The Literary History of Persia, Volume 1

A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS BY EUROPEAN SCHOLARS WHICH DEAL WITH THE VARIOUS MATTERS TREATED OF IN THIS VOLUME

Only such Oriental works as have been translated into some European language are, as a rule, mentioned in this place; but the names of all those mentioned in the text are entered in the Index in italics, those actually cited being further marked by an asterisk. Many of them exist only in manuscript; and the extent to which these manuscripts can be consulted depends on the rules governing the various Libraries where they are preserved. Nearly all the great Continental Libraries are extremely generous in this matter, and freely lend their treasures to other Libraries, or even to individual scholars. Of English public Libraries, those of the India Office and the Royal Asiatic Society are the most liberal; next comes the University Library of Cambridge, then the Bodleian. The British Museum absolutely refuses, to the great detriment of scholarship, to lend manuscripts under any conditions whatever; and one or two English libraries possessing valuable collections of Oriental manuscripts even put difficulties ín the way of scholars who wish to consult the manuscripts on the spot. Of private collectors it would be unjust not to mention especially the extraordinary liberality of Lord Crawford, to whom the author of this book is under great obligations. Most unfortunately his fine collection of Oriental manuscripts has now passed into other and less generous hands. The books enumerated below are arranged according to subjects and periods, and only a selection of those deemed most important are mentioned, those adjudged most valuable being marked with an asterisk. The terms “Ancient” and “Modern” signify pre-Muhammadan and post-Muhammadan respectively. As a further guide I would also refer the reader to two excellent bibliographies, the first chiefly of works of Geography and Travel, given by Lord Curzon in vol. i of his great book on “Persia” (pp. 16-18); the second of works on Literature, History, and Philology in Salemann and Zhukovskí's “Persische Grammatik” (pp. 105-118). Very complete bibliographies of the subjects dealt with in Geiger and Kuhn's “Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie” will also be found prefixed to the various sections into which that great work is divided. A very useful list of works connected with Zoroastrianism is also prefixed to Professor A. V. Williams Jackson's excellent monograph on Zoroaster (New York, 1899).

A. GENERAL HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY.

^*1. Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie, unter Mitwirkung von Chr. Bartholomæ, C. H. Ethé, K. F. Geldner, P. Horn, H. Hübschmann, A. V. W. Jackson, F. Justi, Th. Nöldeke, C. Salemann, A. Socin, F. H. Weissbach, und E. W. West, herausgegeben von Wílhelm Geiger und Ernst Kuhn (Strasburg, 1895 —). This invaluable work—a veritable Encyclopædia of Persian philology—comprises three volumes; of which the first treats of the early history of the Iranian languages, especially the language of the Avesta, Old Persian, and Middle Persian or Pahlawí; the second of the literatures of those languages and of Modern Persian, with a special section on the National Epic by Professor Nöldeke; and the third of the Geography, Ethnography, History (down to modern times), Religion, Coins, and Scripts of Írán.

^*2. Iranisches Namenbuch, von Ferdinand Justi (Marburg, 1895). An invaluable “Dictionary of National Biography,” so far as Persians bearing Íránian (as opposed to Arabic Muhammadan) names are concerned.

3. Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des Contrées adjacentes, extrait du Mo'djem el-Bouldan de Yaqout … par C. Barbier de Meynard (Paris, 1861).

^*4. Chronique de … Tabarí, traduite sur la version persane de … Bel'ami …, par M. Hermann Zotenberg, 4 vols., Paris, 1867-74. This book will give the European reader the best idea of Universal History, including the History of Persia, as understood by the early Muhammadan historians.

5. Sir John Malcolm's History of Persia from the Most Early Period to the Present Time … (2 vols., London, 1815).

^482a

6. Clement Markham's General Sketch of the History of Persia (1 vol., London, 1874).

^482b

^*7. Darmesteter's Études Iraniennes (2 vols., Paris, 1883). The first volume contains Études sur la Grammaire historique de la Langue persane; the second, Études sur la Langue, la Líttérature, les Croyances de la Perse ancienne.

8. Dr. C. E. Sachau's English translation of al-Bírúní's al-Átháru'l-báqiya , or Chronology of Ancient Nations (London, 1879), a work of great value and interest, containing an immense amount of varied information.

9. The Murúju'dh-Dhahab of -Mas'údí, text and French translation in nine vols. (Paris, 1861-1877), entitled Maçoudi: Les Prairies d'Or, texte et traduction par C. Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille.

B. ANCIENT HISTORY.

^*10. Erânische Alterthumskunde, von Fr. Spiegel (3 vols., Leipzig, 1871-1878). This excellent work treats of the History, Religions, and Antiquities of Persia from the earliest times down to the fall of the Sásánian Dynasty.

11. Geschichte des alten Persiens, von Dr. Ferdinand Justi (Berlin, 1879). This covers the same period as the work last mentioned, but is smaller and more popular, and contains numerous illustrations and a map.

12. Aufsätze zur persischen Geschichte, von Th. Nöldeke (Leipzig, 1887). This is essentially an enlarged and revised German version of the article on the Ancient History of Persia (till the end of the Sásánian period) contributed by this great scholar to the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

13. Le Peuple et la Langue des Mèdes, par Jules Oppert (Paris, 1879).

14. G. Rawlinson's Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, or the History, Geography, and Antiquities of Chaldæa, Assyria, Babylon, Media, and Persia. The first edition (London, 1862) comprises four, the second (1871) three volumes, and the two last volumes in both cases deal with Media and [Achæmenian] Persia.

15. G. Rawlinson's Sixth Great Oríental Monarchy, or the Geography, History, and Antiquities of Parthia (London, 1873).

16. G. Rawlinson's Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy, or the Geography, &c., of the Sásánian or New Persian Empire (London, 1876).

17. G. Rawlinson's Parthia, in the Story of the Nations Series (London, 1893).

^*18. Professor Th. Nöldeke's Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden, aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari übersetzt, und mit ausführlichen Erläuterungen und Ergänzungen versehn (Leyden, 1879). This is by far the best work on the Sásánian Period.

19. Professor Thomas Hyde's Veterum Persarum et Parthorum et Medorum Religionis Historia (first ed., Oxford, 1700; second edition, 1760). Though obsolete, this work is still interesting and suggestive.

20. W. Geiger's Ostiranische Kultur im Altertum (1882); English translation of the same by Darab Dastur Peshotan Sanjana: Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in Ancient Times (London, 1885).

C. ANCIENT PHILOLOGY.

(a) OLD PERSIAN.

21. F. Stolze's Persepolis (Berlin, 1882), with an Introduction by Nöldeke, and many beautiful photographs of the ruins and inscriptions.

22. M. Dieulafoy: L'Art antique de la Perse (Paris, 1884).

^*23. Fr. Spiegel: Die Altpersischen Keilinscriften im Grundtexte, mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar (Leipzig, 1862: second and enlarged edition, 1881).

^*24. Dr. C. Kossowicz: Inscriptiones Palæo-Persicæ Achæmeni-darum (St. Petersburg, 1872). The Inscriptions are here printed in the appropriate Cuneiform type.

(b) AVESTA.

25. Eugène Burnouf: Vendidad Sadé, l'un des livres de Zoroastre, lithographié d'après le Manuscrit Zend de la Bibliothèque Royale … (Paris, 1829-1843).

26. H. Brockhaus: Vendidad sade, die heiligen Schriften Zoroaster's Yaçna, Vispered und Vendidad, nach den lithographirten Ausgaben von Paris und Bombay, mit Index und Glossar herausgegeben (Leipzig, 1850).

27. N. L. Westergaard: Zendavesta … vol. i, the Zend texts (Copenhagen, 1852-54).

28. Fr. Spiegel: Avesta … im Grundtexte sammt der Huz-vāresch-Uebersetzung (2 vols., Vienna, 1853-58).

29. K. F. Geldner: Avesta … (3 parts, Stuttgart, 1886-95).

30. Mills and Darmesteter's English translation of the Zend Avesta in vols. iv, xxiii, and xxxi of Professor Max Müller's Sacred Books of the East (Oxford, 1877, 1880, 1883, and second ed. of vol. iv in 1895).

^*31. Darmesteter: Le Zend Avesta: traduction nouvelle avec com-mentaire historique et philologique (3 vols., Paris, 1892-93: vols. xxi, xxii, and xxiv of the Annales du Musée Guimet).

32. C. de Harlez: Avesta … traduit du Texte zend (3 vols., Liége, 1875-1877; second edition, Paris, 1881).

33. Fr. Spiegel: Avesta … uebersetzt (3 vols., Leipzig, 1852-63). There is an English translation of this by A. Bleeck (Hertford, 1864).

34. L. H. Mills: A Study of the Five Zoroastrian Gâthâs (Erlangen, 1894).

35. Ferdinand Justi: Handbuch der Zendsprache (Leipzig, 1864).

^*36. C. de Harlez: Manuel de la Langue de l'Avesta (Paris, 1882).

37. A. V. W. Jackson: An Avesta Grammar … (Stuttgart, 1892); Idem, An Avesta Reader (1893).

38. Fr. Spiegel: Grammatik der altbaktrischen Sprache (Leipzig, 1867).

^*39. Martin Haug's Introductory Essay on the Pahlaví Language (pp. 152), prefixed to Dastur Hoshangji Jamaspji Asa's Old Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary (Bombay and London, 1870).

40. C. de Harlez: Manuel du Pehlevi des livres religieux et historiques de la Perse: Grammaire, Anthologie, Lexique (Paris, 1880).

^*41. C. Salemann, Mittelpersische Studien in the Bulletins de l'Acad. de St. Petersbourg for 1887, pp. 417, et seqq = Mélanges Asiatiques, vol. ix, pp. 207 et seqq. Also the same scholar's article Mittelpersisch in vol. i of Geiger and Kuhn's Grundriss, pp. 249-332.

^*42. West, Haug, and Dastur Hoshangji Jamaspji Asa: The Book of Arda Viraf: Pahlavi text … with an English translation and Introduction … (Bombay and London, 1872); Glossary and Index of the same (1874).

43. West: The Mainyo-i-Khard (or “Spirit of Wisdom”) Pazand and Sanskrit Texts (in Roman characters) … with an English translation… Sketch of Pazand Grammar and Introduction (Stuttgart and London, 1871).

^*44. F. C. Andreas: Pahlawí text of the above, a facsimile of a MS. brought from Persia by Westergaard and preserved at Copenhagen (Kiel, 1882).

45. Prof. Th. Nöldeke: Persische Studien I and II in vols. cxvi and cxxvi of the Sitzb. d. K. Ak. d. Wissenschaften in Wien, phil.-hist. Class. (Vienna, 1888 and 1892).

46. A. Barthelemy: Gujastak Abalish, relation d'une Conférence théologique presideé par le Calife Mâmoun: texte pehlvi … avec traduction, commentaire et lexique (Paris, 1887).

47. P. Horn: Grundriss der Neupersischen Etymologie (Strassburg, 1893).

48. H. Hübschmann: Persische Studien (Strassburg, 1895). Idem, Armenische Grammatik (Leipzig, 1897).

49. Paul de Lagarde: Persische Studien (Göttingen, 1884).

50. Fr. Spiegel: Gramm. der Pârsisprache nebst Sprachproben (Leipzig, 1851). Idem, Die Traditionelle Literatur der Parsen in ihrem Zusammenhange mit den angränzenden Literaturen (Vienna, 1860).

^*51. E. W. West: On the extent, language, and age of Pahlavi literature, in the Sitzb. d. philos-philol. Classe der K. Akad. d. Wissenschaften vom 5 Mai, 1888 (pp. 396-443: Berlin).

D. PRE-MUHAMMADAN RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS.

(a) ZOROASTRIANISM.

^*52. Professor A. V. Williams Jackson: Zoroaster, the Prophet of Ancient Iran (New York, 1899). The reader's attention is again especially called to the excellent List of Works connected with the Subject, which occupies pp. xi-xv of this admirable work.

53. A Hovelacque: L'Avesta, Zoroastre et le Mazdéisme (Paris, 1880).

54. E. W. West: Pahlavi Texts translated, in vols. v, xviii, xxiv, xxxvii and xlvii of the Sacred Books of the East.

55. Professor C. P. Tiele: Geschichte der Religion im Altertum bis auf Alexander den Grossen: deutsche autorisierte Ausgabe von G. Gehrich: vol. xi; Die Religion bei den iranischen Völkern: erste Hälfte, pp. 1-187 (Gotha, 1898).

56. John Wilson: The Pārsī Religion as contained in the Zand-Avastá (Bombay, 1843).

57. Martin Haug: Essays on the Parsis, 3rd ed., edited and enlarged by E. W. West (London, 1884).

58. Dosabhai Framji Karaka: History of the Parsis (2 vols., London, 1884).

59. Mademoiselle D. Menant: Les Parsis, Histoire des Commu-nautés Zoroastriennes de l'Inde: Annales du Musée Guimet, Biblio-thèque d'Études, vol. vii (Paris, 1898).

60. A Houtum-Schindler: Die Parsen in Persien, ihre Sprache und einige ihrer Gebräuche, in vol. xxxvi (1882: pp. 54-88) of the Zeit-schrift d. deutsch. Morgenländ. Gesellsch.

(b.) CHRISTIANS UNDER SÁSÁNIAN RULE.

^*61. Georg Hoffmann: Auszüge aus Syrischen Akten persischer Märtyrer … (Leipzig, 1880).

62. Dr. W. Wright: The Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite, composed in Syriac, A.D. 507, with a translation and notes (Cambridge, 1882).

^*63 Gustav Flügel: Mani, seine Lehre und seine Schriften (Leipzig, 1862).

64. Dr. Konrad Kessler: Mani: Forschungen über die Manichäische Religion (Berlin, 1889).

65. Professor A. A. Bevan: The Hymn of the Soul, contained in the Syriac Acts of St. Thomas: re-edited with an English translation … (Cambridge, 1897). Also the same Hymn of Bardaisan rendered (more freely) into English, by F. C. Burkitt (London, Essex House Press, 1899).

^*66. Dr. D. Chwolson: Die Ssabier und Ssabismus (2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1856).

67. E. Rochat: Mani et sa Doctrine (Geneva, 1897).

E. THE PERSIAN EPIC AND NATIONAL LEGEND.

^*68. Professor Th. Nöldeke: Das Iranische Nationalepos: beson-derer Abdruck aus dem Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie (Strassburg, 1896).

69. Fr. Windischmann: Zoroastrische Studien: Abhandlungen zur Mythologie und Sagengeschichte des alten Iran (edited by Fr. Spiegel: Berlin, 1863).

^*70. The Sháhnáma of Firdawsí. There are three editions by Europeans; that of ^*Turner Macan (4 vols., Calcutta, 1829); that of ^*Jules Mohl (7 large folio vols., Paris, 1838-78), which is accompanied by a French translation and commentary; and that of Vüllers and Landauer (3 vols., Leyden, 1877-84). The last is incomplete, being only carried down to Alexander, and omitting the whole Sásánian period. Mohl's translation has also been published without the text by Madame Mohl (7 vols., Paris, 1876-78). There is also a German translation by Rückert (edited by Bayer, 3 vols., Berlin, 1890-95). Of abridged translations, mention may be made of A. F. von Schack's Heldensagen des Firdusi, in deutscher Nachbildung nebst einer Einleitung (Stuttgart, 1877), and of the English abridgments of J. Atkinson and Helen Zimmermann.

^*71. Nöldeke: Gesch. des Artachshîr-i-Pâpakân, aus dem Pehlewi übersetzt (Göttingen, 1879).

72. Darab Dastur Peshotan Sanjana: The Kârnâmê-î-Artakhshîr-î-Pâpakân … Pahlavi text with transliteration … translations into English and Gujerati, &c. (Bombay, 1896).

^*73. W. Geiger: Das Yâtkâr-i-Zarîrân und sein Verhältniss zum Shâh-nāme in the Sitzb. d. philos. philol. und histor. Cl. d. K. bayer. Ak. d. Wiss. for 1890, vol. ii, part i, pp. 43-84 (Munich, 1890). The Pahlawí text of this was published (Bombay, 1897), by Jamaspji Dastur Minocheherji Jamasp Asana, and translations into English and Gujerati (Bombay, 1899) by Jivanji Jamshedji Modi.

74. The Desatir, or Sacred Writings of the Ancient Persian Prophets, &c., published by Mulla Firuz bin Kaus, with an English translation, in 2 vols. (Bombay, 1818).

75. The Dabistán … translated from the original Persian by Shea and Troyer (3 vols., Paris, 1843).

^*76. Histoire des Rois de Perse par … al-Tha'álibí: texte arabe, publié et traduit par H. Zotenberg (1 large folio vol., Paris, 1900).

F. MUḤAMMAD, THE QUR'ÁN AND THE CALIPHATE.

^*77. Ibn Hishám's (the oldest extant) Biography of the Prophet Muḥammad (Síratu'n-Nabí), edited in the original Arabic by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1858-60); translated into German (Das Leben Muhammeds …: Stuttgart, 1864) by Gustav Weil.

^*78. The Qur'án (Coran, Alcoran): editions by Flügel, Redslob, &c. English translations by G. Sale (1774, and numerous later editions), J. M. Rodwell (2nd ed., London, 1876), and Professor E. H. Palmer in vols. vi and ix of the Sacred Books of the East; French by Kazimirski (Paris, 1854); German by Ullmann (fourth ed., Bielefeld, 1857); Concordance (Arabic) by Flügel (Leipzig, 1842); Extracts in the original, with English translation, compiled by Sir W. Muir (London, 1880). ^*Nöldeke's Geschichte des Qorâns is invaluable (Göttingen, 1860). A useful little book for the general reader on The Corân was published by the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge.

79. Sprenger's Leben und Lehre Mohammeds (3 vols., Berlin, 1869).

^*80. Wellhausen's Muhammed in Medina; an abridged translation of al-Wáqidí's Kitábu'l-Maghází (Berlin, 1882).

^*81. Nöldeke's Das Leben Muhammed's, nach den Quellen populär dargestellt (Hannover, 1863).

82. Sir William Muir: Life of Mahomet and History of Islam (4 vols., London, 1858-61; 3rd ed., 1895).

83. Idem, Annals of the Early Caliphate (London, 1883).

^*84. Idem, The Caliphate, its Rise, Decline, and Fall (2nd ed., London, 1892).

85. Ludolf Krehl: Das Leben und die Lehre des Muhammed (Leipzig, 1884).

^*86. Gustav Weil: Geschichte der Chalifen (4 vols., Mannheim and Stuttgart, 1846-62: vol. iv, which is divided into 2 parts, treats of the 'Abbásid Caliphate in Egypt after the Mongol Invasion).

^*87. Syed Ameer Ali: The Life and Teachings of Mohammed and the Spirit of Islâm (London, 1891); Idem, A Critical Examination of the Life and Teachings of Mohammed, published some eighteen years earlier.

88. G. Flügel: Geschichte der Araber bis auf den Sturz des Chalifats von Bagdad (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1864).

89. G. Weil: Geschichte der islamitischen Völker von Mohammed bis zur Zeit des Sultan Selim übersichtlich dargestellt (Stuttgart, 1866).

G. ISLÁM, ITS SECTS AND ITS CIVILISATION.

^*90. Dozy: Het Islamisme (Leyden, 1863: Haarlem, 1880); French translation of the same by Victor Chauvin, entitled, Essai sur l'Histoire de l'Islamisme (Leyden-Paris, 1879).

^*91. Alfred von Kremer: Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams; der Gottesbegriff, die Prophetie und Staatsidee (Leipzig, 1868).

^*92. Idem, Cultergeschichtliche Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete des Islams (Leipzig, 1873).

^*93. Idem, Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen (2 vols., Vienna, 1875-77).

^*94. Dr. Ignaz Goldziher: Muhammedanische Studien (2 vols., Halle, 1889-90).

^*95. T. W. Arnold: The Preaching of Islam, a History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith (London, 1896).

^*96. Shahristani's Kitábu'l-Milal wa'n-Niḥal, or Book of Religious and Philosophical Sects, edited by W. Cureton (London, 1846); translated into German, with Notes, by Th. Haarbrücker (Halle, 1850-51).

^*97. Ibn Khaldún's Prolegomena (or Muqaddamát) to his great history. Complete ed. in 7 vols. (Buláq, A.H. 1284); separate ed. of the Prolegomena (Beyrout, 1879); text and French translation of the Prolegomena (the former edited by Quatremère, the latter by MacGuckin de Slane) in vols. xvi-xxi of Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale.

^*98. T. P. Hughes: Notes on Muhammadanism (London, 1877 and 1878): Idem, A Dictionary of Islam, being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies and Customs, together with the technical and theological terms, of the Muhammadan Religion (2nd ed., London, 1896).

^*99. H. Steiner: Die Mu'taziliten oder die Freidenker im Islam, and Die Mu'taziliten als Vorlaüfer der islamischen Dogmatiker und Philosophen …, both published in Leipzig in 1865.

^*100. Brünnow: Die Charidschiten … (Leyden, 1884).

101. W. Spitta: Zur Geschichte Abu'l-Ḥasan al-Ash'arî's (Leipzig, 1876).

102. Goldziher: Die Schule der Zahiriten, ihr Ursprung, ihr System und ihre Geschichte (Leipzig, 1884).

103. S. Guyard: Fragments relatifs a la Doctrine des Ismaélîs … avec traduction et notes (Paris, 1874): Idem, Un grand Maître des Assassins (extrait du Journal Asiatique, Paris, 1877).

^*104. S. de Sacy: Exposé de la Religion des Druzes (Paris, 1838: 2 vols.).

105. Von Hammer: Histoire de l'Ordre des Assassins … traduit de l'allemand … par J. J. Hellert et P. A. de la Nourais (Paris, 1833).

106. Tholuck's Ssufismus, sive Theosophia Persarum Pantheistica (Berlin, 1821); Idem, Blüthensammlung aus der Morgenländischen Mystik (Berlin, 1825).

^*107. Dr. Fr. Dieterici: Die Philosophie der Araber im ix u. x Jahr. n. Chr., aus der Theologie des Aristoteles, den Abhandlungen Alfārābīs und den Schriften der lautern Brüder … 16 Bücher (Berlin, Leipzig, Leyden, 1858-94).

108. Professor de Goeje: Mémoires sur les Carmathes du Bahraïn et les Fatimides (Leyden, 1886).

H. BIOGRAPHY, BIBLIOGRAPHY, LITERARY HISTORY,
RHETORIC, ETC.

^*109. Ibn Khallikán's Wafayátu'l-A'yán, Biographical Dictionary of eminent and famous Muslims: Arabic text, edited by Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1837; 2 vols.); English translation, with Notes, by the Baron MacGuckin de Slane (4 vols., Paris and London, 1842-71).

^*110. Hajji Khalfa (Khalífa)'s Bibliographical Dictionary, the Kashfu'dh-Dhunún 'an Asami'l-Kutub wa'l-Funún, Arabic text with Latin translation, by Gustav Flügel (7 vols., Leipzig, 1835-58). This work is indispensable for the identification of Muhammadan books, and as the author died as late as A.D. 1658, it includes all but the most modern Arabic, Persian, and Turkish literature. Flügel's edition contains full and excellent Indices.

^*111. Carl Brockelmann's Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur (vol. i, 1897-98; vol. ii, part 1, 1899: Weimar). Not to be confounded with this is a more popular work by the same author and bearing the same title, which forms half of vol. vi of a series now in process of publication at Leipzig (C. F. Amelangs Verlag) entitled Die Literaturen des Ostens in Einzeldarstellungen. The other half of this volume (published in 1901) is formed by—

^*112. Dr. Paul Horn's Geschichte der Persischen Literatur.

113. Pizzi, besides his Manuale della lingua persiana (1883), has published (in Italian) an excellent little sketch of Persian Literature from the earliest times.

114. Professor Th. Nöldeke: Beiträge zur Kentniss der Poesie der alten Araber (Hannover, 1864).

^*115. F. Wüstenfeld: Die Geschichtschreiber der Araber und ihre Werke (Göttingen, 1882).

116. I. Guidi: Tables alphabétiques du Kitábu'l-Aghání, comprenant (i) Index des poètes dont le “Kitáb” cite des vers; (ii) Index des rimes; (iii) Index historique; (iv) Index géographique; rédigées avec la collaboration de MM. R. E. Brünnow, S. Fraenkel, H. D. Van Gelder, W. Guirgass, E. Hélouis, H. G. Kleyn, Fr. Seybold et G. Van Vloten. (Leyden, 1895-1900). One large, stout volume of 769 + xi pp., invaluable for such as can use the vast stores of verse and anecdote contained in the 20 volumes of the great Arabic anthology to which it forms the guide and key.

117. Darmesteter: Les origines de la Poesie persane (Paris, 1887).

^*118. Ethé: numerous monographs on the early Persian poets (see n. 2 on p. 452 supra, but this list is by no means complete); article on Persian Literature in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica; and ^*article in vol. ii (pp 212-368) of Geiger and Kuhn's Grundriss (No. 1 supra).

119. Sir Gore Ouseley's Biographical Notices of Persian Poets (London, 1846). An entertaining and instructive, though in some respects obsolete, book.

120. A. de Biberstein Kazimirski's Introduction to his Díwán of Minúchihrí (“Menoutchehri”), Paris, 1886.

^*121. F. Wüstenfeld: Die Academien der Araber und ihre Lehrer (Göttingen, 1837); Geschichte der Arabischen Aerzte und Naturforscher (1840).

^*122. Francis Gladwin: Dissertations on the Rhetoric, Prosody, and Rhyme of the Persians (Calcutta: reprinted in London, 1801).

^*123. H. Blochmann: The Prosody of the Persians (Calcutta, 1872).

^*124. Friedrich Rückert: Grammatik, Poetik, und Rhetorik der Perser … neu herausgegeben von W. Pertsch (Gotha, 1874).

125. Cl. Huart's French translation (Paris, 1875) of the Anísu'l-'Ushsháq (“Lover's Companion”) of Sharafu'd-Dín Rámí is a valuable guide to Persian lyric verse.

126. Th. Nöldeke: Sketches from Eastern History, translated by John Sutherland Black (London and Edinburgh, 1892).

^*127. Wüstenfeld's Vergleichungs-Tabellen der Muhammedanischen und Christlichen Zeitrechnung (Leipzig, 1854), with Supplement (Fortsetzung) by Dr. Ed. Mahler (Leipzig, 1887) continuing the reckoning from A.H. 1300 (A.D. 1883), where Wüstenfeld concluded his tables, to A.H. 1500 (A.D. 2077). This book is indispensable for all who have occasion to convert Muhammadan into Christian dates, or vice versâ.

I. ARABIC AND MODERN PERSIAN LANGUAGES.

As before said, Arabic and Persian works which have not been translated into some European language are excluded from the above list, since their inclusion would have greatly increased the size of the Bibliography without advantage to the majority of readers, who are ignorant of these languages. Some readers of this class may, perhaps, desire to begin the study of one or both of these languages, and for their benefit I will add a few words as to suitable grammars, dictionaries, and other text-books; a subject on which I constantly receive inquiries, even from complete strangers.

Excellent small grammars of both languages are included in the Porta Linguarum Orientalium Series published by H. Reuther (Carlsruhe and Leipzig). All the volumes in this series are originally in German, but some (including the Arabic Grammar of Socin) exist also in English. The Persian Grammar, by Salemann and Zhukovski (1889), is only published in German. The earlier (1885) edition of Socin's Grammar contains a much better Chrestomathy than the later one, from which the best Arabic extracts were removed to form part of a separate Arabic Chrestomathy, by Brünnow (1895) in the same series. The student who wishes to get some idea of Arabic will find the 1885 edition sufficient by itself; but if he cannot obtain it, and has to be content with the later edition, he must get the Chrestomathy as well.

Both of these Grammars, the Arabic and the Persian, contain excellent Bibliographies of the most important and useful books for students of the respective languages, and it is not necessary for me to repeat here the ample information on this subject which can be found in these small and inexpensive but most meritorious volumes.

For the study of Arabic the best grammar is Wright's (3rd ed., revised by W. Robertson Smith and M. J. de Goeje: 2 vols., Cambridge, 1896-98); Palmer's (London, 1874), though neither so full nor so accurate, is easier and pleasanter reading. Of Dictionaries the only small, inexpensive, and yet fairly complete one is Belot's Vocabulaire Arabe-Français à l'usage des Étudiants (4th ed., Beyrout, 1896: pp. 1,001: price about ten shillings). There are also a Dictionnaire Français-Arabe (Beyrout, 1890: pp. 1,609) and a Cours pratique de la Langue Arabe (Beyrout, 1896), by the same author. Fuller, larger, and even better, but about four or five times as costly, is A. de Biberstein Kazimirski's Dictionnaire Arabe-Français (2 vols., pp. 1,392 and 1,638: Paris, 1846-60). Dozy's Supplément aux Dictionnaires Arabes (Leyden, 1881; 2 vols., pp. 864 and 856) is invaluable for later Arabic writers. Lane's great Arabic-English Lexicon (London, 1863 —), is a magnificent torso. There are also Arabic-English Dictionaries by Steingass (London, 1884), and Salmoné (London, 1890).

For Persian the number of dictionaries and grammars is legion, but it is much harder to name the best than in the case of Arabic. Persian is so simple a language that almost any decent grammar will serve the purpose, and a really scientific grammar of first-class merit yet remains to be written. In England the grammars of Forbes (4th ed., London, 1869), Mírzá Ibráhím (Haileybury and London, 1843: Fleischer's German version of the same, Leipzig, 1847 and 1875) and Platts (Part i: Accidence: London, 1894) are most used, with Rosen (English translation by Dr. E. Denison Ross) for more colloquial purposes. In French there is the truly admirable work of A. de Biberstein Kazimirski, Dialogues français-persans, précédés d'un précis de la Grammaire persane, et suivis d'un Vocabulaire français-persan (Paris, 1883), as well as the Grammars of Chodzko (1852 and 1883), Guyard (1880) and Huart (1899), with the Dialogues persan-français (1857), and the Dictionnaire français-persan (1885-1887) of J. B. Nicolas. In German, besides the two already mentioned, there is Wahrmund (Giessen, 1875); in Italian, Pizzi's Manuale (see above, No. 113); and in Latin Vullers' Grammatica Linguæ Persicæ (Giessen, 1870), written chiefly from the point of view of the Comparative Philologist.

In English the best small dictionaries (Persian-Engl. and Engl.-Persian) are by E. H. Palmer; larger ones are the Persian-Engl. Dictionary of Steingass (1,539 pp.; London, 1892) and the two English-Persian Dictionaries (a larger and a smaller, London, 1882 and 1889) of Wollaston, who was assisted by Mírzá Muḥammad Báqir of Bawánát (see p. 390 of this book). Vullers' Lexicon Persico- Latinum Etymologicum (2 large vols., Bonn, 1855-67), though cumbrous and badly arranged, is on the whole indispensable until the student has learned enough Persian to use the native dictionaries (Burhán-i-Qáṭi', Farhang-i-Rashídí, &c.) from which it is chiefly compiled. As a reading-book nothing on the whole excels the Gulistán of Sa'dí, of which there are good editions (furnished with full vocabularies) and translations by Eastwick and Platts.

INDEX

In the following Index, where a large number of references occur under one heading, the more important are, as a rule, printed in thicker type. The prefixes Abu (“Father of …”), Ibn (“Son of …”) are disregarded in the arrangement of Muhammadan names into which they enter: thus, for example, such names as Abu Tahir and Ibn Sina are to be sought under T and S respectively. A hyphen prefixed to a name indicates that it is properly preceded by the Arabic definite article al-; the letter b. between two names stands for ibn, “son of …” Names of books, both Oriental and European, are printed in italics, and an asterisk is prefixed to those from which citations of any considerable length occur in the text. Names of authors and other persons whose words are cited are similarly distinguished.

For typographical reasons it has been found necessary to omit in the Index the accents indicating the long vowels and the dots and dashes distinguishing the hard letters in the Arabic and Persian names and words which it comprises. The correct transliteration of such words must therefore be sought in the text.

Aaron, 409
Ababil (birds), 178
Abalish “the Accursed,” 104,
105, 107
Aban al-Lahiqi, 332
Abarsam, 138
-'Abbas, 195, 214
'Abbas Efendi, 311
-'Abbas b. -Ahnaf (poet), 277
-'Abbas b. 'Amr - Ghanawi
(general), 354, 402
-'Abbas b. -Walid (Umayyad
prince), 242
'Abbas of Merv (alleged
author of oldest Persian
poem), 13, 340, 452
Abu'l-'Abbas -Saffah, q.v. (first
'Abbasid Caliph), 237, 240,
241, 243, 251, 254, 257
^*Abu'l-'Abbas Fadl b. -'Abbas
(Persian poet), 458
'Abbasid Caliphs, 6, 90, 159,
168, 208, 209, 210, 214, 236-
247 (rise to power), 251-
253 (character of dynasty),
thence onwards passim
'Abdan (Carmathian), 397,
401
'Abdu'llah b. 'Ali (great-
grandson of -'Abbas), 254
'Abdu'llah b. 'Abdu'l-Muttalib
(the Prophet's father), 214
'Abdu'llah b. 'Amr b. -'As
-Zuhri (scholar), 272
'Abdu'llah (brother of Babak),
329, 330
'Abdu'llah b. Marwan (Umay-
yad prince), 244
'Abdu'llah b. Maymun -Qad-
dah, 393, 394, 396-398, 406,
407, 409, 410
'Abdu'llah b. Saba (first to
teach Divinity of 'Ali), 220
'Abdu'llah b. Sa'id ('Abbasid
propagandist), 310
'Abdu'llah b. Shu'ba (officer
of Abu Muslim), 309
'Abdu'llah b. Tahir (Tahirid
prince), 12, 278, 330, 335, 346
'Abdu'llah b. Wahb -Rasibi
(Kharijite Anti-Caliph), 222
'Abdu'llah b. Zubayr, 228-231
Abu Abdi'llah (Carmathian
da'i), 397
Abu Abdi'llah Muhammad b.
Khafif of Shiraz (Sufi), 372
'Abdu'l-'Aziz (Umayyad), 215
'Abdu'l-Khaliq (Abdul Chalig)
“Achundow,” 478
'Abdu'l - Malik (Umayyad
Caliph), 103, 206, 215, 228,
230, 238, 263, 273, 283, 317,
318
'Abdu'l-Malik I (Samanid),
372, 463
'Abdu'l-Malik II (Samanid),
468
'Abd Manaf (Qurayshite), 214
^*'Abdu'l-Masih (soothsayer),
173, 182
'Abdu'l-Muttalib (grandfather
of the Prophet), 177, 214
Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi (historian,
of Cordova), 15, 268, 366
'Abdu'r-Rahman (founder of
Umayyad dynasty of Cor-
dova), 215, 245
'Abdu'r-Rahman b. -Ash'ath,
Rebellion of —, 234
'Abdu'r-Rahman b. 'Awf, 195,
202, 388, 450
'Abdu'r-Rahman b. Harmala
-Aslami (traditionist), 273
'Abd Shams (Qurayshite),
214
'Abd Zohar (coins of —), 80
Abel, 14, 162
Aberystwyth, 452
Abhar (Persian town), 86
'Abid b. Shariya of San'a
(early Arab writer), 273
Abraha (Abyssinian King),
175-178
Abraham, 385, 408, 409, 427;
— identified with Zoroaster,
113
Abtin (father of Feridun), 115
Abyssinians, 118, 175, 178-181,
186-188
Achæmenes (= Hakhaman-
ish), 92, 121
Achæmenian dynasty, 4, 5, 7,
11, 18, 19, 24, 28, 30, 36, 37,
39, 56, 60, 65, 67, 70, 79, 82,
88, 90, 94, 96, 103, 121, 127,
151, 212. See also Old
Persian
Acts of Archelaus, 155
Acts of the Persian Martyrs,
134
'Ad (ancient tribe), 430
Adam, 14, 27, 162, 316, 320,
408, 409
Adam (grandfather of Baya-
zid of Bistam), 427
Adams, Sir Thomas —, 41
Adhar- (Atur-) Farnbag, son
of Farrukh-zad, 104, 105
Adhar Gushasp (Sacred Fire),
139, 140
Adharpadh Mahraspand
(Zoroastrian priest), 101
Adabu'l-Katib (of Ibn Qu-
tayba), 277
'Adudu'd-Dawla (Buwayhid),
12, 370, 371, 398
Æschylus, 91
Æthiopians, 271, 349, 454.
See also Zanj.
Ætiology, Poetical (Husn-i-
ta'lil), 465
Afarin (minstrel), 18
Afarin-nama (of Abu Shu-
kur), 466
'Affan (father of the Caliph
'Uthman), 215
Afghanistan, Afghans, 4, 28,
83
Afrasiyab, 116
Africa, 189, 251, 339, 349, 352,
359, 367, 397, 402
Afrinagan (Zoroastrian dox-
ologies), 101
Afshin (general), 252, 323, 329-
336
Agathias, 122, 421
Agesilaus (of Xenophon), 91
Agha Muhammad Khan
(Qajar), 207
Ahasuerus, 20, 480
^*Ahli of Shiraz (poet), 225
Ahlu'l-ahwa, 289
Ahlu'l-'adl wa't-tawhid, 281.
See also Mu'tazilites
Ahlu's-suffa, 297
Ahmad b. Abi Du'ad (one of
Afshin's judges), 331, 335,
336
Ahmad b. Hanbal (Sunnite
Imam), 273, 284, 291, 295,
344, 345, 361
Ahmad b. Isma'il (Samanid),
352, 466
Ahmad b. Khidrawayh (Sufi),
424
Ahmad-Khujistani, 355
Ahmad b. Nasr -Khuza'i (con-
spirator), 285
Ahmad (successor of Abdu'l-
lah b. Maymun -Qaddah),
397, 409
^*Abu Ahmad b. Abu Bakr
-Katib (poet), 465-466
Ahriman, 35, 52, 56, 114, 146.
See also Anra Mainyush
-Ahsa, 403
Ahsanu't-taqasim fi ma'ri-
fati'l-aqalim (of -Muqad-
dasi), 373
Ahuna - vairya (verse of
Avesta), 98
Ahura Mazda, 25, 32, 34, 35,
64, 65, 72, 93, 94, 95, 114, 160:
—(name of the planet
Jupiter), 461
Ahwaz, 313, 347, 364, 371, 396
Airan (= Iran, q.v.), 4
Airyana (= Airan), 4
Airyana Vaeja, 25, 35, 36
'A'isha (wife of Prophet), 214,
217, 343
'Ajá'ibu'l-Hind, 368
'Ajam, 265, 268. See also
Persian
Ajari (name of Manichæans),
164
Akasira (plural of Kisra), 127.
See Sasanians
Akbar, Emperor of India, 166
^*-Akhbaru't-tiwal, 357. See
-Dinawari
-Akhfash (grammarian), 278
Akhshunwar (Turkish Kha-
qan), 121
-Akhtal (Arab poet), 280
Akhu Muhsin, 411
Akkadian language, 65, 66, 74
Abu'l-'Ala. See -Ma'arri
Albategnius, 363. See -Bat-
tani
Albertus Magnus, 40
Albigenses, 154, 160
Alchemy, 274, 362, 379, 428,
430
Alchemy of Happiness (of
-Ghazzali), 293
Aleppo, 218, 302, 322, 423
Alexander “the Great,” 5, 21,
37, 60, 79, 91, 96, 97, 106,
111, 118-121, 139, 304, 305
Alexander Romance, 118, 150
Alexandria, 366
Alexandrian School, 96, 97.
See Neo-Platonism.
'Ali b. Abi Talib (cousin of
the Prophet and First
Imam of the Shi'ites), 98,
130, 133, 189, 194, 203, 210,
212, 214-224 226-228, 231,
235, 239, 246, 252, 258, 261,
276, 283, 290, 296, 342, 343,
348, 350, 388, 391, 392, 398,
407, 408, 409. See also
Ghulat, Shi'ites.
'Ali b. -Husayn b. 'Ali. See
Zaynu'l-'Abidin.
'Ali Akbar, 131
'Ali Asghar, 131
'Ali -Rida. See Rida, Imam—.
'Ali b. -'Abbas -Majusi (phy-
sician), 375
'Ali b. 'Abdu'llah b. -'Abbas,
254
'Ali b. Buwayh, 360. See
'Imadu'd-Dawla.
'Ali b. Hamza-Kisa'i (gram-
marian), 276
'Ali b. Harun-Shaybani (Sa-
manid poet), 365
'Ali b. Hisham, 334
'Ali b. 'Isa (Wazir of -Muq-
tadir), 360, 429, 434
'Ali b. Jahm -Sami (poet),
345
'Ali b. Muhammad -Warza-
nini (leader of Zanj re-
bellion), 350
'Ali Mazdak, 247, 328
Abu 'Ali -Bal'ami, 356, 368,
478
'Alids('Alawiyya, descendants
of 'Ali b. Abu Talib), 239.
See Imams, Shi'ites.
Aligarh, 202
Ibnu'l-'Allaf (poet), 363
Allah Ta'ala (God), how re-
garded by heathen Arabs,
190
Allegorical Interpretation,
285. See Ta'wil.
Alptagin (founder of Ghaz-
nawi dynasty), 372
Alpuxarras Mountains, 9
Alvand, Mount —, 63
Amadana, 20. See Hamadan.
Ameer Ali, Sayyid —, 188
America, Babiism in—, 311
Amid (Diyar Bakr), 134
Amin ('Abbasid Caliph), 252,
254, 256
Aminu Ali Muhammad (title
of Abu Muslim, q.v.), 256
'Amiri, Muhammad b. 'Ab-
du'r-Rahman — (jurist), 273
Ibn 'Amir ('Uthman's cousin),
216
Amir Pazawari (Mazandarani
poet), 83
Amiru'l - Kafirin, -Ma'mun
called —, 307
Amir-i Sa'id (title of Nasr II
the Samanid), 365
Amiru'l Umara (title of Bu-
wayhids), 364, 367
Ammianus Marcellinus, 66,
75
Ammonius, 421
'Amr b. -'As, 218, 219
'Amr b. Bahr. See -Jahidh.
'Amr b. Layth (Saffarid), 348,
352, 354, 355, 359, 453
'Amr b. Sa'd, 228
'Amr b. 'Uthman - Makki
(Sufi), 436
'A. M. S (Nusayri Trinity),
203
Amshaspands, 100, 101, 160
Anabasis of Xenophon, 91
Anahita (Nahid, the planet
Venus), 95, 461
“Ana'l-Haqq,” 361, 362
-Andakhudi, Shamsu'd-Din
Muhammad (biographer of
poets), 448
Andalusia, 263. See Cordova,
Spain
Andreas, F. C. —, 70, 78, 82,
106
Angels, 160
Angles, 5
Anglo-Saxon language, 82, 95;
teaching of — introduced at
Cambridge, 41
Annihilation in God (= Fana
fi'llah, q.v.), 443
Anoshak-rubano. See Nushir-
wan
Anquetil du Perron, 42, 43,
45-53, 56-58, 61, 62, 67, 97
Anra Mainyush (= Ahriman,
q.v.), 35, 52, 56, 99, 114, 160
Ansab. See Genealogy
Ansar, 213, 215, 230, 231. See
Companions
Antioch, 421
Antiochus, 21
Anthropomorphism, 310, 311,
314, 315-316, 435
Anusha-zadh, 136, 168, 181
Anushirwan. See Nushirwan
Anwari (Persian poet), 389,
437
Anwar-i-Suhayli, 341
Aogemadaeca, 102
Aoj- (root), 27
Apocrypha of Daniel, 479, 480
Apollodorus, 21
-'Aqaba (in Surra-man-ra'a),
329
Arab heathenism (= Jahi-
liyyat, q.v.), 186-194, 212,
231, 261, 274
Arabian Nights, 254, 277
Arabian Science, 204
Arabic character, 9, 10, 82;
Spanish in —, 9
Arabic language the vehicle
of Muslim Science till
Mongol Invasion, 340, 377;
— in Persia, and Arabic
literature produced by
Persians, 3, 4, 211, 278, 348,
365, 445-447, 474-477; —
preserved in siyaq notation
in Persia, 67; importance
of — for study of Persian,
89, 90; elements of — in
Persian, 73; study of — in
Europe, 39-41; — reduced
to writing by command of
Jamshid, 80; translations
into — from Pahlawi, 76,
110, 118, 123; — written
in Syriac character (Kar-
shuni), 8, 9
Arabic script, 10, 82
Arabs, character of —, 189-
194, 252, 404, 472; — men-
tioned in Behistun Inscrip-
tion, 94; — learn their
power, 184; influence of —
on Persia, 6, 36, 37, 66;
antipathy between — and
Persians, 114, 130, 242, 327,
331-332, 334; pride of —,
213, 229; decline of zeal
and power of —, 244, 251-
252, 342, 345; minor refer-
ences, 4, 63, 173, 174, 181,
357, 369, 388. See also
Conquest, Arab —, Racial
feeling, Subject races,
Shu'ubiyya, Mawálí
Ibnu'l-'Arabi, Shaykh Muh-
yiyyu'd-Din — (Sufi), 419,
420, 438
Ibnu'l-A'rabi (grammarian),
278
Arachosia, 35, 94
Arakadris, 31
Aramaic, 36, 37, 66, 73, 74, 75,
77, 80, 81, 89. See also
Chaldæan, Syriac
Araxes, River —, 25, 35
Arbil, 33
Arbitration of Dawmatu'l-
Jandal, 219, 221
Archelaus, Acts of —, 155
Arcs of Ascent and Descent,
441
Ardabil, 324, 325
Ardashir-i-Babakan (founder
of Sasanian Dynasty), 9, 58,
70, 97, 103, 108, 112, 117, 119-
120, 121, 122, 136-151, 153,
158. See also Artakhshatr-
i-Papakano
Ardashir III (Sasanian), 174,
182
Ardashir, Dastur —, 47
Arda Viraf, Book of—, 43, 96,
106, 118, 157
Ardawan, 136, 137-139, 140-
145, 154
^*'Arib. b. Sa'd of Cordova
(historian), 360, 362, 363,
428, 430, 432, 434
Aries, Sign of —, 114, 259
'Arif (“Gnostic”), 424
'Arifu'z-Zanadiqa, 159
Aristotle (Aristu, Aristatalis),
39, 40, 119, 277, 286, 293,
305, 381
Aristotelians, Arabian —, 289
Ariyaramna (Achæmenian),
63, 92
Arjasp, 460
Armegand of Montpellier, 40
Armenians, 8, 41, 94, 127, 201,
313
^*Arnold, Sir Edwin —, 442
^*Arnold, T. W. —, 202, 206,
207, 212, 448
Arphaxad (Arfakhshad), 114
Arrajan, 324, 364
Arrows, shooting of — to
determine site, 152, 153
Arshama (Achæmenian), 63,
92, 93
'Arsh (Throne of God), 427
Artabanus. See Ardawan
Artai (wind), 143
Artakhshatr-i-Papakano, 70,
71, 93, 106, 108, 117, 122,
136-151, 153
Artaxerxes Longimanus, 117
Artaxerxes Mnemon, 20, 120
“Aryan genius,” 301
Aryans (Ariya, Airiya), 4, 29,
33, 56, 80, 90, 94, 114, 419
Aryat (Abyssinian general),
175, 176
Arzhang (Artang) of Mani
(Manes), 166
Abu'l-'As b. Umayya, 215
Asad (tribe), 370
Asad b. 'Abdu'llah (Governor
of Khurasan), 207, 352
Asad-'Amid, 460
Asad b. Musa b. Ibrahim,
274
Asadi (poet), 437; (lexico-
grapher), 86, 450, 457, 474,
478
Ibn 'Asakir, 264
'Asal-i-dukhta (“sewn honey,”
the yellow garments worn
by the Guebres), 343
Asas (term of Isma'ilis), 409,
413
Ascetics (Zuhhad), 298
Ashab. See Companions.
Ash'ari, Abu Musa —, 219;
Abu'l-Hasan —, 212, 283,
285, 286, 291-292, 352, 364,
366
Ashemaogha (heretic), Maz-
dak so styled, 169, 171
Ashghaniyan, Ashkaniyan,
111, 118, 158. See also
Parthians.
Ibnu'l-Ashtar (General of
-Mukhtar), 238
'Askar Mukram (place), 396
-Asma'i (philologist), 277, 350,
357
Asman (27th day of month),
146
Asp - i - nawbati (“sentry
horse”), 317
“Ass,” Marwan II so called.
See Marwan II
Assassins, 54, 172, 311, 392,
395, 396, 408, 424
Assyrians, 20, 21, 23, 36, 37,
55, 65, 66, 67, 74, 75, 81, 89,
90, 94, 109, 305, 306
Astarabad, 448
Astronomy, 289, 304
Astyages, 21
Asura (demon) in Sanskrit =
Ahura (God) in Avesta, 34
'Ata (name of -Muqanna',
q.v.), 320
Abu'l-'Atahiya (poet), 276, 277.
370
'Ata -Ghazzal (father of
Wasil), 281
A'tham -Kufi (historian), 363
^*-Atharu'l-baqiya (of -Biruni,
q.v.), 154, 469
^*Atharu'l-bilad (of -Qazwini),
15, 157, 257, 319, 324
Athenaeus, 121
Athenians, 94
-Athim (= Pers. Baza-gar,
“the Sinner”), 135. See
Yazdigird I.
^*Ibnu'l-Athir (historian), 169,
321-323, 360
Athravan (Fire-priest), 31
Atropatene, 19, 25, 28, 29, 30,
36, 78. See also Azarbayjan
^*'Attar, Shaykh Faridu'd-Din
— (poet and mystic), 294,
299, 361, 362, 389, 416, 424-
428, 436, 437, 444
Augustine, St. —, 155
Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 40,
288-289, 294, 381
Avesta, 4, 22-31, 34, 37, 42-
44, 50, 53, 56-59, 63, 67-
70, 88, 91, 95-102, 105, 108,
111-114, 116, 120, 143, 169,
206, 301; — meaning of
term, 78; — identified with
Abraham's Revealed Book
(Suhuf), 113
Avestic language (so-called
“Zend” or “Old Bactrian”),
27, 39, 43, 44, 60, 62, 67, 78,
81, 89
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 40, 288,
289, 293, 368, 372, 375, 381,
470
^*'Awfi, Muhammad — (author
of Lubabu'l - Albab and
Jawami'u'l-hikayat), 13, 15,
262, 283, 340, 449, 450, 452-
455, 462, 463, 466, 468, 470
471
Awhadu'd-Din Kirmani(poet),
420
Abu 'Awn, 245
'Ayn b. 'Ayn b. 'Ayn, 241
'Aynu'l-Kamal. Ṣee Evil Eye.
Aywan - i - Kisra (Palace of
Chosroes), 258
Ayyam (“days,” i.e., notable
battles, of the Arabs), 270,
388
Abu Ayyub-Muriyani, 258
Az (in Talish dialect = azem,
“I” in Avestic), 27
Azarbayjan (Adharbadhagan),
19, 28, 35, 78, 79, 313, 325,
448. See Atropatene.
Azhi-Dahaka, 114. See Dahak.
-Azraqi (historian of Mecca),
345
-'Aziz, Abu Mansur Nazar
(Fatimid Caliph), 373

Babak (Papak), the father of
Ardashir Babakan (q.v.),
122, 137-142
Babak (heresiarch), 247, 311,
323-331, 334, 336
^*Baba Tahir (dialect poet),
26, 27, 83
Ibn Babawayh (Shi'ite divine),
375
-Babbagha (poet), 370
Babis, 86, 98, 99, 100, 101, 130,
165, 170, 172, 311, 312, 407,
410, 415, 423
Babylon, Babylonia, 21, 94,
128, 154, 158, 163, 164, 282,
301, 305, 306, 357
Bacon, Roger —, 40
Bactria, 4, 25, 28 — 31, 34, 35,
78, 94, 95
-Bada (heretical tenet), 311
Badaraya, 158
Badghis, 309, 317, 346, 452
Badhan (Persian satrap of
-Yaman), 181, 183
-Badhdh, Mountain of —, 325,
326
Badi', Abu Muhammad — of
Balkh, 467
Badi'u'z-Zaman -Hamadhani,
463, 464
Badr, Battle of —, 216
Bagayadish (Old Persian
month), 32
Baghdad, 6, 163, 164, 197-
198, 209, 210, 254, 258, 259,
274, 286, 289, 292, 293, 295,
306, 307, 316, 317, 329, 339-
342, 346, 353, 356, 358-361,
364, 367, 377, 398, 402, 434,
446, 465, 466, 474
Baghir (Turkish general), 342
Baharistan (of Jami), 417,
425, 456
Baha'u'llah, 311
Bahlabad (minstrel of Khus-
raw Parwiz). See Barbad
Bahman, 97, 117, 118, 137, 142.
See also Vohumano
Bahman Yasht, 169
Bahram I. (Sasanian), 154,
157-159, 163
Bahram II. (Sasanian), 154
Bahram V. (Sasanian), called
“Gur,” “the Wild Ass,” 12,
262, 364
Bahram Chubin, 109, 129, 181,
267, 352
Bahrayn, 201, 344, 402
Balahbad. See Barbad
Bakan Yasht, 98
-Bakharzi, -Husayn b. 'Ali
(biographer of poets), 358,
448
Bakhtiyari dialect, 87
Bako Yasht, 97
Abu Bakr (Caliph), 194, 195,
205, 209, 210, 214, 217, 330,
343, 391, 437
-Bakuratu's - Sulaymaniyya,
203
Bakusaya (in Babylonia),
158
Ba'labakk (Baalbeck), 278,
306
-Baladhuri (historian), 110,
152, 197, 199, 201, 202, 203,
205, 261, 263, 268, 323, 357
-Balaghatu's-sab'a (Isma'ili
book), 401
-Bal'ami, Abu'l-Fadl —, 356;
Abu 'Ali — (son of the
preceding), 11, 110, 356,
368-369, 455, 478
Balfour of Burleigh, 221
Balkatagin b. Alptagin, 372
Balkh, 4, 35, 36, 163, 207, 244,
252, 257, 315, 347, 348, 354,
425. See also Bactria
-Balkhi, Abu Zayd — (geo-
grapher), 315, 368, 372
Ballad poetry, 16, 17, 18
Baluchistan, 4, 83
Bamdadh (father of Mazdak,
q.v.), 169
Bang, W. —, 64
Banu'l-Ahrar (Persian settlers
in -Yaman), 181, 262
Barbad (minstrel and poet of
Khusraw Parwiz), 14-18
Barbier de Meynard, 132, 365,
368, 447
Bardesanes, 160
Bardesanians, 382, 387, 415
Bardiya (Smerdes), 31, 32
Barfaryad, 162
Bar Hebræus (Abu'l-Faraj)
322, 323
Barmak (ancestor of Barme-
cides, q.v.), 257, 258
Barmecides, 164, 252, 254, 257,
258, 276, 342
Barsom, 52
Barthélemy, Paul de St. —, 59
Barthélemy, 107
Bartholomæ, 64
Barton, Dr. — (of Oxford), 50
Barzaentes (satrap of Darius),
91
Bas-farúj = Abu Sufra, 263
Bashshar b. Burd (poet and
sceptic), 267, 276
, 122
,
122
Basra, 184, 216, 219, 223, 245,
263, 270, 289, 296, 302, 349,
358, 359, 378, 385, 396, 402
Batinis, 311, 407, 414, 422.
See Isma'ilis, Carmathians,
Sect of the Seven, &c.
-Battani, Muhammad b. Jabir
b. Sinan (Albategnius), 363
Baur, 155, 191
Bayabak (Turkish officer), 342
Bayan (of Babis), 101
Bayazid of Bistam (Sufi), 352,
426-428
Bayda (= Dizh-i-sapid, “the
White Castle,” in Fars), 434
Bayhaq, 355
Bayhaqi (historian of Ghaz-
nawi Dynasty), 331
-Bayhaqi (author of Kitabu'l-
Mahasin, q.v.), 15, 18
Baynun (castle in -Yaman),
175
Baysunghar, 122
Baytu'l - Hikma (“House of
Wisdom” of the Caliph
-Ma'mun), 306
Baza - gar (= -Athim, “the
Sinner,” a term applied to
Yazdigird I, q.v.), 135, 166
Bazanes (Bishop), 172
Beatific Vision, 285, 287, 361
Beausobre, 155
Bedouin, 271. See Arabs.
Beer, 64
Behbehan, 87
Behistun (Bagastana, Bi-si-
tun), 5, 31, 63, 66, 70, 78, 92,
93
Bel, 10
Benfey, Prof. —, 9, 68
Berbers, 397
Beresine, 27, 83
Berlin Library, 262, 449, 452,
464
Bermann, 153
Berosus, 21
Bessus (satrap of Darius), 91
Bevan, Prof. A. A. —, 159,
160, 165
Bibi Shahrbanu. See Shahr-
banu
Bible, 37
Bibliothèque du Roi, —
Nationale (Paris), 45, 67,
374, 479
Bigthan, 20
Bih-afaridh (Persian heresi-
arch), 308-310, 323
Bihishti (title of apocryphal
king), 480
Bihzad (father of -Sirafi), 372
Bilal-abadh, 324, 325
Bilqis (Queen of Sheba), 175,
385
Bindu'e (uncle of Khusraw
Parwiz), 181
Biographies of Persian Poets.
See -Andakhudi, 'Awfi,
-Bakharzi, Chahar Maqala,
Dawlatshah, -Tha'alibi,
Tabaqat, Tadhkira, Yati-
matu'd-Dahr
Birku'l-Jumad, 272
^*-Biruni, Abu Rayhan (his-
torian and astronomer),
110, 123, 136, 154, 155, 158-
159, 169, 247, 259, 268, 270,
308-309, 313, 318-319, 352,
359, 371, 419, 469, 475
Bishr (disciple of Husayn b.
Mansur -Hallaj, q.v.), 431
Bishr b. -Harith, 424
Bi-situn, 5. See also Behis-
tun, Old Persian Inscrip-
tions
Bismi'llah, Analogy between
— and Ahuna vairya
formula, 98
Bisra (meat) read as “gusht”
in Pahlawi, 66, 76
Bistam (uncle of Khusraw
Parwiz), 181
Bistam (town in Persia), 427
Bit Dayaukku, 21
Biward (Abiward), 242
Black, J. Sutherland —, 347
Black, colour of 'Abbasids,
242, 243, 244, 310
Black Stone, 359, 367, 403, 404
Bland, Nathaniel —, 13, 449,
451
Blochmann, 389, 473
Blowing on knots as magic
rite, 366
Bodleian Library, 41, 42, 44,
45
Bogha (“the Bull,” Turkish
name), 342
Bokht (“hath delivered”) in
Persian names, 145-146
Bokht Yishu' (physician), 146,
344, 345, 367
Bollensen, 64
Bologna, 40
Bombay, 48, 103, 206
Book of Origins (Ghayatu'l-
wasa'il ila marifati'l-
awa'il), 356, 455
Book of Nabathæan Agricul-
ture, 357
Bopp, 68
Boswell Smith, 188
Bourchier (Bowcher), G. —,
44
, 23-24
Brahmins, 56
Brandt, Dr. A. J. H. W. —,
302
“Brethren of Purity.” See
Ikhwanu's-Safa
Brisson, Barnaby de —, 42
British Museum Library, 374,
448, 457, 473
^*Brockelmann, Carl —, 253,
267, 268, 273, 274, 276, 277,
278, 305-306, 343, 357, 358,
373-374, 375, 378, 383
Brünnow, 212, 220, 221, 222,
232
Buddha, Buddhism, 103, 154,
162, 163, 300, 301, 442
Bugha (or Bogha, q.v.), 336,
342
-Buhturi (poet), 357
Bukhara, 16, 17, 35, 322, 365-
366, 368, 468, 475
-Bukhari (traditionist), 351,
357
Bundahishn, 48, 96, 105
Bundar (or Pindar) of Ray,
85, 86
-Bundari (historian of Sel-
juqs), 43, 115, 464
Burjak and Burjatur, 146, 147
Burjin-Mihr (Sacred Fire),
139
Burnouf, Eugène —, 63, 67, 68
Burns, Baba Tahir compared
to —, 83
Buruna (suburb of Herat), 17
Bushanj, 244
Bushaq (Abu Ishaq, poet, of
Shiraz), 85
Bushkast (grammarian), 262
Bust (town), 378, 448
Bustan of Sa'di, 145, 341, 423
Buwayb, Battle of —, 6
Buwayhid Dynasty, 6, 12,
292, 360, 364-365, 367, 370,
372, 374, 375, 376, 398, 446,
453, 465, 466, 474
Buzurg b. Shahriyar (Persian
sea-captain), 368
Byron, 107
Byzantines, 127, 151, 167, 168,
174, 179, 181, 182, 185, 206,
224, 302, 305

Cadmus, 51
Cain, 162
Cairo, 295, 367, 399, 400
Calendar, Zoroastrian — com-
pared with Babi —, 100-101
Caliphate, Caliph (Khilafat,
Khalifa), 209, et seqq. See
Orthodox Caliphs, Umay-
yads, 'Abbasids, Fatimids
Calligraphy prized by Mani-
chæans, 165, 362; — by
Husayn b. Mansur-Hallaj,
362, 431
Calvinism, Effects of —, 286.
See Predestination.
Cambridge, 41, 183, 356, 446,
449, 464, 477
Cambyses (Kambujiya), 31,
32, 55, 92
Camel, Battle of the —, 217
Camphor mistaken for Salt,
199
Cappadocia, 94
Caracalla, Emperor —, 304
Carmathians (Qarmati, pl.
Qaramita), 212, 311, 319,
339, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358-
359, 362, 367, 368, 371, 391-
415, 423, 434; etymology of
title, 397. See also Fatimid
Caliphs, Ghulat, Isma'ilis,
Sect of the Seven, Shi'ites
Carra de Vaux, 356, 368
Carrhæ (Harran, q.v.), 302
Cashmere, 54
Caspian Sea, 203, 207, 348,
364, 367
Caste - system amongst an-
cient Persians, 114
Cathares. See , Al-
bigenses
Catholics, 168
Cayumers (properly Gayu-
marth), 55, 56
“Celestial” as royal epithet
in Sasanian times, 153
Celtic genius, 447
Chaghani dynasty, 453, 462,
467, 471
Chahar - bokht (“the Four
have delivered,” Persian
name), 146
^*Chahar-Maqala, 15, 317, 348,
355, 359, 396, 449, 456, 460,
470
Chaishpish (Teispes) the Ach-
æmenian, 63, 92
Chakhra (place mentioned in
Vendidad), 35
Chaldæa (Sawad), 132, 205,
302, 382, 397
Chaldæan language, 40, 44, 56,
58, 70 (Chaldæan-Pahlawi),
73, 89, 128, 479
Changiz Khan, 6, 286. See
also Mongol Invasion.
Charas of Mitylene, 121
Chardin, 42, 57, 59
Charles VI., 153
Chatrang-namak (“Book of
Chess”), 109
Chauvin, Victor —, 211. See
under Dozy.
Chess, 109, 110
Chetak (chedak), 153
China, 48, 85, 421;—and Mani-
chæanism, 159, 164;—and
Balkh, 258; visited by Bih-
afarid, 308
Chinese language, 60, 65, 80;—
paper, 431;—painting, 454
de Chinon, Gabriel —, 42
Chinvat Bridge, 106
Chithratakhma (rebel against
Darius), 33
Chosroes (Khusraw, Kisra),
127, 128
Christ. See Jesus Christ.
Christians under Sasanian
rule, 106, 134, 135, 136, 151,
168; despised by Nushir-
wan, 136, 181;—Salman the
Persian joins the —, 203;—
of Najran, 175;—of Abys-
sinia, 175; — under early
Muhammadan rulers, 200,
201, 232, 234, 280; — under
-Mutawakkil, 290, 343-344;
—under Fatimid Caliphs,
399-400;—native — in In-
dia, 264-265; — Syrian —
and heathens, 304; Chris-
tian names in -bokht, 145;
—and Muhammadan stan-
dards, 188;—malahim (Apo-
cryphal Books), 241;—scho-
lars in Islam, 278, 306, 345,
351, 366;—influence on Mu-
hammadan Theology, 288,
311, 426;—child addressed
in verse, 454; minor refer-
ences, 170, 172, 173, 261, 274,
293, 303, 382, 384
“Christians of St. John the
Baptist,” 302. See Mandæ-
ans, Mughtasila, Sabæans
Christianity, 154, 162, 186, 203,
300, 301, 305;—as under-
stood by Sufis, 443
Chronology falsified, 119, 120
^*Chronology of Ancient Na-
tions (-Biruni's -Atharu'l-
baqiya, q.v., translated by
Sachau), 154
Churchill, Sidney —, 283
Chwolson, 303, 304
Çikathauvatish (fortress in
Media), 32
Circumcision, 333, 335
“Cities of Iran,” (Pahlawi
book), 109
Classics, 37
“Clients.” See Mawali
Clement V., Pope —, 40
Cobbe, Richard —, 44
Coinage, Arabic — first used,
230
Coins, Pahlawi —, 8, 71
Collège de France, 40, 41
Colourlessness, World of —,
440, 441
“Column of Praise” of Mani-
chæans, 161
“Commander of the Unfaith-
ful,” -Ma'mun so called, 307
Commentary, Old Persian —
(Cambridge Codex), 12, 477
Communism, 170. See Maz-
dak.
“Companions” (Ashab), 228,
231, 271, 298, 349
Conquest, Arab — of Persia,
3, 4, 6, 8, 30, 90, 109, 114, 136,
163, 173-174, 181, 185-208,
212, 275; Greek — of Persia,
5; see also Alexander the
Great; Norman — of Eng-
land, 95, 479
Constantine, Emperor —, 185
Constantinople libraries, 383
Continuity of National His-
tory, 89
Conversions to Islam, how
effected, 202, 203, 207
Converts to Islam, 207, 233-
235, 246, 252, 352, 367
Coppersmith. See Saffarid
Dynasty, Ya'qub b. Layth,
'Amr b. Layth
Cordova, 245, 279, 366, 398
“Counting the Stars,” 462
de Courteille, Pavet —, 368
Covenanters, Scottish —, 37,
221
Cow, Chapter of the —
(Suratu'l-baqara), 191
Cowell, Professor —, 94, 457
Crawford and Balcarres, Lord
—, 262, 449, 452
Creasy, Sir Edward —, 209
Cross, Wood of the True —,
182
de la Croix, Petits —, 42
Crusades, 480
Ctesias, 20, 21, 23, 91, 120
Ctesiphon, 132, 136, 182, 183,
199, 222, 313, 324
Cuneiform, Persian —, 7, 43,
44, 56, 59-65, 67, 78, 80, 89,
91-95 See also Old Persian
language
Cureton, 169. See -Shahris-
tani, Kitabu'l-Milal
Curzon, Lord —, 151
Cyaxares (Huvakhshatara),
21, 33
Cyropædia, 91
Cyrus, 5, 22, 31, 32, 55, 60, 91,
92, 95, 96, 113, 121

Dabil (Armenian prince), 201
Dabistan, 54-56, 270
Daevas (devas), 25, 34, 160
Dahak (Azhidahaka, Zohak),
114-115, 150
Da'i (pl. du'at, propagandist),
236, 240, 247, 310, 314, 395-
397, 402, 407, 409, 410, 411-
415, 434. See also Da'wa
Daitya, The Good — (river,
identified with Araxes), 25,
35
Dakhma (“Tower of
Silence”), 48
Dakn, silks of —, 266
Damascius (Neo - Platonist
philosopher), 421
Damascus, 210, 219, 224, 233,
245, 280, 282, 283, 342, 445,
480
Damawand, Mount —, 115
Dandan (Zaydan), 407
Daniel, Apocrypha of —, 479,
480
Daniel, Book of —, 61
Danishwar the, dihqan, 122
Dapir (scribe) 9; Dapirih
(secretarial art), 262
Daqiqi (Persian poet), 123,
372, 453, 456, 459-462
Dara, 117, 118, 119, 139, 140,
461
Darab, Dastur —, 47, 58
Abu'd - Darda (traditionist),
272
Dari (Deri) dialect, 26
Darius, 5, 31, 32, 33, 61-64, 78,
79, 91-94, 96, 119, 121
Darmesteter, Professor James
—, 18, 22, 24-26, 28, 29, 31,
33, 50, 57-59, 68-70, 78, 81,
95-97, 141, 146, 161, 167, 255,
348, 479, 480
Dasatir (Desatir), 53, 56
Dastobar (Dastur), 9, 47, 58.
See also Zoroastrian Priests
Datik (legal portion of
Avesta), 97
Datistan-i-Dinik, 105
Da'ud b. 'Ali -Dhahiri (theolo-
gian), 357
Da'ud b. 'Ali b. Khalaf
-Isfahani (jurist), 386
Da'ud -Ta'i (Sufi), 298, 418,
424
“Daughter of Desire”
(Ibnatu'l-Hirs) in Mani-
chæan system, 162
David, 113, 440
Da'wa (Propaganda) of
'Abbasids, 236, 238-247,
410; — of Isma'ilis, 395;
Organisation of —, 240
Dawidar (“Keeper of the
Seals”), 197
Dawlatshah, 12, 14, 15, 16,
346, 347; Sources of —,
447, 449, 456, 470, 473
Dawmatu'l-Jandal, Arbitra-
tion of —, 219, 291
Dayaukku (), 21
Daylam, 203, 207, 276, 313,
364, 448, 463. See also
Buwayhids
Dd = nd, 160
Deioces, 21
Democracy of Arabs, 130
Demons, 112, 114. See Daevas,
Div-band, Jinn.
Dervishes, 300; “Dancing” —
438
Destruction of Philosophers
(Tahafutu'l. - Falasifa) of
-Ghazzali, 289
Devil tempts Dahak, 115;
verses ascribed to —, 14.
See also Daevas, Demons
Devil-worshippers (Yazidis),
304
Devotees (-'ubbad), 298
-Dhahabi (historian), 436
Dhahiriyya (externalists”),
212, 357, 422
Dhahir (Zahir) of Faryab, 389
-Dharifi, Abu Nasr — (Sama-
nid poet), 365
Dhaquliyya (sect), 311
Abu Dhárr -Ghifari, 217, 288
Dhu Jadan (Himyarite poet),
175-176
Dhu'l-lisanayn (bilingual
poets), 453, 465
Dhu'n-Nun (Sufi), 298, 345,
357, 424
Dhu Nuwas (poet), 174-176
Dhu Qar, Battle of —, 6, 184,
186
Dhu'l-Qarnayn (“the Two-
horned”), 119
Dhu'r-Rumma (poet), 261
Dhu Shanatir (Himyarite
King), 174
Dhu'l- Yaminayn (“Ambi-
dexter”), 346
Dialects, Persian —, 26, 27,
43, 83-87, 348, 478, 479
Di'bil (poet), 345
Dieterici, 292, 293, 294, 364,
369, 379, 380, 381
Dieulafoy, 64
Dihistan, 448
Dih-khuda, 448
Dihqans, 150, 233, 246, 267,
329
Diki (digi) in Shapur's inscrip-
tion, 153
Diku'l-Jinn (poet), 278, 345
Dilaram (mistress of Bahram
Gur), 12
Dinawar (town), 313
^*-Dinawari (historian), 103,
109, 113, 114, 129, 136, 152,
169, 203, 229, 236, 237, 238,
241, 242, 315, 317, 323, 328,
357
Dinkard (Pahlawi book), 97,
105, 157
Diogenes (Neo-Platonist phi-
losopher), 421
Dirakht-i-Asurig (“'Tree of
Assyria”), 109
Diraz-dast, 117, 137, 142. See
Longimanus.
Div-band (“Binder of De-
mons,” title of the mythical
Persian King Tahmurath),
80, 112
Divine Right, Theory of — in
Persia, 128-130, 391
Diwans, Organisation of
the —, 204-205
Diyar Bakr, 134
Dizh-i-sapid (= -Bayda, “the
White Castle”), 434
Dorn, 83, 86, 314
Dove, Form of White —
assumed, 314
Dozy's ^*Islamisme (Chau-
vin's transl.), 185-186, 190,
204, 211, 220, 224, 231, 234-
235, 252, 282, 286-288, 290,
291-292, 298, 299, 300, 315-
316; — Supplément, 342; —
Histoire des Musulmans
de l'Espagne, 394
“Dragon” (in mystical
poem), 363
Drangiana, 94
Druj (demon), 160
Druzes, 393, 398, 400
Ibn Abi Du'ad(one of Afshin's
judges), 331, 335, 336
Dualism, 157, 160, 186, 387, 414.
See also Manichæanism
Du bayti. See Ruba'i
Dubeux, 369
Dugat, 39, 41, 212
Dukha (diki, q.v.), 153
Abu Dulama (court jester), 276
Dumyatu'l-Qasr (of -Bakh-
arzi), 448
Dunbawand (Damawand) 115
Duncker, 96
Ibn Abi'd-Dunya (author), 357
Ibn Durayd (philologist), 269,
366
-Duruzi (after whom are
named the Druzes, q.v.), 400
Dussaud, René —, 395
Duvitataranam, 92

Eagle in Persian legend, 121
Ecbatana (Hagmatana, Ha-
madan), 19, 32, 78
Eckhart, 297, 421
Eclipses, 470
École des Langues Orientales
Vivantes (Paris), 447
Edessa, 134
Edward (King of England), 33
Egypt, 71, 94, 209, 218, 220
223, 224, 227, 234, 245, 263,
266, 272, 298, 339, 352, 367,
371, 395, 396, 397, 400, 401,
404
Egyptian hieroglyphics, 65;
— version of Alexander-
legend, 118
Eight Gates of Paradise, 412
Elburz Mountains, 35, 348
Elephant, People of the —
(Ashabu'l-Fil), 178
Elephant, Year of the —, 173,
174, 178
Elliott, J. B. —, 13, 449, 452
Emesa (Hims, in Syria), 218,
396
Emmanuel College, Cam-
bridge, 43
Emmett (Irish patriot), 346
Encyclopædia Britannica, 10
Encyclopædists. See Ikh-
wanu's-Safa.
England, 4, 5, 37, 245, 301,
446, 479
English people, 50, 118;—
and Irish, 346; — and
Scotch, 33; — in India, 264
English language, 4, 5
Enneads (of Plotinus), 420
Ephrem, Patriarch, 399
Epistles, Forms of — (Pahlawi
book), 109
Epos, Persian —, 91, 110-123.
See Shah-nama
Eran, 4. See Iran, Persia
Eran-vej, 25
Eran-shahr, 115
Erskine, 48, 54
Esar-Haddon, 20
Escorial, 272
Esoteric Doctrine. See Ba-
tinis, Ta'limis, Ta'wil.
Esther, Book of —, 20
Ethé, Dr. H. —, 13, 301, 340,
349, 416, 450, 452, 453, 456,
457, 459, 460, 462
Etymologies, Persian popular
—, 270
Euagrius, 168
Eulalius (Neo-Platonist philo-
sopher), 421
Euphuism ('Ilmu'l-Badayi'),
389
Europe, 185
Eusebius, 21
Eutychius (Sa'id b. -Batriq),
169, 366
Eve, 162
Evil Eye, 452
Evil, Mystery of —, 440, 441
Ezra, 61

Fa“al - i - Mutlaq (“Absolute
Agent,” i.e., God), 419
Fadlu'llah -Hurufi, 423
Fadl b. Sahl, 255, 276, 284
Fadl b. Yahya (the Barme-
cide), 257
Fadl (poetess of Yamama),
345, 351
Abu'l-Fadl -Bal'ami, 356
Abu'l-Fadl -Sukkari, 476
Fahlabad (Pahlapat), 15. See
Barbad.
Fahlaviyyat (Persian dialect
verses), 80, 85
^*-Fakhri (historian). 188-189,
194-200, 204-205, 217, 219,
221-223, 226, 227-228, 230,
231, 235, 241, 242, 243, 252-
253, 256, 258, 314, 315, 316,
322-323
Fakhru'd-Dawla (Buwayhid),
374
-Fakihi (historian of Mecca),
357
Falaku'd-Din Muhammad b.
Aydamir, 197
Faludhaj (= Paludak), a kind
of porridge, 329
Fana fi'llah (“Annihilation in
God”), 441, 443
Fana- (= Panah-) Khusraw,
448
Fani, Muhsin-i, —, 54
^*Ibnu'l - Faqih -Hamadhani
(geographer), 14, 15, 358,
432-433
Faqirs, 438. See Dervishes
-Farabi (philosopher) 40, 288,
368, 381
Abu'l-Faraj (Barhebræus, q.v.),
322
Abu'l-Faraj -Isfahani (author
of Kitabu'l-Aghani), 15, 371
Abu'l-Faraj (Harranian), 304
-Faralawi, Abu 'Abdi'llah Mu-
hammad b. Musa —, 455
Farasu'n-nawba (“Sentry-
horse”), 317
Fargard (chapters of Vendi-
dad, so named), 99
Farhang-i-Pahlavik (Pahlawi
glossary), 109
Ibnu'l-Farid (mystic poet),
419, 438
Faridu'd-Din 'Attar, Shaykh
— (Persian mystic and
Poet). See 'Attar.
Farighuni Dynasty, 453
Farr-i-Kayani (“Royal Splen-
dour”), 128, 143, 144
-Farra (grammarian), 277
Farrash (“carpet-spreader”),
354
Farrukh Hurmazd (Ispah-
badh of Khurasan), 182
Farrukhi (Persian poet), 389,
460, 474
Farrukh-zad, 104
Farrukh-zadh-Khusraw (Sa-
sanian King), 174
Fars (Parsa, Persis, q.v.), 4, 5,
19, 200, 360, 371, 432, 434,
448
Fasa (near Shiraz), 170
Abu'l-Fath -Busti, 371, 467
Abu'l-Fath Mahmud, 253, 371.
See Ibn Kushajim
-Fatiha (opening chapter of
-Quran), 98
Fatima (daughter of the
Prophet and wife of 'Ali),
130, 131, 132, 214, 224, 229,
239, 350, 392, 397, 398, 399,
408
Fatima (daughter of Abu
Muslim), 247, 328
Fatima of Nishapur, 434
Fatimi (= Isma'ili, q.v.), 407
Fatimid Caliphs, 214, 339, 349,
352, 359, 367, 371, 373, 395,
396, 397, 398 (their pedigree
discussed), 399, 400, 401,
402, 404, 409, 455. See also
Carmathians, Isma'ilis, Sect
of the Seven
Fawkes, Guy —, 203
-Fayyum, 71, 104
Feridun, 115, 116, 268
Abu'l-Fida (historian), 169,
290
Fida'is (Assassins), 424
^*Fihrist, 76, 109, 110, 123, 155,
156, 157, 159, 163-164, 165,
247, 268, 278, 302, 308, 310,
312-313, 315, 323, 324, 327,
328, 332, 350, 362, 373, 374,
378, 383-387, 394, 396, 401,
407, 416, 418, 420, 428-
429
Finance department of early
Caliphs modelled on Per-
sian lines, 205
Fiorillo, 60
Abu Firas (poet), 370, 371, 446
^*Firdawsi, 15, 79, 80, 110, 111,
114, 118, 122, 123, 136, 138,
140-142, 143, 144-145, 146,
147-150, 169, 348, 372, 389,
437, 452, 456, 460. See also
Shahnama
Fires, Sacred —, 139. See
also Adhar Gushasp, Frobag
or Farnbag Fire (Kharrad),
and Burjin-Mihr
Fire-temples, 206
Fire-worshippers. See Gue-
bres, Zoroastrians
Firuz-Daylami, 262
Firuz (son of Abu Muslim's
daughter Fatima), called
Kudak-i-dana (“the Wise
Child”), 328
Firuz - i - Mashriqi (Persian
poet), 355, 453
Firuz, Mulla —, 53
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward —,
346
Five Principles of the
Isma'ilis, 408
Fleischer, 169, 453
Flower, Samuel —, 42, 59
Flügel, 157, 159, 161, 163, 164,
292, 373, 378, 383
Forbes, Dr. —, 472
Foy, 64
Francis V of France, 40
Frank, Hermann —, 417
Fravartish (Phraortes), 21, 32
Frazer, 44
French East India Company,
45
Frobag Fire, 139
Fudayl b. 'Iyad (or 'Ayyad),
298, 418, 424, 426
Fuqaym (Arab tribe), 176
Furat (general), 238
“Furs-i-qadim,” 80
Fustat, 399
Fususu'l-Hikam (by Shaykh
Muhyiyyu'd-Din b. al-
'Arabi), 420
Futtaq (Patecius), father of
Manes, 157
^*Futuhu'l-Buldan. See -Ba-
ladhuri

Gabra (=mard), 74
Gabri dialect (Yazd and Kir-
man), 43, 86, 109. See also
Dialects
Gabriel, Archangel —, 316,
427
Gahs (Zoroastrian), 5, 52
Galen (Jalinus), 305, 381
Gandara (country), 94
Ganneau, Charles —, 76
Garmapada (Old Persian
month), 32
Gasanik (liturgical portion of
Avesta), 97
Gathas (Avesta), 28, 30, 78, 88,
95, 97;—(days added to
year), 100
Gaub- (Old Persian root), 27
Gaumata the Magian, 31, 32
Gava (the blacksmith), 115
Gayumarth (Gayo Mareta,
“Cayumers”), 55, 56, 112,
122
“Gazelle” (name given by
-Husayn to his wife the
daughter of Yazdigird III),
131, 229
Geiger and Kuhn's Grundriss,
25, 31, 35, 57, 59, 63, 68, 69.
83, 88, 96, 108, 111, 138
Geitlin, Herr —, 472
Geldner, 57, 69, 95, 96, 97, 98,
99
Genealogy (Ansab), 267, 269,
270
Geography, 271
Gerard of Cremona, 40
Germans, 185, 301; —Mystics
of xiv cent., 297
Ghada'iri of Ray (Persian
poet), 437
Ghassan, 173, 174, 388
^*Ghayatu'l-wasa'il ila ma'ri-
fati'l-awa'il, 455
Ghaylan the Qadari, 283
Ghazal form of poetry, 472,
474, 476
Ghazala (“Gazelle,” q.v.), 131,
229
Ghazna, 448
Ghaznawi Dynasty, 341, 353,
360, 371, 377, 467, 468, 472,
474
^*-Ghazzali (Divine and Philo-
sopher), 40, 289, 293-294,
362, 419, 422, 436, 437
-Ghulat (plural of Ghali: the
“extremists” of the Shi'a
party), 240, 279, 310-311,
328, 362, 386, 396
Ghumdan (castle), 176
Ghur, 376; Dynasty of —, 449
Gibb, E. J. W. —, 389, 390,
423, 444, 465
Gibbon's Decline and Fall,
154, 167, 168, 421
Gibraltar, 204
Gilaki dialect, 348
Gilan, 83, 86, 364, 368
Ginza (Book of the Man-
dæans), 302
Gladwin, 389
Glover (Persianized as Gul-
avar), 270
Gnosis, 424
Gnosticism, 96, 159, 161, 202,
432
Gobineau, 64, 130
God, Persian Kings regarded
as —, 128
Godefrey de Bouillon, 480
^*de Goeje, Professor —, 10,
119, 270, 272, 276, 360, 367,
372, 373, 394, 396, 397, 398,
399, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405,
407, 432, 434
^*Goldziher, 190, 212, 260-265,
267-270, 272, 273, 336, 350,
357, 358
Gordian, Emperor —, 420, 421
Gospels, 113, 401
Goupil (commandant at Pon-
dichery), 46
Gozan, River —, 20
Graf, 423
Grammarians, Early Arab —,
275-278. See also Sibawayhi
Gravesend, 49
Greece, Greeks, 4, 5, 8, 9, 20,
37, 39, 58, 61, 70, 79, 80, 91,
117, 127, 128, 129, 140, 167,
169, 261, 262, 266, 269, 271,
277, 284, 288, 292, 301, 304,
305, 306, 325, 345, 363, 382,
426, 446, 472
Grotefend, 59, 60, 62, 63, 70
Guebres (Gabrs), 27, 86. See
Magians, Zoroastrians
Guftan (“to say”), 27
Guirgass, 169. See -Dinawari
Gujastak Abalish namak, 104,
107
Gujerati, 9
Gular, Castle —, 146
Gulistan (of Sa'di), 341
Gulnar, 143
^*Gulshan-i-Raz (of Mahmud
Shabistari), 282, 444
Gunde-Shapur, 10, 158, 167.
See also Junde-Shapur
Gurgan, 16, 35, 367, 458, 470
Gushasp, Adhar — (Sacred
Fire), 139
Gushnaspdeh, 174
Gushtasp (Vishtaspa), 25, 28,
61, 95, 116, 118, 123, 142,
460; Shahnama-i- — (=
Pahlawi Yatkar-i-Zariran),
108
Gushyar (astronomer), 368
Gutschmid, 96, 178
Guyard, Stanislas —, 54, 396,
399, 407, 408

H (Persian) = S (Sanskrit), 34
Ha (or haiti, the name given
to the divisions of the
Yasna), 99
Ha (= 5 = Bab), 100
Haarbrucker (translator of
Shahristani, q.v.), 169
Habib b. Maslama -Fihri, 201,
272
Habor, 20
-Hadi ('Abbasid Caliph), 254,
259, 307, 317
Hadith (tradition of the Pro-
phet), 80, 85, 225, 283, 285,
341, 361, 389, 428, 437, 444
Hadramawt, 180
Haetumant, 35
^*Hafidh (Hafiz, the poet), 80,
85, 225, 283, 285, 341, 361,
389, 428, 437, 444
Hafsa, 214, 343
Haftan - bokht (Haftawad),
137, 145, 146
Haft Iqlim, 452
Hagmatana, 19, 78. See
Ecbatana, Hamadan
Hajar (in Bahrayn), 201, 354;
“to carry dates to —” (=
“to carry coals to New-
castle”), 456
Haji-abad, Shapur's inscrip-
tion at —, 93, 151-153
Hajjaj b. Yusuf, 205, 206, 230,
234, 283
Hajji Baba (by Morier), 423
Hakam b. Abi'l-'As b.
Umayya, 215
Hakhamanish (Achæmenes),
63, 92
Hakimatu'd - Dahr (“the
World-Wise”), 162
-Hakim bi-amri'llah (Fatimid
Caliph and Deity of Druze
sect), 398-400
Halah, 20
Halani-stones, 267
Halévy, 29, 64
-Hallaj, Husayn b. Mansur
(Sufi heretic), 361, 433. See
Husayn b. Mansur
Ham (son of Noah), 116
Hamadan, 19, 20, 22, 78, 79,
83 (dialect), 158, 313. See
also Ecbatana, Hagmatana
-Hamadhani (geographer), 14,
15, 432, 433
-Hamadhani, Badi'u'z-Zaman
— (author of Maqamat),
463-464
Hamasa, 278, 447
Hamasatu'dh-Dhurafa, 454
Hamdan, House of —, 446
Hamdan b. -Ash'ath-Qarmat,
396, 397, 401, 408, 410. See
Carmathians
Hamdu'llah Mustawfi -Qaz-
wini (Persian historian and
geographer), 15, 27, 80, 85
Hamdun b. Isma'il, 336
Hamid (wazir of -Muq-
tadir), 430-432
Hammad (father of Manes),
155
Hammad b. Sabur -Rawiya
(editor of Mu'allaqat), 276
von Hammer, 369, 407
Hamza (minister of -Hakim
bi-amri'llah), 400
Hamza of Isfahan (historian),
110, 123, 169, 269
Abu Hamza (Kharijite rebel),
263
Hanafi sect or school, 276,
294, 295
-Hanafiyya (wife of 'Ali), 214
Ibnu'l-Hanafiyya (son of
above), 214, 228, 229, 239,
392
Ibn Hanbal (founder of Han-
balite school), 273, 284, 291,
295, 344, 345, 361
Hanbali sect or school, 294,
295, 361, 364
^*Handhala of Badghis (Per-
sian poet), 346, 355, 452
Abu Hanifa -Nu'man(founder
of Hanafi sect, 276, 280,
294-295, 386
Hapta - Hendu (“Seven
Rivers”), 35
Harahwaiti (Arachosia), 35
Haraiva (Herat), 94
Harar (daughter of Yazdigird
III), 229. See “Gazelle”
Harb b. Umayya, 215
-Hariri (author of Maqamat),
464
-Harith b. 'Abdu'llah -Ja'di
(poet), 242
de Harlez, 22, 28, 68
Haroyu (Herat), 35
Harpers, 16, 17, 18
Harran (Carrhæ), 302-306,
358, 372, 387
-Harthami, Abu Nasr —
(Samanid poet), 365
Harun b. 'Isa b. -Mansur, 331
Harun -Rashid ('Abbasid
Caliph), 13, 163, 168, 210,
252-254, 259, 276, 277, 305,
307, 317
Harura, 222
-Hasan b. 'Ali (second Imam
of the Shi'a), 132, 133, 214,
224, 228, 229, 392, 409
-Hasan b. 'Ali -Utrush (Say-
yid of Tabaristan), 207, 359'
-Hasan -Basri, 272, 281, 298
299, 432
Hasan -Sabbah (founder of
Assassins), 408
-Hasan b. Sahl (father-in-law
of -Ma'mun), 255
-Hasan b. Zayd (called Jali-
bu'l-hijara, Sayyid of
Tabaristan), 348
Abu'l-Hasan -Ash'ari, 283.
See -Ash'ari
Abu'l - Hasan Muhammad
(grandson of Simjur), 466
Abu'l-Hasan -Musawi, 365
Hashim, 214, 239
Hashim, b. Hakim, 318. See
-Muqanna'
Abu Hashim the Sufi, 298, 417
Abu Hashim (son of Ibnu'l-
Hanafiyya), 239
Hashimi (Hashimite), 213, 214,
216, 218, 221, 246, 431
Hashimiyya (sect), 239
Hashimiyya (town), 316
Hashishi (Assassin), 408
Hashwiyya (sect), 386
Hastings, Battle of —, 95
Hatak Mansarik (philoso-
phical portion of Avesta),
97, 108
Hatim-Ta'i, 265
Abu Hatim -Sijistani, 350
Hatokht-nosk, 97, 102
Haug, Dr. Martin —, 57, 59,
68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77, 81, 103,
109, 151, 152, 153, 157
Haumavarka, 94
Ibn Hawqal (geographer), 372
Haydar (= Afshin, q.v.), 334
Haydara (disciple of -Hallaj),
431, 435
-Haytham b. Mu'awiya, 316
Hayyan the druggist('Abbasid
propagandist), 236, 239
Ibn Hazm, 279
Hebrew character, 9, 37, 103,
479
Hebrew language, 40, 41, 42,
479
Hellenism, Influence on Per-
sia of —, 6
Hellenopolis (),
304
Helmand River, 35
Henry III of France, 41
Herat, 16, 35, 94, 123, 242, 244,
317, 347, 355
Herbads (order of Zoroastrian
priests), 309
Herodotus, 20, 21, 23, 26, 33,
78, 91, 92
Hezekiah, 66
Hieroglyphics, 65
-Hijaz, 184, 196, 243, 272, 314,
448
Hikmatu'l-Ishraq (by -Suhra-
wardi), 423
Himalayas, 185
Hims (Emesa), 218, 396
-Himyari, -Sayyid —, 276
Himyarites, 175, 178, 179, 181,
271
Hindus, 34, 114
Hippocrates, 305
Hira, 174, 179, 262, 264, 306,
388
Hisham (Umayyad Caliph),
164, 240, 245, 266, 283
Hisham b. -Kalbi (historian),
275, 277
^*Ibn Hisham (biographer of
Prophet), 128-129, 186-188,
193, 203, 262, 269, 272, 276,
277
Historical science, Origin of
— amongst Arabs, 270-273
Hitzig, 64
Hoffmann, Georg —, 134
Homes, H. A. —, 293
Horn, Dr. Paul —, 86, 340, 450,
457, 459, 474
Hoshang, Dastur —, 109
Hoshea, 20
Houris, 107
Houtsma, 169, 464
Houtum-Schindler, 83, 206,
207
Huart, Clement —, 26, 27,
83
Hubaysh, 306
Hübschmann, 64
Hud (prophet), 387
Hudhayl (Arab tribe), 192,
193; Diwan of —, 357
Hughes, Dictionary of Islam,
427, 444
Hujjat (“Proof,” a title used
by Isma'ilis), 409, 410, 414
Hujjat-i-Khurasan (title of
Nasir-i-Khusraw, q.v.), 399
Hulagu Khan (Mongol), 6, 209,
210, 286
Hulul (Incarnation, q.v.), 279,
310-311, 328
Huma (mythical bird), 121
Humay (or Khumani), Queen
—, 117
Humayma (place in Syria),
236, 243
Hunayn b. Ishaq of Hira,
306, 351, 356
Hunt, Dr. — (of Oxford), 50,
51
Abu Hurayra, 272
Hurmazd(Hurmuzd, Hurmuz,
Hurmizd), name of the
Planet Jupiter, 461
Hurmazd I, 138, 154, 157, 158,
161
Hurmazd IV, 174, 181
Hurmazd V, 174
Hurmuzan, 215, 266
Hurufi, Sect, 26, 43, 86, 405,
423
-Husayn b. 'Ali (third Imam),
130-133, 214, 224, 226-228,
229, 239, 290, 322, 343, 392,
393, 409
-Husayn b. Mansur -Hallaj,
361-363, 367, 423, 428-437
Abu'l-Husayn-Basri (Mu'tazi-
lite), 289
Abu'l-Husayn b. Faris (philo-
logist), 269
Abu'l - Husayn -Mu'ayyad
bi'llah, Sayyid —, 348
Hushang (legendary King of
Persia), 54, 112,
Hushangji, Dastur —, 81
Husn-i-ta'lil (poetical ætio-
logy), 465
Husparam-yasht, 98, 99
Hukht, Huvarsht, Humat
(“Good Words,” “Good
Deeds,” “Good Thoughts”),
165
Huvakhshatara (Cyaxares),
21, 33
Huzvaresh, 7, 66, 71, 73, 75,
77, 80, 81, 103
Hyde, Dr. —, 19, 41, 42, 43, 52,
59, 60
Hyrcania (Vehrkana, Gurgan),
26, 35
Hystaspes (Vishtaspa, Gush-
tasp), 61, 92, 95, 96, 121

(Yaksum, q.v., Abys-
sinian King of Yaman), 178
Iblis, 320. See Devil.
Ibnatu'l-Hirs (“Daughter of
Desire”), 162
Ibrahim (Patriarch). See
Abraham.
Ibrahim (Umayyad Caliph),
215, 318
Ibrahim ('Abbasid Imam),
240, 242, 243, 254
Ibrahim-Mawsili (minstrel),
345
Ibrahim b. Adham (Sufi), 298,
418, 424, 425
Ibrahim b. Hilal -Sabi (his-
torian), 372
Ibrahim b. -Mahdi ('Abbasid
prince), 254
Ibrahim b. Sinan b. Thabit
b. Qurra, 304, 367
Ibrahim -Sindi, 165
Ideograms, 65-67. See also
Huzvaresh
Idolatry, Sufi explanation of
—, 443-444
-Iji, 279
Ijma'u's-Sunnat, 391
Ikhshid, House of —, 397
Ikhwanu's-Safa (“Brethren
of Purity”), 292-294, 339,
364, 378-381
Abu 'Ikrima the Saddler
('Abbasid da'i), 236, 239
Ilah (God), Attitudes of wor-
shippers in Prayer spell —,
412
Ilaqi (poet), 468
Iliad, 153
Iltatmish, Shamsu'd-Din —,
450
'Imadu'd-Dawla (Buwayhid),
360, 364
'Imadu'd-Din -Katib -Isfa-
hani (historian), 448
Imamate, Doctrine of —, 296.
See Shi'ites, Sect of the
Seven, Sect of the Twelve,
Ghulat, &c.
Imamiyya (sect), 386. See
Shi'ites, &c.
Imams, 130, 134, 214, 224,
229, 238-239, 246, 252, 284,
296, 310-311, 313, 315, 358,
391-415; — of 'Abbasids,
237; — of Sunnis, 276, 277,
295; — of History, 361
Imperialism, 232, 235, 328
Abu 'Imran (Jawidan b.
Suhrak), 325, 326, 328
Incarnation (hulul, q.v.), 279,
313, 316, 318, 320, 322, 327,
362, 363, 396, 398, 399, 428,
429, 435
India, Persian literature of
—, 3; — and Zoroaster, 34;
Influence of — in forma-
tion of Sufi doctrines, 300-
301, 419, 426, 442; Marvels
of —, 368; Natives of —
who contributed to Arabic
literature, 306, 371; —
invaded by Mahmud, 376;
— visited by Manes, 158,
159, 163; — — by -Hallaj,
431, 434, 435; — Office
Library, 450; minor refer-
ences, 42, 45, 46, 54, 79, 94,
102, 110, 138, 140, 179, 227,
258, 278, 306, 382, 387
Indianists, 300, 301, 419
Indians and Iranians, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 56, 111, 113
Injil. See Gospel
Inquisition against Mani-
chæans, 163
Ionians, 94
Iqna' (work on Prosody
by the Sahib Isma'il b.
'Abbad), 374
'Iqdaniyya (Council of Car-
mathians), 404
Iraj (son of Feridun), 115, 116
Iran, 4, 5, 115, 139; — (proper
name = Arphaxad), 114, 128.
See also Persia
Iranophiles, 269
'Iraq, 19, 131, 163, 195, 196,
199, 219, 233, 239, 251, 266,
272, 282, 446, 448, 465, 466
'Iraqi (Persian poet), 420
'Irfan (Gnosis), 424
Irish patriots, 346
'Isa b. Musa ('Abbasid Prince),
254
'Isa b. 'Ali (Christian phy-
sician), 368
'Isa b. Ja'far (Shi'ite), 343
'Isa b. Muhammad (general),
323
'Isa b. 'Umar -Thaqafi (gram-
marian), 275
Isfahan (Ispahan), 4, 19, 79,
83, 139, 203, 311, 313, 315,
364, 376, 448
Isfandiyar (Isfandiyadh), 116,
117, 142, 147, 150, 269
Ibn Isfandiyar, 348, 470
Isfara'ini, Shaykh Abu'l-Mud-
haffar Tahir —, 322
Ishaq b. Alptagin, 372
Ishaq (great - grandson of
Thabit b. Qurra), 304
Ishaq b. Hassan-Khurrami
(Persian Shu'ubi), 268
Ishaq b. Hunayn, 306, 363
Ishaq b. Ibrahim (governor
of Baghdad), 284, 330, 334
Ishaq b. Ibrahim -Mawsili
(musician), 345
Ishaq “the Turk,” 247, 313,
314
Abu Ishaq (biographer of the
Prophet), 263, 272, 276, 277
Abu Ishaq - Farsi (Samanid
poet), 365
Abu Ishaq (of Shiraz, gastro-
nomic poet), 85
Ishmael, 409
Isidore (Neo-Platonist philo-
sopher), 421
Islam, Introduction into Per-
sia of —, 8, 11, 36, 90, 181,
194-208: attitude of — to-
wards Magians, 113; Mani-
chæans in —, 159, 162, 163;
— contrasted with Arab
paganism, 185-194, 212-213;
meaning of —, 384
Isma'ilis, 86, 101, 130, 159, 172,
268, 295, 311, 312, 339, 352,
359, 362, 386, 391-415, 421-
423, 437, 455, 456. See also
Carmathians, Fatimids,
Ghulat, Sect of the Seven,
&c.
Isma'il, Imam —, 296, 393,
396, 407, 409
Isma'il b. 'Abbad. See -Sahib
Isma'il b. Ahmad (Samanid),
348, 354, 466
Isma'il b. Yasar, 266
Isnad (of Traditions), 271
Ispa (dialect-word for dog),
26
Ispahbads of Tabaristan, 8,
200, 334
Israfil (Angel), 427
Istakhr (Stakhar Papakan),
19, 432
-Istakhri (geographer), 368,
372
Istighna'i, Abu'l- Mudhaffar
Nasr —, 467
Istikhraj (“squeezing” dis-
missed governors), 233
(=chetak), 153
Ithna-'ashariyya. See Sect of
the Twelve
Izads (Angels), 100, 101
'Izzu'd- Din of Hamadan
(dialect poet), 86

Jabalqa, 246
Jabir b. Hayyan, 274, 276
Jackson, Professor A. V. W.
—, 30, 31
Jacquet, 64
Ja'd b. Dirham, 164
-Ja'di, -Harith b. 'Abdu'llah
—, 242
Ja'far b. Abi Talib, 187
Ja'far -Barmaki (the Barme-
cide), 254, 257
Ja'far -Sadiq, Imam —, 296,
393, 394, 396, 409
Abu Ja'far ('Abbasid Imam),
240, 243
Abu Ja'far b. -'Abbas b.
-Hasan, 365
Abu Ja'far Muhammad b.
Musa -Musawi, 365
-Jahidh, 'Amr b. Bahr —, 15,
110, 165, 260, 267, 268, 306,
351
-Jahiliyyat, 190, 261. See also
Arabian Heathenism
Abu'l- Jahm (Wazír), 257
Jahwar b. Marrar (general),
314
Jalalu'd- Din Rumi, 294, 389,
416, 423, 434, 437, 441, 444
Jalibu'l-hijara, Hasan b. Zayd
(Sayyid of Tabaristan), 348
Jalinus. See Galen
Jalula, 199, 203, 204
Jamasp (brother of Kawadh),
171
Jamasp-namak (Pahlawi
work), 107
Jamhara (of Ibn Durayd),
366
^*Jami (Persian poet and mys-
tic), 298, 299, 362, 417, 418,
420, 423-426, 437-439, 441-
442, 444, 456, 457
Jami'u't- Tawarikh (of
Rashidu'd- Din Fadlu'llah),
392, 393
Jamshid (= Yima of Avesta),
56, 80, 112-114, 268, 388
Janashk, 470
-Jannabi (Carmathian leader),
359, 367, 402, 403, 405
Japhet, 116
Jargh (place), 35
-Jarrah, Abu 'Ubayda —, 297
Ibnu'l-Jarrah, 261
Jawami'u'l- Hikayat (of
'Awfi), 283
Jawidan-i-Kabir (Hurufi
book), 26, 27, 86
Jawidan (master of Babak),
325-328
^*Ibnu'l-Jawzi (historian), 434,
435
Jaxartes (river), 204
Jazir (in sense of mihman-
dar), 326
Jerusalem, 378
Jesus Christ, 113, 154, 162,
163, 288, 311, 387, 408, 409,
427, 432, 434
“Jesus Patabilis” (of Gnos-
tics), 161
Jewish-Persian, 9, 277, 479-
480
Jews, 4, 20, 29, 39, 106, 113,
127, 151, 288, 303, 382, 384,
388, 395; religion of —
hated by Manes, 158, 162;
— in Yemen, 175; — under
Islam, 200-201, 232, 290,
311, 343-344; apocryphal
books of —, 241; — and
heathen Arabs, 261, 274;
— in Arabic and Persian
literature, 276, 306, 479-480
Jibril b. Bokht-Yishu', 367
Jinn (genies), 112, 431
Jizya (poll-tax), 164, 201, 234
John the Baptist, 409
John of Damascus, 282
John Malalas, 169, 172
Jones, Sir William —, 49-58,
113
de Jong. See Lata'ifu'l-
Ma'arif
Joseph II., 153
Jubba (garment), 297
-Jubba'i (Mu'tazilite doctor),
291
Judaism, 162, 301
“Juden-hasse,” 29
Julaha of Abhar (dialect poet),
86
Julian the Apostate, 304
-Jumahi, Abu 'Abdi'llah
Muhammad b. Sallam, 278,
344, 447
Junayd of Baghdad (Sufi),
298, 363, 367, 427, 428, 434,
436
Junaydi, Abu 'Abdi'llah
Muhammad b. Abdu'llah
(bi-lingual poet), 453, 467
Junde-Shapur, 10, 158, 167,
305, 344. See also Gunde-
Shapur
Jupiter (planet), 458, 461
Jurjan, 448. See Gurgan
“Just King,” 166. See
Nushirwan
Justi, 68, 91, 314, 325
Justinian, 167, 421
Jutes, 5
-Juybari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
b. Muhammad -Bukhari —
(Persian poet), 459
Ju-yi-Muliyan, 16

Ka', Amir —, 86
Ka'ba, 177, 226, 231, 314, 403
Kabul, 35
Kafar (for Kafir), 244
Kafi of Karaj (dialect poet),
86
Kafi of -Kulayni (Shi'ite theo-
logical work), 367
Kafir-kubat, 244
Kaikobad Adarbad Nosher-
wan, 9, 108
Kalam. See Scholastic Philo-
sophy.
Kalbatakin (Turkish officer),
342
Ibnu'l-Kalbi (historian and
genealogist), 272, 275, 277
Kalila and Dimna, Book
of —, 76, 110, 275, 332;
Rudagi's Persian version,
457, 474
-Kalini (-Kulayni: Shi'ite
divine), 367
Kalwadha, 397
Kam-baksh, Cambyses ex-
plained as —, 55
Kambujiya, (Cambyses), 31
55, 92
Kamil of -Mubarrad, 221
^*Kamilu't-Tawarikh (of
Ibnu'l-Athir), 360-361, 375
Kanheri Buddhist Caves, 103
Kanzu'l - Ihya (Manichæan
book), 156
Kar- (Persian root), 27
Karach, 360
Karde (divisions of Vispered
so called), 99
Karim b. Shahriyar, 207
Karkas, 94
^*Kar-namak-i-Artakhshatr-i-
Papakano, 9, 106, 108, 122,
136, 137-151
Karshuni (Arabic written in
Syriac character), 8
Kashan, 26, 27, 80, 83, 86, 315
Kashifi, Husayn Wa'idh —,
52
Kashsh (in Transoxiana), 244,
321
-Kashshaf (of -Zamakhshari),
289
(= Ketzer), 160
^*Katibi of Nishapur (Persian
poet), 225
Ka'us, Dastur —, 47; Mulla
—, 53
Ka'us, Kay—(mythical king),
116
Kawad, 134, 169, 171. See
also Qubad.
Kawaem Hwareno (= Farr-
i-Kayani, or “Royal Splen-
dour”), 143
Kawa Husrawa, 55. See Kay
Khusraw.
Kawakimardan (near Merv),
318
Kawatan, Khusraw-i- —, 107.
See Nushirwan.
Kayani Dynasty, 115-117, 119,
121, 128
Kay Ka'us (legendary king),
116
Kay Ka'us (Ziyarid prince),
471
Kay Qubad, 116
Kayt (or Kayd), King of
India), 138
Kazarun, 364
Kazimirski, A. de Biberstein
—, 331, 340, 369, 452
Kaysaniyya (Shi'a sect), 392
Kenoma, 408, 410
Kerbela, 226-228, 231, 291,
343
Kern, 64
Keshe (dialect of —), 27
Kessler, 155
Ketzer (= ), 160
^*“Keys of the Sciences,” 372
Khabbazi of Nishapur (Per-
sian poet), 468
-Khala. See Kenoma
Ibn Khalawayh (gramma-
rian), 370
Ibn Khaldun, 76, 275
Khalid b. 'Abdu'llah - Qasri,
163, 233, 239
Khalid b. Barmak, 258
Khalid b. Fayyad (Arab poet),
14, 17
Khalid b. Yazid (Umayyad
Prince), 274
Khalifa, Khilafat. See Caliph,
Caliphate
Khalil b. Ahmad (gramma-
rian), 275, 276
^*Ibn Khallikan (biographer,
cited generally in de Slane's
translation), 208, 267, 279,
295, 299, 316, 320-321, 324,
330, 331, 363, 370, 374, 445,
448, 470
Khanikoff, 206
Khaqan of Turks, 163, 268,
318
Khaqani (Persian poet), 389,
437
Kharidatu'd-Dahr (antho-
logy), 448
Kharijites (Khawarij), 212,
220-224, 228, 231-232, 240,
263, 279, 280, 350, 386
Kharrad (= Frobag) Fire, 140
Khartum, 245
Khash (brother of Afshin), 334
Khatt-i-badi' (Babi writing),
165
Khattabiyya sect, 396
Khayr - i - Mahd (“Absolute
Good”), 438
Khayyam. See 'Umar Khay-
yam
-Khayzuran (wife of Caliph-
Mahdi), 317
Khazim b. Khuzayma
(general), 317
Khifara (blackmail levied by
Carmathians), 359
Khorda Avesta, 101
Khouabir, Cups with Man-
dæan inscriptions found
at —, 302
Khrafstar (unclean animals so
called), 160
Khshaeta (= -shid), 113
Khshayarsha, 56, 92. See
Xerxes
Khshayathiya Khshayathiya-
nam (= Shahanshah, “King
of Kings”), 66
Khudhay - namak, 107, 123.
See also Shahnama and
Kings, Book of —
Khujistan, 355
Khumani (Humay, Queen —),
117
Khurasan, 13, 35, 146, 148, 164,
189, 200, 207, 237, 239-244,
247, 252, 258, 263, 265, 276,
278, 310, 316, 319, 321, 329,
340, 342, 346, 351, 352, 355,
365, 367, 371, 372, 397, 399,
432, 434, 445-448, 450, 451,
458, 465
Ibn Khurdadhbih (geo-
grapher), 35, 344
Khurra-i-Khuda'ih. See Farr-
i-Kayani
Khurra - Khusraw (satrap of
Yemen), 262
Khurrama (wife of Mazdak),
313
Khurrami sect, 240, 246, 247,
311-313, 315, 323-325, 328,
387
Khurram-abad, 315
Khurra-zadh Khusraw, 174
Khusrawani (minstrel), 18
^*Khusrawani, Abu Tahir —
(Samanid poet), 466-467
Khusrawi of Sarakhs, Abu
Bakr Muhammad b. 'Ali —
(poet of Qabus b. Washm-
gir) 453, 466
Khusraw Firuz, 448
Khusraw Kawadhan and his
Page, Story of —, 9
Khusraw - i - Mihr - Gushnasp
(Sasanian king), 174
Khusraw Parwiz (Sasanian
king), 6. See Parwiz
Khutba, 244
Khuttal (in Transoxiana),
244
Khuzayna (Governor of Khu-
rasan), 237
Khuzistan, 19, 305, 370, 402
Khvetu - das (next - of - kin
marriages), 117 309
Khwaf, 308, 355
Khwarazm, 94, 446, 448
-Khwarazmi, Abu 'Abdi'llah
Muhammad b. Ahmad b.
Yusuf — (author of Ma-
fatihu'l-'ulum, q.v.), 372,
378
Kimiya-i-Sa'adat (of -Ghaz-
zali), 293
-Kindi (Arab philosopher),
278, 288, 356, 357, 372, 381
“King of the Paradises of
Light,” 162, 165
Kings, Book of —, 135. See
Shahnama
Kirman, 27, 83, 87, 105, 109,
138, 145, 207, 343, 347, 364,
371, 448
-Kisa'i (grammarian), 276, 277
Kisa'i (Persian poet), 368,
452
Kisra (= Khusraw, Chosroes),
127-129. See also Nushir-
wan
Kisra (Khusraw) son of Hur-
mazd, 268
-Kisrawi (historian), 110
Kitabu'l-abniya 'an haqa'iqi'l-
adwiya, 478
—— 'l-Aghani, 15, 245, 262,
371, 447
—— 'l-Awa'il, 356
—— 'l-Bayan wa't-Tibyan,
260, 351
—— 'l-Bukhala, 267, 351
—— 'l-Buldan (of Ya'qubi,
q.v.), 314, 321
—— 'l-Futuh, 152, 357. See
-Baladhuri
—— 'l-Hayawan (of -Jahidh,
q.v.), 15
—— 'l-Huda wa't-Tadbir, 156
—— 'l-Ishara bi - 'ilmi'l-
'Ibara, 274
—— 'l-Jawami', 274
—— 'l-Ma'arif (of Ibn Qu-
tayba, q.v.), 169, 277, 324,
357, 387-388
—— 'l-Mahasin wa'l-Addad,
15, 18
—— man la yahdurnhu'l-
Faqih, 375
—— 'l-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik,
344
—— 'l-Milal (of -Shahristani,
q.v.), 169, 220, 396, 420
—— 'l-Mu'ammarin, 350
—— 'l-Mushtarik (of Yaqut,
q.v.), 321
—— Rahati's-Sudur, 85
—— 'sh-Shubuhat (of Yaqut),
321
—— 't-Taj, 372
—— 't-Tanbih wa'l-Ishraf
(of -Mas'udi, q.v.), 119, 127,
328, 368
—— 'l-'Uyun (of Ibn Miska-
wayhi), 362, 428, 430
—— -'l-Yamini, 457
—— 'z-Zuhd, 274
Kitchener, Lord —, 245
Kleuker, 57
Knots, Blowing on —, 366
Knowledge, Travel in search
of —, 271, 272
Krehl, 188
^*von Kremer, 90, 201, 203,
206, 211, 213, 220, 221, 234,
247, 255, 259, 261, 267, 278,
279, 280, 282, 288, 300, 307,
370-371, 373, 419, 426
Kudak-i-dana (“the Wise
Child”), 328
Kudiyya sect, 311
Kufa, 196, 199, 203, 210, 216,
218, 219, 222, 224, 230, 234,
243, 244, 263, 298, 359, 363,
370, 385, 396, 403, 405
Kufic character, 103
Kuh-i-Bibi Shahr-banu, 131
Kuhistan, 428, 429, 448
Kun- (Persian root), 27
Kunik, 304
, 26
Kurdistan, 19, 83, 87
Kurds, 137, 139, 388, 463
Kurush, 92. See Cyrus
Ibn Kushajim (poet), 253, 371
Kushiya, 94
Kushti (sacred girdle), 99
Kuthayyir (poet), 235
Kyuprulu-zade Library (Con-
stantinople), 276, 383

La (in Pahlawi), 58
de Lagarde, Paul —, 19, 260,
479
-Lahham, Abu'l-Hasan —
(Samanid poet), 365
Lahiq (“the Subsequent” in
Isma'ili system), 414
Lahma (= nan, “bread,” in
Pahlawi), 66, 76
La hukma illa li'llah (Khari-
jite war-cry), 222
Lakhi'a Dhu Shanatir (King
of Yaman), 174
Lalla Rookh (of Moore), 318
Lama'at (of 'Iraqi), 420
Lane-Poole, Stanley —, 214,
254, 364, 371
Lar (town in Persia), 294
Lassen (of Bonn), 63, 64, 67
Lata'ifu'l-Ma'arif (of -Tha'a-
libi), 255, 317, 354
Latifa-i-ghaybiyya, 283
Latin verses, 446
Laud, Archbishop —, 41
Laudian Professor of Arabic,
19, 41
Lawh-i-Mahfudh (“Preserved
Tablet”), 427
Layla (wife of -Husayn,
mother of 'Ali Akbar), 131
Layla (the beloved of Maj-
nun), 84
Layth, House of —. See
Saffarids
Legend, National — of Persia,
111. See Shahnama, &c.
Le Strange, Guy —, 367
Levy (of Breslau), 103
Leyden library, 383
^*Light of Asia, 442-443
Lingam, 52
Lisanu'l-Ghayb, 225. See
Hafidh
Lisanu'l-Mulk, 170, 312
Literatures, Arabic and Per-
sian, comparative value of
—, 211
Loftus, 64
, 97
Longimanus, 137, 142. See
Artaxerxes, Bahman, Diraz-
dast,
Lord, Henry —, 42
L'Orient, 46
Love, typal and real —, 442
^*Lubabu'l-albab (of 'Awfi,
q.v.), 13, 262, 449-451
Lughat-i-Furs (of Asadi, q.v.),
86, 450, 457
Lukari, Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali b.
Muhammad - Ghazzali —
(Persian poet), 463
Abu Lulu'a (assassin of the
Caliph 'Umar), 203, 215
Lull, Raymond —, 40
Luri dialect, 83
Luristan, 19, 87
Lydians, 21

-Ma'arri, Abu'l-'Ala — (philo-
sophical poet), 320, 321, 371
Ma'bad -Juhani, 282
Macedon, 119
Machiya (people), 94
Mada, 77. See Media, Mah-
Mada'in, 132, 199, 222, 311,
324. See Ctesiphon
-Mada'ini, 278
-Madina, 36, 132, 133, 183,
189, 195, 196, 199, 203, 205,
210, 213, 218, 224, 226, 228,
230, 245, 271, 274, 277, 295,
299-300, 307
Madrid, 294
Abu'l-Mafakhir of Ray, 437
^*Mafatihu'l-'ulum (“Keys of
the Sciences”), 372, 378,
382-383
Magi (tribe of —), 30
Magians (Magush, Majus), 12,
22, 23, 28, 31, 282, 309, 314,
347, 362, 367, 372, 426, 434,
443, 448. See Guebres,
Zoroastrians
Magic, 320, 379, 436; “Law-
ful —,” 366
Magopat (Mubad), 9. See
Zoroastrian priests
Mahabadian Dynasty, 55
Mahabeli, 55
Ibn Mahabzud (Mah-afzud),
448
Mahafarid (wife of Iraj), 116
Mahan (= Maymun), 263
Mah- (as prefix, in Mah-
Basra, Mah - Nahawand,
&c.), 19, 42, 77
Mahbul, 55
Mahdi, 241, 395, 397; -Saffah
so considered, 244; — of
Sudan, 245; Abu Muslim
so considered, 246; Fatimid
—, 397. See also Messianic
Idea
-Mahdi (/Abbasid Caliph),
159, 162, 207, 254, 267, 276,
307, 317, 318, 322, 328
Mahdiyya (city of —), 353,
359, 397
Mahfurudhin, 308
Mahmud of Ghazna, 111, 337,
339, 371, 376, 456, 457, 468, 471
Mahmud Shabistari (poet and
mystic), 282, 444
Mahmud Warraq (Persian
poet), 355
Mahmud (elephant), 177
Mah-Sazanda (“Moon-
maker”), 319. See -Mu-
qanna'
Mahyar b. Marzuya-Daylami,
448
Mainyo-i-Khirad, 82, 106, 159
Ibn Maja, 357
Majalisu'l-Mu'minin (of Say-
yid Nuru'llah -Shushtari),
349, 437
Majaz (“the Metaphorical”),
442
Abu'l-Majid Rayagani (dialect
poet), 86
Majma'u'l-Fusaha, 449, 455
Majnun, 84
-Majusi, 'Ali b. -'Abbas
(physician), 375
Makhul (traditionist), 272
, 117. See Longi-
manus
-Mala. See Pleroma
Malabar Coast, 103
Malahida, 408. See Assassins
Malahim (Apocryphal books),
241
Malalas, John —, 169, 172
Malcolm, Sir John —, 212
Malik b. Anas, 274, 276, 277,
295, 298, 386
Malikite sect, 294, 295, 298
Malka, Malkan-malka, 58, 66,
71, 76
-Ma'mari, Abu Mansur —
(author of Persian prose
version of Book of Kings),
123
Mamelukes, 209
-Ma'mun ('Abbasid Caliph),
13, 104, 105, 164, 166, 168,
252, 254, 255, 259, 267, 276,
283, 284, 288, 302-303, 307,
323, 336, 339, 340, 343, 346,
351, 352, 452, 479, 480
Manaqibu'sh-Shu'ara, 449
Ma'nawi of Bukhara (Persian
poet), 468
Manchester Library, 452
Mandæans, 158, 302
Manes (Mani), 136, 137, 154-
159, 308, 415, 422; Gate of
—, 158
Manichæans, 43, 104, 106, 154-
166, 170, 172, 202, 207, 301,
307, 362, 382, 387, 431, 443.
See also Zindiq
-Manini (commentator of
-'Utbi), 456
Manjak (dialect poet), 453,
462
-Mansur ('Abbasid Caliph),
254, 257, 258, 265, 276,
288, 295, 305, 313-317, 343,
344
-Mansur (Fatimid Caliph), 403
Mansur-i-Hallaj. See Husayn
b. Mansur
Mansur b. Ishaq (Samanid),
363
Mansur b. -Mahdi ('Abbasid),
254
Mansur I b. Nuh (Samanid),
11, 356, 368, 455, 461, 477
Mansur II b. Nuh (Samanid),
468
Abu Mansur of Aba (Persian
poet), 464
Abu Mansur 'Abdu'l-Malik.
See Tha'alibi
Abu Mansur b. 'Abdu'r-
Razzaq, 123
Abu Mansur-Ma'mari, 123
Ibn Mansur (disciple of
-Hallaj), 435
Mansuri (of -Razi), 363
^*Mantiqi of Ray, Mansur b.
'Ali — (Buwayhid poet),453,
463, 465, 466
Mantiqu't-Tayr (of 'Attar,
q.v.), 444
Manuchihr (legendary Per-
sian King), 116
Manuchihri, Dastur —, 47
Manushchihar (author of
Datistan-i-Dinik, 105
Manuchihri (poet). See
Minuchihri
Manuscript, Oldest Post-
Muhammadan Persian —,
11
Maqamat (of Hariri), 464
-Maqdisi (geographer), 293
Mara-bokht (name), 145
Marcion, 160
Marcionites, 382, 387
Mardanshah (Persian gene-
ral), 200
Mardanshah - i - Zadan-i-Far-
rukh (Persian accountant),
205
Mardan-Sina, 129
Mardawij b. Ziyar, 359, 360,
365
Mardin, 302
Marianus (alchemist), 274
Maria Theresa, 153
Markham, Clements —, 212
Marriage Contract, Form of
—, 109
Mars (Planet), 461
Martyn, Henry —, 423
Ma'ruf -Karkhi (Sufi), 298, 424
^*Ma'rufi of Balkh (Samanid
poet), 463
Marv, Marw. See Merv
Marv-Dasht, 70
Marvels of India ('Aja'ibu'l-
Hind), 368
Marwan I. (Umayyad), 215,
263
Marwan II. (Umayyad), “the
Ass,” 215, 240-245, 265
Marwan b. Abi Hafsa (poet),
276
Marwarudh, 242, 244
Maryam, Suratu — (ch. xix
of Qu'ran), 187
Maryam Utakhim (mother of
Manes), 158
Marzuban (Ispahbad), 478
Marzuban b. Rustam (Ispah-
bad), 159
Marzuban-nama, 478
Abu Ma'shar (astronomer),
357
Ma siwa'a'llah (“What is
beside God”), 438
Masjid - i - Madar-i-Sulayman,
113
Masruq (Abyssinian King),
178
Masrur (executioner), 254
Ibn Mas'ud (Companion), 217
^*-Mas'udi (historian), 14, 109,
110, 119-120, 127-128, 169,
217, 218, 230, 257, 267, 297,
314, 324, 328, 368, 417
Abu'l-Mathal of Bukhara
(Persian poet), 468
Mathalib (satires), 269
Mathematics, 380, 382, 386
Mathnawi form of verse, 18,
473-474, 476
Mathnawi (of Jalalu'd-Din
Rumi), 423, 434, 437, 440,
441, 444
Matn (text of a tradition), 271
Ibn Matran, Abu Muhammad
— (Samanid poet), 365
-Maturidi (theologian), 367
Mawali (“Clients,” pl. of
Mawla), 229, 230, 232-235,
242, 247, 260, 263, 264, 266.
See Racial Prejudice, Sub-
ject Races
Ma wara'u'n - Nahr. See
Transoxiana
Max Müller, 33-34, 57
Maymadh (or Mimad), 324
Maymuniyya (sect), 396
Mays (mother of Manes), 158
Maysara -'Abdi ('Abbasid
da'i), 236
Mazamir (Psalms of David,
q.v.), 113
Mazandaran, 19, 26, 83, 86;
Dialect of —, 348, 478
Mazda. See Ahura Mazda,
Hurmazd
Mazdak, 135, 136, 137, 166-
172, 202, 247, 312-313, 316,
318, 323, 324, 326, 328, 382,
387
Mazdak-nama, 169, 332
Mazyar, 330-331, 334-336
Mecca, 173, 174, 176-178, 186,
189, 213, 216, 224, 228, 230,
231, 245, 261, 270, 307, 316,
345, 357, 358, 359, 367, 402,
403, 405
Medes, 19-24, 26, 28, 30, 31,
33, 37, 41, 65, 90, 121;
Language of —, 22-24, 77-78
Media, 5, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 31, 32, 42, 94, 96
Medicine, 289, 304, 305, 307,
381, 382, 430
Meiners, 57
Menant, Professor J. —, 64;
Mademoiselle —, 102
Mercia, 5; Dialect of —, 479
Mercurius, St. —, Church of
—, 399
Merv, 13, 35, 237, 242, 244,
295, 318, 320, 340, 428, 452,
467, 475
Mesopotamia, 305, 402, 421,
448
Messiah, 162, 395, 480. See
also Jesus Christ
Messianic Idea, 232, 241, 479
Metempsychosis, 279, 311, 316.
See Tanasukh
Metrical system of Persians
and Arabs, 472
Meyer, W. —, 59
de Meynard, Barbier —, 365,
368, 447
Michael, Archangel —, 427
Microcosm, 412
Middle Persian, 7, 80, 82. See
Pahlawi
Mihriyya (sect of Mani-
chæans), 165
Mihrgan, Festival of —, 259,
475
Mihrjani, Abu Ahmad —, 293
Mihyar, Abu'l-Hasan —, 207
Abu Mikhnaf Lut b. Yahya,
-Azdi, 273
Milky Way, 161
Milton, 37
Mim b. Mim b. Mim, 241
Mimad (or Maymad), 325
^*-Mi'mari (or -Mu'ammari),
Shaykh Abu Zura'a —
(Persian poet), 458-459
Mino (“celestial,” meaning
“Royal”), 153
Minuchihri (Persian poet), 12,
13, 331, 340, 369, 474. (The
allusions are all to A. de
Biberstein Kazimirski's
Preface to his edition of
the Diwan)
Miqlasiyya (sect of Mani-
chæans), 165
Mishkatu'l-Anwar (of -Ghaz-
zali), 362, 436
Mission. See Da'wa
Missionary driven from Persia
by name, 270; Missionary's
dislike of Sufis, 423; Reason
of Missionaries' failure in
Asia, 265
Mithr (Mihr) Fire, 139, 140
Mithra, Zoroastrian worship
of —, 95, 101
Mithrak (Mihrak), adversary
of Ardashir Babakan, 138
“Modern Medic” (of M. Cl.
Huart), 27
Modern (i.e., Post-Muhamma-
dan), Persian, 5, 8, 11, 39,
89; — defined, 82
Mogul, Great —, 209
Mogutbish (“Magicide”), 31
Mohl, Jules —, 369
Mohsan (Muhsin) Fani, 54
Molten Brass Ordeal, 157
Mongol Invasion, 6, 82, 197-
198, 209-211, 274, 275, 286,
377, 391, 479
Monophysites, 168
Moody, 43
Moon (Beauty), 320, 321
“Moon-maker” (Mah-sazan-
da), 319. See Muqanna'
Moore, Thomas — (Irish
poet), 318, 447
Moors, 9, 39, 275, 334, 335.
See also Spain, Africa,
Umayyads of Cordova, &c.
Morality at 'Abbasid Court,
251-252
Mordecai, 21
Morier, 423
Morocco, 340. See also Moors
Morris, Lewis —, 447
Moses, 29, 113, 119, 188, 288,
408, 409, 427, 430, 436, 440
Moses of Khorene, 117
Mosheim, 155
“Most Great Name,” 314
“Mother of Nine Imams,”
131, 132
Mu'allaqat, 276, 369-370
Mu'allimun (grade of Mani-
chæans), 164
Mu'awiya I (Umayyad
Caliph), 212, 215, 217-219,
221, 223-225, 261, 291
Mu'awiya II (Umayyad
Caliph), 215
Mu'awiya b. Hisham, 215
Mu'ayyidu'd-Dawla (Buway-
hid), 374
Mu'ayyidu'l-Mulk (Persian
poet), 464
Abu'l-Mu'ayyad of Balkh
(Persian poet), 468
Abu'l-Mu'ayyad of Bukhara
(Persian poet), 468
Mubad (Magopat), 309, 331.
See Zoroastrian Priests
-Mubarrad, 221, 350, 357, 375
Mubayyida (= Sapid-Jama-
gan, the “White-clad”
heretics), 311-313, 318, 319,
322, 323
Abu'l-Mudhaffar, Amir —, 460
^*Abu'l - Mudhaffar Nasr
-Istighna'i(Persian poet),467
Abu'l-Mudhaffar Tahir b.
Fadl b. Muhammad Muhtaj
-Saghani (Chaghani), 471
-Mufaddal -Dabbi, 276, 278
-Mufaddaliyyat, 276
-Mufid (the ‘Pre-existent” in
the Isma'ili system), 414
Mughammas (place near
Mecca), 177
Mughtasila, 158, 303. See
also Mandæans, Sabæans
Muhajirun, 186, 213, 220
Muhammadan Religion. See
Islam
Muhammad (the Prophet),
birth of —, 173, 214; —
threatened by Khusraw
Parwiz, 183; aim and
achievement of —, 186-190,
194, 212-213, 234; — and
Abu Talib, 193; — and
Magians, 201-202, 206; —
and spoils of war, 205;
dislike of — for Persian
legends, 269; — in Isma'ili
system, 408 409, 412-414;
— and Sufiism, 418; — in
Apocrypha of Daniel, 479-
480; minor references, 113,
130, 132, 166, 177, 181, 200,
203, 209, 210, 216, 229, 275,
276, 287, 297, 299, 408, 409,
430
Muhammad b. 'Abdu'llah b.
… 'Abbas, 254
—— b. —— -Azdi, 276
—— b. —— b. Maymun, 397,
409
—— b. 'Abdu'l - Malik. See
Ibnu'z-Zayyat
—— b. 'Abdu'r - Rahman
-'Amiri, 273
—— b. 'Abdu's-Samad (Sahi-
bu'sh-Shurta), 432
—— b. Ahmad -Farsi (=
Hallaj, q.v.), 431
—— b. 'Ali b. 'Abdu'llah b.
'Abbas, 236, 237, 240
——b. —— b. 'Umar -Salimi,
274
—— Baqir, Imam —, 409
—— ——, Mirza, of Bawanat,
390
——Darabi, 283, 285
—— b. Hasan -Shaybani, 276
—— b. Humayd, 323
—— Husayn, Mir, 54
—— b. Ishaq (author of
Fihrist, q.v.), 76, 110
—— b. Isma'il, 296, 393, 394,
397, 404 408, 409, 414. See
also Isma'ilis, &c.
—— b. Khalid b. Barmak, 164
—— b. Khunays ('Abbasid
da'i), 236
—— b. Marwan (Umayyad
Prince), 215
—— b. -Mu'tasim ('Abbasid
Prince), 254
—— b. -Rawwad -Azdi, 325
—— b. Sa'ib -Kalbi, 275
—— b. Shirin, 274
—— b. -Zayyat. See Ibnu'z-
Zayyat
Abu Muhammad b. Yaminu'd-
Dawla -Ghaznawi, 471
Muhammira (“those who
wear Red as their badge”),
311-313, 323, 329
Muharram, 227
-Muhasibi (Sufi), 345, 424
-Muhit (of the Sahib Isma'il
b. Abbad, q.v.), 374
Muhitu'l-Muhit (Arabic Dic-
tionary), 326
-Muhtadi ('Abbasid Caliph),
254, 345
^*Muir, Sir William —, 188,
191, 192, 210, 211, 219, 220,
222, 224, 226, 227, 229, 240,
251, 317, 342 345
Mu'izzu'd-Dawla (Buwayhid),
164, 364, 367
-Mu'izz (Fatimid Caliph), 367,
399
Mujallidi, Sharif — of Gurgan,
15, 16
-Mu'jam fi Ma'abiri Ash'ari
'Ajam, 473
Mujmalu't-Tawarikh, 110
-Mukhtar, 228, 229, 231, 233,
234, 238
-Muktafi ('Abbasid Caliph),
357, 358
Mulamma' poetry, 467
Ibn Muljam, 224
Müller, Friedrich —, 64, 153
Müller, Joseph —, 64, 72
Muluku't-Tawa'if, 79, 111, 118.
See also Parthians
Mundhir (King of Hira), 179,
262
Munk, 479
^*-Munqidh mina'd-Dalal (of
-Ghazzali), 422
-Muntasir ('Abbasid Caliph),
254, 345
Münter, 60
-Muqaddasi (geographer), 293
Ibnu'l-Muqaffa', 76, 110, 113,
123, 169, 207-208, 275, 306,
319, 332
-Muqanna' (“Veiled Prophet
of Khurasan”), 247, 309, 311,
313, 318-323
Ibn Muqla, 76, 275, 364
-Muqtadir ('Abbasid Caliph),
164, 358-360, 363, 364, 428,
429, 431
Murghab, 113
-Muriyani, Abu Ayyub —,
258
-Murjiya (sect), 279-281, 386
Abu Murra, b. 'Urwa-Thaqafi,
131
Murshid (spiritual director),
424
^*Muruju'dh-Dhahab(of -Mas-
'udi, q.v.), 169, 230, 257,
267, 297, 324, 368, 417
Muruwwa (“Virtue,” as con-
ceived by Pagan Arabs),
190, 193
Musa b. 'Ali … b. 'Abbas,
254
Musa -Kádhm (Seventh Imam
of “Sect of the Twelve”),
296, 393
Abu Musa -Ash'ari, 216, 219
Abu Musa b. Nusayr, 263
Mus'ab b.-Zubayr, 228, 229
Musawwida (“Those who
wear Black as their badge,”
i.e., the partisans of the
'Abbasids), 242, 243
Mushabbiha. See Anthropo-
morphism.
Mushammasun (grade of
Manichæans), 164
Music, 380, 382, 383
Muslim -Nishaburi (tradi-
tionist), 351
Muslim b. -Walid (poet), 276
Abu Muslim, 240-244, 246,
247, 256, 308-310, 313-315,
317, 320, 322, 328, 392, 410.
Muslimiyya (the Sect of Abu
Muslim), 313, 315
-Mustafid (“the Subsequent”
in the Isma'ili system), 414
-Musta'in ('Abbasid Caliph),
254, 345
Mustakfi ('Abbasid Caliph),
364
-Mustansir (Fátimid Caliph),
400
-Musta'sim bi'llah (last
'Abbasid Caliph of Bagh-
dad), 6, 164, 209, 210
-Mu'tadid ('Abbasid Caliph),
254, 358, 405
Mutahhar b. Fatima (the
grandson of Abu Muslim),
328
-Mu'tamid ('Abbasid Caliph),
254, 350, 353, 354, 356, 388
-Mutanabbi (the poet), 369,
446, 472
-Mu'tasim ('Abbasid Caliph),
252, 254, 278, 329 336, 342.
Mutawakkil('Abbasid Caliph),
253, 254, 259, 289-291, 332,
337, 339, 341-345, 347
Mu'tazilite sect, 254-255, 279,
281-289, 291-292, 294, 298,
306, 342, 344, 351, 352, 366,
386, 395, 423, 430, 437
-Mu'tazz ('Abbasid Caliph),
254, 345, 347
Ibnu'l-Mu'tazz (son of the
above), 254, 358, 363
Muthanna b. Haritha (one of
the “Companions” and
early conquerors of Persia),
195
-Muti' ('Abbasid Caliph), 367,
371
Muti' b. Ayas (poet and Mani-
chæan), 307
-Muttaqí('Abbasid Caliph),364
-Muwaffaq ('Abbasid prince),
254
Muwaffaq, Abu Mansur —
(author of old Persian phar-
macology), 11, 450
-Muwatta (title of two works
on Law), 273-274
Muzdawija (= Mathnawi
poetry), 476
Mystics, 296-301. See Sufis.
Mystics, Vaughan's classifi-
cation of —, 424

Nabathæans, 247, 266, 306,
324, 328
Nabidh (Date-wine), 285, 329
Nadr b. -Harith -'Abdari, 269
-Nadim -Warraq -Baghdadi
(author of -Fihrist, q.v.),
373, 378, 383
^*Nafahatu'l-Uns (of Jami).
299, 362, 417, 418, 423, 425,
437
Nahawand, 79; Battle of —,
200, 247
Nahid (Venus), 461
-Nahrajuri, Abu Ahmad —
(one of the Ikhwann's-Safa,
q.v.), 293
Nahr Bashir, 197
Nahruwan, 222, 432
Na'ila('Uthman's wife), 217
Na'in (dialect), 86
-Najashi (Negush, the ruler
of Abyssinia), 175, 186-188
Najda the Kharijite, 228
Najmu'd-Din-Rawandi, 85
Najran, Christians of —, 175
Nakhshab, 244, 318, 319
-Nami (poet), 370
Napper Tandy (Irish patriot),
346
Naqibs (in 'Abbasid propa-
ganda), 240
Naqsh-i-Rajab, 44, 151
Naqsh-i-Rustam, 5, 70, 150,
151
Nariman, 116
Narshakhi (historian of Buk-
hara), 368
Nasa, 35, 242
-Nasa'-i (traditionist), 351,
363
Nasaf, 244. See also Nakh-
shab
-Nashi (poet), 370
Nasikhu't-Tawarikh, 170
Nasimi (Turkish poet and
Ḥurufi), 423-424
Nasir-i-Khusraw, 86, 268, 278,
295, 389, 399, 400, 401, 437,
462
Nasiru'd-Din Qubacha, 450
Nasiru'd-Din Shah Qajar, 172
Nasiru'l-Haqq (Sayyid ruler
of Tabaristan), 207
Nasr I b. Ahmad (Samanid),
352
Nasr II b. Ahmad (Samanid),
13, 16, 359, 365, 456, 458
Nasr b. Sayyar (Umayyad
governor of Khurasan),
232, 241-244, 265
Ibn Nasr -Qushuri, 433
Abu Nasr -Farabi, 368
Abu Nasr -Dharifi (Samanid
poet), 365
Abu Nasr, Shaykh —, 446
Nassau Lees, Capt. —, 299
Nat' (executioner's carpet),
435
Natanz, 26
Natiq (in Isma'ili system),
408, 409, 413, 414
Natural Science, 289
Nawbahar (in Balkh), 257
Nawbandajan, 364
Naw-ruz, 114, 259, 475
Nazar, -'Aziz Abu Mansur —
(Fatimid Caliph), 371
Nazuk (Captain of the Guard),
435
Nehemiah, 61
-Nejashi (= -Najashi, q. v.),
175, 186-188.
Nejran (= Najran, q. v.), 175
Neo-Platonists, 96, 167, 300,
301, 304, 381, 420-421, 441
Neo-Pythagoreans, 381
Neriosengh, 63, 67, 68, 106
Newcastle, Coals to —, 456
Niçaya, 32, 35
Nicholson, R. A. —, 167, 299,
420, 421, 440
Nidhami -'Arudi -Samarqandi
(author of Chahar Maqala,
q.v.), 15-17, 317, 449, 456,
470
Nidhami of Ganja, 15, 18, 52,
119
Nidhamiyya College, 293
Nidhamu'l-Mulk, 169, 171, 172,
312-314, 328, 349, 353, 401,
456
Niebuhr, 59, 62
^*Nihayatu'l-Irabfi Akhbari'l-
Furs wa'l-'Arab, 183
Niki-nama (poem in Tabari
dialect), 478
Nile, 400
Nine (number), 410
Nineteen (number), 98, 100,
101
Nineveh, 21
Nirangistan, 99, 102
Nirvana, 443
Nishapur, 12, 244, 308, 309,
314, 347, 351, 355, 368, 400,
428, 445
Noah, 114, 320, 408, 409, 430
Noble, Sons of the — (Banu'l-
Ahrar), 181,
^*Nöldeke, Prof. Th. —, 6, 9,
10, 22, 24, 70, 75, 106, 108,
109, 111, 115, 117, 120-123,
129, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140,
141, 145, 146, 150, 152, 154,
166, 168, 170, 180, 183, 188,
221, 241, 262, 302, 312, 332,
347, 349, 350, 353, 459, 460
Nominalism, 294
Normans, 95
Northumbria, 5
Nosks (of Avesta), 21, 97-99,
108
“Nouer l'aiguilette,” 366
Ibn Nubata, 373
Nudhar, 121
Nudnud (Babak's execu-
tioner), 329
Nufayl, 177
Nuh. See Noah
Nuh I b. Nasr II (Samanid),
365
Nuh II b. Mansur (Samanid),
123, 371, 374, 375, 460, 463
Nu'man, King of Hira, 264
Numbers, Signification of —,
310, 408. See also Seven,
Twelve, Nine, Nineteen
Nuru'd-Din (Atabek of Syria),
400
Nuru'llah … Mar'ashi-
Shushtari, 349
Nusayri Sect, 203, 304, 395
Nushirwan (Anushak-rubano,
Khusraw-i-Kawatan), 12,
107, 108, 110, 128-129, 131,
132, 135 (why so entitled),
136-137, 166-172, 173, 174,
179, 181-182, 194, 301, 305,
347, 419, 421
Abu Nuwas (poet), 277
-Nuwayri (historian), 410, 411
Nuwikath, 164
Nyayish(Zoroastrian prayers),
101

Oath of Allegiance, Isma'ili
—, 413
Occultation (Ghaybat) of
Imam, 310, 352
Occult Sciences, 274, 276, 374
Oculists, Biography of —, 368
Odatis, 121
“Old Bactrian” (or “Zend”)
language, 25, 78. See
Avestic
“Old Man of the Mountain”
(Shaykhu'l-Jabal), 396
Old Persian language and
inscriptions, 7, 23, 24, 39, 43,
44, 56, 59-65, 67, 78-80, 82,
88, 89, 91-95
Olearius, 42
Olshausen, 19, 79
Omar. See 'Umar
Oneiromancy, 274
Oppert, 23, 24, 64, 65, 78
Oracles, 190
Oral tradition, 251
Oriental Studies in Europe,
History of —, 39 et seqq.
Origen, 293
Ormazd, 25. See Ahura
Mazda, Hurmazd
“Orthodox Caliphs” (al-
Khulafa'u'r-Rashidun),
188-189, 194, 210, 212, 224,
388, 417
Orthodox Reaction, 255, 290-
291. See also Ash'ari
Oshederbami (Oshederma),
Zoroastrian Messiah, 246
Ossetic, 83
Ostend, 49
Ottoman, Poetry, History of
—, by E. J. W. Gibb, 390,
465
Ottoman Sultans' claim to
Caliphate, 209, 343
Oudh, Catalogue of MSS. of
King of —, 452
Ouseley, 71
Oxford, 40, 41, 48-50
Oxus, 16, 189, 318

Pahlapat, 15. See Barbad
Pahlawi inscriptions, 7, 44,
57, 58, 60-61, 70-72, 91, 93,
151-153; language, 7, 10-11,
37, 56, 69, 79-81, 205-206;
— literature, 7-8, 9, 68, 81-
82, 89, 91, 103-110, 117, 118,
121-123, 165, 168, 169, 340;
“Modern —” (“Pehlevi-
Musulman” of Huart), 26-
28, 80-81, 86-87; — script,
7-10, 66-67, 72-77, 80, 81-82,
152, 165, 205-206
Palestine, 245
Palmer, Professor E. H. —,
254, 255
Pamirs, 25, 35
Panah-Khusraw (Fana-Khus-
raw), 448
Panjab, 33, 35, 376
Pantheism, 297, 300, 427, 428,
436, 438-444
Papak (father of Artakhshatr-
i-Papakan or Ardashir
Babakan, q.v.), 70, 71, 93
122, 137, 139-142, 153
Paraclete, 395
“Paradise of Light” (Mani-
chæan), 161
Paris, 40, 41, 45, 447, 464
Parsa, 4, 26, 32, 105, 128, 137,
139, 143, 170, 200, 264, 347,
360. See also Fars, Persis
Parsi (Parsee), 4, 25, 42, 69,
72, 96, 102, 206. See Guebre,
Magian, Zoroastrian
“Parsi language,” 81, 82
Parthia (Parthava, Pahlava,
Fahla), 5, 36, 79, 94
Parthians, 5, 41, 79, 81, 90, 96,,
103, 111, 119, 121, 136, 137,
154, 158
Parwiz, Khusraw —, 6, 12, 15,
17, 107, 122, 129, 174, 181,
182, 183, 194, 218, 266, 269
Pashmina-push(“Wool-clad”
= Sufi), 297, 417
Pashto (Pakhto), 28
“Passing of Shahr-banu,” 131
Pataka, Patecius, ,
Patricius, 157
“Path” (Tariqat) of the
Sufis, 441
Paulus, H. E. G. —, 54
Payne, John —, 444
Pazend, 69, 77, 81, 82, 101,
106, 107
Pazawari, Amir — (Mazan-
darani poet), 83
“Pehlevi - Musulman” (of
Huart), 26, 27. See also
Pahlawi, Modern —
Pentateuch, 29, 113, 479
de Perceval, Caussin —, 212
Persæ (of Æschylus), 91
Persepolis, 5, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70
93, 112-113, 118, 153
Persian contributions to
Arabic Literature and
Science, 3-4, 204, 275, 278,
445-448
Persian influence on Arabs,
251, 252, 255, 260, 278, 300
Persian language, 5-7, and
passim
Persian literature, Birth of
modern —, 11-14, 340-341
Persian Martyrs, Acts of the
—. See Acts
“Persian,” Meaning of the
term —, 4-5
Persian scholar, Qualifi-
cations of —, 377
, 122
Persis (= Parsa, Fars, q.v.),
4, 5, 25, 30, 79, 105
Pertsch, 449, 452
Petermann, 302
Pharaoh, 333, 334, 440
Pharmacology. See Muwaffaq
Phatecius, 157
“Phil-Hellenes,” 79
Philip III of France, 40
Philip of Macedon, 119
Philo-Judæus, 97, 381
Philology, Arabic —, 260, 269,
270, 275
Philology, Dangers of —, 36-
37
“Philosopher of the Arabs,”
356. See al-Kindi
Philosophers, Neo-Platonist
— in Persia, 167
Philosophy, 284, 288-289, 292-
294, 304-307, 363, 364, 378-
381, 437
Photius, 21
Phraortes (Fravartish), 21
Pigeons, Carrier —, 396
Pindar (or Bundar) of Ray,
85, 86, 348, 437
Pir (spiritual director), 424
Piruz (Peroz, Firuz), 75, 121,
158
Piruz - i - Gushnaspdeh, 174,
182
Pishawar, 372
Pishdadi Dynasty, 55, 111-
115, 119
Pisiyauvada, 31
Pits, People of the —, 175
Plato, 167
Pleroma, 408, 410
Plotinus, 420
Pluto, 114
Pococke, 41
Poetry, Origins of Persian —,
12-15, 18, 110
Pognon, M. —, 302
“Point” (Nuqta), 98
Polak, 26, 27, 172
Poll-tax, 201. See Jizya
Polo, 138; — -bat, crescent
moon compared to —, 463
Polygamy, 186, 288
Polyhistor, 21
“Polyphony,” 72
Polytheists (Mushrikun),
Mu'tazilites call their oppo-
nents —, 281
Pondichery, 46
Porphyry, 420
Portents of Fall of Persian
Empire, 173
Portsmouth, 48
Portuguese, 302
Postel, William —, 40
Predestination, 281-283, 285-
286, 386
“Pre-existent” (in Isma'ili
system), 414
Primal Matter (Hayyula),
408-409
Priscian (Neo-Platonist Philo-
sopher), 421
Procopius, 169
Profanation of Tombs, 245
Proper names Arabicized, 263
Prosody, 275, 389, 471-474
Psalms of David, 113
Pseudo-Callisthenes, 118
Pseudo-Sabæans of Harran
(q.v.), 301-306
Ptolemy, 381
Pulwar River, 70
Puran - Dukht (Sasanian
Queen), 174, 182
Puran, daughter of Hasan b.
Sahl, and wife of al-
Ma'mun, 255
Puritans, 37
Putiya, 94

Qaba'il = “Arabs” (as op-
posed to Shu'ub, “Gen-
tiles”), 265
Qabus b. Washmgir, 371, 446,
466, 469, 470-471
Qabusiyya Dynasty, 207
Qadariyya sect, 279, 281-283
-Qaddah. See 'Abdu'llah b.
Maymun
Qadisiyya, Battle of —, 6, 117,
174, 182, 195-197, 200, 202,
221, 247
-Qahir ('Abbasid Caliph), 364
-Qahira. See Cairo
Qahtaba, 244
-Qa'im (= -Mahdi, q.v.), 408,
414
-Qa'im (Fatimid Caliph), 403
Qajar, 207
Qalansuwa (Persian hat, pl.
Qalanis), 259, 330
Qaren, 121
Qarmat, Hamdan —, 396
Qarmati, Qirmati, 408. See
Carmathians, Isma'ilis, Sect
of the Seven
Qasida, 472, 474
-Qasim b. Burhan, 208
Abu'l-Qasim b. Abu'l-'Abbas,
467
Abu'l-Qasim -Dinawari, 365
Abu'l-Qasim Hibatu'llah b.
Sina'u'l-Mulk, 321
Qasr-i-Shirin, 12
Qatran of Tabriz (Persian
poet), 86, 462
Qazwin, 80, 86, 325
^*-Qazwini (geographer), 14,
157, 257-258, 319-320, 323
Qissisun (class of Mani-
chæans), 164
Qit'a, 472, 474
Qiwami of Ray (Persian poet),
437
Qiyam (the upright position
in Prayer), 412
Qohrud (dialect), 26, 27, 80, 86
Quakers, 297, 417
Quatrain, 18. See Ruba'i
Quatremère, 76, 399
Qubad (or Kawad, q.v.), 134
-Qubawi (translator of Nar-
shakhi), 368
Quhyar (brother of Mazyar,
q.v.), 334
Quietism, 297, 300, 427, 428
Qum, History of —, 374
Qumis, 314, 448
Qumri of Gurgan, Abu'l-
Qasim Ziyad b. Muhammad
— (Persian poet), 453, 466
-Qunna'i (disciple of -Hallaj),
431
^*Qur'an, 12, 98, 102, 113, 119,^*
166, 175,^* 178,^* 187, 191^*,
200, 201,^* 206, 213,^* 217, 219,
220, 221, 228, 230^*, 231, 236,
242, 260, 261, 265, 270, 271,
272, 274, 288, 289, 293, 303,
320,^* 333,^* 347, 357, 366, 374,
377, 379, 385, 387, 388, 406,
412-414,^* 418, 432, 435, 442,
467, 477; —, created or un-
create, 284-285, 287, 290,
295
Quraysh, 177, 213, 214, 216,
221, 260, 261, 264, 267, 295
Qurratu'l-'Ayn (the Babi
heroine), 172
-Qushayri, 297
Qushuri, Ibn Nasr —, 433
Quss Bahram, 396
Qussu'n-Natif, Battle of —
200
Qusta b. Luqa, 278, 306, 345
Ibn Qutayba, 15, 110, 169, 262,
268, 277, 324, 357, 387-388,
447
Qutrub, 277

Rabi'a (Tribe of), 242
Rabi'a-Adawiyya, 299, 300,
418, 424, 426
Rabshekeh, 66
Racial feeling, 114, 232-233,
242, 264-265 See also Sub-
ject Races
-Radi ('Abbasid Caliph), 364
-Radi, -Sharif —(poet), 448
-Raffa' (poet), 370
Rafidi (pl. Rawafid), 314, 360-
361. See Ghulat, Sect of the
Seven, Sect of the Twelve,
Shi'ites, &c.
Rafsinjan, 87.
, 35. See Ranha, Ray
Rajaz (form of verse), 173
Rajputs, 372
Rakhsh, 316, 317
Ram (typifying the Farr-i-
Kayani, or “Royal Splen-
dour”), 137
Ram (Festival of —), 259, 475
Ram-Hurmuz (or -Hurmazd),
157, 347, 368
Ranha, 26, 35. See Ray.
Raqqa, 276
Rashidi of Samarqand (Per-
sian poet), 457
Rashidu'd-Din Fadlu'llah
(Persian historian), 392
Rashidu'd-Din Sinan (grand-
master of the Syrian
Assassins), 396
“Ravens” (Blacks), 179
Rawand (place), 315
Rawandiyya or Rawandis,
240, 315-316
Rawfaryad, 162
Rawlinson, 63, 91, 92
Rawnaqi (Persian poet), 468
Rawdatu's-Safa (Persian his-
tory), 170
Ray, 23, 32, 35, 79, 85, 86, 109,
131, 132, 137, 143, 145, 247,
313, 314, 350, 428, 448
Abu Rayhan. See -Biruni
-Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad
b. Zakariyya (physician),
known in Europe as Rhazes,
363
“Readers” (Qurra), 228
Realism, 294
Recurrence of Ideas in Persia,
98-99, 100-101
Red as a badge, 311, 312. See
Muhammira
Red Cross Knights, 480
Reid (missionary so named),
270
Re-incarnation, 311. See
Return, Rij'at, Metempsy-
chosis
Religion, Eastern and West-
ern conceptions of—, 405-
406
Religious Systems of the World
(work of reference), 439,
442, 444
Remanatio, 380
Renaissance, Persian —, 352,
375-376, 465
“Renegades” (Ahlu'r-Ridda),
194
“Return” (Rij'at), 310-311,
323, 327-328, 363, 435
Rhagæ, 26. See Ray
Rhazes, 363. See -Razi
Rhetoric, 389, 473
Rich, Claude J. —, 64
Richardson (Persian lexico-
grapher), 57
Rida, Imam 'Ali —, 284, 429
Rida-quli Khan (Persian his-
torian and writer), 170, 312,
449
Rida-quli Khan of Behbehan
(dialect poet), 87
-Rida, -Sharif —, 207. See
-Radi
Rieu, 54, 450
Rija b. -Walid -Isfahani
(Samanid poet), 365
Rij'at. See Return, Metem-
psychosis.
Risala-i-Hawraiyya, 416
Risala-i-Qushayriyya, 417
Rivayats (Zoroastrian), 48,
105
Roman, Alexander the —, 118,
139. See also Alexander
the Great.
Romans, 305
Rome, 40, 382, 472
Rope-trick, 431
Rosen, Baron Victor —, 15
Rosenzweig, 444
Rosenzweig-Schwannau, 361
Roth, 68
“Royal Splendour” (Farr-i-
Kayani), 128, 137, 143, 144
Ruba'i, 472-473, 476. See
Quatrain
Ruckert, 389
^*Rudagi (Persian poet), 13,
15-17, 82, 340, 355-356, 359,
368, 452, 454, 455-458, 473
Rue (sipand), used as a fumi-
gation against the Evil Eye,
452
Ru'in Dizh (“the Brazen
Fortress”), 147
Ru'in-tan (epithet of Isfan-
diyar), 150
Ruknu' d-Dawla (Buwayhid),
364
Ruku' (position in prayer),
412
Rum, 480
Rumi. See Jalálu'd-Din
Ibnu'r-Rumi (poet), 357
Ruqayya (daughter of the
Prophet), 214
Ibn Rushd, 40. See Averroes
Rustam (mythical hero), 116,
117, 269; — (general), 117,
182, 194-195, 197-198
-Rustami, Abu Sa'id — (poet),
268, 374
Rylands Library, 449, 452

S (Sanskrit) = H, Persian),
34
Sabæans, 302-306, 384, 387
Sabalan (mountain), 325
Sabat Abi Nuh (place), 396
Sabbath = Shanbadh, 160
-Sabi (“the Sabæan”), Ibra-
him b. Hilal —, 372
Sab'i, Sab'iyya, 407. See
Isma'ilis, Sect of the Seven,
&c.
-Sabiq (“the Pre-Existent”),
414
Sabuktagin, 371, 372, 376
Sachau, Dr. E. —, 123, 154,
158, 163 169, 247, 308, 318,
352, 469
Sacrament of Babak, 327
de Sacy, Silvestre —, 53, 57,
58, 59, 61, 63, 70, 71, 393,
407, 410-415
Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas, 194, 196-
199, 388
Sa'd of Warawin, 478
Ibn Sa'd (secretary of
-Waqidi), 284, 345
Sadah (Festival of), 112
Sadaqat (Alms), 201
Sad Dar (Zoroastrian Cate-
chism), 43, 109
^*Sa'di (Persian writer), 52, 85,
135, 145, 294, 343, 389, 423,
437
^*Safar-nama of Nasir-i-
Khusraw, 86, 400
Safawi Dynasty, 294
-Saffah, 210. See Abu'l-
'Abbas.
Saffari Dynasty, 6, 13, 341,
346-349, 352-355, 359, 445,
450, 451, 453, 473
Sag (dog), 26
Sagartia, 33
Saghani (Chaghani) Dynasty,
244
Sagistan (Sistan), Wonders
of —, 109. See also Sistan
Sahibu'l-Amr, 414. See also
Mahdi
-Sahib Isma'il b. 'Abbad, 374,
375, 446, 453, 463, 464, 466,
467, 474
Sahibu'l-Khal, 402
Sahibu'n-Naqa, 402
Sahibu'sh-Shama, 402
Sahibu'sh-Shurta (Captain of
the Guard), 432
Sahibu'z-Zaman, 408. See
also Mahdi
Sahibu'z-Zanadiqa (Inquisi-
tor appointed to detect
Manichæans), 158, 307
-Sahih (of -Bukhari), 351
Sahl b. 'Abdu'llah of Shushtar
(mystic), 357
Sahl b. Harun (-Ma'mun's
librarian), 267
Ibn Sahl. See Hasan b. Sahl
and Fadl b. Sahl
Abu Sahl -Nawbakhti, 429
Said [b. 'Abdu'l-'Aziz …],
governor of Khurasan, 237
-Sa'id, -Amir —. See Nasr
II b. Ahmad
Sa'id b. -'As, 216
Sa'id b. Batriq, 366. See
Eutychius
Said, grandson of -Qaddah,
409. See 'Ubaydu'llah
-Mahdi
Sa'id -Harashi (general), 322
Sa'id b. -Musayyib (tra-
ditionist), 273
Abu Sa'id b. Abu'l- Khayr
(Persian mystic and poet),
371, 416, 437
Abu Sa'id Hasan b. Bahram,
402. See -Jannabi.
Abu Sa'id Muhammad b.
Mudhaffar b. Muhtaj -Sa-
ghani (Chaghani), 461
Abu Sa'id -Naqqash (author
of a History of the Sufis),
436
Abu Sa'id -Rustami (poet),
268, 374
Saint-Martin, 63
-Saji, Abu 'Ali — (poet), 475
-Sajjad. See Zaynu'l-'Abidin
Saka, 94
Sakisa (harper), 18
Sal'a, 192
Saladin (Salahu'd-Din), 54,
398
Salamanca, 40
Salamiyya (in Syria), 40
Sale's Alcoran, 187, 188
Salemann, 70, 83, 107, 479
Salih (prophet), 387
Salih (Persian accountant),
205
Salih b. 'Abdu'l-Quddus(poet),
307
Abu Salik of Gurgan (Persian
poet), 355, 453
Salisbury, E. —, 203
Salm, 115, 116, 128
Abu Salma (Abbasid propa-
gandist), 243, 246, 257
Salman the Persian, 203, 204,
297
Salman Sawaji (Persian poet),
437
Salmonassar-Sargon, 20
Salsette, 103
Sam. See Shem
Sam (the son of Nariman),
116
Saman, 207, 352, 461, 467, 468
Samani, Dynasty, 6, 15, 16,
123, 207, 317, 341, 346, 348,
352, 354, 355, 358, 359, 363,
365, 367, 368, 371, 372, 374-
376, 396, 445, 446, 450, 451,
453, 455, 456, 460, 461, 463,
465, 467, 474, 477
-Sam'ani, 456
Samaria, 20
Samarqand, 164, 456,
Samarra, 342. See Surra-
man-ra'a
Samawa, Vale of —, 174
Samit (in Isma'ili system),
409, 413
Samma' (“Listener,” “Audi-
tor,” a grade of the Mani-
chæans), 159, 165
Samnan, 86
San'a (in -Yaman), 176, 273
Sana'i (Persian mystical poet),
416, 437
Sanam (stronghold of -Mu-
qanna', q.v.), 321
Sani'a (a governor's follow-
ing), 233
Sanjan, Story of —, 47, 109
Sanskrit, 34, 37, 56, 59, 63, 64,
67-69, 89, 106, 167, 419, 477
Sapid-Jamagan (“the White-
clad”), 318. See -Mubay-
yida.
Sara, Saraw (in Azarbayjan),
325
Sarakhs, 35, 244
Sargon, 21
Abu Sarh, 216
Sari -Raffa (poet), 306-307.
Sarv (or Surv), 115
-Sarvi (or -Sarwi), Abu'l-'Ala—
(poet), 476
Sasan, 117, 118, 122, 137, 139-
142, 268
Sasanian Dynasty, 4-7, 9-12,
14-18, 31, 36, 37, 39, 57-58,
61, 67, 70-71, 78, 79, 89, 91,
93, 96, 97, 103, 104, 108, 111,
117-122, 127-184, 212, 229,
255, 259, 262, 305, 364, 388,
392, 419, 480
Satagydæ, 94
Satih (soothsayer), 173-174
Saturn (planet), 458, 461
Savary de Brèves, 41
Sawa, Lake of —, 173-174;
— Town, 244
Sawad, 196. See Chaldæa
Sawad b. 'Amr, 192
Saxons, 5
Sayce, Professor —, 64
Sayf b. Dhu Yazan, 178-181,
262
Sayfu'd-Dawla, 370-372, 446
Saysaniyya (Bih-afaridh's
followers so called), 310
-Sayyid-Himyari, 276
Sayyidu't-Ta'ifa (Junayd so
called), 427
Sayyids, 101
Schefer, 85, 86, 169, 171, 312,
313, 353, 374, 400, 456, 478
Schmidt, C. —, 160
Schmölders, 212
Scholastic Philosophy, 381,
382, 386, 422
Schultz, 63
Sciences, Classification of —,
379-383
Scorpion, Tresses compared
to —, 461
Scot, Michael —, 40
Scotch and English, 33
Script and creed associated
in East, 8-9
Sebeos, 168
“Sect of the Seven,” 130, 229,
296, 352, 391-415. See also
Carmathians, Ghulat, Is-
ma'ilis,Fatimid Caliphs, &c.
“Sect of the Twelve,” 130,
229, 246, 283, 296, 392, 393,
413, 429 See Shi'ites.
Sects of Islam, 279. See also
Ibn Hazm, -Shahristani
Seleucidæ, 480
Seligmann, 12, 450, 478
Selim I (Ottoman Sultan), 209
Seljuqi Dynasty, 6, 312, 348,
449, 451, 464, 474
Semitic influences on Per-
sians, 36, 37
Sennacharib, 20
Ibn Serapion, 367
Serpent, World compared to
—, 467
Seth, 162
Seven, The Number —, 146,
310, 408-412
Severus, Bishop —, 399
Shabdiz (horse of Khusraw
Parwiz), 17, 18
Shabib b. Dah (one of Abu
Muslim's da'is), 310
Shabib b. Yazid-Shaybani, 232
Shabistari, Mahmud—(author
of the Gulshan-i-Raz), 444
Shaburqan (book of Manes
composed for Shapur), 154,
156, 158, 163, 165
-Shafi'i, -Imam —, 277, 295, 386
Shafi'ite school, 294-295
Shahan-shah, Title of —, 66,
71, 75, 76
^*Shahid of Balkh (Persian
poet), 453, 454, 455
Shah-i-Zanan, 131. See
Shahrbanu.
^*Shahnama (“Book of
Kings”) of Firdawsi, 15, 69,
79, 88, 108, 110-123, 136-
138, 140-142, 144-145, 147-
150, 151, 166, 169, 372, 460,
464; Arabic translation of
— by -Bundari, 43, 115, 464;
of Daqiqi, 372, 460, 473;
other Persian versions of
—, 123; — of Gushtasp
(= Yatkar-i-Zariran, q.v.),
108. See also Khuday-nama
Shah-Parand (grand-daughter
of Yazdigird III), 317-318
-Shahrazuri (biographer of
Philosophers), 293
Shahr-banu, Bibi — (daughter
of Yazdigird III, said to
have been married to -Hu-
sayn b. 'Ali, the Third
Imam, and therefore called
“Mother of Nine Imans”),
130-133
Shahr-baraz (usurper), 129,
174, 182
Shahr-gir, 147, 150
^*Shahristani (author of the
Kitabu'l-Milalwa'n-Nihal),
155, 169, 220, 221, 279, 289,
296, 310-311, 312, 313, 314,
322, 323, 328, 396, 420
Shahriyar (father of Yazdi-
gird III), 195
Shakespear, 13, 82
Shakir (da'i of -Hallaj, q.v.),
431
Ibn Shakir, 331
Abu Shala'la, 397
Shamanists, 163
Shamsa (in Pahlawi), 58
Shams-i-Qays (Persian writer
on Prosody and Rhyme),
473
Shams-i-Tabriz (Persian mys-
tic and poet), 167, 420, 440
Shamsu'd - Din - Andakhudi
(author of an Anthology of
“post-classical” Arabic
poets), 448
Shamsu'd-Din Iltatmish, 450
Shamsu'l-Ma'ali. See Qabus
b. Washmgir
Shanbadh (= Sabbath), 160
Shapur (place in Fars), 123,151
Shapur I, 10, 93, 103, 138, 150-
159, 266
Shapur II, 75, 96, 97, 101
Shaqiq of Balkh (mystic), 299
-Sha'rani (da'i of -Hallaj,
q.v.), 435
Shargh (or Jargh ? = Chakhra
of Vendidad), 35
^*Sharif-i-Mujallidi (Persian
poet), 15, 16
Ibn Sharwin (Prince of Taba-
ristan), 329
Shathil (Seth), 162
-Shaybani, 'Ali b. Harun —
(Samanid poet), 365
-Shaykhu'l-Yunani, Plotinus
so called by the Muslims,
420
Shea, 54
Sheba, Queen of —, 385. See
Bilqis.
Sheil, Lady —, 312
Shekina, 128
Shem, 114, 116, 409
-Shibli (Sufi), 298, 367, 433, 434
Shibl b. -Munaqqa-Azdi, 325
Shid (= Khshaeta), 113
Shihabu'd-Din Suhrawardi,
423
Shi'ites, 98, 100, 101, 130, 131,
203, 214, 220, 226-229, 231,
232, 236, 238-240, 243, 246-
247, 252, 276, 278, 279-280,
283-285, 292, 295-296, 310-
311, 314, 315, 328, 342-343,
345, 348, 349, 350, 352, 358,
360, 362-363, 364, 367, 375,
386, 391-415 passim, 429, 430,
437. See also Carmathians,
Fatimid Caliphs, Ghulat,
Isma'ilis, “Sect of the Seven,”
“Sect of the Twelve”
Shikand-gumanik-vijar (Pah-
lawi book), 106, 157
Shimr, 225, 226, 228, 230
Shi'r (Poetry), Etymology of
the word, 451
Shiraz, 19, 70, 85, 364, 437
Shirin (mistress of Khusraw
Parwiz), 17
Shirin (Sirin), one of the
captives of Jalula and his
sons, 204, 263
Shiru'è, 56, 113, 174, 181
^*Abu Shu'ayb Salih b. Mu-
hammad of Herat (Persian
poet), 454
^*Abu Shukur of Balkh (Per-
sian poet), 466-467
Shurat (“Sellers” of their
lives), 221. See Kharijites
Shushtar, 434
Shu'ubiyya, 265-269, 277 278,
336, 345, 357
Sibawayhi (grammarian),
261, 276-278
Si-bokht, 146
Siddhanta (=Sindhind), 160
-Siddiq (name of a class of
Manichæans and origin of
name Zindiq, q.v.), 160, 165
Sidra Rabba (book of Man-
dæans), 302
Sifatiyya (sect), 279
Siffin, Battle of —, 218-219,
221
Sifru'l-Asfar (Manichæan
book), 156
Sifru'l-Jababira (Manichæan
book), 156
Signacula oris, manuum et
sinus, 165
Sikandar- (or Iskandar-)
Nama of Nidhami of
Ganja, 119
Ibnu's- Sikkit (grammarian
and Shi'ite), 343, 345
Silhin (fortress in -Yaman),
175
-Simari (disciple of -Hallaj),
431-432
Simjur, 466
Simplicius (Neo-Platonist),421
Simurgh (mythical bird), 121
Ibn Sina, 40. See Avicenna
Sinan, Abu Sa'id — -Harrani,
304
Sinan b. Thabit b. Qurra, 367
Sinbadh the Magian, 311, 313,
314, 323
Sind (= Hind), 34, 347
Sindhind (=Siddhanta), 160
Sinimmar (Sinnimar), 175
Sipand (=Rue, q.v.), 452
Sipihri (Persian poet), 468
Siqadanj (near Merv), 242
-Sirafi (grammarian), 372
-Sirat, Bridge of —, 107
Sirawand (near Nishapur), 308
Sirri -Saqati (Sufi), 424
Si-ruza (Zoroastrian), 48, 101
Sistan (Sagistan, Sajistan), 87,
109, 116, 117, 123, 205, 317,
346, 347, 350, 359, 448.
Siwand (dialect of —), 26-27,
87
Siyamak, 112
Siyaq (form of cypher), 67
^*Siyasat-nama (“Treatise on
Government”) of the Nidh-
amu'l-Mulk, 169, 171-172,
312, 313, 323, 324, 328, 349,
353, 401, 456
Skudra, 94
de Slane, Baron McGuckin—,
208, 320. See Ibn Khallikan
Slavery, 186
Smerdes (= Bardiya), 31, 32
Social Code of Zoroastrians,
108
Socialism, 170
Socin, 83
Solomon, 112-114, 385
Sol-takin, 263
“Sons of Tenderness,” 164;
“— of Knowledge,” 164;
“— of Understanding,”
164-165; “— of the Un-
seen,” 165; “— of Intelli-
gence,” 165. See also Mani-
chæans, who are divided
into these five grades
“Sons of the Nobles”
(Banu'l-Ahrar), Persian
Settlers in -Yaman so
named, 181
Sophists, 382
, 269, 417
Spain, 9, 215, 245, 251, 266,
279, 294, 340, 381
(Medic word for
“dog”), 26
Span (Avestic word for
“dog”), 26
Spada, 64, 94
Spencer, Mr. —, 47, 50
Spendedat (Isfandiyadh, Is-
fandiyar), 116
Spiegel, 33, 36, 62, 63, 66, 68,
91, 116, 155, 161, 162
Spitta, 290, 291
Sprenger, 188, 452
Ssufismus (by Tholuck), 362
Stakhar Papakano(= Istakhr),
97, 118, 139
Stanley Lane-Poole, 214, 254.
See also Lane-Poole
Steiner, 279, 281, 282, 288, 289,
293
Steinschneider, 368
Stolze, 64, 153
Stot-yasht, 97
Strabo, 5
, 23-24
Stylite, Joshua the —, 134
Subject Races, 235 237, 241,
247. See also Mawali,
Racial Feeling
“Sub-Parthian,” coins, 80
“Subsequent” (in Isma'ili
System), 414
Suf (“wool”), 297
Sufi System, Brief outline of
—, 438-444
Sufis, 167-168, 282, 293, 296-
301, 352, 361-363, 367, 373,
386, 416-444
Sufis, History of —, by Abu
Sa'id-Naqqash, 436
Sufyan-Thawri (Sufi), 417,
418, 424-426, 434
Abu Sufyan, 215, 261
Sughd, 35, 94, 164, 268, 322,
331, 333
Suhrab (Rustam's son), 116
Suhrak, 325
Suhuf (of Abraham), 113
Sujud (position in Prayer),
412
Ibn Sukkara, 348
-Sukkari (philologist), 357
-Sukkari, Abu'l-Fadl—(poet),
476
-Sulafa (one of the names
given to Shahr-banu, q.v.),
131
Sulayman Mountains, 372
Sulayman. See Solomon
Sulayman (Umayyad Caliph),
215
Sulayman b. 'Ali (uncle of
-Saffah, the first 'Abbasid
Caliph), 254
Abu Sulayman Muhammad
b. Nasr -Busti -Muqaddasi
(one of the Ikhwanu's-Safa,
q.v.), 293
-Suli, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim—
(poet), 263, 310
-Suli (historian), 367, 430, 435
Sumerian, 23
Sunnis 224, 276-277, 280,
284, 286, 290, 294-295, 298,
311, 343, 348, 351, 423, 429,
430, 437
Surat, 44, 46-48, 206
Surkh'alam (“Red-Stan-
dards”), 323. See-Muham-
mira, Red as a Badge
Surrạ-man-ra'a (=Samarra),
329, 336, 342
Sus (place), 430, 434
Sus (in Isma'ili System), 409,
413
Susa, Susiana, 19, 64, 94
Syncellus, 21
Syria, 128, 218, 223, 224, 236,
238, 243, 251, 263, 272, 276,
278, 283, 298, 305, 358, 388,
396, 398, 400, 402, 410, 445,
448
Syriac, 14, 21, 41, 42, 73, 78, 89,
117, 118, 127, 134, 135, 160,
163, 165, 304
Syrian Desert, 173
Syrian heathens, 395. See
Harran, Sabæans
Syrians, 4, 8, 103, 134, 266,
305, 345, 373, 396; —as par-
tisans of Umayyads, 217,
218, 221, 238
Swinton, Dr. —, 50

Ta'abbata Sharr^an (heathen
Arab poet), 191-193
Tabaqatu'l-Kabir (of Ibn
Sa'd), 278
Tabaqatu'sh-Shu'ara (Bio-
graphies of Poets), 278, 345,
358, 447, 449
^*-Tabari (the historian), 10,
14, 110, 114, 121, 138, 152,
158, 169, 175, 183, 233, 258,
270, 284, 285, 290, 307, 314,
315, 316, 317, 318, 321, 323,
327, 328, 329, 336, 343, 360-
361, 386, 428, 429, 455, 477,
478; Persian translation of
—'s History, 11, 110, 356,
369, 455, 477-478; —'s Com-
mentary on the Qur'an, 478
Tabaristan, 8, 10, 103, 200, 207,
314, 330, 334, 347, 348, 359,
371, 392, 446, 453, 466, 469,
470. See also Gilan, Mazan-
daran.
Tabi'un. See Followers
Tableau littéraire du Khor-
assan …, 365
Tabriz, 86, 98, 325
-Tabrizi (commentator of
-Hamasa), 278
Tadhkíratu'l-Awliya (of
'Attar), 362
Tadhkiras (Memoirs) of Per-
sian poets, 449
-Taff, 131
Taghazghaz, 164
Tahirid Dynasty, 6, 12, 278,
341, 346-347, 355, 450, 452,
453
Tahir “Dhu'l Yaminayn”
(founder of Tahirid
Dynasty), 346
Tahir (grandson of 'Amr b.
Layth the Saffarid), 359
Tahir, Baba —, 26. See Baba
Tahir
Abu Tahir -Jannabi, 402, 403.
See -Jannabi
Abu Tahir -Khatuni, 12, 449,
464
Ibn Abi Tahir, 246
Tahmurath (legendary Per-
sian king), 80, 112, 115
Takht-i-Jamshid, 113. See
Persepolis
Takht-i-Sulayman, 113
Talaqan, 244, 397, 428
Talha, 217, 261, 388
-Ta'i ('Abbasid Caliph) 371
Tali (“the Subsequent” in the
Isma'ili system), 414
Tajaribu'l-Umam (of Ibn
Miskawayh), 361
Abu Talib, 193, 214
Ta'lim (“Teaching” in
Isma'ili system), 408
Ta'limi,407. See Carmathians,
Isma'ilis, Sect of the Seven
Tahish (dialect), 27, 86
Talmud, 256
Tamerlane (Timur-i-lang, i.e.,
Lame Timur), 86, 122, 423
Tamil character, 103
Tamim (tribe of —), 221
Tamim b. Mu'izz (Fatimid
poet), 373
Abu Tammam (poet), 265, 278,
330, 336
Tanasukh-i-arwah (Transmi-
gration of Souls), 279, 287,
311, 320, 327, 328. See also
Metempsychosis, Return,
Rij'at, Re-incarnation
Ta'rikh-i-Bayhaqi, 331
Ta'rikh-i-Guzida, 157
Tariqat (“the Path” of the
Sufis), 441
Tartar (Tatar more correctly),
197. See Mongol
Tarun, 266
Tasawwuf. See Sufiism
Tashbih. See Anthropomor-
phism
Tasnifs (Ballads), 17
de Tassy Garcin —, 444
Tauler, 297, 421
Tavernier, 42
Tawhid (Sufi), 439
Ta'wil (Allegorical Interpre-
tation of Isma'ilis), 159, 285,
393, 394, 414
Tawm (Angel), 158
Tawrat. See Pentateuch
Taylasan, 335, 343
Tayy, Tribe of —, 265
Ta'ziyas, 131, 132, 227
Teispes, 92. See Chaishpish
Ten, Number —, 412
Tennyson, Lord Alfred —, 210
Teresh, 20
Texeira, 42
^*-Tha'alibi, 14, 255, 317, 354,
358, 365-366, 368, 374, 445,
450, 470, 474
Thabit, Abu'l-Hasan —,
(grandson of Thabit b.
Qurra), 304
Thabit b. Qurra, 304, 306, 358,
367
Thamud (tribe), 430
Thatagush (Satagydæ), 94
Thawr, Cave of —, 330
Theodore Abucara, 282
Theodosius, Bishop —, 351
Theophanes, 169, 172
Theophilus, 329
Theresa, Santa —, 299, 421
Thevenot, 42
Thibet, 159
Ibn Abi Thiyab, Abu Muham-
mad —, 365
Tholuck, 362, 444
Thomas (Pahlawi numis-
matologist), 151, 152
Thousand and One Nights
(“Arabian Nights”), 254,
277
Thrætaona (Traitana, Feri-
dun), 115
Thucydides, 94
Thumb, 64
Tiglath Pileser, 20
Tigrakhuda, 94
Tigris, 173, 184, 197, 199, 336,
343, 429, 432, 434
Tihran, 19, 26, 35, 115, 131
Timotheus the Persian, 172
Timur-i-lang. See Tamerlane
-Tirmidhi (traditionist), 351
Toledo, 40
Tornberg, 360
Traditions, 12. See Hadith.
Transoxiana, 163, 247, 252,
314, 315, 321, 322, 335, 340,
365, 376, 434
, 153
Trinity, how understood by
Sufis, 443
Troyer, 54
Trumpp, 300
Truthfulness of Persians, 167
Tubba's (Kings of -Yaman),
174
Tuj, 128. See also Tur
Tukharistan, 244, 347
Tur (son of Feridun), 115, 116.
See also Tuj
Turanian, 23, 24, 25, 74, 79,
116, 121
Turkey, 227, 437
Turkish guards, slaves, and
vassals, 6, 291, 339, 342, 345,
372, 460
Turkish influence on Islam,
251, 254-255, 263, 292, 294,
318, 322, 342, 351, 364, 368,
375-376, 424, 454
Turkish language, 41, 42, 90,
379; — written in Arme-
nian and Greek character,
8, 9
Turkish peoples, Persian
literature produced by —,
3; antipathy between —
and Persians, 116, 128, 266,
334-335
Turkistan, 434
Tus (town in Khurasan), 123;
— identified with Urva of
the Avesta, 35
Twelve Gospels (Manichæan),
156
Twelve, The Number —, 408,
414
Tychsen, 57, 58, 60, 61, 71
Typal Love, 442
Typography, Oriental —, 41

'Ubayd-i-Zakani. (Persian
satirical poet), 389
Abu 'Ubayda -Jarrah, 297
Abu' 'Ubayda Ma'mar b.
-Muthanna (Iranophile
scholar), 269, 277
'Ubaydu'llah the [Fatimid]
Mahdi, 359, 409
'Ubaydu'llah b. Jibril b.
Bokht-Yishu' (physician),
367
'Ubaydu'llah b. 'Umar, 215
'Ujayf, 334
'Ulama-i-Islam (Zoroastrian
work), 109
Ultra-Shi'ites. See Ghulat
'Ulumu'l-Awwalin (“Sciences
of the Ancients”), 414
'Uman, 201, 359
'Umar b. -Khattab (Orthodox
Caliph), 51, 130, 133, 174, 194,
195, 196, 199, 202, 203, 205,
210, 213, 214, 215, 229, 235,
261, 297, 343, 349, 391, 437,
450
'Umar b. 'Abdu'l-Aziz (Umay-
yad Caliph), 215, 219, 234-
236
^*'Umara, Abu Mansur — of
Merv (Persian poet), 467
'Umayr (officer of 'Abdu'l-
Malik), 238
Umayya, 214
Umayyad Caliphs, 103, 163,
208, 209-247, 251, 263, 265,
266, 273, 274, 279, 281, 283,
313; — of Spain, 215, 245,
251, 398
Umm Kulthum, 214
Unity (Wahid = 19 in Babi
system), 98
Universal Reason, Universal
Soul, 408, 409
'Unsuri (Persian poet), 389,
456, 474
Uqba, 216
Ibn 'Uqba (biographer of
Prophet), 275
'Urfa, 134
Urva (of Vendidad identified
with Tus), 35
Ushhanj, 112. See Hushang
Ushmunayn, Bishopric of —,
399
Ustadhsis (heresiarch), 247,
317
Usrushna, 252, 331, 333
Utamish, 342
Utanj Rayhani (or Zanjani),
dialect poet, 86
-'Utbi (historian of Ghaznawi
Dynasty), 456, 457, 460, 463
'Uthman (Orthodox Caliph),
194, 195, 210, 212-218, 220,
222, 258, 261, 262, 349, 391
'Uthman b. Nahik, 316
Abu 'Uthman Sa'id b.
Humayd b. Bakhtagan
(Shu'ubi writer), 268
-Utrush, Sayyid — of Tabaris-
tan, 359, 475
'Uyunu'l - Akhbar (of Ibn
Qutayba), 15, 277

Vach- (root), 27
Vaekereta (of Vendidad, iden-
tified with Kabul), 35
Valerian (Emperor), 151
Van, 63
Vanishun (dialect of —), 27
^*Van Vloten, 212, 230, 232,
233, 235, 239-243, 245, 246,
267, 318, 351, 372, 378
Varena, The “Four-cornered”
—, 26, 35, 114
Vatican (Library), 450
Vaughan's Hours with the
Mystics, 421, 424, 444
Vedanta philosophy, 300, 301,
419
Vedas, 34, 69, 301
Vedic period, 28
Vegetarianism amongst
ancient Persians, 115
Vehrkana (Hyrcania, Gurgan),
26, 35
“Veiled Prophet of Khura-
san,” 247, 318-323. See
-Muqanna'.
Vendidad, 25, 26, 28, 34, 44,
45, 47, 48, 97-99, 141, 169
Venus (Anahita, Nahid), 95,
461, 467
Verse-forms of Persians and
Arabs, 471-474
Verse-translations fromArabic
into Persian and vice versâ,
463-465, 467
Vicar of Bray, 280
Vienna (Library), 383, 450,
478
Villon Society, 444
Virtues of the Turks, Treatise
by -Jahidh on —, 351
Vishtaspa (= Gushtasp, Hystas-
pes, q.v.), 28, 61, 62, 92-95,
116, 142
Vispered, 48, 99
Vivanha, Vivanjhan, 114
Viyakhna (month), 31
Vizier. See Wazir.
Vohu-mano, 97, 117. See also
Bahman
Vologeses (Balash), 96, 97
Vullers, 460, 468

Ibn Wadih, 150. See -Ya'qubi.
Wahb b. Munabbih, 273
Wahhabi sect, 221
Wahid (Babi “Unity” of 19),
98
Wahriz (Persian general), 152,
180, 181
Ibnu'l- Wahshiyya, 357
Wales, 446
-Walid (Umayyad Caliph),
163, 215, 231, 317
Walid b. 'Uqba, 216, 218
-Walwalaji, Abu 'Abdi'llah
Muhammad b. Salih —
(Persian poet), 467
Wamiq and 'Adhra, Romance
of —, 12, 347
Waqid b. 'Amr-Tamimi, 324-
325
-Waqidi (historian), 261, 277,
278, 284, 345
“War of the Methods” (Philo-
logical and Traditional), 68
Warzanin, 350
Washmgir, 365
Wasif (Turkish officer), 342
Wasil b 'Ata-Ghazzal (founder
of Mu'tazilite sect), 281
-Wasit (town), 302, 349, 433,
434
-Wathiq ('Abbasid Caliph),
251, 254, 284, 285, 290, 336
Wayak (in Haji-abad inscrip-
tion), 153
Wazir, Office of —, 255-257
Weil, Dr. Gustav —, 211, 272
Wessex, 5
West, Dr. E. W. —, 57, 59, 68,
70, 81, 98, 103-106, 109, 151,
159, 169
Westergaard, 43, 64, 68
Wheelock, Abraham —, 19, 41
Whinfield, 282, 441, 444
White as a colour-badge, 311,
312. See Mubayyida, Sapid-
Jamagan
Wickham (place), 48, 49
“Widow,” “Son of the—” (in
Manichæan System), 162
William the Conqueror, 118
Wind, Selling the —, 366
Windischmann, 68
Wine-drinking, 459-460
Wine, Poetical description of
—, 462
“Wise Child” (Kudak-i-dana),
328
Wives, Community of —. See
Mazdak
Wizards, 366
Wolfe Tone (Irish patriot),
346
Wool typifying renunciation,
297, 417, 430. See Pashmina-
push, Sufi
World compared to snake,
467
“World-wise” (Hakimatu'd-
Dahr in Manichæan sys-
tem), 162
Worm of Kirman, 138, 145-
150
Wright, Dr. W. —, 134, 169,
191, 221, 375
Writing, Art of —amongst
ancient Arabs, 261; —
amongst ancient Persians,
9; — highly valued by
Manichæans, 165; cf. 431
Wüstenfeld, 169, 272, 273, 321,
387

Xenophon, 91
Xerxes, 56, 61, 79, 92, 113

-Yafi'i, 424
Yahya-Barmaki (“the Barme-
cide”), 259, 277
Yahya b. Bitriq, 277
Yahya b. Ma'adh of Ray
(mystic), 323, 418
Yahya b. Masawayh, 345
Yahya b. Zayd (great-grand-
son of -Husayn), 322
Abu Yahya Tahir b. -Fadl
-Saghani (Chaghani), Amir
—, 467
Yaksum (Abyssinian King),
178
Yama (in Hindu mythology),
56, 80, 113
-Yaman (-Yemen), 152, 173-
176, 178, 180, 181, 183, 192,
201, 244, 262, 263, 358, 382,
388, 402, 405
Yaminu'd -Dawla. See Mah-
mud of Ghazna
Yaminu'd - Din Faryumadi
(Persian poet), 437
Ya'qub b. Layth -Saffari, 13,
346-348, 349, 352-354, 473
Ya'qub (grandson of 'Amr b.
Layth -Saffari), 359
^*-Ya'qubi (historian), 110,
131, 150-151, 155-157, 158,
169, 229, 230, 231, 239, 241,
244, 246, 307, 314, 317, 318,
321, 323, 357-358
Yaqut (geographer), 14, 15,
321
Yasar (Persian captive), 263,
266
Yashts, 97, 100
Yasna, 44, 48, 63, 67, 68, 99
104
Yathrib (ancient name of
-Madina, q.v.), 132
^*Yatimatu'd-Dahr (of-Tha'-
alibi), 365-366, 368, 374, 375,
445-447, 450, 453, 465-466,
470, 474, 475, 476
Yatkar-i-Zariran (Pahlawi
romance), 9, 108, 121, 138
Yazd, 26, 27, 83, 86, 109, 343
Yazdan-Gushnasp, 129
Yazdigird I, 135, 166
Yazdigird III, 6, 120, 122, 130-
132, 168, 174, 182, 195, 200,
229, 317
Yazid I (Umayyad Caliph),
215, 224-226, 228, 230
Yazid II (Umayyad Caliph),
215, 283
Yazid III (Umayyad Caliph),
215, 318
Yazid b. -Muhallab (general),
263
Yazidi sect (“Devil-worship-
pers”), 304
“Year of the Ass,” 241
“Year of the Elephant,” 173,
174
Yeats (Irish poet), 447
Yellow garments prescribed
for unbelievers, 343. See
also 'Asal-i dukhta
Yima (=Yama, Jamshid,
q.v.), 56, 80, 113
Yishu'-bokht, 145
Yudan - Yim (Zoroastrian
priest), 105
Yuhanna b. Masawayhi
(translator), 305
Yusuf-Barm (heresiarch), 247,
318
Yusuf b. 'Umar (Governor of
'Iraq), 233
^*Yusuf u Zulaykha (of Jami),
439, 442, 444
Abu Yusuf, 349
Abu Yusuf Ya'qub-Ansari
(Hanafite doctor), 276
Abu Yusuf Ya'qub b. Ishaq
-Kindi, 356. See -Kindi
Abu Yusuf-Qati'i, 302

Zab (river), 245, 247
Ibn Zabala (historian of
-Madina), 277
Zabulistan, 116
Zadan, son of Farrukh
(Persian accountant), 205
Zagros Mountains, 19
-Zahi (poet), 370
Zahir (Dhahir) of Faryab
(Persian poet), 389
Zahiri (or Zahirite) school,
357. See also Dhahiri
Zahra (“the Bright,” i.e.,
Fatima, q.v.), 131, 132
Ibn Abi Zakariyya (heretic),
359, 367
Zal (father of Rustam), 116,
121
Zamakhshari (commentator),
269, 289, 292
Zamzama (“mumbling” of
Magians), 309, 310
Zandakih, 159. See also
Zindiq, Manichæans
Zandaniji (or Zand-pichi),
468
Zanj Rebellion, 349-350, 356,
401
Zanjan (town), 325, 378
- Zanjani (-Zinjani), Abu'l-
Hasan 'Ali b. Harun —
(one of the Ikhwanu 's-
Safa, q.v.), 293
Zaradusht. See Zoroaster
Zaradushtakan, Sect of —,
169. See Mazdak
Zaratusht. See Zoroaster
Zaratusht-Khurragan (master
of Mazdak, q.v.), 169, 170
Zaratusht-nama, 43, 109
Zarawa (old Persian book),
336
Zargun (near Persepolis), 70
Zariadras, Romance of —,
121
Zarir, Romance of —, 9,
108, 121, 138
Zarwan Akarana (“Bound-
less Time”), 414
Zawzan, 308
- Zawzani, Abu 'Ali — (Sama-
nid poet), 365
- Zawzani, Abu Muhammad
'Abdu'l-Kafi — (author of
Hamasatu 'dh - Dhurafa),
454
Zayd-'Alawi, 315
Zayd b. Rifa'a (one of the
Ikhwanu 's-Safa), 293
Abu Zayd (Governor of
'Uman), 201
Abu Zayd - Balkhi (geo-
grapher), 372
Zaydan (or Dandan), 407
Zaydi sect (of Shi'ites), 392
Zaynu'l 'A'bidin (fourth Imam
of the Shi'ites), 229, 239,
409
Zaynatu'z Zaman (Biography
of poets by -Andakhudi),
448
Ibnu'z -Zayyat, 164, 253, 331-
333, 351
Zefre (dialect of —), 27
Zend, 22-25, 43-44, 56, 58,
78, 79, 81. See Avesta,
Avestic
Zhukovski, Valentin —, 27,
83, 416
Zikrawayhi (Carmathian
leader), 358, 359, 402
Zindiq (pl. Zanadiqa), 155,
159, 303, 307, 422, 436;
Meaning and etymology
of the term —, 159. See
also Manichæans
Ziyad b. Jariya-Tamimi, 272
Ziyad b. Labid, 215
Ibn Ziyad, 'Ubaydu'llah —,
225, 226, 228, 230
Ibn Ziyad, father of Ja'far,
307
Ziyarid Dynasty, 359, 360,
364-365, 367, 371, 376, 446,
453, 466, 469, 471
Zohak, Zuhak, Zahhak. See
Dahak
Zopyrus, 121
Zoroaster, 4, 25, 28-31, 34, 49-
54, 56, 58, 88, 95, 96, 102,
116, 118, 120, 123, 127, 154,
159, 162, 163, 173, 200, 201,
206, 246, 247, 263, 309, 310,
315, 334; — identífied with
Abraham, 113; name of —
changed to Muhammad on
conversion to Islam, 263
Zoroastrian Literature, 7, 8,
43, 44, 46, 118
Zoroastrian Priests, 135, 166,
169, 202, 206
Zoroastrian Religion, 6, 9, 23,
24, 30, 34, 36, 42, 45-47,
127, 161, 165, 167, 170, 171,
202, 203, 206, 301, 414, 459-
460
Zoroastrians, 200-202, 206-
207, 232, 303, 343, 352, 375,
448, 459. See also Guebres
Magians
Zoroastrian sympathies im-
puted to Barmecides, 259
Zotenberg, H. —, 369, 455, 478,
479
-Zubayr, 217, 388
Ibn-Zubayr, 228-231
Zubur. See Psalms of David
-Zuhri (theologian), 263, 272,
273
Zuwarishn, 7, 73. See
Huzvaresh

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON.

Both these books confuse Legend with History in their accounts of the earlier period, and are more or less obsolete.

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Both these books confuse Legend with History in their accounts of the earlier period, and are more or less obsolete.

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A literary history of Persia - The Literary History of Persia, Volume 1

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