight authorities (mostly comparatively modern) in its favour, 509b while a still later date, A.H. 632 (= A.D. 1234-35), is also mentioned by Ḥájji Khalífa.
It will thus be seen that the difference between the earliest and the latest date assigned to 'Aṭṭár's death is no less than forty-three lunar years, and, in fact, that no reliance can be placed on these late biographers. For more trustworthy evidence we must consider the data yielded by the poet's own works, which will enable us to fix the date at any rate within somewhat closer limits. Though it is hardly credible that, as some of his biographers assert, 'Aṭṭár lived to the age of one hundred and fourteen, a verse in one of his own poems clearly shows that his age at least reached “seventy and odd years,” but how much beyond this period he survived we have no means of ascertaining. In one of his Mathnawís he alludes to the revolt of the Ghuzz Turks, which took place in A.H. 548 (=A.D. 1153-54), while a copy of the Manṭiqu'ṭ-Ṭayr in the British Museum (Or. 1,227, last page) and another in the India Office contain a colophon in verse giving “Tuesday, the Twentieth Day of the Month of God, A.H. 573” (= A.D. 1177-78) as the date on which the poem was completed. Moreover, 'Aṭṭár was a contemporary of Shaykh Majdu'd-Dín Baghdádí (or Khwárazmí), and, according to Jámí's Nafaḥát (p. 697), his disciple, which latter statement seems to be borne out by what 'Aṭṭár himself says in the Preface to the Tadhkiratu'l-Awliyá (ed. Nicholson, vol. i, p. 6, l. 21); and Shaykh Majdu'd-Dín died either in A.H. 606 (= A.D. 1209-10) or A.H. 616 (= A.D. 1219-20). The most decisive indication, however, is afforded by a passage in the Madhharu'l-'Ajá'ib, wherein Shaykh Najmu'd-Dín Kubrá, who, as we saw in the last chapter, was killed by the Mongols when they took and sacked Khwárazm in A.H. 618 (= A.D. 1221), is spoken of in a manner implying that he was no longer alive. We may, therefore, certainly conclude that 'Aṭṭár survived Legends concerning 'Aṭṭár. that year, and that his birth was probably antecedent to the year A.H. 545 or 550 (A.D. 1150-55), while there is, so far as I know, no weighty evidence in support of Jámí's statement (Nafaḥát, p. 699) that he was killed by the Mongols in A.H. 627 (= A.D. 1229-30), still less for the detailed account of the manner of his death given by Dawlatsháh (p. 191 of my edition), who seeks to give an air of verisimilitude to his improbable story by a great precision as to the date of the event, which he fixes as the 10th of Jumáda II, A.H. 627 (= April 26, A.D. 1230). Other constantly recurring features in most of the later biographies of Shaykh 'Aṭṭár are the account of his conversion, the account of his blessing the infant Jalálu'd-Dín, afterwards the author of the great mystical Mathnawí, and the miracle whereby his holiness was demonstrated after his death to an unbelieving father. These stories are in my opinion mere phantasies of Dawlatsháh and his congeners, unworthy of serious attention, but they may be found by such as desire them in Sir Gore Ouseley's Biographical Notices of Persian Poets (London, 1846, pp. 236-243).
Most of 'Aṭṭár's copious works remain, as I have said, unpublished, except in the Lucknow lithographed edition of Limited scope of the present notice. 1872, which, unfortunately, I do not possess. An immense amount of pioneer work remains to be done ere this great mystic's work can be described even in broad outlines, and I, writing at a distance from the few libraries in this country where manuscripts of all his important works are preserved, am obliged to content myself here (since nothing more need be said about the Tadhkiratu'l-Awliyá or the Pand-náma) with a few observations on the most celebrated of his mystical Mathnawís, the Manṭiqu'ṭ-Ṭayr, or “Speech of the Birds,” accessible, as already stated, in the excellent edition of Garcin de Tassy. This scholar gives in his preface to the translation a poem of twenty-four couplets copied from the monument erected over the poet's tomb in Níshápúr; but since the monument in question was only erected about the end of the fifteenth century, by order of Sulṭán Abu'l-Ghází Ḥusayn, who reigned over Khurásán from A.D. 1468-1506, it is of no great authority, and it is hardly worth trying to explain the inconsistencies which it presents.
The Manṭiqu'ṭ-Ṭayr is an allegorical poem of something over 4,600 couplets. Its subject is the quest of the birds The Manṭiqu 'ṭ-Ṭayr. for the mythical Símurgh, the birds typifying the Ṣúfí pilgrims, and the Símurgh God “the Truth.” The book begins with the usual doxologies, including the praise of God, of the Prophet, and of the Four Caliphs, the latter clearly showing that at this period Shaykh 'Aṭṭár was a convinced Sunní. The narrative portion of the poem begins at verse 593, and is comprised in 45 “Discourses” (Maqála) and a “Conclusion” (Khátima). It opens with an account of the assembling of the birds, some thirteen species of whom are separately apostrophised. They decide that for the successful pursuit of their quest they must put themselves under the guidance of a leader, and proceed to elect to this position the Hoopoe (Hudhud), so celebrated amongst the Muslims for the part which it played as Solomon's emissary to Bilqís, the Queen of Sheba. The Hoopoe harangues them in a long discourse, which concludes with the following account of the first Manifestation of the mysterious Símurgh.
“When first the Símurgh, radiant in the night,
Passed o'er the land of China in its flight,
A feather from its wing on Chinese soil
Fell, and the world in tumult did embroil,
Each one did strive that feather to pourtray;
Who saw these sketches, fell to work straightway.
In China's Picture-hall that feather is:
‘Seek knowledge e'en in China’ 512a points to this.
Had not mankind the feather's portrait seen,
Such strife throughout the world would ne'er have been.
Its praise hath neither end nor origin:
Unto what end its praise shall we begin ?”
No sooner, however, has the quest been decided upon than the birds “begin with one accord to make excuse.” The Excuses of the birds. nightingale pleads its love for the rose; the parrot excuses itself on the ground that it is imprisoned for its beauty in a cage; the peacock affects diffidence of its worthiness because of its connection with Adam's expulsion from Paradise; the duck cannot dispense with water; the partridge is too much attached to the mountains, the heron to the lagoons, and the owl to the ruins which these birds respectively frequent; the Humá loves its power of conferring royalty; the falcon will not relinquish its place of honour on the King's hand; while the wagtail pleads its weakness. All these excuses, typical of the excuses made by men for not pursuing the things of the Spirit, are answered in turn by the wise hoopoe, which illustrates its arguments by a series of anecdotes.
The hoopoe next describes to the other birds the perilous road which they must traverse to arrive at the Símurgh's pre- Pilgrimage of the birds. sence, and relates to them the long story of Shaykh Ṣan'án, who fell in love with a Christian girl, and was constrained by his love and her tyranny to feed swine, thus exposing himself to the censure of all his former friends and disciples. The birds then decide to set out under the guidance of the hoopoe to look for the Símurgh, but they shortly begin again to make excuses or raise difficulties, which the hoopoe answers, illustrating his replies by numerous anecdotes. The objections of twenty-two birds, with the hoopoe's answers to each, are given in detail. The remaining birds then continue their quest, and, passing in succession through the seven valleys of Search, Love, Knowledge, Independence, Unification, Amazement, and Destitution and Annihilation, ultimately, purged of all self and purified by their trials, find the Símurgh, and in finding it, find themselves. The passage which describes this (ll. 4,201-4,221) is so curious, and so well illustrates the Ṣúfí conception of “Annihilation in God” (Faná fi'lláh) that I think it well to give here a literal prose rendering of these twenty verses:—
“Through trouble and shame the souls of these birds were reduced to utter Annihilation, while their bodies became dust.514a
Being thus utterly purified of all, they all received Life from the Light of the [Divine] Presence.
Once again they became servants with souls renewed; once again in another way were they overwhelmed with astonishment.
Their ancient deeds and undeeds 514b were cleansed away and annihilated from their bosoms.
The Sun of Propinquity shone forth from them; the souls of all of them were illuminated by its rays.
Through the reflection of the faces of these thirty birds (sí murgh) of the world they then beheld the countenance of the Símurgh.
When they looked, that was the Símurgh: without doubt that Símurgh was those thirty birds (sí murgh).
All were bewildered with amazement, not knowing whether they were this or that.
They perceived themselves to be naught else but the Símurgh, while the Símurgh was naught else than the thirty birds (sí murgh).
When they looked towards the Símurgh, it was indeed the Símurgh which was there;
While, when they looked towards themselves, they were sí murgh (thirty birds), and that was the Símurgh;
And if they looked at both together, both were the Símurgh, neither more nor less.
This one was that, and that one this; the like of this hath no one heard in the world.
All of them were plunged in amazement, and continued thinking without thought.
Since they understood naught of any matter, without speech they made enquiry of that Presence.
They besought the disclosure of this deep mystery, and demanded the solution of ‘we-ness’ and ‘thou-ness.’
Without speech came the answer from that Presence, saying: ‘This Sun-like Presence is a Mirror.
Whosoever enters It sees himself in It; in It he sees body and soul, soul and body.
Since ye came hither thirty birds (sí murgh), ye appeared as thirty in this Mirror.
Should forty or fifty birds come, they too would discover themselves.
Though many more had been added to your numbers, ye yourselves see, and it is yourself you have looked on.’”
Jalálu'd-Dín Muḥammad, better known by his later title of Mawláná (“our Master”) Jalálu'd-Dín-i-Rúmí (i.e., “of Jalálu'd-Dín Rúmí. Rúm,” or Asia Minor, where the greater part of his life was spent), is without doubt the most eminent Ṣúfí poet whom Persia has produced, while his mystical Mathnawí deserves to rank amongst the great poems of all time. He was born at Balkh in the autumn of A.D. 1207, but soon after that date the jealousy of 'Alá'u'd-Dín Muḥammad Khwárazmsháh compelled his father, Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn al-Khaṭíbí al-Bakrí, commonly known as Bahá'u'd-Dín Walad, to leave his home and migrate westwards. He passed through Níshápúr, according to the well-known story, in A.D. 1212, and visited Shaykh Farídu'd-Dín 'Aṭṭár, who, it is said, took the little Jalálu'd-Dín in his arms, predicted his greatness, and gave him his blessing and a copy of his poem, the Iláhí-náma. From Níshápúr the exiles went to Baghdád and Mecca, thence to Maláṭiyya, where they remained four years, and thence to Lárinda (now Qaramán), where they abode seven years. At the end of this period they transferred their residence to Qonya (Iconium), then the capital of 'Alá'u'd-Dín Kay-qubád the Seljúq, and here Jalálu'd-Dín's father, Bahá'u'd-Dín, died in February, 1231.
Jalálu'd-Dín married at Lárinda, when about twenty-one years of age, a lady named Gawhar (“Pearl”), the daughter His family. of Lálá Sharafu'd-Dín of Samarqand. She bore him two sons, 'Alá'u'd-Dín and Bahá'u'd-Dín Sulṭán Walad. The former was killed at Qonya in a riot, which also resulted in the death of Jalálu'd-Dín's spiritual director, Shamsu'd-Dín of Tabríz (Shams-i-Tabríz), while the latter, born in A.D. 1226, is remarkable as being the author of “the earliest important specimen of West-Turkish poetry that we possess”—to wit, 156 couplets in the Rabábnáma , or “Book of the Rebeck,” a mathnawí poem composed in A.D. 1301. The late Mr. E. J. W. Gibb, who gives further particulars about this poem, as well as other interesting facts about its author and his father, has translated a considerable portion of it into English verse, as well as some ghazals by the same author. 516a At a later date Jalálu'd-Dín (having apparently lost his first wife) married again, and by this second marriage had two more children, a son and a daughter. He died in A.D. 1273, and was buried in the mausoleum erected over his father's remains in A.D. 1231 by 'Alá'u'd-Dín Kay-qubád, the Seljúq Sulṭán of Qonya.516b
Jalálu'd-Dín seems to have studied the exoteric sciences chiefly with his father until the death of the latter in A.D. 1231, when he went for a time to Aleppo and Damascus to seek further instruction. About this time he came under the influence of one of his father's former pupils, Shaykh Burhánu'd-Dín of Tirmidh, who instructed him in the mystic lore of “the Path,” and after the death of this eminent saint Shams-i-Tabríz. he received further esoteric teaching from the above-mentioned Shams-i-Tabríz, a “weird figure,” as Mr. Nicholson calls him, 516c “wrapped in coarse black felt, who flits across the stage for a moment and disappears tragically enough.” This strange personage, said to have been the son of that Jalálu'd-Dín “Naw-Musulmán,” whose zeal for Islám and aversion from the tenets of the Assassins whose pontiff he was supposed to be has been already described (pp. 455-456 supra), had earned by his extensive and flighty wanderings the nickname of Paranda (“the Flier”). Red-house 517a describes him as of an “exceedingly aggressive and domineering manner,” and Sprenger 517b as “a most disgusting cynic,” but Nicholson 517c has best summed up his characteristics in the following words: “He was comparatively illiterate, but his tremendous spiritual enthusiasm, based on the conviction that he was a chosen organ and mouthpiece of Deity, cast a spell over all who entered the enchanted circle of his power. In this respect, as in many others, for example, in his strong passions, his poverty, and his violent death, Shams-i-Tabríz curiously resembles Socrates; both imposed themselves upon men of genius, who gave their crude ideas artistic expression; both proclaim the futility of external knowledge, the need of illumination, the value of love; but wild raptures and arrogant defiance of every human law can ill atone for the lack of that ‘sweet reasonableness’ and moral grandeur which distinguish the sage from the devotee.”
According to Shamsu'd-Dín Aḥmad al-Aflákí's Manáqibu'l-'Arifín (of which a considerable portion, translated into English, is prefixed, under the title of “Acts of the Adepts,” to Sir James Redhouse's versified translation of the First Book of the Mathnawí), 517d Jalálu'd-Dín's acquaintance with this mysterious personage (whom he had previously seen, but not spoken with, at Damascus) began at Qonya in December, 1244, 517e lasted with ever-increasing intimacy for some fifteen months, and was brought to an abrupt close in March, 1246, by the violent death of Shams-i-Tabríz to which reference has already been made. The tall, drab-coloured felt hat and wide cloak still worn by members of the Mevleví Dervish order, as well as the The Mevleví or “dancing” Dervishes. peculiar gyrations which have earned for them amongst Europeans the name of “Dancing Dervishes,” are said by al-Aflákí to have been instituted at this time by Jalálu'd-Dín in memory of his lost friend, though a few pages further on (pp. 27-28) he adds other reasons for the introduction of the chanting and dancing practised by his disciples.
It is uncertain at what date the great mystical Mathnawí was begun. It comprises six books, 518a containing in all, according to al-Aflákí's statement, 26,660 couplets. 518b The second book was begun in A.D. 1263, two years after the completion of the first, when the work was interrupted by the death of the wife of Ḥasan Ḥusámu'd-Dín, the author's favourite pupil and amanuensis. The first book, therefore, was ended in A.D. 1261, but we have no means of knowing how long it was in the writing. In any case it was probably begun some considerable time after the death of Shams-i-Tabríz, and was completed before the end of A.D. 1273, when the death of Jalálu'd-Dín took place. 518c Its composition, therefore, probably extended over a period of some ten years. Each book except the first begins with an exhortation to Ḥasan Ḥusámu'd-Dín ibn Akhí Turk, who is likewise spoken of in the Arabic preface of Book I as having inspired that portion also. As he became Jalálu'd-Dín's assistant and amanuensis on the death of his predecessor, Saláḥu'd-Dín Ferídún Zar-kúb (“the Goldbeater”), in A.D. 1258, it is probable that the Mathnawí was begun after this period.
It is unnecessary to say more about Jalálu'd-Dín's life, of which the most detailed and authentic account is that given by Miracles attributed to Jalálu'd-Dín. al-Aflákí in his “Acts of the Adepts,” partly translated by Redhouse. It is true that many of the miraculous achievements of Jalálu'd-Dín and his predecessors and successors which are recorded in this work are quite incredible, and that it is, moreover, marred by not a few anachronisms and other inconsistencies, but it was begun only forty-five years after the Master's death (viz., in A.D. 1318) and finished in 1353; and was, moreover, compiled by a disciple living on the spot from the most authoritative information obtainable, at the express command of Jalálu'd-Dín's grandson, Chelebí Amír 'Árif, the son of Bahá'u'd-Dín Sulṭán Walad.
As regards the lyrical poems which form the so-called Díwán of Shams-i-Tabríz, it is, as Nicholson points out The Díwán of Shams-i-Tabríz. (op. cit., p. xxv and n. 2 ad calc.), implied by Dawlatsháh that they were chiefly composed during the absence of Shams-i-Tabríz at Damascus, while Riḍá-qulí Khán regards them rather as having been written in memoriam; but Nicholson's own view, which is probably correct, is “that part of the Díwán was composed while Shams-i-Tabríz was still living, but probably the bulk of it belongs to a later period.” He adds that Jalálu'd-Dín “was also the author of a treatise in prose, entitled Fíhi má fíhi, which runs to 3,000 bayts, and is addressed to Mu'ínu'd-Dín, the Parwána of Rúm.” This work is very rare, and I cannot remember ever to have seen a copy.
Both the Mathnawí and the Díwán are poetry of a very high order. Of the former it is commonly said in Persia that Rank and worth of the Mathnawí. it is “the Qur'án in the Pahlawí (i.e., Persian) language,” while its author describes it, in the Arabic Preface to Book I, as containing “the Roots of the Roots of the Roots of the Religion, and the Discovery of the Mysteries of Reunion and Sure Knowledge.” “It is,” he continues, “the supreme Science of God, the most resplendent Law of God, and the most evident Proof of God. The like of its Light is ‘as a lantern wherein is a lamp,’ 520a shining with an effulgence brighter than the Morning. It is the Paradise of the Heart, abounding in fountains and foliage; of which fountains is one called by the Pilgrims of this Path Salsabíl, 520b but by the possessors of [supernatural] Stations and God-given powers ‘good as a Station,’ 520c and ‘Best as a noon-day halting-place.’ 520d Therein shall the righteous eat and drink, and therein shall the virtuous rejoice and be glad. Like the Nile of Egypt, it is a drink for the patient, but a sorrow to the House of Pharaoh and the unbelievers: even as God saith, 520e ‘Thereby He leadeth many astray, and thereby He guideth many aright; but He misleadeth not thereby any save the wicked.’” It is written throughout in the apocopated hexameter Ramal metre, i.e., the foot Fá'ilátun six times repeated in each bayt (verse), but shortened or “apocopated” to Fá'ilát at the end of each half-verse, and, as its name implies, rhymes in doublets. It contains a great number of rambling anecdotes of the most various character, some sublime and dignified, others grotesque and even (to our ideas) disgusting, interspersed with mystical and theosophical digressions, often of the most abstruse character, in sharp contrast with the narrative portions, which, though presenting some peculiarities of diction, are as a rule couched in very simple and plain language. The book is further remarkable as beginning abruptly, without any formal doxology, with the well-known and beautiful passage translated by the late Professor E. H. Palmer, under the title of the “Song of the Reed”; a little book less widely known than it deserves, and containing, with other translations and original verses of less value, a paraphrase, not only of the opening canto of the Mathnawí, or “Song of the Reed” proper, but of several of the stories from the beginning of Book I. These, though rather freely translated, are both graceful and thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the poem, and I regard them as one of the most successful attempts with which I am acquainted at rendering Persian verse into English.
Indeed, amongst the Persian poets Jalálu'd-Dín Rúmí has been singularly fortunate in his English interpreters. Besides Jalálu'd-Dín's English translators. the “Song of the Reed” mentioned above, there is the complete versified translation of Book I made by Sir James Redhouse and published by Messrs. Trübner in their “Oriental Series,” which also contains in another later volume an abridgement, with selected extracts rendered in prose, of the whole poem, by Mr. E. H. Whinfield, who, both here and in his edition and translation of the Gulshan-i-Ráz, or “Mystic Rose Garden,” of Shaykh Maḥmúd Shabistarí, has done such excellent work in investigating and interpreting the pantheistic mysticism of Persia. Nor has the Díwán been overlooked, for Mr. R. A. Nicholson's Selected Poems from the Díwán-i-Shams-i-Tabríz, edited and translated with an Introduction, Notes, and Appendices (Cambridge, 1898) is, in my opinion, one of the most original and masterly studies of the subject yet produced. In particular his classical scholarship enabled him carefully to examine and demonstrate the close relation which, as both he and I believe, exists between the doctrines of the Ṣúfís of Islám and the Neo-Platonists of Alexandria; a thesis treated in a masterly manner in the introduction to the Selected Poems, and one on which he is still working. His edition of Shaykh Farídu'd-Dín 'Aṭṭár's Tadhkiratu'l-Awliyá, or “Biography of the Saints,” of which vol. i has been already published and vol. ii will shortly appear in my “Persian Historical Texts Series,” has furnished him with much fresh material, and he tells me that he is now inclined to ascribe the definite eclectic system of philosophical Ṣúfíism more to Dhu'n-Nún of Egypt than to any other single individual; a fact which, if confirmed, is of the utmost importance, as supplying the final link connecting the Ṣúfís with the School of Alexandria.
The existence of the translations mentioned above renders it unnecessary for me to quote largely from the works of Jalálu'd-Dín, and I shall content myself with presenting to the reader one short but typical passage from the Mathnawí, and two odes Translation from the Mathnawí. from the Díwán. The former is taken from the Story of the Jewish Wazír in Book I, and my rendering may be compared with those of Palmer in the “Song of the Reed” (pp. 24-25) and Redhouse (p. 29, l. 25—p. 31, l. 12).
“Nightly the souls of men thou lettest fly
From out the trap wherein they captive lie.
Nightly from out its cage each soul doth wing
Its upward way, no longer slave or king.
Heedless by night the captive of his fate;
Heedless by night the Sultan of his State.
Gone thought of gain or loss, gone grief and woe;
No thought of this, or that, or So-and-so.
Such, even when awake, the Gnostic's 522a plight:
God saith: ‘They sleep’: 522b recoil not in affright!
Asleep from worldly things by night and day,
Like to the Pen moved by God's Hand are they.
Who in the writing fails the Hand to see,
Thinks that the Pen is in its movements free.
Some trace of this the Gnostic doth display:
E'en common men in sleep are caught away.
Into the Why-less Plains the spirit goes,
The while the body and the mind repose.
Then with a whistle dost Thou them recall,
And once again in toil and moil they fall;
For when once more the morning light doth break;
And the Gold Eagle of the Sky 522c doth shakeIts wings, then Isráfíl 523a -like from that bourn
The ‘Cleaver of the Dawn’ 523b bids them return.
The disembodied souls He doth recall,
And makes their bodies pregnant one and all.Yet for a while each night the Spirit's steed
Is from the harness of the body freed:
‘Sleep is Death's brother’: come, this riddle rede!
But lest at day-break they should lag behind,
Each soul He doth with a long tether bind, 523c
That from those groves and plains He may revoke
Those errant spirits to their daily yoke.O would that, like the ‘Seven Sleepers,’ we
As in the Ark of Noah kept might be,
That mind, and eye, and ear might cease from stress
Of this fierce Flood of waking consciousness!
How many ‘Seven Sleepers’ by thy side,
Before thee, round about thee, do abide!
Each in his care the Loved One's whisper hears:
What boots it? Sealéd are thine eyes and ears!”
In the East the Díwán is much less read and studied than the Mathnawí, though by some European scholars it is placed The Díwán-iShams-i-Tabríz. far above it in poetic merit and originality. And, if we are to credit one of al-Aflákí's anecdotes (No. 14, pp. 28-30 of Redhouse's translation), this was the opinion of some of Jalálu'd-Dín's most illustrious contemporaries, including the great Sa'dí himself, who, being requested by the Prince of Shíráz to select and send to him “the best ode, with the most sublime thoughts, that he knew of as existing in Persian,” chose out one from the Díwán in question, saying: “Never have more beautiful words been uttered, nor ever will be. Would that I could go to Rúm (Asia Minor), and rub my face in the dust at his feet!” 524a Of these odes Mr. Nicholson has treated with so much learning and taste in the monograph to which I have already referred that for me, who have made no special study of the Díwán, to add anything to what he has said would be superfluous. I cannot, however, forego the pleasure of quoting two of the beautiful verse-translations (portions of Odes xxxi and xxxvi of his selection) which he has included in the second Appendix to his monograph. This is the first:—
“Lo, for I to myself am unknown, now in God's name what must
I do?
Giaour or a few.
East nor West, land nor sea is my home, I have kin
nor with angel nor gnome,
I am wrought not of fire nor of foam, I am shaped not of dust
nor of dew.
I was born not of China afar, not in Saqsín and not in Bulghár;
Not in India, where five rivers are, nor 'Iráq nor Khurásán I
grew.
Not in this world nor that world I dwell, not in Paradise neither
in Hell;
Not from Eden and Riḍwán
524b
I fell, not from Adam my lineage I
drew.
In a place beyond uttermost Place, in a tract without shadow of
trace,
Soul and body transcending I live in the soul of my Loved One
anew!”
This is the second:—
“Up, O ye lovers, and away! 'Tis time to leave the world for aye.
Hark, loud and clear from heaven the drum of parting calls—let
none delay!
The cameleer hath risen amain, made ready all the camel-train,
And quittance now desires to gain: why sleep ye, travellers, I
pray?
Behind us and before there swells the din of parting and of bells;
To shoreless Space each moment sails a disembodied spirit away.
From yonder starry lights and through those curtain-awnings
darkly blue
Mysterious figures float in view, all strange and secret things
display.
From this orb, wheeling round its pole, a wondrous slumber o'er
thee stole:
O weary life that weighest naught, O sleep that on my soul dost
weigh!
O heart, towards thy heart's love wend, and O friend, fly toward
the Friend,
Be wakeful, watchman, to the end: drowse seemingly no watch-
man may.”
I can recall but few English verse-renderings of Eastern poetry which seem to me at once so adequate and so beautiful as these of Mr. Nicholson; and I only regret that the drudgery of editing, proof-correcting, attending futile meetings, and restating ascertained facts for a public apparently insatiably greedy of Encyclopædias, hinder him, as they hinder so many of us, from pursuing with more assiduity the paths which we are alike most fitted and most eager to tread.
We come now to Sa'dí of Shíráz, the third of the great poets of this epoch, and, according to a well-known rhyme Sa'dí of Shíráz. previously quoted, one of the three “Prophets of Poetry,” the other two being Firdawsí and Anwarí. No Persian writer enjoys to this day, not only in his own country, but wherever his language is cultivated, a wider celebrity or a greater reputation. His Gulistán, or “Rose-garden,” and his Bústán, or “Orchard,” are generally the first classics to which the student of Persian is introduced, while his ghazals, or odes, enjoy a popularity second only to those of his fellow-townsman Ḥáfidh. He is a poet of quite a different type from the two already discussed in this chapter, and represents on the whole the astute, half-pious, half-worldly side of the Persian character, as the other two represent the passionately devout and mystical. Mysticism was at this time so much in the air, and its phraseology was—as it still is—so much a part of ordinary speech, that the traces of it in Sa'dí's writings are neither few nor uncertain; but in the main it may be said without hesitation that worldly wisdom rather than mysticism is his chief characteristic, and that the Gulistán in particular is one of the most Macchiavellian works in the Persian language. Pious sentiments and aspirations, indeed, abound; but they are, as a rule, eminently practical, and almost devoid of that visionary quality which is so characteristic of the essentially mystical writers.
The poet's full name appears, from the oldest known manuscript of his works (No. 876 of the India Office, transcribed Particulars of Sa'dí's life. in A.D. 1328, only thirty-seven years after his death) to have been, not, as generally stated, Muṣliḥu'd-Dín, but Musharrifu'd-Dín b. Muṣ-liḥu'd-Dín 'Abdu'lláh. He is generally said to have been born at Shíráz about A.D. 1184, and to have died more than a centenarian in A.D. 1291. That he lost his father at an early age is proved by the following passage in the Bústán:—
“Protect thou the orphan whose father is dead;
Brush the mud from his dress, ward all hurt from his head.
Thou know'st not how hard his condition must be:
When the root has been cut, is there life in the tree?
Caress not and kiss not a child of thine own
In the sight of an orphan neglected and lone.
If the orphan sheds tears, who his grief will assuage?
If his temper should fail him, who cares for his rage?
O see that he weep not, for surely God's throne
Doth quake at the orphan's most pitiful moan!
With infinite pity, with tenderest care,
Wipe the tears from his eyes, brush the dust from his hair.
No shield of parental protection his head
Now shelters: be thou his protector instead!When the arms of a father my neck could enfold
Then, then was I crowned like a monarch with gold.
If even a fly should upon me alight
Not one heart but many were filled with affright,
While now should men make me a captive and thrall,
No friend would assist me or come to my call.
The sorrows of orphans full well can I share,
Since I tasted in childhood the orphan's despair.”
On his father's death, according to Dr. Ethé, whose article on Persian Literature in vol. ii (pp. 212-368) of the Grundriss
Sa'dí's education and travels. der Iranischen Philologie contains (on pp. 292-296) the best account of Sa'dí with which I am acquainted, he was taken under the protection of the Atábek of Fárs, Sa'd b. Zangí, whose accession took place in A.D. 1195, and in honour of whom the poet took the pen-name of “Sa'dí” as his nom de guerre; and shortly afterwards he was sent to pursue his studies at the celebrated Nidhámiyya College of Baghdád. This marks the beginning The first period of his life. of the first of the three periods into which Dr. Ethé divides his life, viz., the period of study, which lasted until A.D. 1226, and was spent chiefly at Baghdád. Yet even during this period he made, as appears from a story in Book v of the Gulistán, the long journey to Káshghar, which, as he tells us, he entered “in the year when Sulṭán Muḥammad Khwárazmsháh elected, on grounds of policy, to make peace with Cathay” (Khaṭá), which happened about the year A.D. 1210. Even then, as we learn from the same anecdote, his fame had preceded him to this remote outpost of Islám in the north-east, a fact notable not merely as showing that he had succeeded in establishing his reputation at the early age of twenty-six, but as confirming what I have already endeavoured to emphasise as to the rapidity with which knowledge and news were at this time transmitted throughout the realms of Islám.While at Baghdád he came under the influence of the eminent Ṣúfí Shaykh Shihábu'd-Dín Suhrawardí (died in A.D. 1234), of whose deep piety and unselfish love of his fellow-creatures Sa'dí speaks in one of the anecdotes in the Bústán. Shamsu'd-Dín Abu'l-Faraj ibnu'l-Jawzí, as we learn from an anecdote in Book ii of the Gulistán, was another of the eminent men by whose instruction he profited in his youth.
The second period of Sa'dí's life, that of his more extensive travels, begins, according to Dr. Ethé, in A.D. 1226, in which The second period. year the disturbed condition of Fárs led him to quit Shíráz (whither he had returned from Bagh-dád), and, for some thirty years (until A.D. 1256) to wander hither and thither in the lands of Islám, from India on the East to Syria and the Ḥijáz on the West. To his departure from Shíráz he alludes in the following verses in the Preface to the Gulistán:—
“O knowest thou not why, an outcast and exile,
In lands of the stranger a refuge I sought?
Disarranged was the world like the hair of a negro
When I fled from the Turks and the terror they brought.
Though outwardly human, no wolf could surpass them
In bloodthirsty rage or in sharpness of claw;
Though within was a man with the mien of an angel,
Without was a host of the lions of war.
At peace was the land when again I beheld it;
E'en lions and leopards were wild but in name.
Like that was my country what time I forsook it,
Fulfilled with confusion and terror and shame:
Like this in the time of 'Bú Bakr the Atábek
I found it when back from my exile I came.”
Sa'dí's return to his native town of Shíráz, to which he alludes in the last couplet of the above poem, took place in The third period. A.D. 1256, which marks the beginning of the third period of his life, that, namely, in which his literary activity chiefly fell. A year after his return, in A.D. 1257, he published his celebrated mathnawí poem the Bústán, and a year later the Gulistán, a collection of anecdotes, drawn from the rich stores of his observation and experience, with ethical reflections and maxims of worldly wisdom based thereon, written in prose in which are embedded numerous verses. Both these books are so well known, and have been translated so often into so many languages, that it is unnecessary to discuss them at length in this place.529a
We have already said that Sa'dí's travels were very extensive. In the course of them he visited Balkh, Ghazna, the Panjál Somnáth, Gujerat, Yemen, the Ḥijáz and other parts of Arabia, Abyssinia, Syria, especially Damascus and Baalbekk (Ba'labakk), North Africa, and Asia Minor. He travelled, in true dervish-fashion, in all sorts of ways, and mixed with all sorts of people: in his own writings (especially the Gulistán) he appears now painfully stumbling after the Pilgrim Caravan through the burning deserts of Arabia, now bandying jests with a fine technical flavour of grammatical terminology with schoolboys at Káshghar, now a prisoner in the hands of the Franks, condemned to hard labour in the company of Jews in the Syrian town of Tripoli, now engaged in investigating the mechanism of a wonder-working Hindoo idol in the Temple of Somnáth, and saving his life by killing the custodian who discovered him engaged in this pursuit. 529b This last achievement he narrates with the utmost sang froid as follows:—
“The door of the Temple I fastened one night,
Then ran like a scorpion to left and to right;
Next the platform above and below to explore
I began, till a gold-broidered curtain I saw,
And behind it a priest of the Fire-cult 529c did stand
With the end of a string firmly held in his hand.As iron to David grew pliant as wax,
So to me were made patent his tricks and his tracks,
And I knew that 'twas he who was pulling the string
When the Idol its arm in the Temple did swing.When the Brahmin beheld me, most deep was his shame,
For 'tis shame to be caught at so shabby a game.
He fled from before me, but I did pursue
And into a well him head-foremost I threw,
For I knew that, if he should effect his escape,
I should find myself soon in some perilous scrape,
And that he would most gladly use poison or steel
Lest I his nefarious deed should reveal.You too, should you chance to discover such trick,
Make away with the trickster: don't spare him! Be quick!
For, if you should suffer the scoundrel to live,
Be sure that to you he no quarter will give,
And that though on your threshold his head should be bowed
He will cut off your head, if the chance be allowed.
Then track not the charlatan's tortuous way,
Or else, having tracked him, smite swiftly and slay!So I finished the rogue, notwithstanding his wails,
With stones; for dead men, as you know, tell no tales.”
When Sa'dí is described (as he often is) as essentially an ethical poet, it must be borne in mind that, correct as this Sa'dí as an “ethical” teacher. view in a certain sense undoubtedly is, his ethics are somewhat different from the theories commonly professed in Western Europe. The moral of the very first story in the Gulistán is that “an expedient falsehood is preferable to a mischievous truth.” The fourth story is an elaborate attempt to show that the best education is powerless to amend inherited criminal tendencies. The eighth counsels princes to destroy without mercy those who are afraid of them, because “when the cat is cornered, it will scratch out the eyes of the leopard.” The ninth emphasises the disagreeable truth that a man's worst foes are often the heirs to his estate. The fourteenth is a defence of a soldier who deserted at a critical moment because his pay was in arrears. The fifteenth is delightfully and typically Persian. A certain minister, being dismissed from office, joined the ranks of the dervishes. After a while the King wished to reinstate him in office, but he firmly declined the honour. “But,” said the King, “I need one competent and wise to direct the affairs of the State.” “Then,” retorted the ex-minister, “you will not get him, for the proof of his possessing these qualities is that he will refuse to surrender himself to such employment.” The next story labours this point still further: “Wise men,” says Sa'dí, “have said that one ought to be much on one's guard against the fickle nature of kings, who will at one time take offence at a salutation, and at another bestow honours in return for abuse.” And, to make a long story short, how very sensible and how very unethical is the following (Book i, Story 22):—
“It is related of a certain tormentor of men that he struck on the head with a stone a certain pious man. The dervish dared not avenge himself [at the time], but kept the stone by him till such time as the King, being angered against his assailant, imprisoned him in a dungeon. Thereupon the dervish came and smote him on the head with the stone. ‘Who art thou,’ cried the other, ‘and why dost thou strike me with this stone?’ ‘I am that same man,’ replied the dervish, ‘on whose head thou didst, at such-and-such a date, strike this same stone.’ ‘Where wert thou all this time?’ inquired the other. ‘I was afraid of thy position,’ answered the dervish, ‘but now, seeing thee in this durance, I seized my opportunity; for it has been said:—
“When Fortune favours the tyrant vile,
The wise will forego their desire a while.
If your claws are not sharp, then turn away
From a fearsome foe and a fruitless fray.
'Tis the silver wrist that the pain will feel
If it seeks to restrain the arm of steel.
Wait rather till Fortune blunts his claws:
Then pluck out his brains amidst friends' applause!”’”
Indeed, the real charm of Sa'dí and the secret of his popularity lies not in his consistency but in his catholicity; in his works is matter for every taste, the highest and the lowest,
Catholicity of Sa'dí. the most refined and the most coarse, and from his pages sentiments may be culled worthy on the one hand of Eckhardt or Thomas à Kempis, or on the other of Cæsar Borgia and Heliogabalus. His writings are a microcosm of the East, alike in its best and its most ignoble aspects, and it is not without good reason that, wherever the Persian language is studied, they are, and have been for six centuries and a half, the first books placed in the learner's hands.Hitherto I have spoken almost exclusively of Sa'dí's most celebrated and most popular works, the Gulistán and the Bústán,
Sa'dí's works. but besides these his Kulliyyát, or Collected Works, comprise Arabic and Persian qaṣídas, threnodies (maráthí), poems partly in Persian and partly in Arabic (mulamma'át), poems of the kind called tarjí'-band, ghazals, or odes, arranged in four groups, viz., early poems (ghazaliyyát-i-qadíma ), ṭayyibát (fine odes), badáyi' (cunning odes), and khawátím (“signet-rings” or, as we might say, “gems”), besides quatrains, fragments, isolated verses, obscene poems (hazaliyyát), and some prose treatises, including three mock-homilies of incredible coarseness (khabíthát), several epistles addressed to the Ṣáḥib-Díwán, or first prime minister of Ḥulágú Khán the Mongol, and his successor, Shamsu'd-Dín Muḥammad Juwayní, some amusing but not elevating anecdotes labelled Muḍḥikát (Facetiæ), a Pand-náma, or Book of Counsels, on the model of 'Aṭṭár's, and others.It would evidently be impossible to discuss in detail or give specimens of each of these many forms in which the activity Sa'dí as a linguist. of Sa'dí manifested itself. Nor is the above list quite exhaustive, for Sa'dí has the reputation of being the first to compose verse in the Hindustání or Urdú language, something of which he apparently acquired during his Indian travels, and specimens of these verses I have met with in a manuscript belonging to the Royal Asiatic Society, though as to their genuineness I do not venture to express an opinion. He also composed some Fahlawiyyát, or poems in dialect, specimens of which I published in the J.R.A.S. for October, 1895, in a paper entitled “Notes on the Poetry of the Persian Dialects” (see especially pp. 792-802). There is one poem of his not mentioned in this article, and on which I cannot now lay my hand, which contains couplets in a considerable number of languages and dialects. Until, however, we have both a better text of Sa'dí's works and a fuller knowledge of these mediæval dialects of Persian, a doubt must always remain as to the poet's real knowledge of them. It is quite possible that they were very “impressionist,” and that he really knew no more about them than do some of those who write books about Ireland, to which they endeavour to give an air of verisimilitude by spelling English words in a grotesque manner, and peppering the pages with distorted or ill-comprehended Irish words like “musha,” “acushla machree,” and “mavourneen.”
In Persia and India it is commonly stated that Sa'dí's Arabic qaṣídas are very fine, but scholars of Arabic speech Sa'dí's qaṣídas. regard them as very mediocre performances. His Persian qaṣídas are, on the other hand, very fine, especially one beginning:—
“Set not thy heart exclusively on any land or friend,
For lands and seas are countless, and sweethearts without end.”
Another celebrated qaṣída is the one in which he laments the destruction of Baghdád by the Mongols and the violent death of the Caliph al-Musta'ṣim in A.D. 1258. Of this a specimen has been already given at pp. 29-30 supra.
In his ghazals, or odes, as already said, Sa'dí is considered as inferior to no Persian poet, not even Ḥáfidh. The number of these ghazals (which, as already explained, are divided into four classes, Ṭayyibát, Badáyi', Khawátím, and “Early Poems”),
Sa'dí's ghazals. is considerable, and they fill 153 pages of the Bombay lithographed edition of the Kul-liyyát published in A.H. 1301 (= A.D. 1883-84). I give here translations of two, which may serve as samples of the rest. The first is as follows:—“Precious are these heart-burning sighs, for lo,
This way or that, they help the days to go.
All night I wait for one whose dawn-like face
Lendeth fresh radiance to the morning's grace.
My Friend's sweet face if I again might see
I'd thank my lucky star eternally.
Shall I then fear man's blame? The brave man's heart
Serves as his shield to counter slander's dart.
Who wins success hath many a failure tholed.
The New Year's Day 534a is reached through Winter's cold.
For Laylá many a prudent lover yearns,
But Majnún wins her, who his harvest burns.
I am thy slave: pursue some wilder game:
No tether's needed for the bird that's tame.
A strength is his who casts both worlds aside
Which is to worldly anchorites denied.
To-morrow is not: yesterday is spent:
To-day, O Sa'dí, take thy heart's content!”
The second is a great favourite with the Shírázís, by reason of the well-deserved compliment paid to their city.
“O Fortune suffers me not to clasp my sweetheart to my breast,
Nor lets me forget my exile long in a kiss on her sweet lips pressed,
The noose wherewith she is wont to snare her victims far and
wide
I will steal away, that so one day I may lure her to my side.
Yet I shall not dare caress her hair with a hand that is over-bold,
For snared therein, like birds in a gin, are the hearts of lovers
untold.
A slave am I to that gracious form, which, as I picture it,
Is clothed in grace with a measuring-rod, as tailors a gar-
ment fit.
O cypress-tree, with silver limbs, this colour and scent of thine
Have shamed the scent of the myrtle-plant and the bloom of the
eglantine.
Judge with thine eyes, and set thy foot in the garden fair and free,
And tread the jasmine under thy foot, and the flowers of the Judas-
tree.
O joyous and gay is the New Year's Day, and in Shíráz most
of all;
Even the stranger forgets his home, and becomes its willing thrall.
O'er the garden's Egypt, Joseph-like, the fair red rose is King,
And the Zephyr, e'en to the heart of the town, doth the scent of his
raiment bring.
O wonder not if in time of Spring thou dost rouse such jealousy,
That the cloud doth weep while the flowrets smile, and all on
account of thee!
If o'er the dead thy feet should tread, those feet so fair and fleet,
No wonder it were if thou should'st hear a voice from his winding-
sheet.
Distraction is banned from this our land in the time of our lord
the King,
Save that I am distracted with love of thee, and men with the
songs I sing.”
Not much biographical material is to be gleaned from these odes, though in one (Bombay lithograph of A.H. 1301, p. 58), Sa'dí speaks of himself as being in danger, through love, of losing in five days the reputation for wisdom and prudence which he had built up in fifty years, while there are a good many allusions to his patron the Ṣáḥib-Díwán, one of which occurs in an ode written, apparently, just as Sa'dí was about to leave Shíráz for Baghdád. In this he says (p. 117):—
Dilam az ṣuḥbat-i-Shíráz bi-kullí bi-g'rift:
Waqt-i-án-ast ki pursí khabar az Baghdád-am.Hích shak níst ki faryád-i-man ánjá bi-rasad—
'Ajab ar Ṣáḥib-i-Díwán na-rasad faryád-am!
Sa'diyá, ḥubb-i-waṭan garchi ḥadíthíst ṣaḥíḥ,
Na-tuwán murd bi-sakhtí ki man ínjá zádam!
“My soul is weary of Shíráz, utterly sick and sad:
If you seek for news of my doings, you will have to ask at
Baghdád.
I have no doubt that the Premier there will give me the help
I need;
Should he help refuse to one like me, I should deem it strange
indeed!
Sa'dí, that love of one's native land is a true tradition is clear!
536a
But I cannot afford to die of want because my birth was
here!”
Another point worth noticing is that a considerable number of verses from Sa'dí's Díwán occur not only (which is Verses of Sa'dí's odes cited in the Gulistán and by Ḥáfidh. natural enough) in his Gulistán, but (which is more curious) in the Díwán of his equally famous but more modern fellow-townsman Ḥáfidh. In a cursory reading I have found eight examples of the former class, and three of the latter, and probably a careful search would reveal more. To begin with the first class, on p. 37 of the Ṭayyibát in the Bombay lithographed edition of A.H. 1301 (No. clxiii) we find the verse:—
Na ánchunán bi-tú mashghúl-am, az bihishtí rú,
Ki yád-i-khwíshtan-am dar ḍamír mí-áyad.
“O thou whose face is of Paradise, my preoccupation with thee
is not such that thought of myself can enter my mind.”
This verse is quoted in chap. v of the Gulistán.
Again, in the Badáyi' (p. 93), occurs the verse:—
Án-rá ki jáy níst, hama shahr jáyi-úst,
Darwísh har kujá ki shab ámad saráyi-úst.
“The whole town is the home of him who has no home:
The poor man's house is wherever night overtakes him.”
In chap. iii of the Gulistán this verse occurs, with the following modification of the first hemistich:—
“Shab har tuwángarí bi-sará'í hamí ravad.”
“At night every rich man goes to a house.”
Again, on p. 99 of the Badáyi' occurs the hemistich:—
“Banda chi da'wa kunad? Ḥukm khudáwand-rást!”
“What objection can a servant raise? It is for the master to
command!”
This, also with the addition of a new hemistich to match it, likewise occurs in chap. i of the Gulistán, in the story of 'Amr ibn Layth and his slave. The other verses in the Díwán which also occur in the Gulistán are the following. Two couplets from the ghazal on p. 100 beginning:—
Mu'allim-at hama shúkhí u dilbarí ámúkht;
Jafá u náz u 'itáb u sitamgarí ámúkht.
“Thy master taught thee all [the arts of] coquetry and heart-
stealing;
He taught thee cruelty, coyness, recrimination and tyranny.”
The couplet (on p. 115 of the Badáyi'):—
'Ajab az kushta na-báshad bi-dar-i-khayma-i-Dúst:
'Ajab az zinda, ki chún ján bi-dar áwurd salím!”
“There is no wonder at him who is slain at the door of the
Beloved's tent:
The wonder is at the survivor, in what way he saved his soul
alive.”
The couplet (on p. 144 of the Khawátím):—
Dídár mí-numá'í, u parhíz mí-kuní:
Bázár-i-khwísh u átash-i-má tíz mí-kuní.
“Thou showest thy face and withdrawest:
Thou makest brisk thine own market and the fire which
consumes us.”
And lastly (on p. 145 of the Khawátím), a modification of the verses from the Preface of the Gulistán already translated on p. 528 supra.
In the chapter at the beginning of this work treating of the Poetry and Rhetoric of the Persians, mention was made of the figure called taḍmín, or the inclusion by a poet in his verse of a hemistich, a couplet, or more, from the works of another poet; and it was observed that, in order to avoid incurring a charge of plagiarism (sirqat), it was incumbent on the poet making use of this figure either to cite only verses so well known to every educated person that no one could suppose he intended to ascribe them to himself, or, if he quoted from a less-known poet, to make formal mention of that poet's name. The fact that Ḥáfidh, in the following passages where he introduces verses by his predecessor Sa'dí, makes no such acknowledgement of their provenance is another proof (were any needed) of the great popularity of Sa'dí's lyric poetry.
In one of his most celebrated odes Ḥáfidh says:—
Bad-am guftí u khursand-am: 'afáka'llah, nikú guftí:
Jawáb-i-talkh mí-zíbad lab-i-la'l-i-shakar-khá-rá!”
“Thou didst speak me ill, and I am content: God pardon thee,
thou didst speak well:
A bitter answer befits a ruby lip which feeds on sugar!”
The first half of this verse occurs in Sa'dí's Ṭayyibát (p. 86, No. ccclxxxiii), as follows:—
Bad-am guftí u khursand-am: 'afáka'llah, nikú guftí:
Sag-am khwándí u khushnúd-am: jazáka'lláh, karam kardí!
The hemistich with which it is here joined means:—
Thou didst call me a dog, and I acquiesced: God reward thee
thou didst confer on me a favour!”
Again in the Badáyi' (p. 107, No. lxxvii) Sa'dí says:—
Juz ín-qadar na-tuwán guft dar jamál-i-tu 'ayb,
Ki mihrabání az án ṭab' u khú na-mí áyad.
“One can mention no defect in thy beauty save this,
That love comes not forth from that nature and disposition.”
Ḥáfidh has taken the first hemistich of this verse, and joined it with the following one of his own:—
Kí khál-i-mihr u wafá níst rú-yi-zíbá-rá.
“That the beauty-spot of love and fidelity is not on that fair
face.”
Again in the Ṭayyibát (p. 80, No. ccclix) Sa'dí says:—
Zawqí chunán na-dárad bí dúst zindagání:
Dúd-am bi-sar bar ámad zín átash-i-nihání.
“Life without the Friend has no great attraction:
My head is enveloped in smoke [of the heart, i.e., sighs] by
reason of this hidden fire.”
Ḥáfidh has taken the first hemistich of this, and has supplemented it by the “complete anagram” of itself:—
Bí-dúst zindagání zawqí chunán na-dárad.
I am not aware that attention has hitherto been called to this indebtedness of Ḥáfidh to his predecessor, and on this account I have discussed the matter with what some may be tempted to regard as unnecessary elaboration.
The lesser poets of this epoch are many, and from 'Awfí's Lubábu'l-Albáb alone a list of at least fourscore who were Lesser poets of this period. more or less contemporary with the three great poets to whom this chapter is specially devoted might, I should think, be compiled. Lack of space, however, compels me to confine myself to the brier mention of two of the most notable, viz., Sharafu'd-Dín Muḥammad Shufurvah and Kamálu'd-Dín Isma'íl, called Khalláqu'l-Ma'ání, “the Creator of Ideas,” both of Iṣfahán. A third poet, Amír Khusraw of Dihlí (Delhi), whose reputation might appear to entitle him to notice, is omitted on the principle already laid down that India is wholly excluded from the scope of this book, and I will therefore only say that he was born at Patiyálí in A.D. 1253, died at Dihlí in A.D. 1325, and worked chiefly on the lines of Nidhámí of Ganja.
Sharafu'd-Dín Shufurvah and Jamálu'd-Dín 'Abdu'r-Razzaq (the father of Kamálu'd-Dín Ismaíl) were both panegyrists of Sharafu'd-Dín Shufurvah. the Ṣadr-i-Khujand, the Chief Judge (Qáḍi'l-quḍát) of Iṣfahán, and belong to a somewhat older generation than the poets of whom we have just been speaking, for the latter died in A.D. 1192 and the former in A.D. 1204. Both of them came into conflict, under circumstances to which reference has been made in a previous chapter (pp. 397-398 supra), with Kháqání's pupil Mujíru'd-Dín-i-Baylaqání, who satirised them with bitterness, and is said to have forfeited his life in consequence. They also satirised one another in the intervals of praising their common patron. I have met with nothing of Jamálu'd-Dín's which specially impressed me, but Sharafu'd-Dín Shufurvah has a remarkably fine poem describing the past splendour and actual devastation of Iṣfahán, of which I published the text in my Account of a Rare Manuscript History of Iṣfahán, published in the J.R.A.S. for 1901 (pp. 53-55 of the tirage-à-part).
Kamálu'd-Dín Isma'íl, “the Creator of Ideas,” son of the above Jamálu'd-Dín 'Abdu'r-Ruzzáq, was, like his father,
Kamálu'd-Dín Isma'íl. essentially a panegyrist. Amongst those whose praises he sung were Ruknu'd-Dín Ṣá'id b. Mas'úd; several of the Khwárazmsháhs, including Tukush, Quṭbu'd-Dín Muḥammad and Jalálu'd-Dín; Ḥusámu'd-Dín Ardashír, King of Mázandarán; and the Atábeks of Fárs, Sa'd b. Zangí and his son and successor, Abú Bakr b. Sa'd, both of whom we have already met with as patrons of Sa'dí. Kamálu'd-Dín was one of the many illustrious victims who perished at the hands of the Mongols. According to Dawlatsháh (pp. 152-3 of my edition) he was both rich and liberal; but, meeting with ingratitude from some of the recipients of his favours, he reviled and cursed the people of Iṣfahán in verses whereof this is the purport:—“O Lord of the Seven Planets, send some bloodthirsty pagan
To make Dar-i-Dasht like a [bare] plain (dasht), and to cause
streams (jú) of blood to flow from Júpára !
541a
May he increase the number of their inhabitants by cutting each
one into a hundred pieces!”
His malign wish was soon only too completely fulfilled, for the Mongol army under Ogotáy entered Iṣfahán in or about A.D. 1237, and proceeded to torture, plunder, and massacre in its usual fashion. At this time, according to Dawlatsháh (who, as has been already pointed out, is of little weight as an authority, and much addicted to romance), Kamálu'd-Dín Isma'íl had adopted the ascetic life and habit of the Ṣúfís, and had retired to an hermitage situated outside the town, in consequence of which he was not for some time molested. The Iṣfahánís took advantage of this to deposit in his custody some of their treasures and valuables, which he concealed in a well in the courtyard of his hermitage. One day, however, a Mongol boy armed with a crossbow fired at a bird in this courtyard, and in doing so dropped his “drawing-ring” (zih-gír ), 541b which rolled into the well wherein the treasure was hidden. Search for the ring led to the discovery of the treasure; the Mongol greed was aroused, and poor Kamál was put to the torture to make him reveal other hoards of treasure which they supposed him to possess. In his death-agony he is said to have written with his life-blood the following quatrain:—
“When life dissolves, fierce anguish racks the soul;
Before His Face this is the least we thole;
And yet withal no word I dare to breathe:
This is his prize who renders service whole!”
In the history of a nation—and still more in its intellectual history—there comes no point where we can say with perfect Conclusion. satisfaction and confidence, “Here ends a period.” Yet, for practical convenience, such dividing-lines must needs be made; and, as has already been pointed out, in the history of Persia, and, indeed, of Islám, no sharper dividing-line between ancient and comparatively recent times can be found than the catastrophe of the Mongol Invasion. From this awful catastrophe Islám has never recovered, especially in its intellectual aspects. The Mongols as a world-power, or even as a political factor of importance, have long disappeared from the scene, but they changed the face of a continent, and wrought havoc which can never be repaired. The volume which I now at last bring to a conclusion covers a period of only about two centuries and a half; but I think that, should health and leisure be vouchsafed to me to bring the history down through the remaining six centuries and a half to our own times, it will be easier in a volume of this size to give adequate treatment to the later and longer period than to the earlier and shorter, whereof I now close the account— an account which, however prolix and detailed it may seem to the casual reader, is in reality, as I acutely realise, lamentably sketchy and inadequate. Yet had I waited until I could see my way to making it adequate, I should never have finished this volume at all; and in literature as in love there is deep truth in the Turkish proverb:—
“Yár-siz qalir kimesné 'ayb-siz yar isteyan”—
which, rendered into English, means:—
“Surely he remaineth friendless who requires a faultless friend.”
In the following Index the prefixes Abu (“Father of …”), and Ibn (“Son of …”) are disregarded in the arrangement of Muhammadan names into which they enter: thus, for example, such names as Abu Tahir and Ibn Sina are to be sought under T and S respectively. A hyphen prefixed to a name indicates that it is properly preceded by the Arabic definite article al-; the letter b. between two names stands for ibn, “son of …” Names of books, both Oriental and European, are printed in italics.
For typographical reasons, it has been found necessary to omit in the Index the accents indicating the long vowels and the dots and dashes distinguishing the hard letters in the Arabic and Persian names and words which it comprises. The correct transliteration of such words must therefore be sought in the text.
Aaron, 228
Aaron (Ahrun), father of
Barhebræus, q.v., 468
Aba, 217, 300, 416
'Abbas of Merv (Persian
poet), 13
-'Abbas b. -Muttalib (ancestor
of the Abbasid Caliphs),
30
'Abbas of Ray (persecutor of
Isma'ilis), 312
Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad (the son
of -Musta'sim, the last Ab-
basid Caliph), 463
Abu'l-'Abbas-Ghanimi(minis-
ter of Qabus b. Washmgir),
104
Abu'l-'Abbas -Ruyani,278, 280
'Abbasid Caliphs, 2, 6, 9, 11,
12, 13, 14, 29, 30, 90, 93, 104,
165, 169, 172, 173, 196, 210,
216, 217, 220, 229, 275, 281,
304, 312, 426-466
'Abbasiyya Mausoleum (in
Tus), 138
'Abdak (poet), 399
Abdul Chaliq Akundow, 273
'Abdu'l-Ghani -Nabalusi, 504
'Abdu'l-Husayn Khan of
Kashan, Hajji Mirza —, 5
'Abdu'l-Jabbar -Khujani, 280
'Abdu'l-Khaliq, 273
'Abdu'llah -Ansari. See An-
sari
'Abdu'llah b. Fadlu'llah(called
Wassaf-i-Hadrat, “the
Panegyrist of the Court”),
17, 443. See also Wassaf,
Ta'rikh-i-Wassaf
'Abdu'llah b. Mahmud of
Chach, 263
'Abdu'llah b. Maymun al-
Qaddah, 196, 215
'Abdu'llah b. -Muqaffa', 350-
351
'Abdu'llah b. Tahir (governor
of Khurasan), 275
'Abdu'l-Latif b. -Khujandi,
311
'Abdu'l-Malik (Umayyad Ca-
liph), 85
'Abdu'l-Malik b. Attash, 313.
See Ibn 'Attash
'Abdu'l-Malik of 'Abkara,
Qadi —, 280
'Abdu'l-Qadir of Gilan,
Shaykh —, 496
'Abdu'r-Rahman b. 'Awf, 477
'Abdu'r-Rahman-Sumayrami
(Wazir of Barkiyaruq's
mother), 311
'Abdu'r-Razzaq of Tus, 137
'Abdu's-Salam (chamberlain
of Qabus b. Washmgir),
103
'Abdu'l-Wahid, Hajji—(name
adopted by Hermann Bick-
nell), 76
'Abdu'l-Wahid-Ruyani, 311,
354, 357-359
'Abdu'l-Wasi'-Jabali, 341, 342
Ibn 'Abdun, 354
Abernethian Society (St. Bar-
tholomew's Hospital), 205
Abhar, 172, 204, 316
Abiward, 97, 107, 366
-Abiwardi (poet), 88, 299
Abjad computation, 76-77
Abraha the Abyssinian, 79
Abraham, 197, 228
Abyssinia, 529
Acháemenian Kings of Per-
sia, 3, 405
Acre, 200, 203, 222
Adabu'd-Dunya wa'd-Din
(by -Mawardi), 289
'Ada'iri (Persian poet), 70.
See Ghada'iri
Adam, 197, 216, 228, 268, 322,
428, 469, 513, 524
Aden, 9, 183
Adharbayjan, 73, 172, 202, 203,
282, 364, 394, 402, 412, 413,
414, 416, 428, 456, 469
Adib Sabir (poet), 298, 303,
308, 332, 333-336, 389
'Adnani (poet), 271
'Adudu'd-Dawla (Buwayhid),
93, 114, 115, 280
'Adudu'd-Din Tughanshah b.
Mu'ayyad, 414
Æthiopians, 223
Ætiology, Poetical — (Husn-
i-ta'lil), 74
Afdal-i-Kashi (Persian poet),
110, 256
Afdalu'd-Din Ibrahim b. Ali,
391, 393. See Khaqani
Afdalu'd-Din of Sawa (philo-
sopher), 399
Afghan language, 3
Afghanistan, 10, 49, 94, 95,
101, 165, 181
Afghans, 5, 305
-Aflaki, Shamsu'd-Din Ahmad
—, 517, 518, 519, 523, 524
Afrasiyab, 113, 137
Africa, North —, 10, 165, 166,
196, 199, 223, 311, 529. See
also Maghrib
Africa, East —, 210
Afridhun, 113. See Feridun
Agha Khan, 201, 210, 460
Ahadith (pl. of Hadith, q.v.),
4, 275, 512
-Ahkamu's-Sultaniyya (by
-Mawardi), 289
Ahlu'l-Bayt (the Family of
the Prophet), 231, 235
Ahlu'l-Buyuta?? (members of
the seven oldest houses of
the ancient Persian no-
bility), 103
Ahlwardt, 171, 293
Ahmad, in the sense of Mu-
hammad the Prophet (q.v.),
291
Ahmad b. 'Abdu'l-Malik b.
'Attash, 202, 205. See also
Ibn 'Attash
Ahmad b. -Dahhak (nephew
of Ibnu'l-'Alqami), 464
Ahmad-i-Farighun, 280
Ahmad b. Malikshah, 182
Ahmad b.-Hasan -Maymandi,
98, 105, 134, 137, 139, 140
Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Abi
Bakr of Khalanjan, 135,
141
Ahmad Khan, King of
Samarqand, 298, 313
Ahmad Khan, Taqudar —,
440, 441, 444
Ahmad -Khujistani, 13
Ahmad b. Muhammad b.
Yahya Fasih of Khwaf
(author of the Mujmal),
370
Ahmad - i - Razi, Amin —
(author of Haft Iqlim),
509
Ahmad b. 'Umar b. 'Ali, 337.
See Nidhami-i-'Arudi-i-
Samarqandi
Ahmadil b. Wahsudan, 311
Abu Ahmad b. Abi Bakr
(Arabic poet), 92
Ahwaz, 146
Ahwazi (poet), 228
'A'isha, 229
'Aja'ibu'l-Makhluqaí(by -Qaz-
wini), 482, 483
Akbar, 351
Akhlaq-i-Jalali, 261
Akhlaq-i-Nasiri, 220, 456, 485
Akhlat, 177, 222
-Akhtal (Arabic poet), 389
Akhtar(“the Star,” a Persian
newspaper), 5
Akhti (a noble of Tirmidh),
334
Akhtisan b. Minuchihr, 394,
398, 402, 414
'Akif (poet), 256
'Aks (in rhetoric), 56
Alamut, 11, 193, 203, 204, 207,
209, 210, 298, 301, 310, (ety-
mology, 311), 316, 393, 446,
451, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458,
459, 460, 473, 485
“Aläu,” 452. See Hulagu
'Ala'u'd-Dawla. See 'Ali b.
Faramarz
'Ala'u'd-Dawla b. Kakuya
(Buwayhid), 107, 115
'Ala'u'd-Dawla Khass Beg,
288
'Ala'u'd-Dawla Muhammad,
97
'Ala'u'd-Dawla Simnani, 256
'Ala'u'd-Din (Persian engi-
neer), 442
'Ala'u'd-Din (son of Mawlana
Jalalu'd-Din Rumi), 515
'Ala'u'd-Din 'Ata Malik. See
'Ata Malik-i-Juwayni and
Juwayni
'Ala'u'd-Din Husayn of Ghur
(called Jahan-suz, q.v.), 306,
381
'Ala'u'd-Din Juwayni (Sahib
Diwan), 485. See also
Sahib Diwan
'Ala'u'd - Din Kay-qubad
(Seljuq of Rum), 515, 516
'Ala'u'd-Din (or Qutbu'd-Din)
Khwarazmshah. See Mu-
hammad Khwarazmshah
'Ala'u'd-Din Muhammad b.
-Hasan, 207, 456, 457
'Ala'u'd-Din b. Qumaj, 384
Abu'l-'Ala of Ganja, 342, 392,
393
Abu'l-Ala -Ma'arri, 88, 222,
354
Abu'l-'Ala al-Mufaddal, 315
Abu'l-'Ala Sa'id of Nishapur,
311
'Alawi, story of a young —,
279
'Alawi Madani, 314, 315
'Alawi Imams, 195, 200, 215.
See also Fatimids, Imams
Alchemy, 498
Aldang (slang word for a
“clown” or “lout”), 92
Aleppo (Halab), 177, 203, 222,
431, 468, 469, 475, 476, 497,
516
Alexander the Great, 3, 113,
157, 280, 281, 400, 411. See
also Iskandar, Sikandar
Alexander Book. See Iskan-
dar-nama
Alexandria, 203, 475, 484, 491,
521, 522
Alfiyya Shalfiyya (or Shala-
qiyya), 323
L'Algèbre d'Omar Alkhayya-
mi, 250.
Algiers, 199
'Ali b. 'Abbas -Majusi (physi-
cian of 'Adudu'd-Dawla),
114
'Ali b. Ahmad Asadi. See
Asadi of Tus the younger.
'Ali Bahadur (Mongol magi-
strate), 464
'Ali the carpenter (Khaqani's
father), 391
'Ali Chelebi (author of Huma-
yun-nama), 351
'Ali b. Faramarz, 'Ala'u'd-
Dawla —, 36-38
'Ali b. Ma'mun -Farighuni,237
'Ali b. Miskawayhi, 114
'Ali Nasa'i, Ustad —, 222
'Ali Panidhi (poet), 335
'Ali Piruza, called Diwarwaz
(poet of Tabaristan), 93,
115
'Ali b. Abi'r-Rija of Ghazna
(poet), 344
'Ali b. Shadhan (governor of
Balkh), 175
'Ali Shatranji (poet), 343
'Ali Sipihri (poet), 335
'Ali b. Abi Talib, 11, 92, 134,
136, 163, 193, 194, 195, 211,
228, 229, 234, 281, 285, 330,
357, 420, 470, 508
'Ali b. 'Uthman -Jullabi -Huj-
wiri, 288
'Ali Zaynu'l-'Abidin, Imam —,
194
Abu 'Ali b. Afdal, 312
Abu 'Ali Ahmad Shadan, 367
Abu 'Ali, 'Amid of Khurasan,
182
Abu 'Ali-Hasan b. Ishaq, 175.
See Nidhamu'l-Mulk
Abu 'Ali Mansur (Fatimid
Caliph), 104
Abu 'Ali b. Simjur, 202, 280,
281
Abu 'Ali b. Sina. See Avicenna
'Ali-Ilahi (sect), 194
“A. L. M.,” 79, 278
Almagest, 106
“Aloadin,” 207. See 'Ala'u'd-
Din
Alp Arslan, 36, 167, 170, 172-
180, 214, 294, 298, 304
Alptigin (Turkish slave,
founder of Ghaznawi
Dynasty), 94
Ibnu'l-'Alqami, 462, 464, 466
Altai Mountains, 445
Altigin (Khan of Samarqand),
180
'Am'aq of Bukhara (poet), 298,
303, 335, 336
Ambergris, Hair compared to
—, 121
“Ambidexter” (Dhu'l-Yami-
nayn), 10
America, 246, 256
American Revolution, 44
Amid, 312
'Amid of Khurasan, Abu 'Ali
—, 182
'Amid of Khurasan, Suri b.
Mughira, 139
'Amid Safiyyu'd-Din Abu
Bakr Muhammad b. Hu-
sayn Rawanshahi, 338, 339,
340
'Amidu'd-Din Abu'l-Fath Mu-
dhaffar of Nishapur, 274
'Amidu'l-Mulk, 173. See -Kun-
duri
Amin Ahmad-i-Razi (author
of the Haft Iqlim), 369, 370
Amini (Persian poet), 157
Aminu's-Sultan (late Prime
Minister of Persia), 181
Amir (title of —), 90
Amiranshah b. Qawurt (Sel-
juq of Kirman), 181, 323
-Amir bi'amri'llah, Caliph —,
311
Amiru'l-Haramayn, 183
Amphilbology (Iham), 52, 61
'Amr (the tailor), 53
'Amr-i-Layth (Saffari), 280,
281, 537
Abu 'Amr (poet of Tabaris-
tan), 93
Amul, 354, 358, 480
Amuy (Oxus), 272. See Oxus
Anagram (Maqlub), 59, 60
Andalusia, 45, 489, 498, 500
Anisu'l-Muridin wa Shamsu-
'l-Majalis, 270
Anisu'l-'Ushshaq(“the Lovers'
Companion,” by Sharafu'd-
Din Rami, translated by
Huart), 19, 83
“Annihilation in God” (Fana
fi'llah), 514
Anoshak-rubano. See Anu-
shirwan, of which this is
the Pahlawi form
'Anqa (legendary bird), 33, 153,
396. See also Simurgh
Ansab (of -Sam'ani), 468
-Ansari, Shaykh 'Abdu'llah —
of Herat, 246, 256, 269-270
Antichrist, 231, 428
Antioch, 183, 469
Antithesis (Mutadadd), 62
Anushirwan, Khusraw — the
Sasanian King, 32, 103, 214,
275, 277, 279, 281, 341, 350,
404. See also Nushirwan
Anushirwan b. Khalid (min-
ister-historian), 166, 191, 192,
299, 354, 360, 361, 362, 472,
473
Anushtigin (founder of the
second dynasty of Khwar-
azmshahs), 181, 307, 426
Anwar-i-Suhayli, 17, 89, 351,
352
Anwari (Persian poet), 34, 38,
84, 116, 256, 271, 298, 303,
308, 309, 316, 320, 333, 341,
345, 346, 347, 364-391, 397,
399, 401, 412, 413, 414, 417,
418, 421, 424, 425, 483, 525
Anwaru't-Tahqiq (by Shaykh
'Abdu'llah Ansari), 270
'Aqiq, Valley of —, 504
'Aql-nama (of Sana'i), 318
Aq-Sunqur, 187
Arab Conquest, 1, 4, 6, 142,
149, 432, 442, 462
Arabia, 10, 168, 406, 504, 529
Arabian Nights, 409
Arabian sciences, 5, 6-7, 13,
114, 441, 463, 466
Arabian Year, 151, 152
Arabic language, 4-8, 11, 19,
79, 92, 103, 105, 174, 175,
232, 317, 355, 392, 399, 443,
467
Arabic verses translated into
Persian and vice versâ, 29,
94, 112, 326
Arabs, 18, 24, 42, 44, 53, 81, 84,
86, 87, 88, 103, 124, 165, 194,
228, 281, 442, 476, 506
Ibnu'l-'Arabi, Shaykh Mu-
hiyyu'd-Din —, 489, 495,
497-501, 502, 503, 508
'Arafa, 151
'Arafat, Mount —, 242
Arbela, 475
Arbil, 446
Ardahan, 204
ArdashirBabakan(the founder
of the Sasanian Dynasty),
144, 228, 310
Ardashir b. Hasan. See Hu-
samu'd-Dawla
Arghash Farhadwand (King
of Gilan), 277
Arghun, 453, 469
'Ari (“bare” or plain prose),
20
'Arif (= gnostic), 522
Aristotle, 96, 106, 281, 285
Ark of Noah, 227
Armada, Spanish —, 427
Armenia, 10, 281
Armenians, 177, 179, 441
Arnold, Matthew —, 144
Arrajan, 204, 224, 316, 361
Arran, 456
Arraniyya, 428
'Arraq, Abu Nasr —, 96, 97
Arrows used to convey mes-
sages, 309
Arslan, meaning of —, 303
Arslan Arghun (Malikshah's
brother), 167, 177, 301
Arslan b. Ibrahim of Ghazna,
305
Arslan Jadhib (governor of
Tus for Sultan Mahmud of
Ghazna), 170
Arslan Khatun Khadija(Seljuq
princess, married to the
Caliph -Qa'im), 167, 172
Arslan Payghu. See Payghu
Kalan
Arslanshah (Seljuq of Kir-
man), 304
Arte of English Poesie (by
George Puttenham), 22, 46,
49, 51, 52, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63,
66
Aryans, 143
Arzanu'r - Rum (Erzeroum),
222
Arzhang-i-Mani (the Picture-
gallery of Manes), 329
As'ad, 'Amid —, 125, 127, 128
As'ad, Ustad — of Mihna, 367
Asadi of Tus (the elder), 116,
148-152 (the younger), 18,
148, 271, 272-274, 326
Asas, 197, 232
-A'sha (Arab poet), 32, 33, 389
-A'sha Ma'mun b. Qays (Arab
poet), 33
Ash'ari (sect), 174
Ashi'atu'l-Lama'at (of Jami),
500
'Ashura (the 10th of Muhar-
ram), 151
Asia Minor, 165, 166, 168, 177,
183, 199, 303, 444, 447, 496,
497, 515, 524, 529. See also
Rum
Asiatick Miscellany, 384
'Asjadi (Persian poet), 116,
123, 129, 256, 285, 483
'Askar (Asker, the poet in
Morier's Hajji Baba), 52
Asrar-nama (of 'Attar), 507
Asraru't-Tawhid fi Maqamati
'sh-Shaykh Abi's-Sa'id, 262-3
Assassins, 11, 35, 165, 169, 184,
187, 191, 193, 196, 204-211,
(etymology, 204), 220, 295,
302, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314,
354, 358, 393, 446, 449, 451,
452, 453, 458, 459, 460, 473
485, 517
Astarabad, 139, 153
Astrology, 247-248, 316, 365-
368, 382, 437, 484
Atabek, Title of —, 181
Atabeks, 73, 364, 541
Atabeks of Mawsil, History
of — by Ibnu'l-Athir, 468
Abu'l-'Atahiya (Arabic poet),
370
'Ata Malik-i-Juwayni (author
of the Ta'rikh-i-Jahan-
gusha), 193, 306-308, 331,
332, 333, 358, 434, 439, 443,
453, 458, 459, 460, 473, 483.
See also Juwayni
Atash Kada (of Lutf 'Ali
Beg), 218, 244, 369, 370
-Atharu'l-Baqiya (al-Biruni's
“Chronology of Ancient
Nations”); 101, 103, 105
Atharu'l-Bilad (of -Qazwini),
218, 251, 252, 370, 482-483
Athiru'd-Din (poet), 256
Athiru'd-Din Akhsikati (poet),
344, 399, 425
Athiru'd-Din of Merv (poet),
344
Ibnu'l-Athir (the historian),
101, 104, 107, 118, 119, 134,
160, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171,
173-176, 180, 181, 184, 185,
187, 188, 190, 199, 201-204,
307, 311-313, 349, 367, 368,
414, 427, 430, 434, 435, 436,
439, 450, 468, 474
Atsiz (Khwarazmshah), 298,
303, 307-309, 330, 331-334,
346, 426
'Attar, Shaykh Faridu'd-Din
—, 256, 259, 262, 264, 298,
317, 322, 443, 489, 494, 506-
515, 521, 532
Ibn 'Attash, 184, 202, 203, 205,
313-316
Atwaqu'dh-Dhahab (by -Za-
makhshari), 362
Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 295
Avesta, 3
Avestic language, 3, 8
Avicenna (Abu 'Ali ibn Sina),
96, 97, 98, 106-111, 115, 222,
251, 256, 261, 267, 288, 346,
377, 488
'Awarifu'l-Ma'arif (of Shi-
habu'd-Din Suhrawardi),
496
Awhadi (poet), 256
Awhadu'd-Din of Kirman
(poet), 483, 500
'Awfi, Muhammad —, 13, 93,
94, 116, 117, 120, 123, 129,
130, 131, 132, 147, 148, 153,
154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161,
249, 271, 272, 274, 276, 310,
316, 318, 323, 327, 328, 333,
334, 337, 342, 343, 355, 356,
365, 370, 373, 375, 381, 398,
402, 412, 424, 475, 477-479,
508, 539
Awsafu'l Ashraf (by Nasiru'd-
Din Tusi), 486
Ayaz (Malikshah's brother),
167, 180
Ayaz b. Aymaq Abu'n-Najm
(favourite of Sultan Mah-
mud of Ghazna), 38, 119,
140
Aymaq, Abu'n - Najm —
(father of Ayaz), 119
'Ayn Jalut, Battle of —, 446
'Ayntab, Battle of —, 446
'Aynu'l-Mulk Husayn -Ash-
'ari, 478
'Ayyadi (poet), 357
Abu Ayyub (companion of
the Prophet), 269
-Azhar, Jami'u'l- — (Cairo),
223, 502
Azhidahaka, 228. See Dah-
hak
Azraqi, Abu Bakr (or Abu'l-
Mahasin) b. Isma'il (Persian
poet), 39, 135, 298, 323
'Azza, 269
Baalbekk, 529
Baba Ja'far, 260
Baba Kamal of Jand, 493
Baba Tahir 'Uryan (quatrain
writer), 246, 259-261, 263
Babar, 353
Babel, 30
Babis (sect of the —), 41, 70,
89, 187, 202, 460
“Baboo Persian,” 353
Babylon, 329
Bacher, 400, 401, 402, 403, 408,
411
Badakhshan, 126, 321, 509
Badayi (of Sa'di), 532, 534,
536, 537, 538
Badihi-i-Sajawandi (Persian
poet), 256
Badi'u'z-Zaman-Hamadhani,
22, 87, 88, 94, 112, 113, 346,
347, 359, 389
Badr (Fatimid general), 203
Badru'd-Din Lulu (Atabek
of Mawsil), 460
Badru'd-Din, Qadi — (victim
of Mongol massacre at
Bukhara) 438
Ibn Badrun, 354
Bagastâna, 284, 405
Bagh-i-Firdaws, 138
-Baghawi, -Farra al —, 299,
354
Baghdad, 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14,
29, 90, 92, 93, 104, 114, 165,
169, 172, 173, 176, 179, 182,
183, 184, 186, 192, 195, 196,
199, 203, 210, 213, 220, 227,
228, 294, 295, 300, 301, 303,
304, 311, 312, 355, 358, 361,
362, 397, 406, 421, 426, 430,
436, 442, 443, 446, 449, 451,
453, 455, 460, 461, 462, 463,
464, 465, 467, 480, 481, 485,
487, 496, 497, 508, 515, 527,
528, 533, 535, 536
Baghdad during Abbasid
Caliphate (by le Strange),
361
Bahar, Temple of —, 54
Baharistan (of Jami), 243, 381
Baha'u'd-Din Abu Bakr Say-
yidu'r-Ru'asa, 414
Baha'u'd-Din Juwayni, 453
Baha'u'd-Din Sultan Walad,
515, 519
Baha'u'd-Din Walad, 493, 515
Baha'u'd-Dawla (Buwayhid),
141
Baha'u'llah (Mirza Husayn
'Ali), 70, 89
Bahram Chubin, 91, 113
Bahram Gur (Sasanian king),
91, 408, 409, 411
Bahram-nama (= Haft Pay-
kar, q.v.), 408
Bahrami (poet), 20, 115, 116,
156
Bahramshah b. Ibrahim of
Ghazna, 297, 305, 306, 317,
318, 319, 341, 349
Bahru'l-Haqa'iq (by Najmu'd-
Din Daya), 496
Bahura (sect), 201
Baju Noyan, 461
-Bakharzi, Abu'l-Qasim 'Ali
b. -Hasan b. Abi Tayyib —,
100, 114, 256, 355-357
Bakhshis (Mongol priests),
442
Bakhtiyari of Ahwaz (Persian
poet), 146
Abu Bakr (Caliph), 194, 228,
229, 240, 420
Abu Bakr 'Abdu'llah b. Mu-
hammad Shahawar. See
Najmu'd-Din Daya
Abu Bakr b. Ishaq, 139
Abu Bakr b. Sa'd-i-Zangi, 460,
488, 491, 528, 541
Abu Bakr b. -Salmani of
Kalash, 342 (= Suzani)
Abu Bakr Kuhistani, 278
-Bakri (geographer), 299
Baku, 394
Ba'labakk, 529
-Baladhuri (historian), 138
-Bal'ami, Abu'l-Fadl—(trans-
lator of -Tabari's history),
115, 230, 280, 281
Balasaghun, 428
Balkh, 146, 153, 169, 175, 180,
182, 200, 218, 225, 227, 228,
247, 277 281, 299, 306, 307,
317, 338, 346, 348, 364, 377,
382, 384, 386, 390, 397, 438,
446, 470, 515, 529
Baluchistan, 10
Bamiyan, 439, 446
Banakat, 437, 446
Band (strophe), 23
Bang (bhang), 205
Banias (Baniyas), 210, 316
Bankipur Library, 257
Barbad of Jarid (Tabari poet),
93, 115
Barbier de Meynard, 282, 482
Barda', Barda'a, Bardha'a,
282
Bargès, Abbé —, 504
Barhebræus, 468, 469, 477
Barkiyaruq (Seljuq), 185, 297-
302, 311, 312.
Barmak, House of —. See
Barmecides
Barmecides, 54, 185, 475
“Barzakh,” 498
Bashshar b. Burd (poet and
sceptic), 34
Basra, 200, 224, 360, 462
Batili troops (North Africa),
223
Batinis (“Esoterics”), 169, 187,
196, 202, 214, 215, 230, 231,
295. 312. See Isma'ilis,
Assassins, Sect of the Seven,
Carmathians, Fatimids, &c.
Batson, Mrs. H. M. —, 249
Bawand, House of —, 135
Baward, 170. See Abiward
Ibnu'l-Bawwab, 488
Bayanu'l-Adyan, 288
Bayazid of Bistam, 222, 229
Baybars (-Malik-Dhahir), 446
-Baydawi, 'Abdu'llah b. 'Umar
—, 487
Baydu, 444, 452
Bayhaq, 304
-Bayhaqi, Abu'l-Hasan —, 254
Baylaqan, 397, 446
-Baysani (Arabic writer), 87
Baysunghur's preface to
Shahnama, 139
Bayt (so-called “couplet”),
24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 42
Ibn Baytar, 477, 487
Baytu'sh-Sha'r and Baytu'sh-
Shi'r, 24
Baytuz (governor of Bust),
99
Bedouin, 223, 462
Behistun, (Bagastana, Bisu-
tun), 3, 284, 405
Benjamin of Tudela, Rabbi,
—, 205
Beresine, 435
Berlin Library, 276, 478
Bethlehem, 222
Beyrout, 186, 222, 469, 488
Bhakar (in India), 478
Bi'at (oath of allegiance), 202
Bible, 4, 230
Bibliothèque Nationale
(Paris), 244, 245, 260, 473,
477, 481
Bicknell, Hermann —, 76
Bidpai, Fables of —, 350. See
Kalila and Dimna
Bilqis (Queen of Sheba), 512
Bintu'n-Najjariyya, 345
-Biruni, Abu Rayhan —, 90,
91, 96-98, 101, 103, 105
Bishr-i-Darghush, 335
Bishr-i-Isfara'ini, 335
Bisitun, Mt., 284
Bist Bab dar ma'rifat-i-
Usturlab (by Nasiru'd-Din
Tusi), 485
Bitlis, 222
Black, John Sutherland —,
469
Bland, Nathaniel —, 211, 218,
478
Blochet, 435
Blochmann, 19, 24, 83
Bodleian Library, 288
de Boer, Dr. T. J. —, 293
Bombay, 318, 379, 498, 534
Books burned, heretical —,
160, 193
Borgia, Cæsar —, 532
Brahmins, 266, 321, 530
“Brazier Dynasty,” 10. See
Saffaris
Brill, Messrs. —, of Leyden,
94
Brinton, Mrs. Elizabeth
Curtis —, 259
British Museum Library, 276,
288
Brockelmann, 101, 102, 106,
289, 293, 295, 333, 360, 406,
484, 485, 486, 488, 497
Buddhism, 440, 442, 444, 445
Budge, Dr. E. W. —, 411
Bugha, Amir —, 300
Bughra, 437
-Buhturi, 228, 389
Bukhara, 12, 15, 16, 27, 90, 92,
95, 99, 100, 102, 106, 107, 114,
167, 170, 183, 303, 335, 343,
428, 437, 446, 447, 459, 478
Bulaq, 288, 468
Bulghar, 524
Bundar. See Pindar of Ray
-Bundari, -Fath b. 'Ali b.
Muhammad —, 11, 166, 170,
172, 175-180, 186, 190, 191,
202, 205, 302, 303, 326, 354,
360, 472
-Buni, Shaykh Muhiyyu'd-
Din —, 486
Buraq, 285
Buraq Hajib, 449
Buraq the Turkman, 509
Burckhardt, 472
Burhani (poet, father of
Mu'izzi), 35, 37, 189, 308
Burhanu'd-Din of Tirmidh,
516
-Burini, Shaykh Hasan —,
504
Burns, Robert — (Scotch
poet), 246
Burujird, 302
Bushaq (Abu Ishaq, poet of
Shiraz), 82
Bust, 99, 169, 172
Bustan, (of Sa'di), 77, 80, 496,
525-530
-Busti, Abu'l-Faraj —, 280
Buwayh, House of —, 11, 87,
90, 91, 93, 95, 100, 101, 102,
107, 114, 115, 141, 152, 158,
165, 169-170, 172, 454, 459,
470
Buzurg-Ummid, Kiya —, 311,
453, 454
Buzurjmihr, 279, 281
Byzantines, 166, 173, 177, 178,
274, 399, 442, 469
Byzantium, 409
Cacopleonasm (Hashw - i -
qabih), 57
Cadell, Miss Jessie E. —,
258
Cæsar (Qaysar), 30, 399
Cairo, 86, 99, 199, 202, 203,
204, 222, 223, 224, 237, 253,
289, 363, 435, 446, 460, 468,
474, 475, 476, 477, 484, 496,
498, 501, 502
Calcutta, 249, 355, 372, 384
Caliphs. See under Ortho-
dox, Umayyad, 'Abbasid,
and Fatimid
Cambridge, 115, 149, 212,
330, 350, 360, 412, 472, 481,
521
“Candle-qasida,” 154
Cannabis Indica, 205. See
Hashish
Capricorn, 42
Capua, John of —, 350, 353
Cardonne, 350
Carmathians, 11, 119, 140,
193, 214, 230, 295. See
Assassins, Batinis, Fati-
mids, Isma'ilis, Sect of the
Seven
Carra de Vaux, 106
Carroll, Lewis —, 45
Caseneuve, 204
Cashmere. See Kashmir
Caspian Sea, 90, 102, 114, 271,
435, 438, 448
“Cat and Mouse” (Mush u
gurba of 'Ubayd-i-Zakani),
78
Cathay (Khata), 41, 123, 238,
307, 527
Caucasians, 177
Central Asia, 210, 447
Ceuta, 484
Chach, 263
Chaghaniyan, 124. See also
Farighun
Chagatay, 451
Chaghri Beg, 167. See Da'ud
b. Mika'il
Chaha, 139
Chahar Maqala (the “Four
Discourses” of Nidhami-i-
'Arudi of Samarqand), 13,
14, 15, 20, 35, 38, 39, 88, 89,
96, 97, 107, 114, 119, 124,
125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 133,
134, 135-139, 148, 156, 157,
160, 188, 189, 246, 247, 248,
249, 255, 299, 302, 305, 306,
308, 323, 324, 327, 335, 336-
340, 346, 370
Chaldæans, 469
Chelebi Amir 'Arif (grandson
of Jalalu'd-Din), 519
Chenery (translation of al-
Hariri's Maqamat), 359
Chernigov, 450
Chess, 160
Chigil, 422
China, 168, 409, 410, 428,
442, 444, 447, 450, 452, 512
524
Chinese, 442, 453, 461
Chinese Tartary, 183
Chingaj (Kuyuk's wazir),
451
Chingiz Khan, 12, 193, 382,
435, 436, 437, 440, 443, 444,
445, 446, 447, 448, 450, 452,
456, 473, 491
Chitral, 460
Chodzko, 109
Chrestomathie persane (Sche-
fer), 288, 435, 489
Christ, 48, 77, 178, 228, 291
359
Christians, 4, 106, 209, 214,
223, 224, 230, 358, 391, 399,
440, 441, 442, 444, 445, 451
469, 471, 529
Chronogram, 76-77
Chronology of Ancient Na-
tions (-Biruni), 101, 103,
105
Clarke, Col. Wilberforce —
411
Cochin China, 447
Coleridge, 452
Commentary on Qur'an, Old
Persian —, 227
Conrad, Marquis of Mont-
ferrat, 209
Constantine, 228
Constantinople, 5, 13, 29. 82
183, 442, 488
Conventionality of Persian
verse, 84
Copenhagen, 262
Cordova, 295, 486
Corea, 447
“Couplet,” 24
Cowell, Prof. —, 108
Cow-worship, 266
Cracow, 450
Crawford, Lord — of Bal-
carres, 478
Crete, 10
Crimea, 447
Crœsus, 33
Crusaders, 166, 193, 204, 206
209
Ctesiphon, 171
Culturgeschichte d. Orients (v.
Kremer), 290, 482. See von
Kremer
Cureton, 106, 362
Cyprus, 10, 452
Da'd, 85
Dagh-gah (Branding-ground),
125
Dahhak (Azhidahaka), 228
Ibnu'd-Dahhak, Ahmad —
(nephew of Ibnu'l-'Alqami),
464
Da'i (Propagandist, plural
Du'at), 169, 196, 198, 200,
201, 202, 203, 206
Dajjal (Antichrist), 231
Damascus, 11, 181, 195, 199,
203, 222, 311, 446, 475, 477,
483, 487, 497, 508, 516, 517,
519, 529
Damghan, 153, 172, 203, 222,
446, 449
Damietta, 429
“Dancing Dervishes,” 518
Daniel, 228
Danish version of Kalila and
Dimna, 350
Danish-nama-i-'Ala'i, 115,
288
Daqiqi (Persian poet), 18, 116,
127, 130, 222, 271
Dar-i-Dasht (district of Isfa-
han), 541
Dara b. Minuchihr (Ziyarid
prince), 169
Darband-i-Shirwan, 428
Darghush, Bishr-i- — (Per-
sian poet), 335
Darius, 3, 233, 469
Darmesteter, 3
Darrab, Amir — (Isma'ili
propagandist), 201, 202
Dasht-i-gur (Isma'ili mission-
house near Isfahan), 314
Dasht-i-Khawaran (district in
Khurasan), 366
Dastur-i-a'dham (work as-
cribed to Nasir-i-Khusraw),
244
Abu Da'ud (Da'i 'd-Du'at, or
chief propagandist of
-Mustansir), 203
Da'ud b. Malikshah, 182
Da'ud b. Mika'il b. Seljuq
(Chaghri Beg), 167, 172, 175,
176, 221
David, 530
Dawari, Mirza — of Shiraz
(Persian poet), 41
-Da'wat -Akhira, 187. See
New Propaganda
Da'wat-i-Qiyamat (“Propa-
ganda of the Resurrection”),
454
-Dawidar-Saghir, 461, 462
Dawlat-Khana (Merv), 304
Dawlatshah (author of the
“Memoirs of the Poets”),
15, 16, 19, 35, 69, 70, 89, 118,
120, 121, 123, 124, 129, 130,
138, 139, 140, 148, 149, 153,
154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161,
188, 190, 225, 244, 249, 254,
271, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278,
290, 303, 308, 317, 323, 326,
330, 331, 333, 334, 337, 341,
342, 343, 344, 366, 367, 369,
370, 393, 394, 398, 400, 401,
402, 412, 413, 415, 419, 421,
424, 450, 451, 509, 511, 519,
541
Daylami, 113, 158, 186, 271,
277, 281, 314, 454, 459
Daylamite dialect, 158
Daylamites, 90, 470. See also
Buwayhids
Decarchy, 166
“Definitions” (Ta'rifat) of
al-Jurjani, 490
Delhi. See Dihli
Derenbourg, 350, 353
Dervishes, 261, 262, 263, 460,
518, 531
-Dhahir (Fatimid Caliph), 104
Dhahir of Faryab, 78, 84, 158,
345, 364, 390, 399, 412-425
Dhahiri (sect or school), 230,
295, 362
Dhahiru'd-Din Tahir b. Mu-
hammad, 412. See Dhahir
of Faryab
Dhakhira-i-Khwarazmshahi,
299, 346
Dhillu'llahi (“Shadow of
God”), Title of —, 104
Dhu'l - Qafiyatayn (Double
rhyme), 271
Dhu'l - Qarnayn, 280. See
Alexander the Great, Iskan-
dar, Sikandar
Dhu'n-Nun (of Egypt), 229,
505, 521
Di'bil (Arabic poet), 33
Dictionnaire géographique de
la Perse, by Barbier de
Meynard, 482
Dihqan, 141, 175
Dihli (Delhi), 448, 488, 540
Diogenes Romanus, 177-178
Directorium Vitœ Humanœ,
350
Dissertations, Gladwin's, 19
“Div-i-'Abbasi,” 229
“Divine Right” in Persia, 194
Diwarwaz (Tabari poet), 93,
115
Diya'u'd-Din b. -Athir, 487
Diyar Bakr, 173
Dizh-i-Kuh, 184, 202, 313, 314,
315
Dnieper, 447
Dole, Nathan Haskell —, 256
Dominicans, 452
Dorn, 100, 211, 480
Dropsy, Arabic name of —, 7
Drummond of Hawthornden,
46
Druzes, 199
Dualists, 230
-Dubaythi, Abu 'Abdi'llah
Muhammad —, 481
Du-bayti = Ruba'i(Quatrain),
q.v.
Dujayl, 461, 462
Abu Dulaf, 133, 373
Duldul, 285
Dumyatu'l-Qasr (by -Bak-
harzi), 100, 114, 355
-Duruzi, 199
Dutch version of Kalila and
Dimna, 350
Eckhardt, 532
École des Langues Orientales
Vivantes, 83
Eden, 524
Edinburgh, 447
Edward II., 441
Egypt, 9, 10, 11, 165, 166, 187,
191, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202,
203, 204, 210, 215, 219, 220,
222, 227, 446, 468, 475, 497,
498, 502, 505, 520, 527
Egyptians, 8, 446, 471, 489, 502
E
Elba, 60
Elburz Mts., 90
Elephant, Chapter of the —,
80
Elephant, People of the —,
79-80
Elephant, Year of the —, 79
Elias (Ilyas), 401. See
Nidhami
Elizabeth, Queen —, 60, 77
Elizavetpol, 364, 391, 400, 449
Elliot, Sir H. M. — (History
of India), 470
Elliott, John Bardoe —, 478
England, 246, 483
English Language, 5, 350
Epic, 116, 130, 142-145, 148
Van Erpe, Thomas —. See
Erpenius
Erpenius, 471
Ertoghrul (Ottoman Sultan),
166
Esau, 51
Ethé, Dr. H. —, 13, 44, 108,
110, 117, 131, 140, 141, 146,
147, 149, 153, 161, 163, 191,
211, 218, 221, 224, 226, 228,
244, 245, 246, 261, 262, 263,
264, 270, 273, 274, 275, 276,
289, 308, 311, 318, 325, 326,
363, 368, 371, 429, 478, 489,
491, 508, 528, 529, 535
Euclid, 106, 228, 256
Euphrates, 426
Euphuists, 46
Eupleonasm (Hashw-i-malih),
57
Europe, 166, 256, 442, 447, 478
Eve, 228
Eye, Pupil of the —, how
named by Orientals, 291
Eyebrows, various compari-
sons of the —, 83
Facetiæ (Hazaliyyat) of Sa'di,
45, 532
Abu'l-Fada'il Abdu'r-Rahman
(son of -Musta'sim), 463
Abu'l-Fadl (Akbar's minister),
351
Abu'l-Fadl — Bal'ami, 230,
280, 281
Abu'l-Fadl — Kirmani, 307
Abu'l-Fadl Majdu'l - Mulk
-Qumi (minister of Malik-
shah), 186
Abu'l-Fadl — Mikali (patron
of -Tha'alibi), 101
Abu'l-Fadl — Sukkari (poet),
of Merv, 64
Abu'l-Fadl Talaqani (poet),
157
Fadlun, King of Ganja, 280
Fagnan, 211, 221, 224, 244, 245
Fahlawiyyat (Persian dialect
poems), 44, 488, 533
-Fakhri, Kitabu'l —, 85, 171,
293, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464
Fakhru'd-Dawla, Buwayhid,
101, 159, 280, 459
Fakhru'd-Din, Ahmad b. Far-
rukh (Firdawsi's name), 139
Fakhru'd-Din As'ad of Gurgan
(Persian poet), 271, 274-275,
483
Fakhru'd-Din 'Iraqi (Persian
poet), 500
Fakhru'd-Din Khalid b. -Rabi'
(poet), 381
Fakhru'd-Din Razi (philo-
sopher), 256, 455, 484, 486
Fakhru'l-Islam, 357. See
Ruyani
Fakhru'l-Mulk b. Nidhamu'l-
Mulk, 311, 313
Falaki of Shirwan (Persian
poet), 325, 392
Falaku'd-Din Muhammad b.
Aydimir, 462
Falaku'd-Din Sunqur, 415
Falaku'l-Ma'ali, Minuchihr b.
Qabus —, 104, 156
Fana fi'llah (“Annihilation in
God”), 514
Fanching (China), Siege of
—, 442
Farahan, 217
Farahani, Abu'l-Hasan —
(author of commentary on
Anwari's poems), 369, 371,
391
Abu'l-Faraj, Yuhanna —. See
Barhebraus
Abu'l Faraj -Busti, 280
Abu'l-Faraj of Runa (Persian
poet), 344, 373, 389, 390
Abu'l Faraj of Sistan (Per-
sian poet), 153
Akhu Faraj of Zanjan, Shaykh
—, 401
Fard (“unit” in verse), 22, 23
Farghana, 335
Farhad, 404, 405, 418
Farhadwand, 277
Farhang-i-Nasiri, 237
Ibnu'l-Farid, 498, 501-504.
See 'Umar b. -Farid
Farid-i-Katib (or Dabir), 344,
345, 368, 373, 425
Faridu'd - Din 'Attar. See
'Attar
Farighuniyan, 230, 237, 280.
See Khwarazmshahs, first
dynasty
Farkhar, 329, 422
-Farra -Baghawi, 299, 354
Akhu Farrukh -Rayhani,
Shaykh —, 401
Farrukhi (Persian poet), 19,
115, 116, 124-128, 129, 328,
330, 389, 483
Fars, 92, 177, 180, 204, 426, 449,
487, 527, 528, 541
Faruq, 420. See 'Umar
Faryab, 364, 412, 416
Farzin, Fortress of —, 489
Fasih (author of Mujmal,
q.v.), 381
Fasihi of Jurjan (Persian
poet), 271, 275, 276
Fasila, 24
Fath (slave of -Mutawakkil),
279
Abu'l-Fath, Khwaja —, 373
Abu'l-Fath -Busti, 98-100
Fath b. 'Ali b. Muhammad
-Bundari, 472. See Bundari
Abu'l-Fath Muhammad b.
Abi'l-Qasim b. 'Abdu'l-
Karim. See -Shahristani
Abu'l-Fath Tahir b. Fakhru'l-
Mulk, 390
Fatima (the Prophet's Daugh-
ter), 195, 229, 234
Fatimids, 11, 104, 162, 165,
168, 169, 177, 181, 187, 195,
196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201,
202, 203, 204, 206, 210, 215,
217, 222, 223, 227, 229, 232,
253, 272, 311, 454
Fawatu'l-Wafayat, 255, 485,
486. See Ibn Shakir
Feridun, 113, 228, 237, 341
Ferté, 366, 371
Abu'l-Fida, 471, 477
Fida'is, 187, 206, 208, 209
Fihi ma fihi (by Jalalu'd-Din
Rumi), 519
Fihrist, 114
Fiqhu'l-Lugha (by-Tha'alibi),
101
Abu'l-Firas, 389
Firdaws, 139
Firdawsi, 1, 6, 8, 13, 18, 19, 26,
30, 79, 81, 88, 94, 95, 96, 98,
105, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120,
124, 129-149, 228, 256, 278,
306, 323, 337, 347, 365, 373,
374, 389, 404, 425, 472, 483,
525
Firdawsu't-Tawarikh, 254
Fire-worshippers. See Zoro-
astrians
Firuzkuh, 305
“Fitna” (beloved of Bahram
Gur), 409, 411
Fitzgerald, Edward —, 34,
108, 142, 164, 191, 246, 249,
253, 255, 256, 258, 259
Five Grades of Being, 197
Flügel, 20, 490
Forbes, Persian Grammar, 278
Four discourses, 14. See
Chahar Maqala
Fra Pipino, 208
“Frankish Dog,” 266
“Frankish Tongue,” 209
Franks, 177, 429, 469, 483, 529
French, 350
French words in English, 5
Fuduli (Fuzuli) of Baghdad
(Turkish poet), 406
Fuqa', 135
-Fusul wa'l-Ghayat, 290, 293
Fususu'l-Hikam, 497, 499, 500
-Futuhatu'l - Makkiyya, 497,
498
Futuhi (Persian poet), 334, 382
Gabr. See Zoroastrians
Galen (Jalinus), 96, 106, 281
Galland, 350
Ganges, 447
Ganja (= Elizavetpol), 26,
280, 345, 364, 391, 399, 400,
449
Gantin, Jules —, 188, 192, 203,
217, 254, 273
Garcin de Tassy, 507, 511
“Garden of a Thousand
Trees” (Ghazna), 97
“Gardens of Magic,” 53, 80,
124. See Hada'iqu's-Sihr
Garshasp (Persian legendary
hero), 273
Garshasp (in Adharbayjan),
394
Garshasp-nama (by Asadi
the younger), 148, 272, 273
Gathas, 3
Gav-parast (“Cow-worship-
per”: Hindus so called),
266
Gawhar (wife of Jalalu'd-Din
Rumi), 515
Gawhar-A'in, Sa'du'd-Din
(one of Alp Arslan's nobles),
177, 179
Gawhar Khatun, 326
Gayumarth, 469
Gébélin, 204
Geiger and Kuhn's Grundriss,
150
Georgia, 281, 449
Georgians, 177, 449
German version of Kalila and
Dimna, 350
Germany, 427
Geschichte der arabischen
Aerzte (Wüstenfeld), 477
Geschichte des Artachšír
(Nöldeke), 310
Ghada'iri of Ray (Persian
poet), 70, 116, 156-157
Abu'l-Ghana'im, 185-186, 300.
See Taju'l-Mulk
Ghanimi, Abu'l-Abbas —
(minister of Qabus), 104
Gharib-nama (by Sana'i), 318
Gharjistan, 49, 341
Ghayátu'l-'Arudiyyin (“the
Goal of Prosodists,” by
Bahrami of Sarakhs), 20,
156
Ghazali, Ahmad-i —, 256
-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mu-
hammad —, 176, 251, 293-
296, 299, 346, 354, 358, 367,
496
Ghazals, 18, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28,
29, 33, 41, 42, 44, 47, 116,
246, 318, 320, 365, 369, 390,
402, 412, 414, 525, 532, 533
Ghazan Khan, 440, 443, 444,
464
Abu'l-Ghazi Husayn, Sultan
—, 511
Ghazis, 264
Ghazna, 38, 70, 94, 97, 100,
102, 105, 107, 113, 115, 119,
124, 129, 130, 133, 137, 139,
140, 141, 153, 159, 160, 169,
172, 181, 227, 278, 281, 297,
298, 305, 306, 307, 317, 318,
319, 323, 327, 341, 344, 345,
349, 390, 399, 426, 429, 436,
446, 471, 472, 529
Ghaznawis, 1, 10, 15, 32, 38,
90-164, 167, 169, 172, 177,
181, 183, 230, 237, 281, 305,
310, 390, 436, 471, 472
-Ghazzi, 88
Ghiyathu'd-Din (brother of
Jalalu'd-Din Khwarazm-
shah), 449
Ghiyathu'd-Din Muhammad
b. Malikshah. See Mu-
hammad b. Malikshah
Ghiyathu'd-Din Muhammad
b. Sam of Ghur, 262, 455
Ghiyathu'd-Din Sulayman
Shah (Sanjar's nephew),
307
Ghulat (Extreme Shi'ites), 195
Ghuluww (exaggeration in
Rhetoric), 69
Ghur, 49, 305, 306, 307, 319,
336, 338, 426, 448, 455,
470
Ghur, Kings of —, 95, 107,
169, 298, 305, 306-310, 336,
381
Ghuraru Akhbari Muluki'l-
Furs (by Tha'alibi), 101
Ghuzz, 167, 169, 228, 297, 298,
304, 345, 348, 384-386, 389,
396, 510
“Giaour,” 524
Gibb, E. J. W. —, 19, 28, 50,
54, 63, 83, 406, 516
Gibb Memorial, 13, 46, 100,
186, 252, 327, 357, 435, 476,
480, 482, 488
Gilan, 90, 220, 277, 438
Gilanshah, 276
Gird-i-Kuh, 204, 316, 459
Giv, 129
Gladwin's Dissertations, 19,
23, 33, 54, 57, 73, 76, 83
Gnostic (= 'Arif), 267, 522
Gnostics, Christian —, 359
Gobineau, 499
de Goeje, 197
Gog and Magog (Yajuj wa
Majuj), 428
Goldziher, 290, 291, 293
Gotha, 244, 245, 288
Göttingen, 273, 482
Graf, 496
Granada, 483
“Great Khans” (of the
Mongols), 444, 445, 452
Greek language, 5, 350
Greeks, 6, 177, 178, 205, 244,
250, 278, 442, 469, 481
“Green Parrot” (= Indian
hemp or hashish), 205
Gregorious, 469. See Bar-
hebrœus
Gregory IX., Pope —, 451
“Grey Falcon,” 313
Gubos, 469
Guebre. See Zoroastrians
Gulistan (of Sa'di), 25, 68, 282,
525-532, 536, 537, 538
Gulistan (favourite of Sultan
Mahmud), 117
Gulpayagan, 471. See Jur-
badhaqan
Gulshan-i-Raz (“Rose-garden
of Mystery”), 521
Gumushtigin, 181
Gur Khan, 509
Gurgan, 97, 107, 112, 113, 169,
172, 227, 271, 274, 275, 281,
294, 325, 373
Gurganan (mis-reading for
Juzjan), 237
Guriz-gah, 30, 32, 73, 122, 155
Gusala-parast (“Calf-worship-
per,” Hindus so-called), 266
Gushtasp, 130, 280
Guyard, Stanislas —, 197, 210
Guzerat, 95, 529
Haarbrucker, 106, 362
Habib, Mirza —, 488
Habibu's-Siyar (by Khwand-
amir), 379
Habsiyyat (“Prison poems”),
324, 398
Hada'iqu's-Sihr (by Watwat),
20, 53, 80, 124, 330, 333, 346.
See also Gardens of Magic
Hadiqatu'l-Haqiqat (by
Sana'i), 305-306, 317-320, 403
Hadith (Traditions), 4, 275,
347, 512, 536
-Hafidh, Caliph —, 312
Hafidh of Shiraz, 27, 28, 76,
78, 205, 256, 259, 268, 320,
330, 399, 402, 525, 533, 536,
538, 539
Haft Iqlim (by Amin Ahmad-
i-Razi), 218, 263, 349, 369,
370, 381, 390
Haft Paykar (by Nidhami of
Ganja), 400, 402, 408-411
Haft Qulzum, 22, 23
Hair, Metaphors for —, 84
Ha'iy (or Huyayy) b. Qutayba,
133. See also Husayn b.
Qutayba
Ibnu'l Hajib, 487
Hajji Baba (Morier's), 52
Hajji Khalifa, 19, 244, 255,
326, 370, 400, 509
Hajw (Satire), 44, 81
-Hakim bi amri'llah (Fatimid
Caliph), 199
Hakim-i-Mawsili, 188
Halab. See Aleppo
Halat u Sukhanan, 269
Halle, 273
Ham (son of Noah), 228
Hama, or Hamat, 222, 471,
481, 502
Hamadan, 106, 107, 112, 117,
172, 181, 246, 260, 300, 311,
397, 421, 428, 445, 446, 459,
460, 461, 471
Hamasa, 87, 254, 353
Hamdu'llah Mustawfi of
Qazwin, 133, 370. See
Ta'rikh-i-Guzida
Hamduniyan, 402
Hamidiyya Mausoleum, 488
Hamidu'd-Din Abu Bakr of
Balkh (author of Maqamat),
299, 346-349, 382, 389, 390
Hamidu'd-Din -Jawhari, 343
Hamkar, Majdu'd-Din —
(Persian poet), 256
Von Hammer, 399
Hammer Purgstall, 435
Hamsha, Shaykh —, 260
Handhala of Badghis (Persian
poet), 2
Hanafite Sect, 194, 230, 355,
488
Abu Hanifa, 168, 182, 229, 230
Ibn Hanbal, 182
Hanbalite Sect, 134, 194
Hanuti, corruption of Kha-
tuni, q.v.
Haqa'iqi, 392. See Khaqani
-Hariri, 88, 94, 113, 299, 346,
347, 354, 359, 360, 362, 389
Harold, 450
Harran, 476
Harun b. Altuntash, 170
Harunu'r-Rashid, 2, 9, 10, 13,
87, 279, 281
Haruris, 230
Harut, 328
Hasan, Imam —, 136, 193,
281, 321
Hasan 'ala dhikrihi's -salam,
453-455
Hasan b. Ahmad, Abu'l
Qasim —. See 'Unsuri
Hasan, Dervish — (Turkish
translator of 'Utbi), 471
Hasan b. Firuzan, 277, 281
Hasan of Ghazna, Sayyid —
(Persian poet), 345
Hasan b. Ishaq b. Sharafshah
(Firdawsi's name), 139
Hasan of Mazandaran, 457
Hasan-i-Sabbah, 112, 169, 187,
189, 190, 191, 192, 193,
209-211; full name, 201;
204, 205, 206, 209, 210
Abu'l Hasan 'Ali b. Julugh.
See Farrukhi
Abu'l-Hasan — Bayhaqi, 254
Abu'l-Hasan Farahani, 369.
See Farahani
Abu'l-Hasan Khammar, 96,
97
Hasanawayh, House of —,
90
Hashish (Cannabis Indica,
or Indian hemp), 205, 207
Hashw (Pleonasm), 57
Hassan b. Thabit, 228, 389
Hatif of Isfahan (Persian
poet), 40
Hawra'iyya, Risala-i —, 262,
263
Haydar, 420. See 'Ali
Hayfa, 222
Hayy b. Yakdhan, 108
Hazaj (metre), 30, 35, 259, 275
Hazaliyyat (Facetiæ), 532
Hazarasp, 309, 332
Hazar Mazar (“Thousand
Shrines”), 490
Ibn Hazm, 362
Heber, Reginald —, 77
Hebrew translation of Kalila
and Dimna, 350
Heine, Heinrich —, 392
Heliogabalus, 532
Hellenism, 4
Hellenistic sentiment, 143
Hellenopolis, 476
Henry, Count of Champagne,
208
Herat, 22, 113, 123, 135, 140,
172, 177, 269, 273, 323, 337,
338, 341, 344, 382, 386, 439,
446, 480, 484
d'Herbelot, 370
Heron-Allen, E. —, 256, 257,
258, 259
Hibatu'llah b. Muhammad —
Ma'muni, 172
Hijaz, 5, 11, 223, 224, 490, 497,
528, 529
Hikamiyya (Philosophical
poetry), 44
Hikmatu'l-Ishraq (Suhra-
wardi), 497
Hilla, 125, 128, 302, 483
Hims (Emessa), 311
Himyarite, 200
Hindus, 102, 119, 230, 266,
347, 529
Hindustani, 411, 532
Hippocrates, 106, 281
Hira (or Hiri) Cemetery, 247
Hisham, Qadi —, 45
Ibn Hisham, 300
Histoire des Mongols, 427. See
d'Ohsson
History of the Mongols,
Howorth's —, 431, 434
History of Ottoman Poetry,
Gibb's —, 406. See Poetry,
Ottoman —
History of Philosophy in
Islam (de Boer's), 293
Holy Household, or Family,
235. See Ahlu'l-Bayt
Holy Land, 441
Hood, Tom —, 47
Hoopoe (Hudhud), 512
Horn, Dr. Paul —, 18, 273,
274, 326, 488
Houdas, 435, 449, 473, 474
Houris, 407
Houtsma, 166, 191, 192, 302,
303, 323, 326, 354, 360, 472
Howorth, Sir Henry —, 431,
434, 447
Huart, Clément —, 19, 83,
259, 523
Hujjat. See Proof
Hujjat, 200. Pen-name of
Nasir i-Khusraw, q.v.
Hujjatu'l-Islam, 293, 354.
See Ghazali
-Hujwiri, 'Ali b. 'Uthman
-Jullabi — (author of
Kashfu'l-Mahjub), 288
Hulagu Khan, 2, 12, 193, 207,
252, 434, 435, 442, 443, 444,
445, 446, 452, 453, 457, 458,
459, 460, 461, 463, 464, 465,
473, 485, 486 532
Huma (mythical bird), 513
Humayun-nama (Turkish
verse rendering of Kalila
and Dimna), 351
Humboldt, Wilhelm von —,
476
Hurmuzan, 279
Husamu'd Dawla Ardashir b.
Hasan, 413, 414, 416, 540
Husamu'd-Din Ardashir of
Mazandaran, 364
Husamu'd-Din Hasan —, 518
Husayn, Imam —, 70, 136,
193, 280, 281, 321, 357
Husayn b. 'Ali b. Mika'il, 96
Husayn Jahan-suz of Ghur,
107, 338
Husayn b. Mansur al-Hallaj,
499
Husayn b. Namawar, 454
Husayn b. Qutayba, 133
Husayn Wa'idh-i-Kashifa, 351
Abu'l-Husayn, Sayyid — of
Tabaristan, 93
Husn-i-Makhlas (“Apt tran-
sition”), 73
Husn-i-Maqta' (“Beauty of
Peroration”), 33, 76
Husn-i-Matla' (“Beauty of
Exordium”), 47
Husn-i-Talab (“Beauty of
Demand”), 33, 76
Husn-i-Ta'lil (“Poetical
ætiology”), 39, 74
Ibda' (figure in Rhetoric), 73
Iblis, 432
Ibrahim (father of 'Umar
Khayyam), 255
Ibrahim (Sultan of Ghazna),
181, 305, 306, 324
Ibrahim Adham, 229
Ibrahim b. Inal b. Seljuq,
172
Ibrahim Mu'ini (Tabari poet),
115
Ibnu'l-'Ibri, 458 See Barhe-
brœus
Ibriq, 260
Iconium, 414, 515. See
Qonya
'Id-i-Qiyamat, 454
Ighraq, 69-70, 156
Iham, 54, 61
Ihram (garment worn by
Pilgrims), 242
Ihya'u 'ulumi'd-Din (by
-Ghazali), 294, 346, 496
-Ikhtiyaratu'l-'Ala'iyya (work
on Astrology by Fakhru'd-
Din Razi), 484
Iksir-i-A'dham (by Nasir-i-
Khusraw), 244
Il-Khans, 441, 444, 452
Ilahi-nama (by Shaykh
'Abdu'llah Ansari), 270
Ilahi-nama (by Shaykh
Faridu'd-Din Attar), 507,
515
Ilak Khans (of Transoxiana),
335
Ildigiz (Atabek of Adhar-
bayjan), 401
Iligh b. Atsiz, 307
'Ilmu'l-Badayi', 20
Iltatmish, Shamsu'd-Din —,
448, 470, 478
Iltifat (figure in Rhetoric), 54
Ilyas (Elias), 401. See
Nidhami
'Imad-i-Zawzani — (Persian
poet), 99, 345
'Imadi (Persian poet), 334
'Imadu'd-Din (patron of
Dhahir of Faryab), 415
'Imadu'd-Din of Ghazna
(Persian poet), 344
'Imadu'd-Din Firuzshah
(governor of Balkh), 390
'Imadu'd-Din -Katib -Isfa-
hani, 87, 166, 472
“Imam-i-Shahid,” 357. See
-Ruyani
Imami, 390, 412
Imam's money, 198
Imams, 136, 193, 195, 197, 198,
201, 206, 231, 232, 234, 454,
457
Imperialism, 9
Improvisation, 37-39
Abu 'Imran Musa b. Maymun,
486. See Maimonides
'Imrani, Majdu'd-Din Abu'l-
Hasan —, 390
I'nat, 62
India, 10, 94, 95, 96, 102, 113,
119, 137, 159, 169, 170, 171,
205, 210, 227, 238, 264, 281,
329, 350, 353, 429, 447, 448,
460, 470, 478, 508, 524, 528,
532, 540
India Office Library, 244, 245,
273, 278, 478, 510, 525
Indians, 5, 8, 399
Indica (by -Biruni), 101, 102,
105
Indus, 426, 448
Ingoldsby Legends, 47, 54-55,
62, 66, 68, 77
Initiation, Isma'ili —, 198, 206
Intikhal (a kind of
plagiarism), 73
Iqan (“Assurance,” a Babi
controversial work), 89
Iqbal-nama (of Nidhami of
Ganja), 411
Iram, Garden of —, 151
Iranshah (Seljuq ruler of
Kirman), 304, 313
'Iraq, 92, 96, 172, 290, 301, 303,
340, 391, 397, 412, 413, 420,
428, 439, 456, 490, 524
'Iraqi, Fakhru'd-Din — (Per-
sian poet), 500, 506
Ireland, 483, 533
Irsalu'l-mathal (“proverbial
commission”), 63
'Isa b. Yahya (Christian
physician), 106
Isaac the Jew, 340
Isfahan, 38, 82, 100, 102, 106,
107, 114, 184, 186, 187, 202,
203, 204, 224, 225, 227, 251,
253, 299, 300, 301, 304, 311,
313, 314, 315, 316, 397, 398,
413, 415, 416, 420, 425, 449,
471, 480, 540, 541
Isfandiyar (legendary hero),
127
Ibn Isfandiyar (author of
History of Tabaristan),
45, 92, 93, 100, 103, 115, 123,
131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137,
138, 139, 158, 278, 357, 413,
457, 479-480, 489
Isfara'in, 446
Abu Ishaq (Bushaq of Shiraz,
the gastronomic poet), 82
Abu Ishaq -Sabi, 103. See
-Sabi
-Ishaqi, 461
'Ishq-nama (of Sana'i), 318
Ishtiqaq (“pseudo- etymo-
logy”), 58
Iskandar-nama (by Nidhami
of Ganja), 402, 403, 411.
See Sikandar-nama
Islam, adopted by Persians,
1, 4
Islam, Solidarity of —, 7
Isma'il (Persian engineer), 442
Isma'il, Malik —, 300
Isma'il, Shah — -i-Safawi), 11
Isma'il the Sufi, 106
Isma'il b. 'Abbad, -Sahib —,
88, 93, 94, 101, 102, 104, 112,
114, 158, 279, 280, 281
Isma'il b. Ja'far, Imam —,
194, 195, 197, 211
Isma'il b. Nuh -Samani, 117
Isma'il Warraq (father of
Azraqi), 135, 140, 323
Isma'ilis, 11, 104, 112, 140, 160,
161, 168, 169, 175, 187, 193,
195, 196, 199, 202, 204-211,
214, 215, 218, 220, 222, 227,
230, 231, 242, 244, 268, 274,
295, 298, 304, 310, 311, 409,
446, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457,
458, 473. See also Assassins,
Batinis, Carmathians, Sect
of the Seven, &c.
'Ismat of Bukhara (Persian
poet), 403
Ispahbad, 79, 90, 92, 135
Israel, Children of —, 428
Israel, Judges of —, 469
Israel, Kings of —, 469
Israfil, 523
Isra'il b. Seljuq, 167, 170
Isti'ara (trope or simile), 51
Italian translation of Kalila
and Dimna, 350
Ithna 'ashariyya, 11. See
Twelve, Sect of the —
I'timadu's-Saltana, 345
'Iyar-i-Danish (“Touchstone
of Wisdom,” by Abu'l-
Fadl), 351
'Izzu'd-Din ibnu'l-Athir al-
Jazari. See Ibnu'l-Athir
'Izzu'd-Din b. Fathu'd-Din,
461, 462
'Izzu'd-Din Karachi (Persian
poet), 257
'Izzu'd-Din Mas'ud I. (Atabek
of Mosul), 402
'Izzu'd-Din Yahya of Tabriz
(patron of Dhahir of Far-
yab), 415
'Izzu'd-Din Zanjani (gram-
marian), 487
Jabulqa, 227
Jabulsa, 227
Jacobites (Christian sect), 469
Ja'far, Amir —, son of the
Caliph -Muqtadi, 300
Ja'far, Baba —, 260
Ja'far, -Sadiq, Imam —, 194
Ja'farak (Malikshah's jester),
182
-Jaghmini (astronomer), 486
Jahan-Gusha, Ta'rikh-i —,
12, 193, 197, 211, 306, 307,
308, 310, 321, 434, 435, 439,
443, 447, 448, 451, 453, 460,
473, 483. See also Ju-
wayni, 'Ata Malik-i—
Jahan-Pahlawan. See Nus-
ratu'd Din Abu Bakr
Jahan-suz, 107, 306, 338. See
Husayn, 'Ala'u'd-Din of
Ghur
-Jahidh, 399
Jahiliyyat (Pagan days of
Arabs), 9, 84, 87
Ibn Jakina (poet), 361
Jalal, Prince — (author of
Nama-i-Khusrawan), 6
Jalal-i-Khwari (Persian poet),
483
Jalal-i-Tabib (Persian poet),
483
Jalali era, 181
Jalalu'd-Din (patron of Dha-
hiru'd-Din of Faryab), 415
Jalalu'd-Din Naw Musulman,
207, 455-456, 517
Jalalu'd-Din Mankoburni,
307, 434, 435, 438, 446, 447,
448-450, 456, 473-474, 540.
See also Khwarazmshahs,
second dynasty —
Jalalu'd-Din Rumi, 26, 110,
205, 250, 256, 263, 317, 319,
403, 443, 489, 493, 496, 500,
506, 511, 515-525. See also
Mathnawi-i-Ma'nawi
Jam' (rhetorical figure), 71
Jamal al-Qurashi (translator
into Persian of the Sahah),
487
Jamalabad (near Qazwin),
458
Jamalu'd-Din of Gilan (disci-
ple of Najmu'd-Din Kubra),
493
Jamalu'd-Din 'Abdu'r-Razzaq
(poet of Isfahan), 397, 540
Jamalu'd-Din Abu'l-Hasan
'Ali b. Yusuf -Shaybani
-Qifti. See Qadi'l-Akram
and -Qifti
Jamalu'd-Din Hasan (patron
of Dhahiru'd-Din of Far-
yab), 415
Jamalu'd-Din Qazwini (Per-
sian poet), 256
Jamalu'l-Mulk b. Nidhamu'l-
Mulk, 182, 185
Jami (Persian poet and
mystic), 26, 108, 146, 243,
262, 317, 323, 402, 438, 491,
492-493, 494, 495, 496, 497,
498, 500, 502, 503, 509, 510
Jami'-i-'Atiq (mosque at
Shiraz), 490
Jami'u't-Tawarikh, 192, 195,
197, 200, 201, 203, 204, 211,
252, 434, 435, 438, 447, 453,
491
Jamshid (legendary Persian
king), 228
Janahu'd-Dawla, 311
Jand, 177, 332, 437, 446
Abu'l-Jannab Ahmad b.
'Umar -Khiwaqi, 491. See
Najmu'd-Din Kubra
Jannati, of Nakhshab (Per-
sian poet), 343
Japan, 427
Jarid, 93, 115
Jarir (Arabic poet), 389
Jaru'llah (God's neighbour),
362
Jawab (parody), 81, 82
-Jawaliqi, 299, 354
Jawami'u'l-Hikayat (by
'Awfi), 316, 477, 478
Jawhar (courtier of Sanjar),
312
-Jawhari (author of Arabic
Lexicon), 487
Jawhari of Herat (Persian
poet), 344
Ibnu'l-Jawzi, Sharafu'd-Din
'Abdu'llah —, 461, 462
Ibnu'l-Jawzi, Shamsu'd-Din
Abu'l-Faraj —, 528
Jaziratu'bni 'Umar (near
Mosul), 468
Jerusalem, 222, 291, 428, 484
Jerusalem, Titular King of —,
208, 476
Jesuits, 196
Jesus, 197. See also Christ
Jews, 214, 230, 321, 340, 358,
359, 468, 486, 524, 529
Jinas. See Tajnis
Jinn, 218, 234
Jirjis b. Abi'l-Yasir b. Abi'l-
Makarim al-Makin b. al-
'Amid (historlan), 471
John of Capua, 350, 353
Jones, Sir William —, 146,
478
Joseph, 535. See Yusuf
Joshua, 228
Ibn Jubayr (traveller), 483,
484
Judges of Israel, 469
Judi (Indian prince), 448
Julugh (father of the poet
Farrukhi), 124
Jupara (district of Isfahan),
541
Jurbadhaqan (= Gulpayagan),
471
Jurjan, 113. See Gurgan
Jurjaniyya (= Urganj, q.v.),
446
Juwayni, Abu'l-Ma'ali —, 174
Juwayni, Ata Malik —, 193,
306, 307, 308, 331, 332, 333,
358, 434-439, 443, 453, 458,
459 460, 473, 483. See also
Ala'u'd-Din, 'Ata Malik and
Jahan-gusha, Ta'rikh-i- —
Juwayni, Baha'u'd-Din. See
under Baha'u'd-Din
Ju-yi Muliyan, 15
Juynboll, 482
Juzjanan, 221, 237, 240
Ka'ba, 83, 151, 270, 412
Kabab (“Kabob”), 121
Kabir b. Uways b. Muham-
mad -Latifi (translator of
Ibn Khallikan's Biogra-
phies), 475
Kafi b. 'Uthman (uncle of
Khaqani), 392
-Kafiya (by Ibnu'l-Hajib),
487
-Kahf, Suratu'l (“Chapter of
the Cave,” in the Qur'an),
522
Kakuya (Buwayhid), 107
Kakwayhids, 36, 107
Kalam-i-Jami' (figure in
Rhetoric), 72
Kalanjar (fortress in India),
170
Kalila and Dimna, 18, 274,
299, 346, 349-353
Kamalu'd-Din Abu'r-Rida
(minister of Malikshah),
186
Kamalu'd-Din b. Arslan Khan
Mahmud (Governor of
Jand), 332
Kamalu'd-Din Isma'il, called
“Khallaqu'l-Ma'ani,” 82,
171, 256, 389, 540-542
Kamalu'd-Din Muhammad
(son of Ibnu'l-Farid), 502,
503
“Kambalu” (= Khan Ba-
ligh), 452
-Kamil, -Ta'rikh —, 468, 474.
See Ibnu'l-Athir
Kamilu's-Sana'at (by 'Ali b.
'Abbas -Majusi), 114
Kanzu'l-Haqa'iq (by Nasir-i-
Khusraw), 244
Kanzu'l-Qafiya (by Bahrami
of Sarakhs), 20, 156
Kar-nama (by Sana'i), 318
Karaj, or Karach (near
Hamadan), 181, 300
Kardawan, 446
Kardizi (author of Zaynu'l-
Akhbar), 288
Kashan, 217, 360, 370, 445,
446
Kashfu'l-Mahjub (by -Huj-
wiri), 288
Kashghar, 183, 428, 527, 529
Kashmir (Cashmere), 95, 329,
422
-Kashshaf (by -Zamakhshari),
354, 362
Kay-Ka'us (grandson of Qa-
bus b. Washmgir, and
Ruler of Tabaristan), 88,
276, 287
Kay-Ka'us b. Qubad, brother
of Nushirwan, 277
Kay-Khusraw (Kiyani), 341
Kazimirski, 13, 30, 153, 154
Keith-Falconer, 350
Kemal Bey, 88
Keraites (Christian Mongol
tribe), 441
Kerbela, Battle of, 229, 357
Kesh, 453, 458
Khabithat (Sa'di's mock
homilies), 532
Khabur, 182
Khabushan, 446
Khafif (metre), 63
Khalaf, Amir —, 124
Khalanjan, 204, 316
Ibn Khaldun, 86, 87, 89
Abu Khalid. See Anushirwan
b. Khalid
Khalid b. Anushirwan, 299;
but the text should read
Anushirwan b. Khalid, q.v.
Khalid b. -Rabi' (poet), 381
Khalifatu'z - Zamakhshari
(name given to -Mutarrizi),
487
Khalil b. Ahmad, 152
Khalladkhan (fortress of the
Assassins), 316
Khallaqu'l-Ma'ani, 540-542.
See Kamalu'd-Din Isma'il
Ibn Khallikan, 99, 101, 102,
103, 106, 110, 255, 431, 468,
474-475, 496, 501, 502, 503
Khammar. See Abu'l-Hasan
Khamriyyat (wine-poems), 46
Khamsa (of Nidhami), 26,
400, 402, 403
Khan, 30, 441
Khan Baligh (= Pekin), 452
Khanates of Central Asia, 447
Khanates of Crimea, 447
Khanikof, 81, 391, 393, 394,
395, 397, 398, 399
Khaqan, 113, 387
Khaqani (Persian poet), 81,
82, 84, 256, 333, 342, 345,
364, 385, 391-399, 402, 409,
413, 414, 424, 425, 483, 540
Khar - nama (“Book of
Asses,” ascribed to An-
wari), 382
Kharabat (of Ziya Bey), 29,
47, 99, 110
Kharijites (Khawarij), 9
Khass-Beg, 288
Khata, 123, 307, 527. See
also Khita
Ibnu'l-Khatib, 481
Ibn Khatib of Ganja, 345
Khatlan, 177, 227, 384
Khatt u Khattatan (by Mirza
Habib), 488
Khatun, 177
Khatun Safariyya, 167, 177
-Khatuni. See Abu Tahir
Khawaran, 227, 261, 364, 366,
370
Khawari, 366 (= Anwari, q.v.)
Khawarnaq, 409
Khawatim (of Sa'di), 532, 534,
537, 538
Khayfa, 67
Khayratun Hisanun (by the
I'timadu's-Sultana), 345
Khidr, 419, 498
Khidr Khan, 335, 336
Khidr, Mt. —, 260
Khirad-nama (of Nidhami of
Ganja), 411
Khirqa, 493
Khita, 331. See also Khata
(Cathay)
Khiva, 10, 100, 101, 102, 298,
307, 331, 362, 426, 447, 491.
See also Khwarazm
Khizaniyya (“Autumn
poems”), 44
“Khojas,” Sect of the —, 460
Khuda-banda. See Uljaytu
Khujand, 437
Khujand, Sadr-i- —, 413, 415,
540
Khujista-nama (by Bahrami
of Sarakhs), 115, 116, 156
Khulasatu'l-Ash'ar (of Taqi
Khan of Kashan), 218, 370
Khur (Castle of Assassins),
204, 316
Khurasan, 9, 10, 91, 92, 95, 96,
100, 113, 121, 124, 138, 139,
161, 168, 169, 171, 172, 176,
200, 201, 221, 222, 225-226,
227, 230, 231, 237, 245, 253,
275, 288, 294, 297, 301, 302,
303, 334, 340, 362, 364, 372,
382, 387, 389, 394, 396, 413,
428, 431, 438, 439, 442, 445,
473, 476, 478, 481, 489, 493,
511, 524
Khurram-dinan, Khurramis,
215, 216
Khurshid b. Abu'l-Qasim of
Mamtir (Tabari poet), 93,
115
Khusaf (Castle of Assassins),
204, 316
Khusraw, Amir — of Dihli
(Indian poet), 540
Khusraw and Shirin (of
Nidhami of Ganja), 400,
401, 404-406, 418. See also
Khamsa
Khusraw-nama (of 'Attar),
507
Khusraw Parwiz (Sasanian
King), 91, 404, 405
Khusrawani (Persian poet),
147
Khusrawi (Persian poet), 93-
94
Khusrawshah (of Ghazna),
306
Khutan, 422
Khutba, 171, 172, 308, 389, 454
Khuzistan, 203, 204, 316, 426
Khwaf, 458
Khwaja-i-Jahan, 390
Khwajas or Khojas, Sect of
the —, 460
Khwarazm, 10, 96, 101, 102,
105, 107, 170, 174, 237, 298,
307, 308, 309, 331, 332, 333,
362, 396, 409, 426, 435, 436,
438, 448, 455, 480, 484, 486,
489, 491, 492, 494, 510. See
also Khiva
Khwarazmshahs (first dy-
nasty), 96, 100, 101, 102, 107,
230, 237
Khwarazmshahs (second
and more famous dynasty),
181, 298, 303, 310, 330, 331,
346, 396, 414, 426-450, 455,
470, 473, 494, 509, 540
Kiev, 450
Kimiya-yi-Sa'adat (by -Gha-
zali), 295, 346
“King of the East,” 414
“King of the East and
West,” 173
“King of the Mountains,”
298, 338
Kiramis, Sect of the —, 230
Kirkpatrick, Capt. William
—, 372, 384, 386
Kirman, 166, 172, 175, 177,
179, 180, 181, 188, 203, 298,
304, 313, 323, 429, 449, 460,
490, 509
Kirmanshah, 305, 405
Kisa'i (Persian poet), 116, 157,
158, 160-164, 228
Kish, Island of —, 481
Kitab-i-Asrar (Ansari), 270
Kitab-i-Mahbub (by Sa'du'd-
Din -Hamawi), 495
Kitabu'l-Abniya 'an haqa'-
iqi'l-Adwiya (by Abu Man-
sur Muwaffaq b. 'Ali of
Herat), 273
Kitabu'l-Amkina wa'l-Jibal
wa'l-Miyah (geographical
dictionary by -Zamakh-
shari), 362
Kitabu'l-Bad' wa't-Ta'rikh, 523
Kitabu'l-Istifa (by Sharafu'l-
Mulk), 116
Kitabu'l-Majmu'i'l-Mubarak
(by al-Makin), 471
Kitabu'l-Mathali's-Sa'ir (by
Diya'u'd-Din b. -Athir), 487
Kitabu'l-Milal wa'n Nihal
(-Shahristani), 106, 299, 354
Korah (Qarun), 33
von Kremer, 22, 290, 292, 293,
359, 482
Kubla Khan, 452. See Qubi-
lay
Kufa, 200, 201, 475, 508
Kufriyyat (blasphemous
poems), 46, 242-243
Kuhistan, 446
Kuhyari of Tabaristan (Per-
sian poet), 344
Kulthum b. 'Umar -'Attabi, 87
Kundur, 175
-Kunduri, Muhammad b.
Mansur —, 172, 173-175
Kurdistan, 90
Kurds, 401, 446, 447, 450, 474
Kuthayyir (Arabic poet), 269
Kuyuk (Mongol Khan), 444,
451, 452
Labbik, 242
Labibi (Persian poet), 157
Lahore, 390
Lahsa, 224
Lakiz, country of the —, 429
Laklak, Qasida-i- — (“Stork
qasida,” by 'Ali Shatranji),
343
Lala (= anemone), 329
Lala Sharafu'd-Din of Samar-
qand (father-in-law of
Jalalu'd-Din Rumi), 515
“Lalla Rookh” (Moore's),
329
Lama'at (of 'Iraqi), 500
“Lament of Baba Tahir,” 259
Lami'i (Turkish poet), 276
Lami'i of Bukhara (Persian
poet), 343
Lamiyyatu'l - 'Ajam (by
-Tughra'i), 299, 354
Lamsar, 454, 459
Lan, Country of the —, 429
Lands of the Eastern Cali-
phate (by Le Strange), 541
Lane-Poole, Prof. S. — (Mu-
hammadan Dynasties), 36,
90, 165-166, 444, 447
Larinda, 515
Lasiqs (“Adherents” of the
Assassins), 206
-Lata'if wa'dh-Dhara'if (by
-Tha'alibi), 101
Lata'ifu'l-Bayan (by Shaykh
Ruzbihan), 490
Lata'ifu'l-Ma'arif (by -Tha'-
alibi), 101
Latakia, 183
Latin, 5, 350, 485
Layla, 534
Layla and Majnun (by
Nidhami of Ganja), 400,
401, 406-408
Laylatu'l-Qadr (“Night of
Worth”), 150
Leipzig, 362
Le Strange, G. —, 361, 541
Leyden, 244, 245, 256, 276, 330,
360, 468, 471, 482, 483
“Like loose” (or “Omoio-
teleton”), 22
“Limericks,” 258
Lippert, Julius —, 250, 475,
476, 477
Lisanu'l-Ghayb (by 'Attar),
508, 509
List of Shi'ite Books (by
-Tusi), 355
Literary History of Persia
vol. i. (by E. G. Browne).
See Prolegomena
Liyalis (Sect of the —), 230
“Locksley Hall” (by Tenny-
son), 26
Longfellow, H. W. —, 452
463
“Look at the Clock” (from
Ingoldsby Legends), 54
“Loose,” “Mongol —” (in
archery), 171, 541
Lot, 150
“Lovers' Companion” (Ani-
su'l-'Ushshaq, by Sharafu'd-
Din Rami), 83
Lubabu'l-Albab (by Muham-
mad 'Awfi), 13, 93, 94, 116,
117, 131, 132, 147, 249, 271,
272, 310, 318, 327, 328, 333,
334
Lucknow, 257, 378, 396, 397,
412
Lughat-i-Furs (by Asadi,
edited by Paul Horn), 18,
273-274, 326, 343, 355, 357,
365, 370, 373, 375, 381, 398,
412, 424, 475, 477-479, 508,
539
Lughaz (Enigma), 45, 64, 65
Lutf 'Ali Beg (author of
Atash-kada), 218, 369, 402
Luther, Martin —, 77
Luzumiyyat (by Abu'l-'Ala
-Ma'arri), 292
Luzumu ma la yalzam
(= Luzumiyyat), 62, 292
Abu'l-Ma'ali (bookseller of
Herat, who sheltered Fir-
dawsi), 140
Abu'l-Ma'ali (poet of Ray), 344
Abu'l-Ma'ali -Juwayni, 174
Abu'l-Ma'ali Muhammad
'Ubaydu'llah (author of
Bayanu'l-Adyan), 288
Abu'l-Ma'ali Nahhas (poet),
186
Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasru'llah (trans-
lator into Persian of Kalila
and Dimna), 346, 349
Abu'l-Ma'ali Sadidu'l-Mulk,
186
Ma'alimu't-Tanzil (com-
mentary on Qur'an by
-Farra -Baghawi), 354
Ma'arratu'n - Nu'man, 222,
289, 290
-Ma'arri, Abu'l-'Ala — (poet,
pessimist and philosopher),
88, 222, 289-293, 354
Macan, Turner — (editor of
Shahnama), 131, 136, 144,
273
Macaronic Verse, 44, 45, 46
Macaronicorum Poema (of
Merlinus Coccaius), 46
Madh-i-muwajjah (“Implied
Praise”), 52
Madhharu'l-l-'Aja'ib (by
'Attar), 494, 508, 510
Madiha (Panegyric), 44, 122,
155
-Mafarrukhi(author of history
of Isfahan), 114
Mafatihu'l-'Ulum, 6, 114
Mafriyan (Catholicus), 469
Maghrib, 45, 290, 486
Maghribi (Persian poet and
mystic), 256
Magian, 114. See Zoroastrians
Mah-Malik (sister of Malik-
shah and wife of Caliph),
300, 303
Mahdi, Imam —, 194, 197
Mahdiyya, City of —, in N.
Africa, 217
Mahmud of Ghazna, 10, 38,
70, 79, 81, 90-164 passim,
especially 95, 116 (his verse),
117-118 (his character), 118-
119, 123, 152, 156, 157, 159,
160, 161, 163; 167, 169, 170,
171, 202, 230, 237, 277, 278,
280, 281, 306, 323, 347, 471
Mahmud, Sultan Shah —,
grandson of Atsiz, 331
Mahmud b. Malikshah, 182,
185, 192, 299, 300, 301, 361
Mahmud b. Muhammad b.
Malikshah, 191, 302
Mahmudiyan (the great poets
of Sultan Mahmud's court),
347
Mahna, 261, 366, 367
Mahomet, 207, 208. See
Muhammad the Prophet
Mahsati (Persian poetess),
344, 503
Maimonides, 486
Majalisu'l-Mu'minin (bio-
graphies of eminent Shi'ites,
by Sayyid Nuru'llah Shush-
tari), 159, 378, 486, 506
Abu'l-Majd Majdud b. Adam,
317. See Sana'i
Majdu'd-Dawla Abu Talib
Rustam, 141, 278, 280. See
Abu Talib Rustam
Majdu'd-Din b. -Athir
(traditionist and theologian),
487
Majdu'd-Din -Baghdadi
(disciple of Najmu'd-Din
Kubra), 493, 494, 495, 508, 510
Majdu'd-Din Hamkar (Per-
sian poet), 256, 390, 412
Majdu'd-Din Abu'l Hasan
'Imrani (called Khwaja-i-
Jahan), 390
Majdu'd-Din Muhammad b.
'Ali Ash'ath (patron of
Dhahir of Faryab), 415
Majdu'l-Mulk Abu'l Fadl
-Qumi, 186, 213, 300, 301,
313, 327
Majma'u'l-Fusaha (by Rida-
quli Khan), 326, 328, 356, 479,
486
Majnun, 406, 407, 534
-Majusi (Magian), 114. See
also Zoroastrians
Makhzanu'l-Asrar (by Ni-
dhami of Ganja), 400, 401,
403, 404
-Makin (historian), 471
Malaga, 487
Malahida, 196, 205, 220, 244,
298, 358. See Assassins,
Mulhid
Malahida, Assassins when
first so named, 454
Malatiyya, 469, 515
Malays, 5
Malazgird, 177
Malik, Title of —, 90
Malik, Imam —, 229
-Malik -Ashraf, 476
-Malik -'Aziz, 476
-Malik -Dhahir, 446, 497. See
Baybars
-Malik -Nasir, 446
-Malik -Rahim, 170, 172
Malik Shamsu'd-Din, 256
Maliki Sect, 194, 230
Malikshah, 10, 35, 137, 165-167,
168, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182,
183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189,
190, 209, 213, 214, 252, 255,
297, 298, 299, 300, 307, 314,
324, 327, 426
Malikshah II, 302
Malta, 199
Mamelukes, or Mamluks (of
Egypt), 446
Mamtir, 93, 115
-Ma'mun, the Caliph —, 2, 10,
13, 280, 281
Ma'mun b. Ma'mun Khwa-
razmshah, 96, 97, 100, 101,
102, 107
Manaqibu'l-'Arifin (by
-Aflaki), 517
Manaqibu'sh-Shu'ara (by
Abu Tahir -Khatuni), 184,
327
Manazilu's-Sa'irin (by
'Abdu'llah Ansari), 270
Manchester, 478
Ibn Manda (author of History
of Isfahan), 299
Manes (founder of Mani-
chæan sect), 8
Mangu (great Khan of Mon-
gols), 444, 445, 452, 453, 459
Manichæans, 230, 295, 329
-Manini (author of com-
mentary on the Kitabu'l-
Yamini by -Utbi, q.v.), 99
Manjik (Persian poet), 222, 271
Mankoburni. See Jalalu'd-
Din
Manshuri (Persian poet), 157
Abu Mansur b. 'Abdu'r-
Razzaq (governor of Tus,
A.D. 957-8), 141
Mansur b. 'Ali of Ray
(Persian poet, called
Mantiqi), 93
Abu Mansur -Ma'mari (com-
piler of earliest Persian
version of Shahnama, q.v.),
141
Abu Mansur Muwaffaq(author
of Pharmacology), 115, 273
Abu Mansur -Tha'alibi, 100.
See Tha'alibi
Mansuri (Persian poet), 116
Mansuriyya College of Tus,
366
Mantiqi (Persian poet), 93
Mantiqu'l-Asrar (by Shaykh
Ruzbihan), 490
Mantiqu't-Tayr (by Shaykh
Faridu'd-Din 'Attar), 259,
507, 510, 511-515
Maqamat (of Badi'u'z-Zaman
-Hamadhani), 22, 87, 94,
112, 346, 347, 359
Maqamat (of Hamidu'd-Din),
299, 346-349, 390
Maqamat (of Hariri), 94, 113,
299, 346, 347, 354, 359, 360,
362
Maqlub (Anagram), 59-60
-Maqqari (author of Nafhu't-
Tib), 498
-Maqrizi, 436
Maqta' (peroration of qasida),
27
-Maqtul, -Shaykh —, 497. See
Shihabu'd-Din Yahya b.
Habsh -Suhrawardi
Maragha, 304, 446, 469, 484,
485
Marasidu'l-Ittila' (by Yaqut),
482
Marco Polo, 206-208, 442, 447,
460
Margoliouth, Professor D. S.
—, 13, 292, 293, 476, 482
Marino Sanuto, 208
Marju's-Safar, Battle of —,
446
Marthiya (death elegy), 29,
44, 532
Ma'ruf -Karkhi (Sufi saint),
182
Maryne, 75
Marzuban (“Warden of the
Marches”), 91
Marzuban b. Rustam b.
Sharwin, 277, 489
Marzuban-nama, 93, 115, 489
Mashhad, 153
Mashrabu'l-Arwah (by
Shaykh Ruzbihan), 490
Masihi. See Abu Sahl
Maskh (a variety of plagi-
arism), 73
Masmudi (troops), 223
Mastamard, 115. See
Diwarwaz
“Master Sayyid” (nickname
for Cannabis Indica or
hashish), 205
Ma'sud, Sultan — the Seljuq,
304, 354
Mas'ud II of Ghazna, 183
Mas'ud III b. Ibrahim of
Ghazna, 305
Mas'ud b. Mahmud of Ghazna,
32, 102, 134, 169, 171, 272,
279, 280, 281, 306
Mas'ud-i-Sa'd-i-Salman (Per-
sian poet), 298, 324-326, 373
Masyath (Assassin stronghold
in Syria), 316
Mathalib (lampoons or pas-
quinades), 81
Mathnawi poems, 17, 18, 23,
25, 26, 29, 44, 317, 318, 337,
391, 399, 400, 402, 414, 510
Mathnawi-i-Ma'nawi (the
great Mystical Mathnawi
of Jalalu'd-Din Rumi), 26
110, 319, 403, 506, 511, 515,
517, 518, 519, 522-523
Matla (exordium or opening
verse of a poem), 25, 27, 41
Matla'-i-Dhu'l-Qafiyatayn,
(double-rhymed matla'), 66
“Maud” (Tennyson's), 269
Mawaliyat (of Ibnu'l-Farid),
503
-Mawardi, Abu'l Hasan 'Ali
—, 289
Mawdud (falls victim to
Assassins), 311
Mawdud b. Mas'ud b. Mah-
mud (of Ghazna), 102, 169,
172
Mawsil (Mosoul), 173, 182, 203,
402, 431, 460, 461, 468, 469,
481, 497
May, 68, 69
-Maydani (compiler of col-
lection of Arabic proverbs),
299, 354
-Maymandi. See Ahmad b.
Hasan —
Maymun-Dizh (Assassin
stronghold near Isfahan),
458, 485
Maymun b. Najib -Wasiti
(astronomer), 181
Mayyafariqin, 203, 222
Mazandaran, 90, 204, 225-226,
227, 316, 364, 413, 414, 416,
438, 480, 540
Mazdak (Persian heresiarch
of sixth century), 9, 214
Mecca, 79, 83, 122, 177, 181,
199, 200, 221, 222, 238, 240,
241, 242, 281, 294, 358, 362,
391, 394, 397, 455, 476, 484,
502, 508, 515
Medina (al-Madina or Madi-
natu'n-Nabi, called in
ancient times Yathrib),
177, 199, 358, 397, 504
Mediterranean, 165, 166, 183
Mémoire (Abel Remusat's),
441
Mémoire sur Khacani (Khani-
kof's), 391, 397, 398, 399
Mercury (planet), 48
Merlinus Coccaius (author of
theMacaronicorum Poema),
46
Merv, 13, 123, 139, 157, 162,
167, 171, 172, 173, 175, 180,
182, 185, 221, 224, 225, 247,
301, 304, 307, 308, 331, 332,
334, 340, 344, 366, 367, 373,
382, 385, 386, 431, 439, 446,
481
Mesopotamia, 10, 165, 428, 444
Metempsychosis, 254
Methuen, Messrs. —, 249, 255
Mevlevi (so-called “Dan-
cing”) Dervishes, 518
Mihrab, 83, 122
Mihrijan (Mihrajan), 49, 50
Mihyar (converted Zoro-
astrian who wrote Arabic
verse), 113, 114
Mika'il b. Seljuq, 167
Mikali, Abu'l-Fadl — (patron
of -Tha'alibi), 101
Milton, 319
Minhaj-i-Siraj (author of
Tabaqat-i-Nasiri), 459, 470,
478
Minuchihr b. Qabus b.
Washmgir (entitled Fala-
ku'l-Ma'ali, Prince of Taba-
ristan, 104, 156
Minuchihr, Shamsu'd-Din
Ahmad — (Persian poet),
154
Minuchihr Shirwanshah, 392
Minuchihri (Persian poet),
13, 30 et seqq., 41, 42, 116,
120, 153-156
Miratu'l-Alam (by Muham-
mad Bakhtawar Khan), 370
Miratu'l-Khayal (by Shir
Khan Ludi), 369, 370
Miratu'z-Zaman (by -Yafi'i),
492
Mirsadu'l-'Ibad (by Najmu'd-
Din Daya), 249, 495
Ibn Miskawayhi, 114
Misra' (half verse), 24, 25, 27
Mithra, Month of —, 50
Mohl, Jules —, 130, 131
Mongol Invasion, 2, 9, 11, 12,
13, 82, 166, 193, 297, 355, 382,
426-466, 470, 476, 480, 481,
491, 542
Mongol language, 441
Mongolia, 438, 451, 452
“Mongolian Loose” (in
archery), 171, 541
Mongols, 2, 9, 17, 89, 92, 171,
193, 207, 210, 252, 307, 349,
382, 426-466, 473, 476, 480,
485, 489, 491, 509, 510, 511,
532, 533, 541, 542
Montferrat, Conrad, Marquis
of —, 209
Montgomery, Robert —, 319
Mookerjee, Biography of
Honble. Chief Justice —,
353
Moore, Thomas — (Irish
poet), 329
Moors, 41, 432
Mordtmann, 6
Morgan's Macaronic Verse
44, 47, 53, 59, 60
Morocco, 9, 199, 202, 205, 290
Moscow, 450
Moses, 127, 150, 197, 228
Mosoul. See Mawsil
“Most Great Name,” 498
-Mu'ajjam fi Ma'ayiri Ash'ari
'l-'Ajam, 18, 20, 186, 327
-Mu'allaqat, 18, 142, 349, 353,
354
Mu'amma (enigma), 45, 68
-Mu'arrab (of -Jawaliqi), 354
Mu'ashshar (“tensome”), 23,
25
Mu'awiya (Umayyad Caliph),
280, 281
Abu'l-Mu'ayyad of Balkh
(Persian poet), 146, 277
-Mu'ayyad b. Yusuf -Salahi
(Arabic poet), 492
Mu'ayyada of Aba, 304, 385,
416
Mu'ayyidu'd-Din, Muham-
mad—. See Ibnu'l-'Alqami
Mu'ayyidu'l-Mulk b. Ni-
dhamu'l-Mulk, 301, 302, 312
Mubad (Zoroastrian priest),
275
Mubalagha (exaggeration), 69
Mubhij (of -Tha'alibi), 101
Mudar, Language of —, 86
Mudhaffar, Abu'l-Fath—. See
'Amidu'd-Din
Abu'l-Mudhaffar of Chag-
haniyan, Amir —, 124, 125,
127, 128
Abu'l-Mudhaffar-i-Isfizari, 181
247
Abu'l-Mudhaffar Nasr of
Ghazna. See Nasr
“Mudhaffariyya” (Fest-
schrift compiled by Baron
Victor Rosen's pupils), 109,
248, 249
Mudhaffaru'd-Din Muham-
mad b. Ildigiz, Atabek —,
416
Mudhaffaru'd-Din Shah
Qajar, 181
Mudharaffu'd-Din Uzbe,
Atabek —, 455
Mufassal (of -Zamakhshari),
362
Mufti of Egypt, Grand — (the
late Shaykh Muhammad
'Abduh), 363
Muhaddithun (professional
story-tellers), 99
-Muhallab, 280
Muhammad (the Prophet), 4,
9, 21, 30, 33, 79, 100, 104,
116, 136, 150, 168, 172, 176,
186, 193, 194, 195, 207, 216,
225-226, 279, 285, 296, 325,
358, 359, 421, 477, 491, 508
Muhammad, Mirza — b. 'Abdu'l-
Wahhab of Qazwin, 13,
324, 365, 494, 507, 508, 509
Muhammad (son of Nidhami of
Ganja), 401
Muhammad 'Abduh, Shaykh —, 363
Muhammad b. 'Abdu'l - Jalil - 'Umari,
330. See Rashid-i-Watwat
Muhammad 'Akkaf, Shaykh — (mur-
dered by the Ghuzz at
Nishapur), 385
Muhammad b. 'Ali (= Suzani, q.v.),
442
Muhammad b. 'Ali Ash'ath (patron
of Dhahir of Faryab), 415
Muhammad b. 'Ali -Raqqam (author
of Preface of Sana'i's
Hadiqa), 317
Muhammad b. 'Ali of Sarakhs, Abu
Bakr —, surnamed “Khus-
rawi” (Persian poet), 93-94
Muhammad b. -'Alqami. See Ibnu'l-
'Alqami
Muhammad b. Arslanshah, Mughi-
thu'd-Din — (Seljuq of
Kirman), 304
Muhammad Bakhtawar Khan(author
of the Miratu'l-'Alam), 370
Muhammad b. Abu Bakr Ibrahim b.
Mustafa b. Sha'ban =
Faridu'd-Din 'Attar, q.v.
Muhammad b. Buzurg-Ummid, 311,
453
Muhammad b. Da'ud-'Alawi of Shada-
bad (author of commentary
on Anwari's poems), 391
Muhammad b. Fakhru'l Mulk (patron
of Dhahir of Faryab), 415
Muhammad b. Hasan 'ala dhikrihi's-
salam, 454, 455
Muhammad b. Hasan b. Isfandiyar.
See Ibn Isfandiyar
Muhammad b. Husayn -Khatibi
-Bakri, 511. See Baha'u'd-
Din Walad
Muhammad b. Ibrahim
(author of a History of the
Seljuqs of Kirman), 323
Muhammad b. Ildigiz, Atabek Mud-
haffaru'd-Din — of Adhar-
bayjan, 401, 416
Muhammad b. Isma'il, how regarded
by Isma'ilis, 197
Muhammad -Juwayni, Shamsu'd-Din
— (prime minister of
Hulagu Khan), 532
Muhammad Kadhim-Tabataba'i, 349
Muhammad Khwarazmshah, 'Ala'u'd-
Din —, or Qutbu'd-Din —,
426, 430, 432, 435, 436, 437,
438, 447, 455, 484, 492, 515,
527, 540
Muhammad Maghribi (copyist of
Nidhamu'l-Mulk's Siyasat-
nama), 213
Muhammad b. Mahmud (of Ghazna),
169
Muhammad b. Malikshah, 247, 299,
301, 302, 312, 316, 326
Muhammad b. Mansur -Kunduri, 172
Muhammad b. -Mudhaffar, Sadru'd-
Din —, 247
Muhammad b. -Munawwar of May-
hana (great-great-grandson
of Abu Sa'id b. Abi'l-Khayr),
262
Muhammad -Nasawi, Shihabu'd-Din
— (author of Biography of
Jalalu'd-Din Khwarazm-
shah), 434, 446, 448, 449
Muhammad b. Sam, King of Ghur, 262
Muhammad b. Sharafu'd-Dawla
(brother-in-law of Malik-
shah), 182
Muhammad Shirazi, Mirza — (Bom-
bay), 498
Muhammad b. Sulayman (Prince of
Samarqand), 386
Muhammad Tughluq(Sultan of Dihli),
488
Muhammad (-i-) 'Ubaydu'llah, Abu'l-
Ma'ali — (author of
Bayanu'l-Adyan), 288
Muhammad b. Yahya (murdered by
the Ghuzz in Nishapur), 385,
396
Muhammad b. Zakariyya -Razi (the
physician), 279
Abu Muhammad Ilyas Ni-
dhamu'd-Din. See Ni-
dhami
Abu Muhammad b. Khash-
shab, 361
Muhiyyu'd-Din (Mufti), 423
Muhiyyu'd-Din b. -'Arabi.
See Ibnu'l-'Arabi
Muhtamalu'l-wajhayn (ambi-
guous verse, susceptible of
two opposite interpreta-
tions), 52
Mu'inu'd-Din Abu'l-Qasim
Junayd (author of the
Shaddu'l-Azar), 490
Mu'inu'd-Din Parwana of
Rum, 519
Mu'inu'l-Mulk (wazir of
Sanjar), 312
Mu'izzi (poet-laureate of
Sanjar), 35, 137, 189, 272,
298, 303, 308, 323, 327-330,
337, 366, 379, 380, 385, 389,
399
Mu'izzu'd-Din = Sanjar, q.v.
Mujahidu'd-Din Aybak
(-Dawidar -Saghir, com-
mander of -Musta'sim's
army), 461
Mu'jamu'l-Buldan of Yaqut,
431, 481-482
Mu'jamu'l-Udaba (of Yaqut),
476, 482
Mujarrad (rhetorical figure),
67
Mujiru'd-Din of Baylaqan
(Persian poet), 397, 413, 425,
483, 540
Mujmal of Ahmad b. Muham-
mad b. Yahya Fasih, 370,
381
Mukarrar (rhetorical figure),
75
Mukhammas (“fivesome”),
23, 39, 42, 43, 271
Mukhtar (the avenger of the
Imam -Husayn), 229
Mukhtasaru Ta'rikhi'd-
Duwal (Barhebræus), 469
Mukrim Ibnu'l-'Ala, 188
Mulakhkhas (-Jaghmini), 486
Mulamma' (“patch-work,” or
bilingual poem), 23, 44, 66,
532
Mulhid, 230, 231, 244, 454.
See also Assassins, Batinis,
Carmathians, Isma'ilis, &c.
“Mullas,” sect of the — in
Chitral, 460
Müller, A. — (of Königsberg),
475, 476, 477
Mu'min (Isma'ili da'i), 202
Mu'min-abad, 454
Munadhara (“strife-poem”),
44, 116, 149, 272, 348
Munajat of Shaykh Abu
Isma'il 'Abdu'llah Ansari,
269, 270
-Munqidh mina'd-Dalal (“the
Saviour from Error,” by
-Ghazali), 295
Muntakhabu'd-Din Badi'u'l-
Katib, 310
-Muntasir ('Abbasid Caliph),
457
Ibnu'l-Muqaffa', 'Abdu'llah —,
87, 349, 350, 351
Muqatta' (figure in Rhetoric),
67
-Muqattam, Mountain of —
(near Cairo), 502
Ibn Muqbil, 34
Ibn Muqla, 279, 488
-Muqtadi ('Abbasid Caliph),
11, 167, 177, 181, 182, 300, 304
-Muqtafi ('Abbasid Caliph),
304
Mura'at-i-Nadhir (“poetical
congruity”), 51
Murabba' (“foursome”), 23,
25, 39, 42, 43, 271
Murajjaz (variety of prose),
20, 21
Murassa' (variety of ornate
prose), 24
Murcia (Spain), 497
Musa, Imam —, 182, 194
Musa Arslan b. Seljuq, 167,
170, 172
Musabba' (“Sevensome”), 43
Musaddas (“Sixsome”), 24,
25, 43
Musajja' (variety of ornate
prose), 20, 21
Musalla (“the Oratory,” near
Shiraz), 27, 76-77
Musammat (variety of poem),
23, 24, 39, 41, 42, 45
Musaylima (the False Pro-
phet), 122
Mush u Gurba (“Mouse and
Cat,” a poem by 'Ubayd-i-
Zakani), 78
Mushtarik (by Yaqut), 482
Musibat-nama (by 'Attar), 506
Musk (metaphor for hair), 407
Abu Muslim (organiser of
'Abbasid Propaganda), 9
Abu Muslim (Governor of
Ray), 203, 300
Musnad (of Ibn Hanbal), 361
-Mustadhhir ('Abbasid
Caliph), 304
Mustafa, 347. See Muham-
mad
-Musta'li (Fatimid Caliph),
199, 201, 203, 204
-Mutansir (Fatimid Caliph),
162, 168, 198, 200, 201, 203,
204, 206, 210, 222, 229, 231,
253, 311
-Mustarshid('Abbasid Caliph),
11, 192, 304, 305, 312, 361
-Musta'sim (last 'Abbasid
Caliph), 12, 29, 457, 460,
465, 533
Mustazad (“complemented”
or “increment poems”),
23, 39, 43, 44
-Mustawfi (work ascribed to
Nasir-i-Khusraw), 244
Mutadadd (antithesis), 62
Mutalawwin (variety of
verse), 63
-Mu'tamid ('Abbasid Caliph),
217
-Mutanabbi (Arabic poet), 88,
115, 124, 144
Mutaqarib (metre), 144, 276
Mutarraf (variety of prose),
21, 59
Mutarriz Mosque of Nisha-
pur, massacre in —, 385
-Mutarrizi (Arabic philolo-
gist), 487
-Mu'tasim ('Abbasid Caliph),
279
-Mutawakkil ('Abbasid
Caliph), 279, 281
Mutawazi (variety of prose),
21, 59
Mutawazin (variety of
prose), 21, 59
Mutazalzil (rhetorical figure),
73
Mu'tazili sect, 134, 160, 354, 362
Ibnu'l-Mu'tazz, 87
Muthamman (octameter), 24,
25
Muwaffaq, Abu Mansur —
(author of Pharmacology),
115
Muwaffaq, Fadlu'llah -Saqa'i
(author of Supplement to
Ibn Khallikan's Bio-
graphies), 475
Muwaffaq of Nishapur,
Khwaja —, 174, 221-222
Muwashshah (variety of
verse), 23, 24, 41, 44, 45, 66
Muwassal (rhetorical figure),
67
Muzdawaj (rhyme), 63. See
Mathnawi
“Mysteries” (asrar, name of
Indian hemp), 205
-Nabalusi, Shaykh 'Abdu'l-
Ghani —, 504
-Nabigha (ancient Arabian
poet), 228
Ibnu'n-Nabih, 87
Nabil, of Zarand, Babi poet,
70
Abu Nadhar 'Abdu'l-'Aziz b.
Mansur. See 'Asjadi
Nadhim of Herat (Persian
poet), 146
Nadhira (“parallel”), 45, 82
Nadir Shah, 5
Nafahatu'l-Uns (by Jami),
263, 438, 491-493, 494, 495,
497, 498, 502, 503, 509, 510
Nafhu't Tib min Ghusni'l-
Andalusi'r-Ratib (by -Maq-
qari), 498, 500
Nahawand, 186, 188
Nahhas, Abu'l-Ma'ali —
(author of satirical verses),
186
Nahr Bashir, 462
Nahr 'Isa, 461
Nahr Malik, 461
Na'im, Hajji — (executed by
Qabus b. Washmgir), 104
Na'in, 224
Abu'n-Najib Suhrawardi, 491,
496
Najjar-i-Sagharchi (Persian
poet), 335
Abu'n Najm Ahmad b. Qus,
153. See Minuchihri
Abu Najm-i-Sarraj (Isma'ili
da'i), 202
Najmu'd-Din, 337 (= Nidh-
ami-i-'Arudi, q.v.)
Najmu'd-Din Abu Bakr
Muhammad -Rawandi, 117
Najmu'd-Din Abu Hafs
'Umar of Nasaf (theologian
and jurisconsult), 355
Najmu'd-Din Daya of Ray,
249, 250, 252, 256, 489, 493,
495-496
Najmu'd-Din Kubra, 438, 489,
491-495, 508, 510
Nakhshab, 446. See Nasaf
Nama-i-Khusrawan (by
Prince Jalal), 6
Napoleon I, 60
Naqib, 197
Naqibu'l 'Alawiyyin, 114
Narshakhi (author of History
of Bukhara), 114
Nasa, 107, 138, 170, 438, 446, 473
Nasaf (= Nakhshab), 342,
355, 446
-Nasawi, Shihabu'd-Din
Muhammad — (author of
Memoirs of Jalalu'd-Din
Mankoburni), 434, 436, 446,
473-474
Nasibis, 229. See Sunnis
Nasihat (of 'Abdu'llah
Ansari), 270
Nasihu'd-Din of Arrajan,
Qadi —, 361
-Nasir ('Abbasid Caliph), 436,
455
Nasir-i-Khusraw, 160, 162,
169, 189, 200-201, 211, 218-
246; 224 et seqq. (dualistic
theory); 271, 274, 289, 365,
374, 425, 456, 479, 483, 509
Nasiru'd-Din of Tus (philoso-
pher), 220, 243, 256, 257, 442,
443, 456, 457, 460, 462, 465,
484-486
Nasiru'd-Din 'Abdu'r-Rahim
b. Abi Mansur, Ism'aili
Governor of Quhistan, 220,
456
Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud Shah
b. Shamsu'd-Din Iltatmish,
470
Nasiru'd-Din Mangli, 455
Nasiru'd-Din Qubacha, 470,
478, 479
Nasiru'd-Din Shah Qajar,
181, 187
Nasr II (Samani), 202
Nasr b. Ahmad (Samani), 15,
16, 202, 215
Abu Nasr Ahmad b. Mansur
of Tus, called Asadi, 148,
272. See Asadi, the Elder
Abu Nasr 'Arraq (mathema-
tician), 96, 97
Abu Nasr-i-Farahi (author of
Nisab), 488
Abu Nasr -Isma'ili, 294
Abu Nasr Khalil b. Ahmad
152
Nasr b. Mansur -Tamimi, 279
Nasr b. Subuktigin, Abu'l-Mudhaffar—(brother
of
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna),
100, 101, 121, 122
Abu Nasr -'Utbi. See 'Utbi
Nasru'llah b. 'Abdu'l-Hamid,
Abu'l-Ma'ali — (translator
of Kalila and Dimna into
Persian), 299, 346, 349, 351
Nassau Lees, 263, 274, 438,
451, 459, 461, 470, 491, 498
Nathru'n Nadhm (-Tha'alibi),
101
-Natili (physician), 106
Natiq (in Isma'ili doctrine),
197
Nawal Kashor, 412
Naw-ruz (Persian New Year's
Day), 181, 534
Nawshad, 422
Nay, Castle of —, 324
Nebuchadnezzar, 428
Neo-Platonism, 197, 521, 522
Neo-Pythagoreanism, 197
Nergisi (Turkish writer), 17,
89
Nestorian, 391
“New Propaganda” (of
Hasan-i-Sabbah), 112, 169,
187, 190, 196, 206, 210, 215,
253, 310, 453, 454
Nicholson, R. A. —, 292, 322,
494, 505, 507, 510, 516, 517,
519, 521, 524, 525
Nicolas, 256, 257, 258, 371
Nicolas (name given to Mon-
gol converts), 441
Nicosia (Cyprus), 452
Nidhami of Ganja, 38, 47, 246,
274, 298, 337, 345, 364, 365,
399-411, 418, 425, 483, 540.
See Khamsa
Nidhami -i-'Arudi-i - Samar-
qandi, 13, 15, 119, 131, 137,
246, 274, 298, 299, 302, 337-
340, 346. See also Chahar
Maqala
Nidhami-i-Athiri, 339
Nidhami-i-Muniri (? Minbari),
339
Nidhamiyya College, 176, 294,
295, 527
Nidhamu'd-Din (Wazir), 415
Nidhamu'd-Din Ahmad (of
Balkh), 382
Nidhamu'd-Din Mahmud
Qari of Yazd (the poet of
clothes), 82
Nidhamu'l-Mulk, 35, 36, 138,
168, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180,
181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,
187, 188, 189, 190, 203;
ch. iv passim, especially
212-217, 253, 270, 294; 300,
301, 311, 312, 390, 409
Nidhamu't-Tawarikh (by
-Baydawi), 487
“Night of Merit,” 150. See
Laylatu'l-Qadr
-Nihaya fi'l-Kinaya (-Tha-
'alibi), 101
Niki-nama (Tabari original
of Marzuban-nama), 93,
115, 489
Nile, 224, 520
Ni'matu'llah Kirmani, 256
Nishapur, 36, 37, 97, 100, 101,
112, 119, 129, 137, 139, 171,
174, 175, 188, 219, 220, 221,
224, 246, 247, 248, 251, 252,
253, 254, 274, 275, 294, 295,
304, 307, 312, 337, 339, 344,
354, 364, 373, 382, 385, 402,
413, 415, 416, 417, 435, 438,
439, 446, 508, 509, 511, 515
Nizami's Leben und Werke
(Bacher), 400
Nizar b.-Mustansir (Fatimid),
199, 201, 203, 204, 206, 210,
253, 454
Noah, 228, 376, 523
Nöldeke, 4, 130, 131, 134, 135,
136, 139, 140, 141, 211, 214,
310, 373, 469, 471, 472
Northampton, 441
Noyan Chormaghun (Mongol
General), 449, 450
Nuh b. Mansur (Samani), 107
Nun, Joshua, son of —, 228
Nur (of Bukhara), 167
Nuru'd-Din Muhammad b.
Hasan 'ala dhikrihi's-
salam, 454
Nuru'llah of Shushtar, Qadi
— or Sayyid — (author of
Majalish'l-Muminin), 378,
506, 509
Nushirwan = Anushirwan,
q.v.
Nushtigin, 281
Nusrat-Kuh, 438, 446
Nusratu'd-Din Abu Bakr
Bishkin (Atabek of Adhar-
bayjan), 402, 412, 414, 416,
417, 419, 420
Abu Nuwas (court poet of
Harunu'r-Rashid), 87, 377
Nuzhat-nama-i-'Ala'i (by
Shahmardan b. Abi'l-
Khayr), 288
Nuzhatu'l-Arwah (“Recrea-
tion of Souls,” by -Shah-
razuri), 251, 254
Ogotay, 444, 445, 450, 451, 452,
541
d'Ohsson, 427, 431, 433, 434,
436, 439-442, 444, 445, 447,
448, 450, 457, 473
“Old Man of the Mountains”
(Shaykhu'l-Jabal), 205-211.
See Assassins
“Omar Khayyam Club,” 338
Omayyad Caliphs. See
Umayyad
“Omoioteleton,” 22
Opium, 205
Orientalist, Arabic word for
—, 8
Orthodox Caliphs, 9, 161, 194,
330
'Osman b. Ertoghrul (Otto-
man Sultan), 166
Ottoman Poetry, Gibb's History
of —, 28, 50, 54, 406
Ottoman Turks, 9, 88-89, 166,
442, 475
Oude, King of —, 478
Ouseley, Sir Gore—, 130, 317,
342, 511
Oxford, 469, 476
Oxus, 15, 179, 183, 221, 227,
272, 308, 333, 438, 444, 456
Pahlawi, 3, 8, 44, 274, 275, 350,
519
Palestine, Heber's —, 77
Palindromes, 53, 59, 60
Palinodia, 383
Palmer, Prof. E. H. —, 110,
383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 520,
522
Pa-machan, 332
Pand-nama (by 'Attar), 507,
511, 532
Panidhi, 'Ali — (Persian poet),
335
Panj Ganj (“Five Treasures”)
of Nidhami. See Khamsa
Panjab, 529
Paradise Lost (Milton's), 319
Parallel. See Nadhira
“Paranda” (“the Flier”), 517
Paris (Library), 244, 245, 260,
473, 477, 481. See Biblio-
thèque Nationale
Parody, 45, 81, 82
Parricides, Evil end of —,
457-458
Partheniade, 51
Pashto language, 3
Passion Play. See Ta'ziya
Patiyali, 540
Patriarchs, 469, 470
Payghu Kalan, 167, 170, 172
Payne, John —, 258
Pekin, 452
Pen-name (takhallus), 27, 38
Persepolis, 3
Persian Gulf, 426, 481
Persian Language, Modern —,
2, 3, 14, 109
Persian Language, Old —, 3, 8
Persian year, 152
Persische Tenzonen, Ueber —
(by Ethé), 149
Pertsch, 19, 22, 41, 211, 224,
225, 288, 368, 371
Pest (Budapest), 450
Phantasmagoria (by Lewis
Carroll), 45
Pharaoh, 520
Pharmacology, 273
Philosophers, 230
Pilgrimage, allegorical mean-
ing of —, 241, 242
Pindar (Greek lyric poet) 399
Pindar of Ray, 117, 157, 158-
159, 160, 419
Pir-i-Ansar. See -Ansari,
Shaykh 'Abdu'llah —
Pisar-i-Khum-Khana (Persian
poet), 271
Pizzi, 13
Plagiarism, 73, 538
Plan Carpin (Plano Carpini)
Jean de —, 440, 441, 451
Plato, 228, 279, 281
Pococke 108, 469
Poetry, definition of, 14
Poetry, Ibn Khaldun's defini-
tion of —, 87
“Poets' Corner” (at Surkhab),
398
Poland, 450, 451, 452
Pole, 42
Polemo-Middinia (by William
Drummond of Hawthorn-
den), 46
“Pope,” “Black —,” 196
Porphyry, 106
Poshan (legendary Persian
hero), 129
Pote MSS. (King's College,
Cambridge), 212
Potiphar's Wife, 146. See
Zulaykha
Pre-Islamic. See Jahiliyyat
Preston, 112, 113
Prolegomena (= Vol. I. of
Literary History of Persia,
by E. G. Browne), 1, 2, 6,
8, 11, 14, 29, 91, 94, 114, 115,
143, 144, 171, 185, 193, 197,
198, 202, 214, 259, 300
Prolegomena (of Ibn Khal-
dun), 86
“Proof” (Hujjat), 222, 227,
231, 244, 247
“Proof of Islam,” title of
-Ghazali, 354. See Huj-
jatu'l-Islam
Propaganda, 202. See Da'wat
Propagandist. See Da'i
Prophet, Biography of the —
(Ibn Hisham's), 300
Prophet, The —. See Mu-
hammad
Prophetic Periods, Seven —,
197
Prose, Varieties of —, 20-22
“Proverbial Commission”
(Irsalu'l-mathal), 63
Proverbs of the Arabs, 88, 299
Pseudo - Autobiography (of
Nasir-i-Khusraw), 218-220,
244
Purchas (Translation of Al-
Makin), 471
Puttenham, G. — (Arte of
English Poesie), 22, 46, 49,
51, 52, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 66,
75
Pythagoras, 281
Qa'ani, 20
Qabus b. Washmgir, 91, 94,
97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107,
115, 135, 156, 276, 278, 279,
280, 281, 480, 489
Qabus-nama, 88, 276-287
Qaddah, 'Abdu'llah b. May-
mun —, 215
-Qadi'l-akram, Jamalu'd-Din
Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali -Shaybani
-Qifti, 431, 476
-Qadir bi'llah ('Abbasid
Caliph), 90, 104, 220, 278,
280
Qadmus (Assassin stronghold
in Syria), 316
Qaf, Mountain of —, 33
-Qa'im ('Abbasid Caliph), 167,
172, 181, 281
Qa'in, 204, 316
Qalandars, 265
Qal'atu Khallad Khan
(Assassin stronghold), 204
Qal'atu'n-Nadhir, 204, 316
Qal'atu't-Tanbur, 204, 316
Qanun (of Avicenna), 106
Qanun-i-a'dham (work as-
cribed to Nasir-i-Khusraw),
244
-Qanunu'l-Mas'udi (by
Biruni), 102
Qara'inu Shamsi'l-Ma'ali (by
-Yazdadi), 103
Qaraja, Prince of Sind, 448
Qara-Khita, 373
Qaraman, 515
Qaraqorum, 441, 442, 444, 448,
450, 452, 459, 460
Qaren or Qarin, 103, 228
Qarinwands, 103
Qarun (= Korah), 33
Qasidas, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 27,
28, 29, 33, 41, 42, 44, 47, 63,
73, 76, 84, 94, 99, 103, 104,
110, 113, 116, 121, 127, 153,
154, 188, 318, 320, 333, 341,
358, 365, 369, 390, 391, 397,
399, 401, 412, 414, 421, 470,
532, 533
Qasida-i-musanna' (ornate
qasida of Qiwami of Ganja),
47
Abu'l-Qasim 'Abdu'l-Karim
b. Hawazin -Qushayri. See
-Qushayri
Abu'l-Qasim 'Ali b. -Hasan
b.Abi Tayyib-Bakharzi, 355.
See also -Bakharzi
Abu'l-Qasim Hasan, 155. See
'Unsuri
Abu'l-Qasim Hasan b. 'Ali of
Tus. See Firdawsi
Abu'l-Qasim b. -Husayn, 361
Abu'l-Qasim -Jurjani, 138
Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud b.
'Umar. See Zamakhshari
Qatif, 224
Qatran (Persian poet), 222,
271, 399
Qattan, Hakim Hasan —, 331
Qawurt, 167, 172, 180, 181
Qayruwan, 223
Qays al-'Amiri, 406. See
Majnun
Qaysar (Cæsar), 30, 399
Qazwin, 35, 107, 203, 271, 438,
455, 458, 483, 507
-Qazwini, 218, 222, 251, 252,
370, 402, 482-483
Qift (Upper Egypt), 475, 476
-Qifti (author of the Tari-
khu'l-Hukama), 250, 251,
252, 475-479
-Qifti, Jamalu'd-Din Abu'l-Hasan
'Ali—, called-Qadi'l-
Akram, 431
Qilij (favourite of Jalalu'd-
Din Khwarazmshah), 449
Qinnawj, 95
Qipchaq (Plain of —), 227,
429
Qirim-Giray Katti Giray, 447
Qit'a (“fragment” of poetry),
22, 23, 25, 365
Qiwami of Ray (Persian
poet), 344
Qiwami-i-Mutarrizi of Ganja
(Persian poet), 47, 401
Qizil Arslan b. Ildigiz (Atabek
of Adharbayjan), 402, 413,
414, 416
Qizil Arslan 'Uthman, 73, 78
Qonya, 414, 515-517
Quatrain, 246-267. See Ruba-
'iyyat
Quatremère, 252, 435
Qubacha, Nasiru'd-Din —,
470, 478
Qubadh (Sasanian), 91, 103
Qubadiyan, 124, 221, 225
Qubilay Khan, 440, 442, 444,
447, 452
Quda'a, Tribe of —, 476
Ibn Qudama, 88
Querry, 276
Quhistan, 201, 204, 220, 456,
458, 459
Qum, 114, 186, 200, 201, 217,
445, 446, 480
Qumaj (Sanjar's Governor of
Balkh), 384
Qumis, 222
Qumri of Gurgan (Persian
poet), 94
Qur'an, 4, 5, 20, 22, 79, 88, 106,
115, 150, 220, 232, 244, 251,
254, 255, 260, 275, 290, 293,
321, 354, 358, 362, 484, 487,
488, 490, 507, 519, 522
Qur'an (Old Persian com-
mentary on —), 115
Quriltay, 437, 444, 450, 451,
452
Qurratu'l-'Ayn (Babi heroine
and poetess), 41
-Qushayri, 174, 288, 299
Qushtimur, 449
Qutalmish, 167, 170
Qutalmish b. Musa, 172
Qutbu'd-Din (or 'Ala'u'd-Din)
Khwarazmshah, 346. See
Muhammad Khwarazm-
shah
Qutbu'd-Din Muhammad of
Ghur, 306
Rabab-nama, 516
Rabi'a bint Kalb or Ka'b of
Qusdar (Persian poetess),
116, 157
Rabi' b. -Mutahhar -Qasri,
280
Rabi'iyya (poems on Spring),
44
Raddu'l-'ajuz 'ala's-sadr
(figure of rhetoric), 60-61
Radhan, 138
-Radi, -Sharif — (Shi'ite poet),
87, 113
Radiyyu'd-Din, 415
Radiyyu'd-Din 'Ali Lala (dis-
ciple of Najmu'd-Din
Kubra), 492, 493
Rafidi (= Shi'ite, q.v.), 134,
138, 187, 216, 231
Rafi'i (Persian poet), 116
Rafiq (“Companion” of the
Order of the Assassins), 206
Rahatu's-Sudur (unique His-
tory of Seljuqs, by -Ra-
wandi), 117, 154, 166, 168,
170, 171, 173, 176, 177, 179,
183, 184, 185, 190, 216, 260,
297, 303, 312, 313, 315, 327,
385
-Rahba, 182, 203
Raja of India, 409
Rakhsh (name of Rustam's
horse), 49, 285
Raleigh, Sir Walter —, 75
Ramadan (month of —), 150,
176, 186, 202, 207
Ramal (metre), 21, 26, 29, 520
Ramin (hero of the romance
of Wisa and Ramin), 275
Raqqa, 182
Raqta (figure of rhetoric), 67
Rashfu'n-Nasa'ih (by Shaykh
Shih'abu'd-Din -Suhra-
wardi), 496
-Rashid ('Abbasid Caliph),304,
312
Rashid (son of Khaqani), 398
Abu Rashid (of Shirwan,
Persian poet), 399
Rashidi of Samarqand (Per-
sian poet), 271
Rashidu'd - Din Fadlu'llah
(author of the Jami'u't-
Tawarikh), 192, 252, 434,
443, 454, 456, 457, 459
Rashidu'd-Din Sinan (Grand
Master of the Syrian
Assassins), 210
Rashidu'd-Din Watwat (Per-
sian poet), 20, 41, 53, 80,
124, 271, 299, 308, 309, 310,
330-333, 334, 346, 389, 396,
483
Raverty, Major —, 470
Rawandi, Najmu'd-Din —
(author of Rahatu's-Sudur),
117, 297, 303, 327
Rawdatu's-Safa (by Mirkh-
wand), 17, 192, 349
Abu Rawh Lutfu'llah, 263
Rawi (rhapsodist), 133, 373
Rawshana'i-nama (by Nasir-
i-Khusraw), 218, 221, 225,
244-246
Ray, 70, 97, 102, 107, 116, 117,
157, 158, 159, 160, 170, 172,
173, 181, 192, 200, 202, 217,
227, 253, 278, 300, 312, 313,
344, 395, 396, 414, 418, 428,
445, 446, 449, 480, 484, 508
Abu Rayhan. See Biruni
Rayhana, Lady —, 102
Razan, 138, 139
Razan Gate, 138
Razzaq Gate, 138
Recueil des historiens arabes
des croisades, 468
Red Sea, 183, 199
Redhouse, Sir James —, 517,
518, 519, 521, 522, 523
Les Religions et les philosophies
dans l'Asie Centrale (by the
Comte de Gobineau), 499
Remusat, Abel —, 441
Renaissance, 442
Renaissance, Persian —, 1, 4,
13, 92, 93, 374
“Resurrection,” “Feast of the
—” ('Id-i-Qiyamat), 454
Resurrection of the body
derided, 243
“Return” (Rij'at), 195
Reynolds, Rev. James —, 471
Rhetoric of Musulmans, 19
et seqq.
Rhyme? and Reason? (by
Lewis Carroll), 45
Ribat-i-'Ishq, 139
-Rida, 'Ali b. Musa —, Imam
—, 225, 508
Rida-quli Khan, 117, 237, 261,
276, 326, 328, 356, 479, 486,
508, 519
Rida'u'd-Din (Persian poet),
256
Riddle. See Lughaz, Mu'am-
ma
Ridwan, 524
Rieu, 102, 191, 211, 224, 225,
255, 276, 317, 346, 347, 348,
349, 470, 471, 488
Risala-i-Hawra'iyya, 262-263
Risala-i-Si Fasl (by Nasiru'd-
Din -Tusi), 485
Risalatu'l-Ghufran (by -Ma-
'arri), 292
Riyadu'l-'Arifin (by Rida-
quli Khan), 117, 261, 508
“Romans,” 274, 469. See
Byzantines
Rome, 483
Rosen, Baron Victor —, 109,
248
Ross, Dr. E. Denison —, 146,
249, 250, 251, 255, 257
Rostov, 450
Ruba'iyyat (Quatrains), 18,
22, 25, 34, 35, 37-39, 109,
246-267, 269, 270, 318, 344,
390, 412, 414, 532
Rubruquis, 441, 452
Rückert, 19, 22, 41, 65, 73, 76,
83, 131
Rudagi (Persian poet). 2, 13,
15, 16, 17, 18, 88, 124, 125,
228, 274, 327, 337, 350, 373,
399
Rudbar Gate, 134
Ruhi-i-Walwalaji (Persian
poet), 271, 344
Ruknabad (near Shiraz), 27
Ruknu'd-Din, Imam —, 438
Ruknu'd-Din Khurshah, 207,
210, 457, 458, 459, 460
Ruknu'd-Din Sa'id b. Mas'ud,
540
Rum, 162, 166, 168, 177, 523.
See also Asia Minor
Rushayd b. Shalib -Dahdah
(editor of Diwan of Ibnu'l-
Farid), 504
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 295
Russia, 168, 447, 450, 451, 452
Russian, 248, 249, 250, 251,
259, 368
Russians, 177
Rustam, 49, 144, 285
Rustam and Suhrab, Episode
of —, 144
Rustam b. Ardashir, 480
Rustam b. Shahriyar, 480
-Ruyani, Qadi Abu'l-'Abbas
Abdu'l-Wahid —, 278, 280,
311, 354, 357-359
Ruyatu'llah (“the Vision of
God”), 134
Ruysbroek, Guillaume de —,
441. See Rubruquis
Ruzbihan, Shaykh —, 489,
490-491
Rylands, John — Library
478
Rylands, Mrs. —, 478
Sa'adat-nama (by Nasir-i-
Khusraw), 221, 244, 245
Sabab (in prosody), 24
Sabæans, 230
Sabalan (Mt.), 394
-Sabi (historian of Buwayhid
Dynasty), 87, 88, 93, 103
Sabir, Adib — (Persian poet),
298, 303, 308, 334, 375. See
also Adib -Sabir
Sab'iyya. See Seven, Sect o
the—
Sachau, Dr. E. —, 91, 96,
101, 103, 105
Sacrifice, Human —, by Mon-
gols, 445
de Sacy, Sylvestre —, 197, 198
204, 359
Abu Sa'd, Amir —, 247
Sa'd of Warawin (translator
into Persian of Marzuban-
nama), 489
Sa'd-i-Salman (father of the
Persian poet Mas'ud), 325
Abu Sa'd Sharafu'l-Mulk
(minister of Malikshah), 186
Sa'd b. Zangi, Atabek of Fars,
527, 541
Sad Kalima (Watwat), 330
Sadaqa b. Mazyad, “King of
the Arabs,” 302
Sa'di (Persian poet and
writer), 29, 45, 68-69, 77,
80, 116, 365, 402, 443, 460,
479, 488, 491, 496, 506, 523,
524, 525-539, name 526, 541
Sadidu'l-Mulk (minister of
Malikshah), 186
Sadra, Mulla — (Persian
philosopher), 499
Sadru'd-Din 'Abdu'l-Latif,
413, 415, 416, 420. See
Khujand, Sadr-i-
Sadru'd-Din Muhammad b.
-Mudhaffar, 247
Sadru'd-Din Qunyawi (Sufi),
489, 495, 500
“Sads,” “The Two —,” 93
Sa'du'd-Din (patron of Dha-
hiru'd-Din of Faryab), 415
Sa'du'd-Din Gawhar-A'in.
See Gawhar-A'in
Sa'du'd-Din -Hamawi, 256,
492, 493, 495
Sa'du'l-Hirawi, Qadi —,
assassinated, 311
Sa'du'l-Mulk (crucified), 312,
315
Safar-nama (of Nasir-i-
Khusraw), 200, 218, 220-
225, 226, 243, 245, 271, 289
Safawi Dynasty, 11
Saffari Dynasty, 10, 13, 15,
124, 280, 470
Saffu'n-Ni'al, 332
Safid Rud, 394
Safina, 218
Safiyyu'd-Din of Ardabil
(patron of Dhahir of
Faryab), 415
Safiyyu'd-Din 'Umar, Mufti
of Balkh, 378, 382
Sagistan, Sagzis. See Sistan
-Sahah (Arabic lexicon by
-Jawhari), 487
Sahban b. Wa'il (ancient
Arabian orator and rhetori-
cian), 228
-Sahib. See Isma'il b. 'Abbad
Sahib-Diwan, 'Ala'u'd-Din
-Juwayni, 485, 532, 535, 536
Sahibu'l-barid (postmaster),
138
Ibn Sahl, 87
Sahl of Khujand, 280
Sahl b. Harun, 87
Abu Sahl Masihi (philoso-
pher), 96, 97
Sa'ib of Isfahan (Persian
poet), 64
Abu Sa'id (brother of Nasir-
i-Khusraw), 219
Abu Sa'id b. Abi'l-Khayr
(author of mystical quat-
rains), 116-117, 157, 246,
256, 261-269, 281, 367, 483
Abu Sa'id Khan (last of Mon-
gol Il-Khans of Persia),
443, 447
St. Bartholomew's Hospital,
205
St. Louis (King of France), 452
St. Petersburg, 262
St. Sophia, 488
Saj' (in rhetoric), 59
Sajanjalu'l-Arwah (“Mirror
of Spirits” by Najmu'd-Din
Kubra), 495
Saladin, 196, 209, 476, 477, 484,
486, 497
Salahu'd-Din. See Saladin
Salahu'd-Din Feridun Zar-
kub (amanuensis of
Jalalu'd-Din Rumi), 518
Salaman and Absal (by
Jami), 108
Salihani (Jesuit of Beyrout),
469
Salkh (variety of plagiarism),
73
Salman (“The Persian,”
Companion of the Prophet),
229
Salman-i-Sawaji (Persian
poet), 256-257
Salsabil (river in Paradise),
520
Sama'i (poet of Merv), 344
Samani Dynasty, 10, 15, 18,
90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 100, 102,
107, 113, 115, 117, 130, 147,
157, 161, 202, 215, 227, 229,
230, 276, 327, 374, 470
-Sam'ani's Ansab, 468
Samarqand, 27, 92, 95, 137,
167, 180, 183, 298, 299, 302,
313, 337, 339, 342, 344, 346,
348, 372, 386, 387, 413, 428,
438, 446, 453, 509
Samarra (or Surra man ra'a),
195
Samit (in Isma'ili Doctrine),
197
Samnan (Simnan), 222, 446
Sana'i (Persian mystical
poet), 246, 264, 298, 305,
317, 328, 333, 334, 374, 375,
389, 399, 403, 404, 483, 506
San'an, Shaykh — (story of
— and the Christian girl),
513
Sanjar (Seljuq king), 11, 118,
137, 182, 247, 262, 272, chap.
v, pp. 297-317, 298, 299,
301, 302, 303 (meaning of
name), 304, 306, 307, 308,
309, 310, 312, 313, 317, 327,
331, 332, 337, 338, 341, 343,
344, 364, 366, 367, 373, 375,
379, 384, 385, 386, 390, 394,
396, 508
Sanskrit Language, 3, 101,
350
Saqsin, 524
Sar-guzasht-i-Sayyidna (lost
biography of Hasan-i-
Sabbah), 192, 201, 211
Saracens, 207, 452
Sarakhs, 20, 156, 224, 304, 307
Sari' (metre), 63
Saruj, 182
Sasanians, 3, 14, 91, 92, 103,
186, 194, 214, 277, 281, 404,
408, 457
Satan (R. Montgomery's), 319
Satire, 81-82, 94, 390
Sawa, 300, 302
Sayfi (poet of Nishapur), 344
Sayfu'd-Din -Bakharzi, 256,
493
Sayfu'd-Din Suri (King of
Ghur), 306
Sayru'l-'Ibad ila'l-Ma'ad (by
Sana'i), 318
Sayyida (mother of Majdu'd-
Dawla), 278, 280
Sayyid-na (= Hasan - i -
Sabbah, q.v.), 201
Sayyids of Tabaristan, 100
Sayyidu'sh-Shu'ara, 336 (=
Rashidi, q.v.)
Scare-crows (invented by
'Umar Khayyam), 252
Schlechta-Wssehrd, 146
Schefer, 117, 166, 184, 186,
202, 211, 212, 214, 218, 221,
224, 243, 244, 271, 288, 289,
305, 409, 435, 477, 489
Scotch woman married to
descendant of Mongol
Khans), 447
Scott, Sir Walter —, 68
“Sea” (Bahr) in Isma'ili
terminology, 200, 206
Seligmann, 148, 273
Selim I, Sultan —, 9, 475, 488
Seljuq (ancestor of Seljuqs),
167, 170, 177
Seljuq Dynasty, 10, 35, 94, 95,
117, 137, 154, 157, chapters
iii, iv, v, passim, especially
167, 221, 230, 237, 262, 281,
294, 297, 298, 300, 302, 303,
304, 305, 306, 307, 309, 310
et seqq., 323, 324, 338, 343,
356; 364, 374, 378, 385, 401,
426, 448, 470, 472, 515
Semites, 143
Seven, the Number —, 197,
198, 232
“Seven Portraits” (see Haft
Paykar), 408-409
Seven, Sect of the —, 11, 187,
193, 194, 195-198, 214, 232.
See Isma'ilis
“Seven Sleepers” (Ashabu'l-Kahf),
522, 523
Seville, 497
Shab-i-Jum'a (“the eve of
Friday”), 247
Shabiran, Fortress of —, 398
Shabistari, Shaykh Mahmud
— (Persian mystical poet),
521
Shaburqan, 221
Shadabad, 391
Shaddu'l-Azar (by Mu'inu'd-
Din Abu'l-Qasim Junayd of
Shiraz), 490
“Shadow of God,” Title of —,
104
Shafi'i, 174, 194, 229, 230, 357,
415
-Shafiya (by Ibnu'l-Hajib), 487
Shah-Dizh, Assassin strong-
hold of —), 202, 204, 313,
314
Shahfur-i-Ashhari (Persian
poet), 249, 399, 414
Shahinshah (brother of
Ruknu'd-Din Khurshah),
458
Shahmardan b. Abi'l-Khayr,
288
Shahnama, 6, 18, 26, 79, 81,
88, 95, 120, 130-146, 148, 149,
160, 228, 272, 273, 276, 277,
306, 472, 473
Shahnama-Khwans (rhapso-
dists), 143
-Shahrazuri (author of
Nuzhatu'l-Arwah), 251, 254,
486
Shahrbanu, Bibi — (daughter
of Yazdigird III), 280, 281
-Shahristani (author of
Kitabu'l-Milal), 106, 354,
362-363
Shahriyar, Ispahbad —, 79
Shahriyar, Thiqatu'l-Mulk —,
274
Shakespear, 2
Ibn Shakir (author of
Fawatu'l - Wafayat), 255,
475, 484, 485, 486
Shams - i - Qays (author of
-Mu'ajjam), 18, 20, 186,
327, 488
Shams - i - Simkash (Persian
poet), 271
Shams - i - Tabasi (Persian
poet), 483
Shams-i-Tabriz (mystic, and
friend of Jalalu'd - Din
Rumi), 506, 516-519
Shamsu'd-Dawla. See Abu
Tahir of Hamadan
Shamsu'd-Din (wazir, patron
of Dhahir of Faryab), 415
Shamsu'd - Din Abu'l - Faraj
ibnu'l-Jawzi, 528
Shamsu'd - Din Iltatmish
(Prince of Dihli), 448, 470,
478
Shamsu'd-Din Muhammad
Juwayni — (prime minister
of Hulagu Khan), 532
Shamsu'l-Kufat (Abu'l-Qasim
Ahmad b. Hasan -May-
mandi), 105
Shamsu'l-Ma'ali. See Qabus
b. Washmgir
Shanbalid (flower), 155
Shapur - i - Ardashir (Sasa-
nian), 228
Shar (title of ruler of Ghar-
jistan), 49
Abu'sh-Sharaf Nasih, of Jur-
badhaqan (translator into
Persian of -Tarikhu'l-Ya-
mini), 471
Sharaf-nama (part of Ni-
dhami's Iskandar-nama so
called), 411
Sharafshah (patron of Dhahir
of Faryab), 415
Sharafu'd-Din 'Abdu'llah b.
-Jawzi (Caliph's ambassa-
dor to Mongols), 461, 462
Sharafu'd - Din Abu Hafs
'Umar, 501, See Ibnu'l-
Farid
Sharafu'd-Din Muhammad.
See Shufurvah
Sharafu'd-Din Rami (author
of Anisu'l-'Ushshaq), 19, 83
Sharafu'l-Ma'ali, 281
Sharafu'l-Mulk (author of
Kitabu'l-Istifa), 116
Sharafu'l-Mulk, Abu Sa'd —
(minister of Malikshah,
&c.), 186, 213, 315
Sharzin, Ispahbad —, 79
Shash (Chach), 263
Shast Galla, 152. See Minu-
chihri
Shatranji, 'Ali — (Persian
poet), 343-344
Shattah-i-Fars (= Shaykh
Ruzbihan, q.v.), 490
Shaykhu'l - Jabal, 451. See
also Old Man of the Moun-
tain
Sheba, Bilqis, Queen of —, 512
Shem, 228
Sheykhi (Turkish poet), 406
Shiblu'd-Dawla, 188
Shifa (of Avicenna), 97, 106,
251, 488
Shihabu'd-Din (of Ghur), 455
Shihabu'd-Din (=Adib -Sabir,
q.v.)
Shihabu'd-Din -Suhrawardi,
Abu Hafs 'Umar —, 489,
496-497, 527-528
Shihabu'd-Din -Suhrawardi,
Yahya b. Habsh “al-
Maqtul,” 497, 499
Shi'ites, 9, 11, 33, 70, 92, 93,
134, 136, 161, 163, 165, 169,
174, 175, 182, 187, 193, 194,
195, 214, 216, 229, 231, 313,
348, 355, 362, 378, 420, 464,
465, 498, 508
Shikar - nama (register of
game killed by Malikshah),
183
Shimali (Persian poet), 334
Shinasi Efendi (one of the
founders of the New Style
in Turkish), 88
Shiqqan, Defile of —, 139
Shir Khan Ludi (author of
Miratu'l-Khayal), 369, 370
Shir-kuh, 316, 457
Shiraz, 27, 29, 41, 77, 443, 460,
480, 487, 488, 490, 523, 525,
526, 535, 536
Shiraz-nama, 490
Shirin, 404, 405, 406, 418
Shiruye (Sasanian), 457
Shirwan, 325, 391, 394, 398,
402, 428
Shirwanshah, 364, 394, 398
Shirzad (son of Mas'ud III
of Ghazna), 305
Shirzad, Ispahbad —, 79, 135
Shita'iyya (winter poems), 44
Shufurvah, Sharafu'd - Din,
425, 540
Shuja'i (Persian poet), 389
Abu Shukur of Balkh (Persian
poet), 281
Shushtar, 227, 480
Shu'ubiyya, Party of the —,
362
Sicily, 199
Sidney, Sir Philip —, 58
Sidon, 200, 203, 222
Sifatu'l-Adab (by Najmu'd-
Din Kubra), 494
Sighaniyan, 177
Sihru'l-Balagha (by -Tha-
'alibi), 101
Sijìstan. See Sistan
Sikandar (Iskandar-i-Rumi),
341. See also Alexander
Sikandar-nama (of Nidhami),
402, 403, 411
Sikkin (Impersonator of
-Hakim bi-amri'llah), 199
Simile, 55
Simingan, 200
Abu Simjur, 153
Simjur, Abu 'Ali b. —, 202, 281.
See also Abu 'Ali
Simkash, Shams-i- —, 271
Simnan (Samnan), 222, 446
Simon, 228
Simurgh (mythical bird), 33,
512-515
Ibn Sina. See Avicenna
Sind, 9, 113, 227, 448
Sinbad the Gabr, 215
Sinjar, 173, 182, 203, 251, 262,
303
Sipahan, 227. See Isfahan
Siqtu'z-Zand (by -Ma'arri),
292
Siraju'd-Din Qumri (Persian
poet), 257
Siratu Jalali'd-Din Manko-
burni (by Shihabu'd-Din
Muhammad -Nasawi), 434
Sirqat (plagiarism), 73, 538
Sistan, 95, 113, 116, 124, 125,
128, 138, 153, 172, 227, 273,
298, 429, 480
Sivas, 496
Siyaqatu'l-a'dad (in rhetoric),
56
Siyaru'l-Muluk. See Siyasat-
nama
Siyasat-nama (by the Ni-
dhamu'l-Mulk), 138, 184,
186, 202, 212-217, 276, 278,
282, 305
Sketches from Eastern History
(by Nöldeke), 469
de Slane, 86, 99, 102, 106, 431,
468, 475, 496, 502
Slavonic version of Kalila
and Dimna, 350
Slavs, 409
Socrates, 228, 280, 281, 517
Sodom, 227
Solomon, 113, 390, 396, 512
Somnath, 347, 529
Song of the Reed (by the late
Professor E. H. Palmer),
110, 520, 521, 522
Sorbonne, 504
Soul, Avicenna's poem on the
—, 110
Spain, Spaniards, 9, 11, 92,
165, 290, 427, 432
Spanish version of Kalila
and Dimna, 350
Sprenger, 355, 478, 517
Stewart, 370
“Stork Qasida,” 343
Su'al u jawab (species of
poem), 44, 66, 121
Subuktigin, 94, 99, 436, 471
-Sufis, 106, 222, 246, 250, 252,
260, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268,
280, 288, 294, 295, 486, 489-
505 passim, 506, 521, 522, 541
Sughd, 167
Suhrab, 144, 145
-Sukkari, Abu'l-Fadl —, 64
Sulayman I, Sultan —, 351
Sulayman (brother of Alp
Arslan), 173
Sultan, Title of —, when first
used), 10, 90, 104
Sultanshah b. Qawurt (Seljuq
ruler of Kirman), 181
Sultanu'd-Dawla (Buwayhid),
141
-Sumayrami, 'Abdu'r-Rahman
— (assassinated), 311
Sunnis, 104, 136, 175, 195, 229,
231, 279, 348, 378, 419, 465, 512
Suri b. Mughira ('Amid of
Khurasan), 139
Surkhab, 398, 414
Surra man ra'a, 195. See
also Samarra
Sus (in Isma'ili terminology),
197
-Suyuti, Jalalu'd-Din —, 176,
296
Suzani (Persian satirist), 299,
342, 382
Syria, 10, 165, 166, 168, 176,
183, 193, 199, 208, 210, 222,
290, 294, 298, 310, 316, 358,
429, 459, 460, 462, 490, 502,
528, 529
Syriac, 350, 469
Ta'ajjub (“astonishment,”
figure of rhetoric), 74
Tabaqat-i-Nasiri (by Minhaj-
i-Siraj), 451, 459, 461, 462,
464, 465, 466, 470
Tabaqat-i-Sufiyya (by Shaykh
'Abdu'llah Ansari), 270
Tabaqatu l-Hukama (by Ibn
Abi Usaybi'a), 477
Tabaran, 138
Tabari dialect, 93, 115, 188,
281, 480, 489
-Tabari's Commentary on the
Qur'an, 115
-Tabari's History, 115, 160,
230, 279, 408
Tabaristan, 11, 79, 90, 92, 93,
94, 95, 100, 101, 103, 114,
123, 135, 156, 169, 171, 172,
203, 278, 288, 311, 344, 480
Tabaristan, History of — (by
Muhammad b. Hasan b.
Isfandiyar), 45, 92, 93, 103,
114, 131, 278, 357, 413, 457,
479-480, 489
-Tabarsi (Shi'ite theologian),
355
Tabas, 172, 204, 224, 316
Tabligh (figure of rhetoric), 69
Tabriz, 173, 222, 271, 364, 374,
395, 396, 398, 399, 413, 417,
449, 469
-Tabrizi (author of Commen-
taries on -Hamasa and
Mu'allaqat), 299, 354
Tadhkiratu'l - Awliya (by
Faridu'd-Din 'Attar), 322,
494, 507, 510, 511, 521
Tadmin (figure of rhetoric),
45, 68, 69, 147, 538
Tafhim (Treatise on As-
tronomy by -Biruni), 102,
105
Tafriq (figure of rhetoric), 71
Tafsir (figure of rhetoric), 72
Tahafutu'l-Falasifa (by
-Ghazali), 295
Tahafutu't-Tahafut (by Ibn
Rushd or Averroes), 295
Tahart, 202
Tahir. See Baba Tahir
Tahir, Precinct of —, 361
Abu Tahir of Hamadan,
Shamsu'd-Dawla — (Bu-
wayhid), 152
Tahir Dhu'l-Yaminayn, 10
Abu Tahir -Khatuni, 183-184,
186, 326-327, 483
Abu Tahir Rustam, Majdu'd-
Dawla — (Buwayhid), 152,
158-160
Abu Tahir -Tayyib b. Muham-
mad -Khusrawani, 147
Tahiri Dynasty, 10, 470
Tahrim, 242
Ta'iyya of Ibnu'l-Farid, 498,
503
Tajahulu'l-'Arif (figure of
rhetoric), 66
Tajnis (figure of rhetoric), 47,
48, 58, 69
Tajridu'l-'Aqa'id (by
Nasiru'd-Din Tusi), 486
Tajrisht, 173
Taju'd-Din Ahmad, Muhtasib
of Balkh, 382
Taju'd-Din Ahmad b. Khatib
of Ganja (Persian poet), 345
Taju'd-Din Ibrahim, 414
Taju'l-Mulk, 185, 186, 187, 190,
213, 300
Tajziyatu'l-Amsar (Wassaf's
history of the Mongols), 434
Takhallus (poetical nom de
guerre), 27, 38
Ta'kidu'l-madhi bi-ma yush-
bihu'dh-Dhamm (figure of
rhetoric), 53
Takrit, 461
Abu Talib, Sayyid —, 382, 390
Talib-i-Amuli (Persian poet),
257
Ta'lim, 196
Ta'limis. See Isma'ilis
Talmih (“allusion”), 77
-Tamaththul wa'l-Muhadara
(by -Tha'alibi), 101
Tambour-major (by Heine),
392
Tamerlane (Timur-i-Lang),
443
Abu Tamim Ma'add, 198. See
-Mustansir
Abu Tammam (compiler of
-Hamasa), 87
-“Tammatu'l-Kubra” (“Most
Dire Calamity,” title given
to Shaykh Najmu'd-Din),
491
Tanasub (“congruity” in
rhetoric), 51
Tansiqu's-Sifat (figure in
rhetoric), 56-57
Tansuq-nama-i-Ilkhani (trea-
tise on Mineralogy by
Nasiru'd-Din Tusi), 485
Tanziru'l - Waziri 'z - ziri'l -
Khinzir (by Abu Tahir
-Khatuni), 326
Taqi, or Taqiyyu'd-Din, Khan
of Kashan, 218, 370, 509
Taqsim (figure in rhetoric), 71
Taqudar Ahmad Khan (Mon-
gol Il-Khan), 440, 441, 444
Taqwimu't - Tawarikh (of
Hajji Khalifa), 370
Tarab-nama (of Bakharzi),
356
Tard u 'aks (figure in rhe-
toric), 75
Ta'rifat (of -Jurjani), 490
Ta'rikh (chronogram), 76-77
Ta'rikh-i-Alfi, 192, 254
Tarikh-i-Guzida (by Ham-
du'llah Mustawfi), 132, 147,
148, 188, 192, 203, 204, 217,
254, 257, 261, 263, 342, 343,
344, 345, 349, 366, 370, 373,
374, 377, 382, 390, 393, 398,
412, 413, 503
Ta'rikh-i-Jahan-gusha. See
Jahan-gusha
Ta'rikh-i-Salajiqa (History of
the Seljuq Dynasty by Abu
Tahir -Khatuni), 326
Ta'rikh-i-Wassaf (properly
entitled Tajziyatu'l-Amsar,
q.v.), 434, 435
Ta'rikhu'l-Hukama (by
-Qifti), 475, 476, 477
Tariqu't-Tahqiq (by Sana'i),
318
Tarji'-band (a form of strophe-
poem), 23, 25, 39, 40, 318,
532
Tarjumanu'l-Balagha (by
Farrukhi), 20, 115, 124, 330
Tarjumanu'l-Qur'an (by
-Zawzani), 354
Tarkib-band (a form of
strophe-poem), 23, 25, 39,
40, 41, 318
Tarsi' (figure in rhetoric), 48-
51, 333
Tartar beauties, 243, 410
Tartars, 389. See Mongols
“Tartars,” why so called, 428
Tartarus, 428
Tartary, 41
Tashbib (exordium of qasida),
22, 23, 30, 122, 155
Tashbih (simile), 55
Tashif (figure in rhetoric), 80
Tawfir (increasing revenues),
217
Ta'wil (allegorical interpreta-
tion), 196, 231, 242
Taylor, 60
Tayyibat (of Sa'di), 532, 534,
536, 538, 539
Tazalzul (figure in rhetoric),
72
Ta'ziya (a kind of Passion
Play), 89
Tears, “Blood-stained —,” 30
“Tears of Khurasan” (by
Anwari), 372, 384, 386-387
Tennyson, 26, 269
Testament, Old —, 228
-Tha'alibi, Abu Mansur —, 64,
92, 100, 101, 102, 103, 112,
114, 115, 355
Thawr, Cave of —, 240
Thiqatu'l-Mulk Shahriyar, 274
Thomas-à-Kempis, 532
Tibet, 447
Tibetan version of Kalila
and Dimna, 350
Tibetans, 442
-Tifashi (author of works on
precious stones), 487
Tiflis, 449
Tigris, 75, 312, 361, 461
Tihama, 224
Tihran, 13, 153, 200, 276, 279,
318
Timur-i-Lang (Tamerlane),
12, 352, 443
Timur Malik, 437
Ibnu't-Tiqtiqi (author of
Kitabu'l-Fakhri), 460, 461,
462, 465, 466
Tiraz, 227
Tirmidh, 124, 180, 221, 271,
307, 334, 438, 446
Tornberg, 435, 468
Traditions, 188. See Hadith
Transcaspia, 91
Transoxiana, 95, 124, 167, 176,
183, 263, 329, 335, 336, 340,
352-353, 428, 478, 484, 489
Tripoli (Syria), 222, 469, 529
Tristan and Iseult, 274
Trübner, 521
Ibnu't-Tufayl (author of the
philosophical romance of
Hayy b. Yakdhan), 108
Tughan (prince of Nishapur),
413
Tughanshah, 39, 323, 364,
416
Tughra (royal seal or sign
manual), 84
-Tughra'i (poet), 299, 354
Tughril Beg (Seljuq), 117,
165-173, 176, 230, 260, 274,
280, 281 (meaning of name),
302, 356, 367
Tughril b. Arslan (Seljuq),
402, 414
Tughril-Tigin, Sultan —, 390
Tuhfatu'l-'Iraqayn (by Kha-
qani), 391, 392, 396, 397, 399
Tukush (Khwarazmshah), 167
Tuluy (son of Chingiz Khan),
452
Tun, 172, 204, 224, 227, 316, 458
Tunis, 86, 199
Tupper, Martin —, 319
Tuqaq (ancestor of Seljuqs),
167
Turakina (wife of Ogotay
and mother of Kuyuk), 451
Turan, 386
Turanshah, 304
Turkan Khatun (wife of
Malikshah), 182, 185, 186,
300, 301, 438, 448
Turkey, 88, 289, 400, 406
Turkish, 5, 19, 38, 64, 79, 146,
173, 177, 237, 238, 255, 264,
276, 350, 351, 384, 406, 471,
543
Turkistan, 10, 167, 428, 453,
508
Turkmans, 449
Turks, 5, 8, 17, 24, 27, 89, 113,
130, 165, 166, 168, 173, 177,
179, 223, 228, 255, 260, 261,
303, 429, 437, 528
Tus, 97, 107, 131, 132, 133, 135,
137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 148,
170, 175, 220, 273, 294, 295,
304, 337, 366, 443, 446, 456,
484
-Tusi (Shi'ite theologian), 355
Tuti, Malik —, 381
Tutush, 167, 301
Tver, 450
Twelve, Sect of the —, 11,
161, 193, 194, 196, 201. See
also Shi'ites
Tyre, 200, 203, 222
Ubayd-i-Zakani (Persian,
poet and satirist), 78, 82
'Ubaydu'llah the Mahdi
(founder of the Fatimid
Dynasty), 197
-'Udhayb, Pool of —, 504
Abu'l-'Ula (teacher of Kha-
qani), 81
Uljaytu (Khuda Banda), 441,
445
Ulugh Bitikji (chief secre-
tary), 453
'Umar (the Caliph), 136, 194,
228, 279, 330, 378, 419, 429
'Umar-i-'Ajami (one of San-
jar's amirs), 385
'Umar b. al-Farid (mystical
poet), 489, 498, 501-504, 506,
508
'Umar Khayyam (astronomer
and quatrain writer), 34, 84,
108, 109, 142, 164, 175, 181,
189, 190, 191, 192, 222, 246-
259, 260, 263, 292, 298, 337,
338, 374, 453, 479, 483
Umayyad Caliphs, 9, 84, 85,
281
Umm Awfa, 349
Unru Bulka, 300, 301, 311, 313
'Unsuri (Persian poet), 38, 88,
116, 119-123, 129, 130, 139,
140, 154, 155, 228, 275, 276,
327, 328, 389, 399, 483
'Unsuru'l-Ma'ali Kay-Ka'us,
276
Ural Mountains, 426
Urdu (language), 5, 532
Urganj (called also Kurkanj
and Jurjaniyya), 446
Ursa (constellation), 42
Uruk Khatun (Christian
Mongol princess), 441
Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, 477
Usdu'l-Ghaba (by Ibnu'l-
Athir), 468
Ushtur-nama (by Attar), 508
Uslub (pl. Asalib = “models”
or “moulds”), 87, 88, 89
Ustunawand, 204, 316
'Utaridi (Persian poet), 116,
157
-'Utbi (author of -Ta'rikhu'l-
Yamini), 99, 101, 103, 104,
105, 113, 114, 135, 202, 237,
471, 472
'Uthman (Caliph), 136, 194,
228, 229, 419, 420
'Uthman (uncle of Malik-
shah), 181
Utrar, 436, 437, 446
Utrush, Sayyid —, 93
Uways-i-Qarani (Sufi saint),
322
Uyghur (script), 441
'Uyunu'l-Akhbar, 192, 360-
362, 472
Uzbek, Mudhaffaru'd-Din —,
455
Uzkand, 437
Van, 222
Varangian Fiord, 483
Vatican, 273
Vattier (French translator of
al-Makin), 471
Veysi (Turkish writer), 17, 89
Vienna, 148, 273, 435
Vieux, Le —. See Old Man
of the Mountain
“Vision of God” (Ruyatu
'llah), 134
Abu'l Wafa the Kurd, 322
Wafayatu'l-A'yan, 475. See
Ibn Khallikan
Wagner, 142
Wajibi (of Farghana, poet),
335
“Wali-tirash” (the Saint-
carver,” title given to
Shaykh Najmu'd - Din
Kubra), 491
Walwalaj, 271
Walwalaji, 344. See Ruhi
Wamiq and 'Adhra, Romance
of — (by 'Unsuri), 275
Warsa, 340
Wasaya (“Injunctions”) of
the Nidhamu'l-Mulk, 191,
192, 212
Washmgir, 281
Wasit, 199, 483
Washmkuh (near Abhar), 204,
316
Wassaf-i-Hadrat ('Abdu'llah
b. Fadlu'llah of Shiraz), 17,
349, 443
Watad (in prosody), 24
Watwat (Persian poet), 20,
41, 271, 310, 330, 332, 396.
See Rashidu'd-Din
West, Dr. E. W. —, 3
Wetzstein, 362
Whale-fishing, 483
Whinfield, 108, 109, 191, 250,
251, 255, 257, 521
Wine-drinking, Ethics of —,
283-284
Wis and Ramin, Romance of
— (by Fakhru'd-Din As'ad
of Jurjan), 274, 337
Wisa, 275
Woepcke, 250, 255
Women, Immortality of —,
407
“World of Horizons,” 263
“World of Souls,” 263
Wren, Sir Christopher —, 67
Wright, Prof. W. —, 350, 483
Wüstenfeld, 110, 252, 300, 370,
475, 477, 481, 482
Xanadu (= Khan Baligh), 452
-Yafi'i, 492, 503
Yaghma, 422
Yahya A'qab, 470
Yaman, 200, 224, 321, 476, 529
Ibn Yamin (Persian poet), 23
Yamini (Persian poet), 116
-Yamini, -Ta'rikh — (by
-'Utbi, translated into Per-
sian by Jurbadhaqani), 99,
113, 135, 471
Yaminu'd-Dawla (or Yaminu
Amiri'l-Mu'minin), 94, 105,
471
Ya'qub b. Layth (Saffari), 10,
217
Yaqut -Hamawi (geogra-
pher), 431-432, 476, 481-
482, 483
Yaqut -Musta'simi (calligra-
pher), 487-488
Yaquti (Seljuq prince), 167,
172
Yaroslav, 450
Yarunqush (Amir of Sanjar),
385
Yatimatu'd-Dahr (by -Tha-
'alibi), 26, 64, 99, 100, 102,
103, 112, 114, 115, 120, 355
Yazd, 5, 203, 480
-Yazdadi (author of History
of Tabaristan), 103, 114, 115,
480
Yazdigird (father of Bahram
Gur), 409
Yazdigird-i-Shahriyar, 135, 281
“Year among the Persians”
(by E. G. Browne), 219, 243
Yerligh (safe-conduct), 458
“Yet more light on 'Umar
Khayyam” (by E. G.
Browne), 192, 252
Yumgan, 218, 225-226, 227,
228, 229, 245
Yunus b. Seljuq, 167
Yusuf (Joseph), 28
Yusuf and Zulaykha (by
Shaykh Abdu'llah Ansari),
270
Yusuf and Zulaykha (by
Firdawsi), 131, 141, 146-147
Yusuf b. Ahmad b. Muham-
mad b. 'Uthman, 475
Yusuf Narzami (? Barzami),
179
Yusuf al-Qifti, 476
Yusuf b. Zaki Mu'ayyad
(father of Nidhami), 401
Zab, Battle of —, 9
Zabulistan, 227, 237, 238
Zadu'l-'Arifin (by Shaykh
'Abdu'llah Ansari), 270
Zadu'l-Musafirin (by Nasir-i-
Khusraw), 221, 231, 244
Zahra (title of Fatima, the
Prophet's daughter), 234
Zakariyya b. Muhammad b.
Mahmud. See Qazwini
Zalzala (figure in rhetoric), 73
-Zamakhshari (philologist
and commentator), 299,
354, 359, 362, 487
Zanj (Æthiopians), 223
Zanjan, 172, 279
-Zanjani, 'Izzu'd-Din —, 487
Zanzibar, 460
Zapiski, 259
Zarkub, Shaykh —, 490
Abu Zarra'a -Ma'mari (Per-
sian poet), 373
Zawzan, 204, 316
-Zawzani (philologist), 299,
353
Zayd (in Layla and Majnun),
407, 408
Zaydi Imams, 93
Zaynab, the Lady —, 335
Zaynu'd-Din Abu Ibrahim
Isma'il -Jurjani (author of
the Dhakhira-i-Khwarazm-
shahi), 346
Zaynu'l-'Abidin, Imam —, 194
Zaynu'l-Akhbar (by Kardizi),
288
Ibnu'z-Zayyat, 87
Zeitschrift d. Deutschen Mor-
genländischen Gesellschaft, 6
Zend, 3
Zhukovski, 109, 248, 249, 250,
251, 254, 256, 257, 259, 261,
262, 263, 269, 368, 369, 371,
372, 373, 374, 375, 381, 382,
383, 389, 390, 391
Zij-i-Ilkhani (by Nasiru'd-
Din Tusi), 485
Zij-i-Malikshahi, 255
Zinati - i -'Alawi - i - Mahmudi
(Persian poet), 116, 157
Zindiqs, 230, 292, 295
Ziya Bey (Pasha), 29, 47, 88,
99
Ziyarids, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95,
100, 156, 169, 281, 325
Zoroaster, 3, 130, 399
Zoroastrianism, 1, 3, 8, 113,
114
Zoroastrians, 5, 44, 87, 92, 138,
186, 214, 215, 230, 275, 276,
469, 529
Zotenberg, 101
Zubayda (wife of Malikshah),
299, 301
Zuhayr b. Abi Sulma -Muzani
(author of one of the Seven
Mu'allaqat), 349
Zulaykha, 28. See also Yusuf
and Zulaykha
Zulaykha Khatun, 182
One of the descendants of the Gúr Khán and amírs of Khwárazmsháh, who conquered Kirmán in A.H. 619 = A.D. 1222.
↩All these, however, as Mírzá Muḥammad points out, draw their information from one source, viz., Jámí's Nafaḥátu'l-Uns.
↩This is a well-known traditional saying of the Prophet.
↩Tútiyá (“tutty”)—i.e., mummified.
↩I.e., sins of commission and omission.
↩See Gibb's History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. i, pp. 141-163.
↩For some account of the mausoleum, see M. Cl. Huart's Konia, la ville des Derviches Tourneurs (Paris, 1897), pp. 194-211, ch. xi: “Les philosophes mystiques du xiie siècle, Chems-eddin Tebrizi, Djelál-eddin Roûmi.—Les derviches tourneurs.”
↩Selected Odes from the Díwán-i-Shams-i-Tabríz, p. xviii of the Introduction.
↩Translation of Book I of the Mesneví (Mathnawí), p. x of the Translator's Preface.
↩Catalogue of the Oudh MSS., p. 490.
↩Selected Odes, &c., p. xx of the Introduction.
↩Published by Trübner, London, 1881. See p. 23.
↩Ibid., and also p. 99.
↩A seventh book, sometimes met with, which has been lithographed in the East, is certainly spurious.
↩Redhouse's Mesneví, pp. xi and 104.
↩He died at sunset on Sunday, 5 Jumáda II, A.H. 672=16 December, A.D. 1273. See the work above cited, p. 96.
↩Qur'án, xxiv, 35.
↩Ibid., lxxvi, 18.
↩Ibid., xix, 74.
↩Ibid., xxv, 26.
↩Ibid., ii, 24.
↩“Gnostic” is the literal translation of árif, and both terms probably come from the same source, and refer to the supra-intellectual cognition of Divine Verities recognised by the Neo-Platonists and their successors.
↩Qur'án, xviii, 17. The verse is from the Súratu'l-Kahf, or “Chapter of the Cave,” and refers to the “People of the Cave,” or, as we call them, “The Seven Sleepers.”
↩I.e., the Sun.
↩Isráfíl is the angel of the Resurrection, whose trumpet-blast shall raise the dead to life.
↩This title is given to God in the Qur'án, vi, 96.
↩Compare Ch. Huart's Livre de la Création et de l'Histoire (Kitábu'l-Bad' wa 't-Ta'ríkh), vol. ii, p. 103.
↩It is stated by al-Aflákí that this desire of Sa'dí's was afterwards fulfilled, but I know of no other authority for this alleged meeting of these two great poets.
↩Riḍwán is the Guardian of Paradise.
↩Ethé (loc. cit., pp. 295-6) gives a copious and excellent bibliography.
↩This story is told by Sa'dí at the end of ch. viii of the Bústán.
↩It is astonishing how little even well-educated Muslims know about other religions. Sa'dí, for all his wide reading and extensive travels, cannot tell a story about a Hindoo idol-temple without mixing up with it references to Zoroastrian and even Christian observances.
↩The Persian New Year's Day (Nawrúz) falls at the Vernal Equinox (about March 21st), and coincides with the outburst of flowers and verdure which makes even the deserts of Persia so beautiful in the season of spring.
↩The tradition in question is very well known, and runs: Ḥubbu'l-waṭan mina'l-Ímán—“Patriotism is a part of Faith.”
↩These are two districts of Iṣfahan, introduced on account of the wordplay to which each of them is here made to lend itself. See Le Strange's Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, p. 205.
↩On the “Mongolian loose” and “drawing-ring” in shooting with the bow, see the volume on Archery in the Badminton Library (London, 1894), pp. 79-81.
↩