Inšā-yi Harkaran - The Forms of Herkern

SIR,

I embrace with pleasure the opportunity that is now offered me, by the publication of the INSHA-I HERKERN, to acknowledge the assistance I have received from your encouragement; and the obligations under which I lie. And it will give me great satisfaction if this attempt to facilitate the study of the PERSIAN language meet with any share of your approbation.

I have the honor to be,

THE attainment of the Persian language being, in my opinion, attended with greater difficulty than seems to be generally imagined; and considering this no improper occasion for pointing out wherein that difficulty consists; and consequently what still remains to be done in order to facilitate the study, I have dedicated a few paragraphs to this intention.

THE Manuscripts that are presented to the learner are by no means the most accurate. The distinguishing points of letters are often superfluous, omitted, or misplaced, and the letters themselves contracted and deformed by a multiplicity of shapes. No distinct interval is ever left between their words. Two or three are crowded together so as to appear but one; and the parts of one are disunited in such a manner as to be readily mistaken for several. In short, the different forms of letters and words, and the several modes of uniting and separating them, although readily known at one place, are so arbitrary and various as not to be recognized at another.

THE construction of substantives with substantives signifying different things; of substantives with substantives denoting the same thing; of substantives agreeing with adjectives and participles, and of adjectives, participles and prepositions governing substantives, which constitute the greatest part of Syntax, and are precisely distinguished and marked in other languages, in Persian books and writings, are left entirely to the conjecture of the reader: occasioning, of itself alone, a difficulty in reading, not to be surmounted, but by great practice united with a perfect knowledge of the language.

AFTER words are clearly expressed in writing or printing, and the modes of construction precisely marked, there is nothing so essential to the perspicuity of language, as a proper division and notation of the sense by points, colons, semicolons &c. But in Persian books there is no such thing known: and the various members of a sentence, sentences themselves, and and even paragraphs, are left equally undivided and undistinguished.

THE person employed to remove these intricacies, and to correct these errors of the Manuscript, is a Moonshy; for the most part unacquainted with the Arabic language, poorly instructed in the principles of grammar, and not sufficiently qualified for the task he undertakes.

ON the other hand, the scholar being ignorant of Oriental language, or at least of the terms that are subservient to the rules of Grammar, is destitute of every medium of communication; and totally incapable of receiving the instruction of his Moonshy, however well qualified he may be in his profession.

Mr. Richardson, indeed, has arranged in a most judicious manner all that is requisite for attaining a compleat knowledge of the Arabic Grammar; but leaving us uninstructed with regard to the particular parts of the language that are borrowed and introduced into the Persian; as well as with respect to the rules to which this is subject; and having also avoided the use, and omitted the explanation of the terms of Arabic Grammar, the Scholar is neither capable of asking, nor of receiving from his Moonshy the instruction he may require; and cannot, in short, make use of the grammatical knowledge he may really possess.

WITH regard to the observations collected by Mr. Jones, in his Persian Grammar, they are valluable rudiments to the beginner; but when he applies to Moonshies and Manuscripts for farther improvement, all the difficulties I have described are united to oppose him.

THE Insha-i Herkern, which I have chosen for my subject, is put into the hands of almost every beginner; it contains the common forms of business and correspondence; and being more immediately useful to a stranger, altho’ it cannot boast of introducing to his acquaintance any portion of the Genius, or of the Learning of Asia, may be still more acceptable.

THE copy of this book, which I present to the public, has been corrected from many others with considerable attention; the various forms of construction (which, I have already observed, are left in Persian books, to the great embarrassment of the reader, totally undetermined) are all distinguished by their proper marks; and every intricacy of Manuscript is removed by exhibiting it printed in the Taleek character. Opposite to the Persian there is placed an English translation; literal as far as consistant with the preservation of the sense. And to the whole is added an INDEX containing the Explanation, and the Derivation of every Arabic word from its proper Root. I have endeavoured in short, to supply, in some measure, the defects of Moonshies and Manuscripts; and the want of a proper medium of communication between the Instructor and the Student, at a period when he is unable to converse; and when he ought not to meet with any cause of discouragement.

IN these respects, I have flattered myself that the INSHA-I HERKEREN may be useful: but no further. The terms of Grammar, or I should rather say, a grammatical language, for obtaining from the Instructor an immediate resolution of every doubt that may occur, is still wanting. The manner in which the Arabic is, in every instance, introduced into the Persian, remains unexplained. The rule for affixing the Izafit to all the varieties of the different species of construction I have already enumerated, is as yet arbitrary, and undetermined by any system. And a sufficient number of books, on various subjects, correctly translated and printed, are still unprovided. These are obstacles to the attainment of the Persian language which still subsist; and which I hope will engage the attention of those who have leisure and ability to remove them.

THESE observations I have judged necessary for the information of the reader. It is now my duty to call his attention to the labours of Mr. Wilkins; without whose assistance the the Insha-i Herkern could never have appeared in its present form.

THE only printed Persian character that has hitherto been in use, except in exhibiting fair copies of Dictionaries and Grammars, has been subservient to no public purpose; and is but ill calculated for becoming the Channel of authority, or the Medium of business, over an extensive empire, where it is almost unknown, and scarcely understood; whereas the Types which Mr. Wilkins has invented, being a perfect imitation of the Taleek, the character in which all Persian books are written and consequently familiar and universally read, are not only well calculated for promulgating the Edicts of Government; but for every Transaction in business, where the Persian character is required.

BY this invention, (which is perfectly new and peculiar to Mr. Wilkins; and at the same time the labor of his own hand, from the metal in its crudest state, through all the different stages of engraving and founding) the Persian language may now receive all the assistance of the Press. The most valuable books may be brought into print; the language may be more easily and perfectly acquired; and the improvements of the learned and industrious conveniently communicated to the Public, and preserved to Posterity.

AFTER praise and supplication to the majesty of the most high God ruler of the people of glory and excellence; and after the salutation and veneration of the Prophet ??ect, the Lord of the righteous, MAHOMMED; whereas the shattered and soul-afflicted servant, the sinful, poor, contemptible, ignorant, most infirm of the slaves of the eternal God, HERKERN, son of MUTRADAS a Kumboh of Multan, sat one day at the seat of Empire in the city of Mutra, in the company of his agreeable companions and chosen friends. Some of his friends said to him you were a long time Moonshy in the service of the benevolent Nabob, the high-titled, the asylum of forgiveness, the seat of pleasantness, the Hatim of the time, the Nushirvan of the age, Yitibar Khan; and spent your life in the art of composing; write something by way of memorandum, that a person may derive improvement in reading and writing it. At the instigation of these dear friends I have brought into writing some lines of broken and imperfect language, which may be useful to the studious of this art in writing the daily practice. This book comprehends seven chapters.

My request from the learned of time, and the ripened of ages is this. Wherever there shall occur in the style an omission or error, cover it with the mantle of generosity and hold the pen of correction running over it.

PRAISE and thanksgiving to him that is powerful without equal, who hath distributed all these kingdoms of the inhabited quarters of the world, to kings and princes, to each, proportionably, by the hand of his authority; and hath bestowed on them inestimable blessings. It is therefore proper that those men, having considered theacknowledgment of this great bounty incumbent on them, should labor from the heart in attending to the state of their subjects, and vassals, who are the rare deposite of the Creator; and that they should make a proper investigation of the grievances of the injured and the distressed and oppressed; and that they should manage the affairs of the orphan and helpless, and comfort the hearts of the sitters in corners, and the solitary worshippers of God, who open not their lips in petition; and that they should consider their own quiet to ly in the tranquillity of their people. In this manner there is a source of satisfaction to God, and the means of establishing the foundation of empire and monarchy. But this desire may be obtained when the kings of the empire, being contented with their portions, establish between one another the bonds of sincerity and the practice of unity: so that the people of God being in a mansion of rest, may offer up the praise of the Majesty of glory; and that the merchants being acquainted with the protected dominions of one another, may support an intercourse, and make the people glad with the rarities of each country. Whereas, the whole of the desire and sum of the ambition of this petitioner at the throne of God is bestowed on this, therefore by way of strengthening the basis of love and affection, there is sent to wait on that support of empire, the cream of friendship in attachment, the pattern of confidants in sincerity, Khojeh Abulhesen, who may report verbally, in private, some matters of importance, which are fixed in my princely mind, but not expressed in writing; and may learn the pleasure of your perfuming soul, that the same be performed on our part. The way of unity and concord is this. Keep the road of intercourse frequented, and form not the idea of any separation; and give notice without ceremony, of whatever of the rarities of this country you may want: so that in sending them I may fulfil the duties of sincerity. In the mean time, some presents, according to the account of a separate memorandum, being dispatched along with the Khojeh abovementioned, he will cause them to pass into your august sight. Be the sun of prosperity and splendor arising and refulgent from the horizon of lustre and glory.

YOUR propitious letter and page of fortunate contents full of unity and unanimity, which you dispatched along with the honorable and trusty Khojeh Abulhesen, arrived at a most lucky period, with varieties of the rarities of your country; and imparted to my intelligent soul fresh joy and gladness immense. Whereas it was proposed by your friendship-perfumed pen, that the foundation of love, and the ties of affection should acquire strength between us; and that, in the established dominions of one another, there should be no variance; so that it may be the means of the rest and quiet of the people of God: this intention was extremely benevolent, for there is not an act in the world of existance and forming connexion more noble than friendship and agreement, particularly the order of the chain of beings is by that fastened and bound. Indeed it is a long time since it was in my august soul, that having sent one of the attendants of my court and intimate confidents, he might fasten between us the cord of the tie of unity and concord; so that one and all, being in security from the injury of accident, might be easy in circumstances and free at heart. However, by the means of some unavoidable interruptions, the detail of which would be the cause of prolixity, this intention remained behind the curtain of delay. Praise be to God that that support of empire, having in this matter shewn the example, has become the mover of the chain of affection; from which I can perceive a proof of unity and concord. At this time also, the asylum of prelacy, the very trusty Sheikhkemal, who is one of the sincerely attached friends of this kinsman of high station, is sent to wait on that asylum of empire. Having labored in whatever the welfare of the kingdom, and the tranquillity of the body of the people may consist; and having always observed the relation of unity and unanimity, keep open the gates of communication; for it will be productive of an increase of the principles of affection. Some of the rarities of this country are dispatched along with the asylum of prelacy above mentioned; they will come into your august sight. And whatever the person referred to shall represent verbally, consider it in the rank of certainty. Be the sun of prosperity always shining!

IT is represented to the most enlightened understanding, and the illustrious and benevolent soul of exalted majesty, the asylum of empire, the seal of magnificence, the shadow of Almighty God, A. B. that in these days it hath repeatedly come to our august hearing, that the country of the confines, which since the days of yore has been a dependancy of my protected dominions, has the prospect of being ruined by the hand of the oppression of that asylum of empire; and that having plundered the substance and effects of the inhabitants of that country; you have set fire to their habitations. This behaviour seems far from friendship and concord. God knows that till now, as I considered your country as my own, and there was no variance between us, I therefore never formed any design against your kingdom and dominions. You must have heard how many kings, and princes, and lords were in that country, who being within their strong holds, from the excess of their power and wealth, and the multitude of their troops, humbled not the head of pride; and paid no attention to the state of their subjects and vassals; and stretched out the hand of extension to people’s substance. Notwithstanding I had directed them by excellent admonition; from their infatuation, they listened not to the language of perswasion. At length although the desire of this petitioner at the seat of God was soley intent on the tranquillity of the state of the people, by the help of Heaven, and the abundance of my daily-increasing prosperity, I humbled all of them. Every one that behaved with insolence, his soul any substance I gave up to plunder: and some who having asked protection, took refuge at my imperial palace, I pardoned their offences and preserved their lives, and property, and honor. Accordingly many princes having put into their ears the rings of bondage, and having thrown the saddle cloth of slavery over their shoulders, have entered into the train of the slaves of the court; and having begirt the waist of obsequiousness and submission, are now obedient. Perhaps this account of conquest and amazing victories, which the almighty God has given unto his servant may not have reached your illustrious ear. It is proper that, having paid regard to the ties of our former unanimity, and having caused to be restored whatever of the substance and the effects of the people of that country has been taken away in plunder, you make a return and reparation for the injury that is past; and instantly deliver that country, as formerly, into the possession of our servants: that the inhabitants of that province having returned to the place of their own abode may become populous; and that no diminution may take place in the intimacy and former friendship between us. But if you have formed in your mind an idea of another kind, for God’s sake do not distress the people of God without a cause. Wherever you shall appoint, one of the servants of our heavenly palace having repaired thither, shall be ready to wait on you.

THE respectable letter of that support of empire arrived at the most fortunate of times. As that which was written about the devastation of the country of the confines, you know that that country from the days of yore was in the possession of my ancestors: in short at different periods it went out of the hands of the ministers of our victorious empire, by the treachery of some of the Omrahs. As there was no dissention between us I considered your country as my own, and therefore had no intention, that the servants of my court should bring that country under my protected dominions. At this juncture my fortunate and happy son Mirzayadgar having passed over into these territories, in the way of divertion and hunting, your servants did not perform the duties of attention and sincerity; and gave no proof of their attachment. My son above-mentioned, from its being the season of his youth, having no forbearance, delivered over that country to one of the servants of the court, that he might annex it to the royal revenue. From this event let not dust fall upon the mantle of the mind of that support of empire. And as to what you related of your new conquests and importance, you ought not to be proud and elevated with the affairs of the world; and you ought not to make a boast of such victories: for since the chiefs of that country, from the baseness of their treachery being caught in the anger of God, were become vagabonds from their own possessions and dominions, what great affair was the seizing and confining of them; and the subjecting of a country without leaders. As yet you have not had to do with tigers of war and blood-devouring lions. Whenever you come into the field of heroes you will then know what it is to strike steel against steel.

My expecting soul is an eye upon the road. Whenever the army of prosperity shall form a design this way, one of the servants of my heavenly court shall be ready to receive you.

What can I add more?

PRAISE and adoration to that sovereign, who by the power of his perfection hath given form to a single drop of water in the womb; and hath brought the uncreated pearl into existance; and hath made me a king of the universe. It is therefore requisite that in the different regions and quarters of the world; particularly in the countries of Bijapoor, Golconda and Behakunker, and as far as the sea shore, you make use of the Khutbeh, the Coin and Measure of Shahjehan. And for you, who in your own country and territories, like Lapwings, cause yourselves to be called kings, it is proper, that having put around your necks the rope of submission, you prohibit in future, in your own cities, the Khutbeh, Coin and Measure of your own name. Otherwise having torn your skin and flesh with the talons of the swift royal Falcon, and his cruel beak, you will become a prey to the common Kites. Listen therefore to these words with the ear of understanding, and do not sleep like the Hare whilst the Eagle is in quest of her. On this account there is dispatched Mukermut Khan, the flower of generous Noblemen; the perfection of intelligent Statesmen; one who is permitted to sit with me in private. Be diligent in that which you judge expedient.

PRAISE to God who in this world, hath passed over the presumption of no person, and hath even levelled the arrogant with the dust.

The letter which your unskilful secretaries dispatched out of their inexperience, was clear and explicit. It is a saying more obvious than the sun, that the Lapwing has possessed a princely crown, and a royal diadem from all eternity. What signified it that prince Soliman, for a few days, exalted the Falcon? In the end it was given to the former. Men having prepared a crown, put it on the head of princes: but the diadem on the head of the Lapwing is from the hand of Omnipotence. What power has the Falcon, that having overturned the rules and principles of reason, he should institute a new invention? And the Hare altho’ she sleep, yet in time of need she can run in such a manner as to distress her pursuer.

The Eagle although he be employed in pursuit of the Hare, yet from his appetite and greed of flesh, he falls into snares and toils. Do not disclose these sentiments; do not even allow them to enter into your imagination. The Tribute, which we have hitherto paid we do not refuse. We will pay it; for it is written “That Peace is best.”

WHEREAS the world illuminating sun; the imperial mandate of the shadow of God, proclaimeth from the horizon of favor and mercy, that we have given the office of Lord of the Soobahship of Reheemabad, from the beginning of the term of harvest, to the pillar of our victorious state; the support of our prosperous Government; the first of noblemen in high rank; the Umditulmoolik Mubazuruddeen Kooli Khan Behader: and having committed the reins of absolving and binding, of contracting and discharging, in that Subah, to the hands of his discretion, it is requisite that, according as it is conceived and expected by our illustrious soul, from the propriety of his conduct, skill, fortitude and valor, he deviate not from that in a single jot of the most minute article; and that he be duly attentive to the affairs of the people, and inhabitants of that province; so that injury and oppression may not fall from the strong upon the weak: and controul the frauds of disaffection in such a manner, that, having made the business of cultivation his study, he may answer to the managers of the royal revenue, and the agents of the Jageerdars, for the lawful rent; according to established agreement and equity: and correct and chastise every one who shall make any demur in paying the just rent; in such a manner that others may take warning. And whatever occurrences may happen, let him be constantly representing them. Moreover some of the Zimindars at the foot of the hills, who every year gave an established present of some Elephants, and Tanyan horses, and bags of musk, and Falcons and Tarsels, having taken it from them send it to our most august Court. With regard to the conduct of the Mutissuddies of state affairs, Krories, Jageerdars, Choudries, Kanoongoes, Mukkuddims, and Peasants, having considered the said Umditulmoolik, Lord of the Subah and absolute superior, let them not deviate from his opinion and prudent advice. And let them shew him submission, as it behoves them. And let them consider his approbation and disapprobation, in their affairs, of consequence. And whoever of the Jageerdars shall deviate from his respectable opinion and advice, let the said Umditulmoolik, having dismissed him, represent it to our august court; that another from the presence may be appointed in his room. Act in this business according to orders, make no resistance.

WHEREAS it has become incumbent on the duty of my august inclination, that, having brought the people of God from the obscurity of darkness, and from the narrow path of perdition, I should direct them in the right way; and this wish’d-for event may take place whenever I shall appoint a Kazy, faithful, able and learned in the law, in every town and city; that having brought the people back from rebellion, injustice and error, he may open to them the gates of probity and rectitude: Seeing that these amiable accomplishments exist in the law-clothed, excellence-distinguished person of Riasuddeen Mahommud we have therefore conferred on him the respectable office of Kazy of the city of Cabul; that having exerted himself properly in this employment, he may not proceed with partiallity in the investigation of Lawsuits; and may settle every dispute and transaction, that may come before him, according to the noble Law: and let him not deviate a jot in the most minute article from what is required of fidelity; and regulate the business of the Law in such a manner, that on the day of Judgment, he may be acquitted according to the terms of responsibility. As to the conduct of the Magistrates and Officers; and the body of the people, both private and public, of the said city, having considered the said learned Lawyer absolute Judge, let them pay him the tribute of respect that they ought: and in one and all of the suits in law and common transactions, refer to his decision and approbation. And whomsoever he shall detach from before him on the business of Justice, let them acknowledge him his deputy and vicegerent; and obey his orders and prohibition. And having listened with the ear of understanding to his sentence, which shall be conformable to the noble law, let them execute our imperial commands, and make no resistance or deviation.

WHEREAS an account of the activity, valor and ability of the fortunate Mahommud Bakir, has been represented to our highness, we have therefor, out of our royal favor, appointed him to the office of Kotwal to the city of Dowletabad. It is required that the said person, having made the practice of fidelity and rectitude his distinguishing character; having observed the duties and forms of that office; and being alert with guards and sentries, preserve the inhabitants of that city in the bed of safety and security; so that being easy in their circumstances, they may be employed in prayers for our eternal prosperity: and that he exert his endeavor that the vestige of a thief, encourager of thieves, pilferer or pickpocket may not remain in that place. Having carried on a prosecution of old bawds and procuresses, who deluding peoples wives with fables and enchantments lead them astray, let him restrain them from this practice; that there may not be a flaw in the reputation of great men. And let him make a proper exertion in reducing the price of grain and other provisions, as far as it is possible, that people may not suffer in their circumstances from the dearth of grain. And whatever incident shall happen there, let them report the daily occurrences to our august court, according to reallity and truth. And with regard to the conduct of the Mutisuddies of public affairs, and the principal officers and other inhabitants, and the body of the people both public and private of the said city, having acknowledged the person above mentioned absolute Kotwal, in every dispute and transaction that shall happen in that city, let them make a reference to him; and deviate not from the sentence and opinion of the aforesaid person; which in every respect must be conformable to the royal practice and imperial rule. So directing their conduct by this royal mandate let them make no resistance.

AT this time the fortunate and auspicious edict has obtained the honor of proclamation, and the dignity of publication: viz. that I have granted the extent of three hundred Begas of land half sowed half fallow, out of the pergunneh of Illahidadpoor of the district of Kinnowje, by way of Maintenance for the reverent and excellent, the perfect and pure Shaikhabdulrufar; and his posterity; from the season of autumn: that having applied its revenues to his own use, season after season, and year after year, he may dedicate his study and attention to praying for the continuation of our daily increasing prosperity. It is required that the superiors and managers of that pergunneh, having measured and marked out the said land in a good situation, shall leave it at the disposal of the person abovementioned. After the boundaries are ascertained, let them not incroach upon it. And on account of rent and duties, such as Kunlurra, Paishkush, Measurement money and Fees of entry; and all the extortions of the Diwany, and demands of Government, let them occasion him no trouble. And having considered him as free and exempted from all kinds of taxation, let them not require every year a fresh Firman or Perwanneh. Having acted according to command, let them make no resistance.

AT this time the Mandate of high dignity hath obtained the honor of manifestation, viz. that in consequence of the removal of the flower of great noblemen Mirza Feridoon I have conformed, by way of Jageer from the beginning of the season of autumn, the sum of twenty one lacks of dams, out of the Pergunneh of Khizrabad, as it is specified on the back of the Firman, to the approved in service, the attendant of our imperial Presence, Nadir Khan. It is required that, the Chodries Kanoongoes Muckuddims and peasantry of the said Pergunneh having acknowledged the person above named Jageerdar of that place, and having given an account of the just rent, and of the duties of the Diwani according to the established agreement, to the agents of the said Khan, shall in no respect occasion any diminution or deduction; and whatever the former Jageerdar shall have collected from the said crop, having taken it back, let them give it to him: considering this as peremptory and having acted according to royal command, let them deliver it up.

LET the Mutissuddies, Krories, Jageerdars, Chowkidars and Guzerbauns of the road to Kabul, being hopeful of our royal favor and mercy, know that, as the fortunate, the illustrious of merchants Khojeh Yadgar, who is one of the trusty of our world-protecting palace, is going abroad; and has along with him articles of trade belonging to Government, and some of his own, it is required that they give him no trouble on pretence of custom or charity; and that wherever he may halt, being alert with guards and sentries, they conduct him in safety over places suspected and dangerous, out of their own boundaries; and that they be in no respect negligent. If, which God forbid, an accident happen in the bounds of any one, he shall be tried according to the rules of responsibility. And when that fortunate person shall return homeward from abroad, having paid regard to the same royal edict, let them act to this effect. In this business being attentive to what is directed let them consider themselves bound.

AS the attention of our august soul is dedicated to the tranquillity of the state, and to the management of the affairs of our old servants who have spent their precious lives, in labor and attachment, with perfect honesty and fidelity: on this account the ancient in service, the cream of our sincere wellwishers, the patern of our servants devoted from attachment, Khajeh Ebraheem who was long ago appointed to the respectable office of Paymaster to our successful army, and has at no time polluted the mantle of his inclination with the dust of embezzlement, or neglect; and has performed the duties of that office, according to the pleasure of our most pure and princely soul; as the frailty of mortallity and infirmity has now overcome him, regarding the length of his service and natural attachment, and out of our royal indulgence excusing him from duty, we have given him by way of perpetual gift the sum of five lacks of dams out of the Pergunneh of Beherampoor his usual abode in compliance with his own request: that having dedicated that sum, season after season and year after year, to his own use, he may employ his diligence and attention in praying for our eternal prosperity. It is required that the Officers and Agents and Jageerdars, both now and hereafter, having acted according to our sacred command, and having measured and marked out the land for the sum specified in a good place, shall put it into the aforesaid’s possession. And having considered him as free and exempted from every taxation and all public burdens, let them in no respect give his agents any trouble. With regard to the Chowdries, Kanoongoes, Muckuddims and farmers of that place, let them account for the lawful rent and dues of the Diwany to the agent of that old servant; and let them occasion no diminution or deduction; and let them not deviate from his commands.

LET the pillar of victorious empire, the support of prevailing prosperity, the pattern of Lords of high station, the Umditulmoolik Kasim Khan who is distinguished and exalted by royal favor, know that, at this time, Khojeh Mahommed merchant having come to our heavenly palace, has presented a complaint that Momin of Badukhshan has without cause and contrary to justice, forcibly and violently seized on a sum of money and goods, the property of the complainant. It is required that, when you have understood the contents of the mandate issuing forth like fate, having summoned him before him, and having properly investigated the real state of the case, he shall restore whatever may appear to be due to the owner; so that this matter may not be twice represented to our highness. If this matter cannot be settled there, send both parties to Court, and relate the story as you have understood it; that in the court of Justice, the injured may obtain redress, according to the decree of the noble Law; and that the offender may receive punishment: so that it may be a warning to other people. Considering this as preremptory, let him act conformably to our royal command.

AS it is a long time that no account of the collection and disbursements of the Subah of Multan has arrived before our sublime and elevated presence; it is certain that the cause of that can be nothing but the negligence, incapacity and infidelity of the Diwan at that place. At this time I have appointed the cream of his equals and cotemporaries, the faithful and able Khojeh Abdussittar to the Diwani of that Soobah, from the commencement of the season of spring; that having applied himself properly to the duties and forms of that employment, and that being careful of the rent and taxes of the royal lands and of the Jageers, he may settle the collections of that Soobah according to establishment and equity; and deliver whatever may be the share of government into the Royal Treasury. And let him deliver the share of the Jageerdars to their agents and let him transmit to our court the asylum of the universe a register of the receipts and disbursements of that Soobah, with an account of the former Diwans; and let him proceed with the peasants in such a manner, that being easy in circumstances and free at heart, they may be employed with their improvements and buildings, and be happy; and let him excite in the farmers a desire of cultivating good articles, that the revenues of the Pergunnehs may increase yearly. With regard to the conduct of the Mutisuddies, Krories, Jageerdars and Kanoongoes of that Soobah, having considered the person aforesaid absolute Diwan, whatever belongs to the duty of the office of Diwan, having referred to him, let them keep nothing secret or concealed from him; and let them deviate not from his opinion and advice, which in every respect shall be conformable to propriety and rectitude: and according as it is required, let them pay him obedience. Let them act in this agreeable to Orders, and make no resistance.

IT is signified to the Chowdries, Kanoongoes, Headmen and Peasantry of the Pergunneh of Reheemabad, that whereas the business of the office of Krori, of the said Pergunneh, is given and entrusted by the world-subjecting and sun-refulgent command, from the beginning of the season of antumn, to the fortunate Kojeh Masoom, it is required that having acknowledged the said person absolute Krori of that Pergunneh; and having given an account to the said person, of the lawful rent and dues of the Diwani, every year according to engagement and equity, they occasion no diminution or deduction; and deviate not from his good advice, which in every respect shall be conducive to loyalty and to the wealth of the state. Let them not transgress; and let them obey him as it is required. And of one and all of the transactions of the said Pergunneh, let them not keep any thing secret or concealed from him. And let the conduct of the said person be this. Having made the practice of fidelity and truth his distinguishing character, and having performed with propriety, the duties of that employment, let him not transgress the minutest article of these; or in skill and attachment. And let him follow so pleasing a method with the farmers, that being easy in their situation, they may be intent on forwarding cultivation, and building; that the revenue may be increased every year: and whatever shall be collected let it be transmitted daily to the royal Treasury. In this matter act conformable to instructions: make no deviation.

WHEREAS according to the world-subjecting sun-resqlendent Mandate, the sum of five lacks of dams, in the Pergunneh of Feridabad, in consequence of the removal of the noble and princely Mozuffer Khan, having been bestowed and conferred on the illustrious and honorable Behader Khan, by way of Jageer, from the commencement of the season of autumn; and a second time represented, on the 21st. of Jummadissani, the Sabli^* is now drawing out a Royal commission for this purpose, it is required that the Chowdries, Kanoongoes and Husbandry of the said Pergunneh, having acknowledged the said person Jageerdar of that place, shall give an account of the just rent and dues of the Diwani, to the agent of the said Khan; and shall not withhold or deduct a single dam from that sum. And whatever the former Jageerdar shall have collected, after deducting the dues of collection, let it be returned to the agent of the present Jageerdar. Considering this as peremptory let them act according to instructions.

THE very important information is communicated to the fortunate and honorable Meer Ebraheem Krori of the Pergunneh of Mahommedabad, that whereas the office of Fotedar of the said Pergunneh has been given and conferred, from the beginning of the season of harvest, upon the cream of cotemperaries Dianit Raui, it is required that having daily committed and intrusted to his agent, whatever rents and customs of that Pergunneh have been paid, he will keep them with great care in the Treasury; and, that having day after day transmitted an account of the collection, with the signature of the Fotedar, he will send them monthly to the royal Register: and let him not, without his knowledge have a single dam any where else; and let him be careful least the Gomashteh of the Fotedar engaging in usury and trade embezzle the money of Government: that if, in future, any balance remain with the treasurer, he may be accountable for it. Considering this business express, let him make no resistance or evasion.

LET the Chowdries, Kanoongoes and Mukkuddims of the Pergunneh of Noorpoor know, that as the cream of cotemperaries, the steadfast in the faith, Khojeh Gungaram, is appointed to the office of Karkun of the said Pergunneh, it is required that, having considered him absolute Karkun of the Pergunneh, and having instructed him in every matter both general and particular, they keep nothing hidden or concealed from his knowledge: and let them not deviate from his respectable opinion and advice. And with regard to the conduct of the said person, having made the practice of fidelity and truth his distinguishing character, let him attend to the management of the said Pergunneh according to establishment; and having settled the business of each village separately let him ascertain the whole rent of the Pergunneh; and having ?? out an account of the amount signed by the Shikdar, Chowdries and Kanoongoes let him dispatch it; and let him observe such a conduct that we may receive proofs of Loyalty and wealth; and let him draw his monthly pay, according to the engagement of the presence, out of the hands of the Fotedar, agreeable to the practice and establishment of government: and having kept a journal of the collection every month, and of the receipts and disbursements, let it be transmitted to the royal Register. Considering this as positive let him act as directed.

IT is signified to the agent of the Jageerdar of the Pergunneh of Goheram, that at this time Gunher Saho^\(a\) has come and complained that he has a demand on Dowlet Khan the Afghan (for a sum borrowed upon bond) who is dilatory and obstinate in the payment of it. It is required that if this be the case, they will cause him to pay whatever is due; that he who is in the right may receive justice. And if it be otherwise, let him submit the affair to the decision of the noble law; that violence may not be allowed against any one. Let him consider this as positive.

AFTER salutation, the most important information is given to the fortunate Khojeh Bakir Krori of the Pergunneh of Simaneh, that at this time Shaikh Ahmed has come and complained that Shaikh Illahidad having betrothed his daughter to the son of the complainant, and having fulfilled the agreement that was between them now wants to engage his daughter somewhere else, it is required that having arrived at the truth of this affair he will settle it by the decision of the noble Law; that justice may hit the mark, and that this matter may not be mentioned twice. Let him consider this as positive.

BE it known to Masoom, Shikdar of the Pergunneh of Selimpoor, that at this time Sheer Khan the Afghan has come and presented a complaint that the Kazi Illahidad, having by force and violence seized on that cultivated land of the complainant which lies within the limits of the said Pergunneh, does not allow him to enter it. If this matter has any reallity, having taken the Land out of the power and possession of the aggressor restore it to him; that Justice may be done to him who is in the right: and act in such a manner that this matter may not be twice represented. In this affair require no farther injunctions.

THE very respectable intimation is given to the fortunate and honorable Kadir Kooli Krori of the Pergunneh of Jillalabad, that as the number of fifty Babylonian fifty-gold-mohur-horses, from the stables of Government, are intrusted to the care and attention of that auspicious person, it is required that the Muttisuddies of the stable being strictly attentive to the corn and straw allowed the horses, and to the wages of the horsekeepers, shall keep the horses in a place where straw and water abound; and take care that they be fat and at their ease, and be approven of at the time of review. Consider this business as express and make no objection.

AFTER salutation, it is signified to the cream of nobles and peers Nadir Khan, that the address which was sent arrived. And with regard to what was written of his laudable exertions, chastising the refractory of that district, it is the cause of his being approved of. Please God he will meet with a recompence adequate to his service and fidelity. It is required that he be constantly representing the state of these parts; because it will be agreeable. On this subject this is sufficient.

AFTER benevolent salutation, it is signified to the pattern of his Peers the true in sincerity Khojeh Yadgar that his addresses arrived regularly and the contents were understood. With regard to the application made for an Ameen to ascertain the collection of the Pergunneh of Lalpoor; although that wellwisher be the seat of security, and wherever he is, there be no need of any other Ameen, yet at his request the distinguished in fidelity Khojeh Ahmed is despatched. It is required that having obtained in concurrence with the said person an account of each village, and having ascertained the real collection of the Pergunneh, he send it confirmed by the seal of the Ameen, and the signature of the Chowdries and Kanoongoes and by his own seal, because it will be agreeable. And with regard to raising the balances of the past and present having made an extraordinary exertion, let the money be despatched with a trusty person for cash is wanted for the exigencies of the household; and for the pay of the sepoys. Considering this as positive let him act as directed.

LET the Muttisuddies of important affairs for the present and future, of the Pergunneh of Fereedabad know that, whereas, agreeable to our auspicious mandate, the extent of an hundred Beegehs of land half-cultivated half-fallow, is given by way of Maintenance out of the said Pergunneh, from the beginning of the autumnal season to the reverend and learned Abdirreheem, it is required, that agreeable to the order, having measured and marked out the said land in a good spot they shall put it into the aforesaid’s possession; that having every season, appropriated the revenue of it to his own use, he may be employed in prayer for our daily-increasing prosperity. And on account of rent and expences let them by no manner of means give him any trouble. And let them not every year require a renewal of his Firman and Perwaneh.— Let them consider this as positive and act as directed.

THE slave Illahyar having kissed the ground of submission and subserviency with the lip of respect, in address to the servants of your celestial world-protecting court, sendeth health to the Kibleh of the world, and mankind. The illustrious Firman that was issued in the name of your servant on the subject of despatching treasure, and the materials for some household articles, having proceeded with eagerness, I hastened to meet it; and became elevated and distinguished by the honor of the contents of your auspicious command. Having instantly prepared carriages, and on the fifth of Firwardi, having delivered to the charge of the agents of the Tohweeldar, the sum of twenty one lacks of rupees of treasure and the household articles that were wanted, with a distinct and separate accompt, I have despatched them along with Khojeh Nadir Khan; that being watchful on the road with guards and sentries he may carry them to Court. Hail Kibleh of your servants! The allowance of the said Khojeh is very small. For the sake of his own credit, he supports a greater number of horsemen than the establishment of Government; and he is a servant faithful and attached to your Majesty. I am hopeful that he will be honored by your royal favor in proportion to his fidelity and sincerity, for it will be the means of elevating this most humble of your faithful servants. To urge more would be impertinence. May the world-illuminating-sun of your prosperity continue to shine upon the heads of mankind!

THE least of your faithful slaves Mahommed Murad having performed the duties of humility, resignation, submission and slavery, represents at the petitioning place, at the foot of your imperial throne, that having sometime ago transmitted an account of the insolence, treachery and rebellion of the disaffected Rajahs of the hills, it must have reached the ears of your highness. At this time, on the 7th. of Ardibehsht, putting my trust in Heaven, I marched against those Rebels with my own people. When we had come near to the hills, I thought it advisable to march the troops in the morning, into the hills to seize the wives and children of the rebels. At break of day the men were ready to mount, when Deosi?? the Rajah of that hill which is the head of the whole, being ashamed and penitent for his transgression and offence, and having asked forgiveness, and put the axe around his neck came forth and waited on me. Seeing that your Royal favor attends the sinner and the penitent, considering the happy disposition of that Kibleh of both worlds, and having saved him from death and depredation, I have removed him from his habitation. On the 16th. of Ferwardi, having despatched the said Rajah and the prisoners with a present of money and different articles; and of the rarities of the hills; together with a distinct account, along with my brother Mahommed Kooli, to your heavenly palace, he will present them to your royal sight. And having actually annexed the possessions of those people to the royal property, I have delivered them to men of credit, that giving confidence and security to the inhabitants, they may improve them. Farther whatever order shall be issued I shall act accordingly. Be the Sun of prosperity and empire shining on the heads of men!

THE slave of the court Afghur having adorned the forehead of slavery, humility and contrition, with the dust of submission; at the petitioning place of the porters of the heavenly-celestial palace of the shadow of God, sendeth health to the Kibleh of mankind. You despatched your slave born in your own house, whom, out of your royal favor, you appointed to the duty of Ojeen. Having posted and travelled stage after stage, I arrived at the Fort Ojeen on the 7th. of the great Shaban. By the will of Almighty God having struggled heartily, as far as it was in my ability and power, in the manner which that true monitor, giving his instructions verbally, directed for the execution of several affairs of importance, I will not deviate from your sacred commands. And whatever happens I shall represent it daily. It was proper to make this address. Be the sun of prosperity and greatness shining on the heads of men!

YOUR willing and faithful servant having performed the duties of respect, humility and submission, represents at the petitioning place of the servants of your heavenly Palace, the seat of Alexander, the throne of Soliman, the pomp of Feridoon, the Splendor of Darius, the retinue of Jumsheed and the grandeur of King Khusro, (may Heaven establish your kingdom for ever) that upon the arrival of your illustrious and propitious Firman, with the honor of a princely dress, and the present of a Babylonian horse marked like Duldul, with which, out of your great kindness, you distinguished me, having anticipated and hastened to meet it, and having understood the fortunate and favorable contents of your world-subjecting command; having put it on my head, and having adorned the forehead of supplication with the dust of submission, I invested myself with your elegant dress; and having put round my neck the reins of the bridle of a fine-paced horse; having performed the ceremonies of dependancy, and the proud and elevated head of this sincere wellwisher being raised above the clouds, in what words can I express the acknowledgment of this vast bounty! With regard to the sacred orders that were issued, that the ungrateful Mahommed Kooli, a person nourished and protected by your peculiar favor, not being sensible of his good fortune, having turned away his head from the Kibleh of prosperity; and upon an insurrection of some disaffected people having raised disturbances in the country of Ghuzni, and confirmed a rebellion; although a strong detachment has been sent against him, who having immediately defeated him or taken him prisoner may bring him to our imperial throne like that of Egypt, yet as his family and children and other property, with his horses and camels are in a place in Kabul, having gone thither, and having instantly seized on his children dispatch them immediately under the care of a trusty person, to our royal court. And whatever of his substance and effects shall be there, having taken an account of them and confiscated them, inform me of it. Kibleh of the world hail! Agreeable to your royal order, the instant that I received information of the contents of your sacred command I set out for Kabul equipt for plundering. The children and dependants were in readiness to depart when your servant arrived. Having seized the offenders children, and despatched them to Court with the ready money that was found in his house along with Khojeh Ahmed this devoted’s real brother, and fifteen horsemen, I hope they will arrive in safety. Besides having taken an account of his camels and horses, I shall despatch them after to your court, the asylum of the world. Being proper I have represented it. Be the world-enlightening-sun of prosperity and riches blazing!

YOUR sincere wellwisher Mozuffer having kissed the ground of subserviency with the lip of respect and contrition, represents at the petitioning place of the servants of the majesty of the true Kibleh and real Kaubeh, that your illustrious mandate, which was issued in the name of the least of your wellwishers with regard to the correction and chastisement of the clans of the district of Ahmedabad, and causing the money of the Jageerdars to be given out of the lands of the rebels, honored me with its world-subjecting commands. Having marched with my own people, and some auxiliary officers who were detached thither with your servant; and having encamped in the village of Maazimpoor, which is seven krohs from Ahmedabad; and next day putting confidence in the unfailing prosperity of majesty, I made an attack on these villages of the clans, which, by the accounts of the Jageerdar’s agents, had not paid their rent for three years; and were become rebellious. When the rebels heard of your servant’s arrival, being collected, they instantly retired to the jungle; and posted themselves in the road of the army. When this news reached your servant, by the advice of your friend, having sent for hatchet-men from all quarters to cut down the jungle, we fell a cutting it down. Although these short-sighted outcasts, having got into the jungle, were not idle with their fire-arms and arrows, yet when the heroes of the armyhad surrounded them on all sides, the villagers being desperate, came out of the jungle; and an obstinate engagement ensued with the Seyids, Moguls and Rajpoots belonging to your servant. And of the horsemen belonging to some of the officers, an hundred and fifty, according to a particular list of their names, which will be presented to your highness, obtained the honor of martyrdom, and of the inconsiderate villagers, near a thousand having become the food of sword and arrow, went to hell. The rest of the out-casts could not sustain the fight. When night came on, that destitute short-sighted band, like a flock of sheep or goats, fled panick-struck every where. In the morning the servants of government rode towards the villages of the rebels. That body having united were collected together, with their families and children, in one place, in the village of Selimpoor, which is a large village with a fort in the middle of the jungle; and destroyed the men from all quarters. But although these people struggled and fought strenuously, at length the cavalry having dismounted and entered the village, killed a great number, and set the village on fire. After that, having seized and confined their women and children, and taken possession of their substance and effects I delivered them to the agents of the Jageerdars; to whom also I have commited the charge of the chiefs of that village: that they may satisfy themselves for their three years rent. The rebellious practice of the people of this country is clearer than the sun. At present by the power of royal prosperity, they have received such correction and chastisement that all the inhabitants in this district, having taken warning, and having applied themselves to the business of cultivation, pay their rents willingly to the Jageerdars. Accordingly an account of the insolence and villainy of these people, and the activity of this slave of the court, will be represented by people that are disinterested. Be the sun of prosperity and fortune shining upon the creation!

YOUR devoted slave Sikunder, having performed the ceremonies of the prostration and the dependancy of slavery, sendeth health to the Kibleh of this world and the next, at the petitioning place of the servants of your heavenly palace. I became dignified and elevated with the honor of the auspicious contents of the illustrious mandate that was issued in the name of this meanest of your slaves, on the subject of repairing the fort of Rajore; and having instantly despatched a person to different places to bring masons and materials of stone and lime &c. please God, as far as possible, I shall be guilty of no ne glect in compleating the buildings of the said fort. As expert stone-cutters are not to be had in this district, I am hopeful that your sacred orders will be issued to your royal Diwans, that they may detach some good expert stone-cutters from the presence; that the work may not be stopt. It was necessary, and I have represented it. Be the sun of prosperity and fortune blazing!

THE least of the slaves of the court represents at the petitioning place of those who stand at the foot of your imperial throne, that the world-subjecting, and sun-resplendent command issued forth in the name of this devoted servant, to detach five hundred horsemen from amongst my own people for the business of Kandahar with Bakir Khan; that they may attend him in it. Kibleh of the world hail! Having, agreeable to your royal orders, picked out from amongst our brethren the number of five hundred horsemen, manly fellows, I have sent them with horses and fresh accoutrements along with the said Khan; that as far as possible they may not be deficient in duty and attachment. And for the support and pay of that body I have consigned two Pergunnehs in the Soobah of Multan, belonging to your slaves Jageer; that they may always be receiving something from it; so that being satisfied, they may be attentive to the appointed service. It was necessary to represent. Be the shade of prosperity and fortune eternal!

THE least of your devoted slaves, having kissed the ground of subserviency with the lip of submission, humbly represents at the petitioning place of those that stand at the foot of your imperial throne, that, by the savor of God, and by the prosperity of exalted and royal majesty, all is well: and nothing has happened to disturb the quiet of the inhabitants of this province; and all the farmers and inhabitants are employed in praying for your eternal prosperity. I am hopeful that it will continue in the same way. Hail Kibleh of the creation! By the favor of God, and your world-subduing prosperity, I have taken so much care to prevent taxation, that from the Pergunneh of Wuzeerpoor to Jalore, it is effectually slopt. And just now I have sent two more troopers, who may be vigilant in the territories of the Jageer of the Rana Jagut Sing; and the Pergunneh of Nandul &c. the Jageer of Rajeh Raui Sing and the lands of the district of Neetthore. By the will of God, I have not, nor shall I excuse myself from the duties of diligence; and no one has power to do that which is prohibited by your divine authority.

YOUR sincere wellwisher Mahommed Mukeem represents before the servants of the benevolent Nabob, the seat of prosperity and splendor, the place of my Kibleh, that upon having the joyful tidings of the princely Nabob’s coming here, so great joy and gladness arose, that it cannot be properly described. The desire of the honor of kissing your feet exceeds all bounds. Wherever your Highness shall command, being eager, and having hastened to your service, let me be favored with intelligence of your resplendent, and fortunate Majesty. I wait for your commands. Farther what can I represent? May the shadow of your prosperity be spread over the heads of your wellwishers!

YOUR meanest slave Illahbuksh having performed the ceremonies of slavery and sincerity, represents at the station of the slaves of the benevolent, high, dignified and illustrious Nabob, my Lord and the place of my Kibleh, that on the arrival of your illustrious Perwaneh, which was issued in the name of your meanest slave, there accrued from it elevation and honor. With regard to what was commanded about sending the money of the Pergunnehs three days ago, the money that was collected being despatched along with the asylum of brotherhood Kasim Khan, I hope it will arrive in safety. And let the agents of government be directed, after the money is delivered to the attending treasurer, to give the said brother his leave; for many matters of importance here depend on his presence. Your slave is as little as possible negligent in compleating the collections; please God, having in a short time raised the balances in the Pergunneh he will despatch them. To add more would exceed the limits of respect. May prosperity and joy increase daily!

YOUR zealous and affectionate slave Abdulkadir represents at the place of addressing the respectable personage of the exalted court, that night and day he petitions from Heaven abundance of daily-increasing prosperity and a succession of various conquests. Since this proceeds from the purity of attachment and sincerity, he is desirous and hopeful, that it may have the honor of being acceptable. As my intention was to express submission and sincerity, I have not been troublesome with prolixity. May your prosperity and happiness increase.

THE least of your wellwishers Alawil, after performing the devoirs of subserviency, and the duties of submission, presents in address to the benevolent and illustrious Nabob, the place of my Kibleh, whose power may God increase, that an account of my chastising the refractory in this district, and seizing their slaves and effects was particularly represented some time ago; and will have reached your august hearing. At present I have in view the extermination of the rebels on the other side of water; for those people have risen up in treason. My Lord hail! The body of horse and marksmen, with some guns which were detached for your servant, have not yet arrived. I am hopeful that you will give orders to one of your servants, that having got them ready, he may despatch them to me. And let me be favored with powder and shot, that I may attack those people well provided. May the days of your life and your prosperity increase.

YOUR faithful servant Abdussitar, after paying the tribute of subserviency and the duties of supplication, represents at the place of addressing the slaves of the exalted Nabob, the seat of my Kibleh, and my support. Nabob hail! It is known to your enlightened soul whence the submission and attachment of this begger to that noble race takes it’s rise. And what regard the deceased Nabob had for the the father of this slave, who boasts of being born in your family. How can I describe the sincerity and attachment which I have for the Nabob; and the kindness of the just Nabob towards me, since it exceeds the bounds of description? Therefore having put my trust in my own subserviency, and your kindness, I have sent my own children into the service of your Highness; for they are young men desirous of employment, and capable of service. I am hopeful that having engaged them, you will bestow your august attention in patronizing them; for it will be a source of honor to this child of your family. Farther what can I add? Be the shadow of prosperity extended!

YOUR real slave Ahmed the Sadeeki represents at the place of addressing the benevolent and elevated Nabob, my support and my Kibleh, that upon receiving the honorable Perwaneh that was issued in my name, I became honored and elavated. And with regard to what was written on the subject of serving and attending to the noble, upright and generous Meer, Dervaish Ali, agreable to your high command I have labored from my soul to satisfy the desire and inclination of the said Meer. I held not myself excused from any service that lay within my power: according as the said Meer will report verbally in your illustrious presence. I am hopeful, that, likewise whatever business, or service you may have in these parts, you will elevate me with the honor of your commands; that considering it as my present and future happiness, I may perform the duties of attachment in executing it. What should I add more? May your shadow be extended!

I Bazeed the least of your well-wishers, after expressing my dependance and submission, which is the practice of faithful servants, represent to the good and exalted Nabob, my Lord, whose illustrious shadow be extended, that I was honored with the contents of the respectable Perwaneh which came addressed to your slave. With regard to what was directed about representing the hostility and obstinacy of Khojeh Ali, and my Lord, Mahommed Murad; having agreeable to orders assembled the people of the neighbourhood, and having inquired into the cause of the contention of these two respected persons, and having confirmed the decision upon this affair by the seal of the Kazi, and the chief and respectable people of this district, and having sent it into your presence, it will come into your august sight. Farther what should I say? Be the shadow of clemency extended!

I Abdurrehman your slave, having performed the duties of slavery and dependancy, represent at the place of addressing the benevolent, illustrious and princely Nabob, the place of my Kibleh, that the business of this district under the auspices of the countenance and prosperity of that Kibleh, is compleated in a proper and becoming manner. In future whatever business or employment you may have here, to which I am equal, command me without hesitation. My zeal for the honor of your Service, which is the object of my constant attention, and the fund of perpetual happiness, is rooted in my bosom. Therefore I request that I may be ordered into your noble presence, that I may relate some particulars in your august hearing; and that on whatever service you may order me, I may execute it by every means in my power. What should I add more? May your exalted shadow be extended over the heads of you well-wishers!

I Nassirulla the slave of your court, represent, in address of the good and illustrious Nabob, my Lord, that I have applied for several lists of necessaries as described below; and I am hopeful that they will be complied with. 1. Since by your savor I have been honored with the Office of Fojedar, please God, as far as in my power, I will commit no neglect in fidelity; but my pay is known to you, and I have a large body along with me; so by your kindness and favor I am hopeful of an addition. 2. As a great many villages of these Pergunnehs are united in clans, and require force, and have forts of strength, success will depend on the number of troops. 3. Some of my brethren, putting their trust in the prosperity of that Kibleh, have lost their habitations. They are manly fellows, and are desireous of employment. If orders be given to the Diwans, that having received them into the train of the slaves of Government, they may detach them with me, they will be of service; and it will confer an honor on this well-wisher. 4. The great guns that were fixt on to accompany me let orders be given to the Daroghah, that being taken out of the magazine and compleated with every necessary, he may forward them to me, so that I may not wait for them. 5. Let orders be given to the Mutissuddies of Government to pay the companies of Matchlockmen, that are stationed with the Fojedars; and to send them to my assistance that they may join the army in haste. What should I say more?

I Noorullah, the insignificant slave of your palace, humbly represent at the place of addressing the servants of the tribunal of magnificence and splendor, of the good, dignified, eminent, exalted and princely Nabob, that having caused Shahbaz Khan the Afghan, to expect your favor and assistance I have entertained him. I have repeatedly solicited on his account, but as yet nothing has been done for him; being therefore greatly distressed, he can endure it no longer. From my attention to your highness I am hopeful that out of your generosity, orders will be given to the Diwans to settle his business, and to detach him along with me, for he is a manly, clever young man. By doing this the least of your slaves will be honored. What can I say more?

Of the Letters which Mankind write to one another.

MAY the servants of the fortunate, gracious and friendly Khanjew, being always under the care and protection of Almighty God, be happy! After confirming the engagements of sincerity and affection, it is represented to your enlightened understanding, that it is a long time since you called to your recollection your true friend, by a few lines of an agreeable epistle from your Highness. Forbid that the cause of that should be anything else than amusement and pleasure! The way of unanimity is this. Contrary to days that are past, paying regard to the practice of affection, frequently call to your remembrance your zealous friend, and do not admit the idea of forgetting me; for it will be the means of strengthening the ties of sincerity. My asylum hail! The reverend and upright Shaikh Abdussitar, who is one of your friends, has at this time, agreeable to supreme authority, obtained by way of livelihood, a Tankha on a piece of land in the Pergunneh of Doriapore; a dependancy of your own Jageer. Therefore be pleased to order your agents, to give him a Perwanneh directed to the Mutissuddies of the Pergunneh; that they may put the said lands into the possession of the said reverend person, wherever he may choose it; and consider an attention to him necessary; that the said person being well pleased may express his gratitude. It will also be the cause of satisfaction to this friend. What farther trouble should I give? May the days of prosperity increase!

MAY God Almighty preserving safe and secure from the accidents of fortune the highly accomplished, the asylum and refuge of his friends, Khanjew, grant him his desires in both worlds! After establishing the foundation of attachment and affection, it is represented to your friendly soul, that as you had written with your affectionate pen on the subject of respect, and attention to the will of the reverend Shaikh Abdussitar; and measuring out for him the lands for his livelihood in a good place; considering it an honor and happiness, I have studied attentively whatever was agreeable to the inclination of the said Prelate. My expectation from the rule of concord is this, that whatever business or commission you have here, you will without hesitation confer upon me the honor of your commands; that the duties of sincerity may be performed. May the shadow of your prosperity be extended and permanent!

MAY the Servants of the imperial, princely, grand and illustrious Nabob, Khanjew, ever sitting on the Musnud of prosperity and fortune, be in health! After putting up the prayers of supplication, it is represented to your enlightened soul, that having favored me with your highness’s kind letter, you ordered me to execute some affairs of importance. Having considered it a happiness, and according to my ability exerted myself in these affairs I have brought them to a conclusion: and accordingly the particulars will be understood from the representation of Mian Kumal. And on whatever service you may order me, I am hopeful that I shall by every means perform the duties of sincerity. Hail Asylum of your friends! Khojeh Ashraf being taken into your service, you publicly conferred on him the office of Ameen of several Pergunnehs. The said person being possessed of abilities and experience, has not been deficient in fidelity. And having made the collections of the Pergunnehs, village after village, he has by establishing an appraisement, obtained fifteen thousand rupees more than the former year; and has brought an accompt certified by the signature of the Amils, Chowdries and Kanoongoes. But notwithstanding the satisfaction he enjoyed from his upright conduct, and the hopes he had of reward, the Mutissuddies of the affairs of Government having depreciated his services, and given the Nabob a different impression, have exposed him to reprehension and blame. This is far from the rule of kindness; for the Nabob having listened to the opinion of interested men, with regard to him, has judged him the offender, and has in no respect paid any regard to his service and sidelity. Nabob hail! I have been a long time acquainted with his character, and there is no doubt of his attachment. But your own people from their villany do not wish that such a faithful servant should be in your service. I am hopeful that the Nabob himself having inquired into his conduct will do him justice; that he may not be ruined by the villany of those that envy him: for during this scarcity of men, such a person is rarely to be met with. From my attachment to your affairs I have incroached upon your time with a few words. In future whatever may come into your exalted mind, act accordingly. Be the sources of prosperity and gladness increasing!

BEING ever honored by royal favor may you be successful and victorious over the enemies of your faith and government! After the compliments of friendly blessings, it is represented to your penetrating and engaging soul, that on the arrival of your Grace’s friendly letter, which was addressed to your true friend, great joy ensued. With regard to what passed on the subject of forwarding the address to Court; on the 21st of Mohirrumulheram, in a lucky moment, it was presented in the bathing house by the assistance of the imperial Paymaster; and the whole contents reached the ears of dignity and lustre. His imperial Majesty was exceedingly pleased, and an answer was given agreeable to your wish. Act according to it; for the royal favor exceeds all that I can write. Constantly and frequently despatch the occurrences of that quarter to Court; for his angelic soul is very desirous of news from that province. And considering your sincere friend, as your agent; whatever business you may have in these parts, command me without ceremony: for in performing the duties of fidelity, as far as in my power I have not, nor shall I commit any neglect. What remains of the occurrences here you will learn from the address of my son Mirza Mahommed. With what more should I trouble you? May the sources of prosperity and power increase daily!

MAY Almighty God, preserving the noble persons of the fortunate, splendid, awful and imperial servants of Mirza Jew, safe and secure from whatever is bad and improper, satisfy their desires in both worlds! Your Grace’s agreeable letter, in which after a long interval you called me to your remembrance, honored me and increased my joy. With regard to what was written by your friendly person on the subject of forgiving Khojeh Khan Jehan, for his negligence and dishonesty, how shall I describe the iniquity, infidelity and roguery of that inconsiderate villain? Having embezzled a large sum belonging to government, and to the villages of the Pergunneh, both in grain and houses; and having made out false accounts, however deserving he was of death, or of losing a limb, he offered no kind of apology for his offence. Yet as your pleasure is dearer to me than everything, after your order there is no room for an excuse. Notwithstanding all his crimes and offences, having entirely remitted his punishment, and the reimbursement of the money, I have sent him to your highness.

My life and fortune wait upon you; and the rule of kindness is, that in future whatever business may occur, you give me a pledge of your friendship by commanding me. Farther what trouble should I give? May your prosperity be increasing!

MAY the servants of Khanjew, the refuge of friends, the resource of intimates, the asylum of kindness, being always happy, be preserved at the head of their friends! After expressing sincerity and affection, it is represented to your fun-enlightened soul, that a long time has elapsed since you favored me with a letter; so that I was puzzled to know what could be the cause of your unkindness, until I was informed by several that a set of interested people had carried a story to you contrary to truth, which never existed, and never was heard of; and had exasperated you against me. Verily the fingers of thought never drew such a stroke upon the page of my imagination, and absolutely no such notion ever entered my mind. I am amazed that, giving credit to a report so injurious, and condemning your sincere friend, you should think of forgetting him. The proof of this matter being referred to your impartial judgement, and having yourself given justice, do not hereafter draw the stroke of forgetfulness on the journal of the life of your friend. Farther what trouble should I give you? May your days be happy!

BEING always, by the help of Almighty God, established in royal favor, may you, in power and dignity, attain your desires both in this world and the next. After performing the duties of sincerity, which is the practice of wellwishers, it is represented to your enlightened soul, that, as I have obtained by Tankha, the Pergunneh of Reheemabad, as a Jageer, from the beginning of the season of Autumn, I have just now sent thither Mustafakooli in the capacity of Shikdar: He will wait on your Grace I am hopeful that considering this Pergunneh as one of the places of Government you will give orders to the agents of the Presence, that, in every case in which the said nobleman shall apply to them, considering their assistance and protection incumbent, they may give him such countenance that his revenues and trade may be properly settled and secured: for it will be the source of satisfaction to my heart. And whatever business you may have in these parts elevate your friend with the honor of your commands; that I may perform the duties of sincerity. Farther what trouble should I give you? May your days be happy!

IT is represented to my kind and gracious Mother by the least of her children, Abdulla, after great submission and subserviency, that I am in health and am anxious about the welfare of my affectionate Mother. I am hopeful that being under the security and protection of God Almighty, she will be long preserved to her children. It is a long time since a letter from that tender, noble and pious Mother has reached me. My soul is longing for it: may the cause that prevents it be good. Lct this be the rule of your kindness: be constantly writing an account of your welfare; that my mind may be at ease. Ere this some money sent along with the faithful Dilawer, will have arrived. And I have got ready some rarities of this country; please God I will send them to you by and by. My desire of the honor of kissing the feet of that respected person is unbounded; and I pray to heaven that it may soon be happily obtained. With regard to the betrothing of your son Nooralla, what should I write, since my mother will be diligent? At any rate having done your endeavor, resolve on a connexion, for it will be the cause of satisfaction. Farther what should I say? May the shadow of kindness be extended!

THE least of your children, I Abdurrihman, represent before the servants of my master, my honor, my refuge, the place of my Kibleh, my friend and my father, that the order of my desire for the priviledge of kissing your feet is not such that I can describe it with a broken pointed pen. Night and day I petition at the palace where prayers are granted, that a cause may fortunately arise productive of the attainment of this desire. I am hopeful from your generosity and kindness, that till the time of being honored with your illuminating presence, you will from time to time favor me with a letter. And whatever commissions you may have in these parts make me honored with your commands: That considering it a happiness both temporal and eternal, I may execute them. And having sent some rarities of this country with a distinct account along with Yadgar, they will certainly arrive into your benificent sight. Having also procured an ambling horse for your own use I am hopeful that within these few days I may receive some money from the farms of the Jageer, for the term of Harvest: and then the said horse, with some money and presents for my beloved brethren will be dispatched. Farther what should I propose?

MY excellent and beloved brother, the happy and fortunate Khojeh Yadgar, may you enjoy life and prosperity and be happy. After many blessings and boundless affection be it known that it is a long time since I received a letter from you; on which account great expectation and anxiety have arisen. Out of my impatience and uneasiness I have sent a person for news of your welfare; and you must write me explicitly an account of your situation, and the cause of your not sending me any letter; that my languid spirits may be revived. Hereafter be not so remiss in sending letters and messages; for the arrival of letters from one another is in reallity a spiritual visit. Having set apart some presents and rarities of this country for my accomplished Brother I shall send them by and by. What can I write more? May the days of your happiness increase under the auspices of the letters & !

MAY the affectionate servants of the asylum, my dearest Brother, (whose shadow be extended) always attain their desires, and be secure! After representing my eagerness and my desire of a visit, which giveth light, this is my request. That, although, from the interruption of accidents incident to life, I have been for some days absent and removed from the happiness of attending you, yet God knows that my heart and soul are constantly in the service of my Brother. I hope from heaven, the palace of the God of Glory, that the curtain of separation may be drawn from between us; and that, I shall obtain a sight of you: that I may find relief from the grief and vexation of absence. Until I receive the honor of a visit make me joyful and glad by your letters and messages. To presume farther would be disrespectful. May your shadow be extended!

MY worthy son the fruit of the tree of my vitals, the plant of the garden of my desire, the light of mine eye, Mahommed Hussain (whose life may God prolong!) read over my numberless blessings and unfathomable affection. Here all is well; and the welfare of that corner of my soul is wished for: I hope you are in health and safety. The history of my present situation is this. Being contented with a small monthly allowance for necessaries, I have, on account of the small distance, become a servant of the Nabob. Accordingly an order for two Months is drawn out; whenever the amount of the order has come to hand, I shall send some money for you. Keep your mind in every respect quiet. Exert your utmost diligence in reading and writing. Do not spend your time in joke and play; and do not bestow your attention on diversion and amusement: for this is the time for acquiring instruction and manners.

Be always writing an account of your situation, that I may be easy in my mind. What can I write more? May the days of enjoyment increase by the savor of God!

TO my son Mahommed Khan the light of mine eye, the well disposed, who art dear as my soul, yea dearer, be it known from Ahmed Khan, after prayers for your happiness and length of life, that I am well, and the welfare of that sum of my desire is constantly prayed for from heaven: may God preserve my son in health! Spend your precious life, which like water that is past never returns, in reading and writing; and be not a moment idle from this important business and inimitable employment, for the learned have said.

Upon this subject what should I urge farther. May God lengthen your life!

HAVING perused the many prayers and blessings of Kirimulla, for longlife, sent to his dear, affectionate and kind Sister. Let her believe his soul eager and desireous of the pleasure of seeing. My affairs by the mercy of God are in a train of success; and I wish to be informed of my Sister’s welfare here. I am hopeful that you are well and in health: It is a long time since any body came to inform me of it; therefore my mind is anxious. Out of your kindness and affection, until I have had the plea sure of seeing you continue to inform me of the state of occur rences with you; and of your own health; for it will make my mind easy. Farther what trouble should I give? May the days of prosperity continue!

MAY the servants of the affectionate, friendly, noble and princely Khojeh Ghirit Khan, ever sitting on the musnud of honor and power gain their ends both temporal and eternal. After most sincere prayers it is represented, to your penetrating soul, that having heard that the musnud of the Diwani of the Soobah of Gujerat is become adorned by your illustrious person, from this intelligence great joy arose. Praise be to God that the inhabitants of that country will be placed in a situation of safety and security; free from the strokes and accidents of fortune, by the protection of your Justice and goodness. Both friends and strangers will profit from the prosperity of that imcomparable person: may it be lucky and fortunate! From the generosity of your Nature, I expect that regarding the connexion of our wonted friendship and intimacy, you will recollect your friend and make me happy by a letter. And whatever business you may have here, by applying to me give me a testimony of your affection. Farther what trouble should I give? May the days of honor and power be increasing!

MAY the affectionate and kind, the compassionate and merciful, the sincere and attached, the intimate and friendly Shaikhjew, my asylum, be always chearful and happy! In these fortunate times I have received intelligence that a son, in a lucky moment has been born in your house. Verily upon having these joyful tidings, so great joy and gladness arose that it cannot well be described. May God protecting this young plant of the garden of fortune, from the blasts of the accidents of time, render him happy and successful under the shadow of his favor; and make him favorable and propitious to all his wellwishers both far and near.

MAY God Almighty preserving the accomplished person, the reverend, friendly and excellent Shaikh Jew from the incidents of fortune, preserve him in every kind of happiness both temporal and eternal. After laying the foundation of intimacy and affection, it is represented to your noble soul that God is witness that, on having the fortunate news of the marriage of your son Shaikh Mohommed, worlds of joy and gladness arose: May God render it propitious and fortunate! Some marriage articles, a gold ring with an emerald for the Bride, and a Gujerat turban and waistband for the said son are sent along with the faithful Mubarik Kuddim: please to receive them graciously. And considering me as one of your friends and well wishers, frequently call me to mind by a letter or message. And whatever business you may have here give me your instructions, that in executing it the duties of sincerity may be performed. Be the days of Mirth and joy increasing!

MAY the kind servants of that noble and generous person, the support of friends and connexions being ever under the care of God, be safe. After putting up prayers for wealth, it is represented, to your enlightend soul, that by my forefathers I have a lineal connexion with your family, and their kindness to me is more than I can express; and you know that there is no intermission in our mutual attachment. Therefore out of my presumption I trouble you on the subject of the marriage of my son Izeezalla, who is compleatly instructed in learning and politeness. If you honor me with your service it will be the means of elevating and raising me amongst my friends and connexions; and I am hopeful that my request will meet with the honor of your consent.

IT must be known to my wife, with inimitable soul, my bosom companion, my confidant, my sincere friend, that from the day that the curtain of separation became terrible, God knows that rest and quiet having fled at once from my soul, in the night I get no sleep and have no respite from the idea and recollection of you. I pray to the God of honor and glory for a sight of you, and am hopeful that it will soon be happily obtained. My anxiety on account of your absence is great. Until we meet, constantly write the state of your affairs; that I may have peace of mind. In the mean time a little money is sent along with my faithful servant Dilawer, and will arrive. Having provided yourself with necessary articles, pass the time, and make yourself easy in every respect. If by the will of God the standard of prosperity and victory should soon move this way, how happy should I be? The curtain of absence will then be drawn up from between us: but if otherwise in two Months I shall send for you, for I can bear your absence no longer; at all events to be together is sufficient.

What should I write more?

THE exhilarating letter of that consolatory friend arrived in the fullness of expectation and delivered my afflicted soul from the bondage of grief and care. With regard to what you have communicated concerning your absence and sorrow, and hopes of a happy meeting, truly this desire increases on both sides. The description of my impatience for a happy sight of you cannot be contained in volumes.

I pray to the Creator of all things, that he may cause the evening of the darkness of separation, to be charged to the light of the morning of a meeting. What farther remains in my mind is delayed till I see you. What can I write more?

MAY God Almighty preserving the well accomplished person, Khanjew, my refuge, my hope, the asylum of friends, guarded and protected from the accidents of time, keep him in safety! After earnestly offering up prayers, it is represented to your elevated soul that God knows that, on the news of your sickness, so great anxiety of mind and real concern, arose, that the description of it cannot be conceived. May God Almighty out of his grace and favor send you a remedy from the mansion of health; and recover you perfectly. Immediately on hearing this news, without reflection I wanted to set out towards you; but from several unsurmountable obstacles my intention was frustrated. The bearer of this letter is therefore despatched, in haste to bring accounts of you, for my Eyes and soul are looking out for news of your health. May God ever preserve the mirror of your upright heart free from the chagrin of misfortune, grief and care!

MAY my fortunate son Khojeh Dilawer, being under the care of Almighty God, enjoy life and prosperity and be successful. At this unlucky time I have heard that the much respected person Mianabdussillam, having by the decree of the Omnipotent delivered up the deposite of life; and having departed from his corruptible to his eternal mansion, hath left the scar of his departure upon the heart of his friends, both far and near. God knows that upon having this melancholy news, my soul remained not within my body. From excess of grief and affliction I made great lamentation, but to what purpose, since every creature in the end has the same journey before him?

However there is no remedy for this evil but patience: helpless I have put my hand into the bosom of patience. May heaven likewise grant to that fund of knowledge and wisdom perfect patience, and a great reward; and give you life and spirits. At present the whole family is dependant on you: It is the business of prudence to give comfort to every one, that they may not be broken hearted. Keep your resolution firm; please God, hereafter finding an opportunity, and having represented this terrible accident to his majesty, and having received a fine dress with his royal Firman for your satisfaction, I shall forward them to you. It is proper that, till meeting, you continue to write me an account of your situation; and whatever you may want here, give me your command, that I may exert myself as far as possible in executing them. What should I write more?

AFTER amicable salutation it is represented to your generous soul that I was honored by perusing the longed for and friendly letter which you sent along with our esteemed Lord; and received great satisfaction. It is the rule of friendship to observe the same kind of attention, and not to forget me. Since the ardor of my affection is not to be expressed, I am therefore obliged to leave it to your own generous candor.

What should I say more?

AFTER expressing my attachment, it is represented that your amber-scented letter arrived; and rendered the flame of my affection and extacy more violent: I hope it will be extinguished by the sweet water of a visit. Until the time of obtaining a meeting I expect that you will bestow tranquillity on my distracted soul with the effusions of your musk-like pen. In these few words having said enough, why should I trouble you farther?

AFTER offering subserviency and submission it is represented to my father, my refuge, and my hope, over whom may the Almighty extend his protection, that I am in a state of health and welfare: may that angelic person be under the protection of God! I was honored by the arrival of your gracious letter; and the attention you paid me out of your favor and great kindness is the cause of much gratitude, and many acknowledgments.

God grant that the eminent dignity of that place of my Kibleh may be long spread over the head of his dependants.

MAY God Almighty by his power and great Mercy preserve that kind friend under the care of his protection! I received great pleasure from the honor of perusing your excellent letter which was directed to this sincere wellwisher; and my whole time is spent in wishing to see that source of life, and little of my time passes without remembering you.

I expect that, until the news of the honor of a joyful meeting, you will remember me by letter or message. Since that is my wish I have troubled you with nothing more.

HAVING considered your sincere and zealous friend, who from the report of others is attached to the laudable qualities of that collection of virtues, and is ever desireous of reaching your delightful presence, as a good and wise man, you were pleased to make mention of me in the margin of your letter to the asylum of friends Shaikh Fazilalla. It laid the foundation of affection and friendship. But I was astonished that a man of excellence and perfection should form a connexion with a person that is ignorant and weak. What am I to that eminent personage? Unless perhaps from that friendly letter, which was expressed in loose and low language, my omissions and errors have come into your transforming sight. You have therefore perhaps expressed yourself ironically; and God knows that in the art of poetry I am a mere beggar, and have spent my life as a clerk. To boast of my skill before greatness which is possessed of perfection in learning is perfect impudence.

I expect from that fund of excellence and generosity that, drawing the pen of forgiveness through the errors and omissions of this destitute creature, you will be so kind as correct them.

From your general goodness, I am hopeful that; considering me an affectionate friend amongst these who bless you and wish you well, you will not, until the time of obtaining the honor of your delightful presence, allow me to be forgotten by your generous soul. Farther what should I represent?

VOLUMES of blessings, in drawing out the amount of the total of which, the most able calculator would be embarrassed, and details of praise, in writing a single page of the sum of which, the most excellent accomptants would express themselves with hesitation and diffidence, are presented to the comptroller of the Empire; for the description of the warmth of my attachment is too great for my two-tongued pen to express even a small proportion of it. Desisting, out of necessity, from entering on that subject, and cutting short the ropes of eulogium, I hope that the calculator of fate and destiny, having soon balanced the journal of the days of separation, will out of his favor and great goodness, establish and manifest the period of our meeting by his entire approbation. It is expected from the generosity of your disposition that, till meeting, you will collect the sum and detail of your fortunate affairs in the postscript of your kind letter; and not forget me. Why should I trouble you farther?

YOUR kind letter addressed to your sincere friend and wellwisher arrived most seasonably; and as it contained accounts of your health and welfare my joy was great. May the Almighty preserving you from every thing that is bad, and improper, grant your desires both temporal and eternal. And it is proper and becoming that observing the same laudable conduct; and that calling me to your remembrance, you give me your commands for any service to which I am equal; that exerting myself from my heart and soul I may perform it. May the days of prosperity increase!

HAVING waved the customary compliments, it is intimated to your friendly soul that it is a long time since you laid open your affectionate heart with an account of your welfare; my mind is therefore exceedingly anxious. Surely the cause of that is nothing but forgetfulness. I am hopeful that contrary to what is past, you will keep the gates of intercourse open; that my mind may be at ease. At present the reverend and excellent Shaik Zeeaullah, who is one of the accomplished and great men of the age; and to whose noble race I am strongly attached by duty and fidelity, has proceeded towards your territories. It is proper that, considering the honor of seeing him as fortunate, and studying from your soul to honor and respect him, and esteeming his application to you, on any business or transaction a happiness, you be guilty of no neglect in bringing it to a conclusion: for his soul is dear to me; and on this account I shall be exceedingly obliged to you. May your friends be prosperous.

YOUR amber-scented epistle arrived at a lucky time; and my brain was refreshed by it’s contents. With regard to what was written by your friendly and amicable pen on the subject of attention and respect, and of pleasing the beloved Prelate Shaik Zeeaullah, verily considering his arrival to be really the descent of the mercy of God, on seeing the said enlightend Prelate I became delighted and happy. And having conformably to your directions exerted myself heartily to the utmost of my power and ability, I have performed the duties of sincerity. As the said Prelate, having settled his business here to his satisfaction, has now turned towards your territories, he will surely report my distressed situation. What farther trouble should I give you?

O MOON of the heaven of goodness! O cypress of the garden of affection! O Light of the eye of lovers! O joy of the affectionate heart! Out of your benignity and kindness you promised to enlighten the cell of my melancholy, with the ray of your exhilarating presence. Verily since that time the eye of hope is upon the high road of expectation.

If agreeable to your promise you should give, by a joyful sight of you, illuminating brightness to the longing eye of your friends no wonder at the excess of your kindness.

O AFFLICTED lover and forsaken expectant! I have understood that you long to see me; and still preserve your attachment for me. But you ought not to depend on the promise of Beauties; you ought not to set your heart on their assurances.

Nevertheless if the lover be sincere and content with beholding, what objection is there?

Want of firmness will not do; patience is requisite. The moon of my beauty may soon shine from the window; and the tree of my stature may cast its shadow on the terrace.

MAY the flower of the tree of authority, and the bud of the gardens of command, the cream of the descendants of & , the most precious of the progeny of the chief of the prophets, Miran Jew, be ever under the care of the Protector! As I yesterday presented an address to you on some affairs of consequenee, I am hopeful that in the management of them you will shew me your illustrious favor; for it will lay me under an obligation. Confiding in your kindness and benevolence I have given you this trouble. May your days be happy!

THE deponent by name and lineage Khojeh Kerimulla, son of Khojeh Shehabuddeen son of Abdulla the Koraishian, maketh affirmation and legal acknowledgment to this effect: “That I have sold to Khojeh Mahommed the son of Khojeh Bazeed, for the sum of one thousand Shahjehan Rupees present currency weighing eleven Masheh, an house built of burnt bricks with certain boundaries, (The east side adjoining to the house of Jacob son of Kerimdad; the west side close to the wall of the house of Illahidad the son of Meerkoraishi; the south side contiguous to the high road and the gate; and the north side close to the mosque of Fazilulla son of Shaik Beha-uddeen), which is in the town of Reheemabad in the district of Kazipareh; and was my exclusive right, without the participation of any other person; and have received the faid sum into my hold and possession.” The neighbours Rijibi and Futtoo have testified, that that house was the estate and inheritance of the said seller; and Shaikh Abdulla son of Shaikh Abdulkereem has engaged that if any other heir appear and present a claim, he will be responsible. These few words were written in the court of Justice, that in case of need there may be proof, on the 29th of the Month Mohurrumulheram, in the 1190th Year of the flight of the Prophet, with whom be the peace and blessing of God!

KHOJEH Abdulla son of Khojeh Mahommed being of age, and in full possession of all his faculties, affirms and declares to this effect. “I have sold to Meer Dervaish Mahommed, son of Mahommed Morad, a slave girl named Gulbehar, of a copper complexion and middle size with grey eyes, high nose, joined eyebrows, and both her ears pierced, supposed about twenty years of age, for the sum of twenty current Rupees, the half of which is ten; which sum I have received.” These few lines were drawn out in Court by way of Certificate, on the eleventh of the Month Zeekkadeh.

THE occasion of writing these lines is to certify that I Ali son of Nizam, resident in Jalore, make just and legal declaration to this effect. That of my own free will and accord I have disposed of and sold to Mahommed Kasim, a slave Girl, supposed to be three Years of age, for the sum of twenty Akberi Rupees present currency; and having received the said sum have given a receipt; that if any person should again make a claim or demand on this account, I may be responsible; and give him satisfaction. These few words I have given by way of Certificate, that in case of need there may be evidence. Written on the 29th of the Month Saffirulmuzaffir, (may God bring it to an end in happiness and success) in the 1190th Year of the flight of the Prophet.

ITHE deponent by name and lineage Bazeed, the son of Fereed, the son of Daood, the son of Abdurreheem make just and legal affirmation and acknowledgment, that I have sold to Khojeh Kereem the son of Mian Hashim, for the sum of two hundred Shahjehani Rupees, a piece of garden ten Begas in extent; with four walls built of burnt bricks, and two hundred trees of Mangoes, Mulberries, Limes, Plumbs and Dates, which come to me by inheritance from my father; and have received the said sum into my hold and possession. If any person shall afterwards claim it, it will be false. These few lines were publickly written in Court by way of Certificate.

THE purport of this writing is this. That I Ahmed the son of Mahommed Sadeeki have received from Khojeh Bukhtawer the sum of one hundred Shahjehani Rupees, present currency, for the space of two Months free of interest, and have got it into my possession; on this condition, that after the expiration of the term of payment I shall return it without putting off, whenever he shall demand it; and shall make use of no evasion. I have written these few lines of my own free will and accord by way of Certificate, that in case of need there may be evidence. Written on the 17th of the Month Shabaunulmaazim, in the 1190th Year of the flight of the Prophet, with whom be the peace and blessing of God!

THE intention of writing these lines is this. I Ali Mahommed, the son of Shehabuddeen, have taken in farm the village of Sileempoor belonging to the Pergunneh of Fereedabad, from the agents of the eminent Meer Khan to whom it is given for a Jageer, for the sum of five hundred current Rupees; and shall pay the said sum to the said Khan yearly; and shall make use of no pretence or evasion. And, which God forbid, should a calamity from the weather fall upon the said land, after proper investigation, let a deduction be made. These few lines I have written that there may be proof. Written on the 12th of the Month Zeelhijeh in the 1144th of the flight.

THE cause of writing this is, that whereas Shaikh Abdulla son of Reheemdad is appointed to the revenue business of the good and illustrious Nabob, I Kerimulla son of Shimsuddeen have spontaneously and voluntarily appeared as his Bondsman; that if he absent himself without the permission of the Nabob’s agents, I shall cause him to appear: and if I do not, that I shall be responsible according to my engagement. These few lines I have written by way of Certificate, that if there be any occasion there may be proof. Written on the 12th of the Month Saffir, which may God terminate in happiness and prosperity, in the Year 1190.

THE purport of this writing is this. I Millik Mahommed son of Ebraheem resident in the Metropolis of the Empire, Lahore, do engage that Jemal Khan son of Kumal Khan being admitted upon my security into the employment of the servants of the powerful and fortunate Meeran Saheb, and paid his wages, shall be steady and diligent in the service; and shall not absent himself without permission. If he shall ever abscond without leave from the Muttissuddies of Government, I shall produce him: and if I do not, I shall answer for him according to engagement. I have given these few lines that hereafter there may be proof. Written on the 22nd of the Month Rubbiulawill, in the 1190th Year of the flight.

I THE Informant by name and pedigree Abdirroof the son of Khan Mahommed having come into Court make just and legal declaration, that I have set at liberty Bukhtyar a slave of copper complexion, middle size, sound in limb, and who is my own property; and have given him his discharge, that wherever he chooses he may be at his own disposal. And after my death none of my heirs have any right to him. Written on a certain date.

IT is represented by this writing, that I, A. B. have settled and received every claim I had on account of my public and private transactions with Khojeh Kereemdad the son of Ahmed, and have given him a discharge, and have no ther claim: and if I make any other it will be false. These few lines I have given by way of Certificate, that if necessary there may be evidence.

I THE deponent, by name and lineage Ahmed the son of Illahidad, having come into the Court of Justice, make just and legal acknowledgment, that I have of my free will and accord agreed to marry Sandil a slave-girl bolonging to Khojeh Badderuddeen, and have bound myself his slave; and during the remainder of my life I shall not dispute my Bondage. These few lines are written by way of Certificate.

TO the Gomashtehs, Jageerdars, Chokidars, Guzerbans and Zemindars on the road to Lahore. Whereas the noble Seyid Murtizi carries by royal orders some household articles for Government, to the Metropolis of Lahore, it is required that, being duly attentive, they conduct him through there territories in safety; and in no respect allow him to be neglected. And (which God forbid) should an accident happen in any body’s territories, he shall be brought to an account for it. Consider this as positive. Written on a certain day of a certain Month, of a certain year.

TO the Factors and Agents of the royal Chamberlain’s Office. Whereas the superintendancy of the whole of the Chamberlain’s department is confirmed and delivered by royal command to the care and trust of the noble Meer Dervaish, it is required, that considering the said person superintendant and inspector of that department, they deviate not from his counsel and advice; which in every respect shall be agreeable to the establishment and regulations of Government: and let them obeyhim as they ought. And it is required of the aforesaid, that, distinguishing himself by the practice of integrity and fidelity, he perform the duties and functions of that office in such a manner, that nothing better can be conceived. And let the dues of his superintendancy be exacted agreeable to the practice of that office. Acting in this business according to orders make no opposition.

THE Order of the Court of Law to Illahidad is as follows. Let him appear in Court to answer to the suit of Shaikh Mahommed Ali; that the matter may be settled according to the noble Law. Consider this as positive.

THE Order of the Court of Justice to Mahommed Morad is as follows, Abdulla having come into the high Court of Justice has set forth that he has a lawful claim upon him; which he denies. On seeing this Order let him appear to answer to the charge of the said person, that the affair may be decided according to the noble Law!

THE Order to the retailers of the corn-market is as follows. Upon the arrival of this Order let them instantly repair to the Kotwal’s Office; and make no delay.

THE Order to the Gomashtehs of the Krori, of Khezorabad is this. Having brought along with them the collections and disbursement of the Fotidari of the said Pergunneh for the term of harvest, let them appear at the royal Secretary’s Office, and let them not delay.

THE Order to the Vakeel of the eminent and noble Behader Khan is this. The Horses of the royal Stable are committed to the attention and care of the said Khan; let him bring them to be reviewed.

THE Order to the Officers and Agents of the royal Household is this. Whereas the march of the standard of splendor, victory and prosperity is now determined, whatever necessary conveyance may be required for the Household furniture, having drawn out a list of them, send it to me sealed; that a provision of carriages may be made accordingly.

THE Order to Behader Khan with the troops under his command is this. Being ordered to join the illustrious and valiant Mahommed Moraud Fojedar of the Pergunneh of Azmutpoor, it is required that, having carried your troops with all your stores to him, and having shared with the said person in the duties and fatigues of that service, you deviate not from his command and counsel; and that you pay him due obedience. And agreeable to the Certificates of the Mutissuddies of the presence, draw your pay Monthly out of the hands of the Fotidar of the said Pergunneh, Considering this as peremptory make no resistance.

THE Order to the Mutissudies of the Boatmen of the Ferry is this. Whereas small boats have occasion to cross the water on the business of Government, it is required that they give them no trouble, nor stop them. Let them consider this as positive.

THE cause of writing this line is this. They have brought to the office of the Kotwal of the village of Rauipoor the skin of a black horse, with the mark of the stables of Government (which are under the management of Meer Ali Krori of the Pergunneh of Sam), upon his thigh, which fell down at the Inn of Bazeed Khan, on the 21st of the Month Mohurrum ul Heram, in the Year 1190. Accordingly many creditable people who were in that Inn have given evidence to this effect. Therefore these few words are written as a state of the case.

WHEREAS the world-subjecting Sun-refulgent Mandate directed to the least of your slaves arrived, requiring that, whosoever of the servants of Government in that Soobah should serve properly, and whose fidelity should appear, having studied his advancement accordingly, I should represent it at your Heavenly Palace. Now as Khojeh Mahommed Hussain has performed every kind of laudable service, and keeps up more men than the establishment; and your servant is a wellwisher of Government, Having therefore proposed for him an addition of two hundred Rupees pay and fifty horse, so that the whole, including the original number and the augmentation, may be seven hundred Rupees and three hundred horse, I am hopeful, that if it meet with your consent, the royal Diwan will cause it to be confirmed agreeable to your sacred command.

I THE injured slave Abulkheir son of Abdurreheem the Koraishian petition and call for evidence on this account, that Khojeh Reeas without any lawful authority, has by force and violence taken possession of a Garden belonging to me in the village of Seyidpoor; and has put my brother Shaikh Ahmed to death and when he formed a design of murdering me I fled and escaped with my life. Whoever has had any intelligence of this affair let him for the sake of God write his evidence, or cause it to be written; that he may not be deprived of his reward.

THE Certificate of Mahommed Khan and his troops is this. That from the beginning of the Month of Mohurrumulheram of the Year 1190, to the expiration of the Month Saffir of the same year, the said Khan together with his followers, have been along with me on the service of Government. Let the royal Diwans give that body an assignment for their wages agreeable to the establishment of Government.

LET the servants of the Heavenly Palace present the Arizdasht of the slave Hashim to his most sacred Majesty.

LET them who stand at the foot of the imperial and alchymical Throne present the Arizdasht of the slave Mozaffer.

LET it be dignified by the honor of the perusal of the fortunate and friendly Nabob, A. B.

LET it be honored by the perusal of the good, illustrious, and elevated Nabob, A. B.

FORWARD this for the gracious perusal of the dependants of eminence and trust.

LET the respectable dependants of my fortunate Father open this.

LET this be honored by the perusal of my dearest Brother, my Protector.

FORWARD this letter to my excellent, fortunate, and happy Brother.

LET this letter be dignified by the honor of the respectable perusal of my Father, whose shadow be extended.

FORWARD this letter to the honorable perusal of the servants of the asylum of friendship and affection.

FORWARD this letter to the house of A. B. in the City of Kabul, and in the district of Haji Mahommed.

FORWARD this address for the perusal of the beloved and honored lady my Mother, in Lahore.

FORWARD this letter to the Reverend Shaikh Abdulla in the City Sirhind.

FORWARD this affectionate epistle of the slave of the Court A. B, to the refuge of friends, the asylum of kindness.