Lesser Rivers. Jāyij-Rūd. The Qum river. The Gāvmāsā. Zanjān river. Streams of the Two Ṭārums. The Kāshān river. Muzdaqān and the Lake of Sāvah. The Qazvīn rivers. The rivers of Ādharbāyjān. The Āhar river. The Sarāv and other streams flowing into the Lake of Urmīyah. The Marand river. The rivers of Miyānij. The rivers of Fārs, Shabānkārah and Kirmān. The Pulvār. Ṭāb, Shīrīn and Jirrah rivers. The Ratīn and Jarshīq. The Dīv Rūd. The Shāpūr river. The Burāzah. The rivers of Upper Mesopo- tamia. Balīkh and Khābūr. The Hirmās and the Ṣūr. Rivers of Khurāsān. Rivers Shūrah and Dizbād, with other streams round Nīshāpūr. The Wakh- shāb and the Jaghān Rūd. The rivers of Arabian `Irāq. The rivers of Bayāt, Daqūq, and of Barāz-ar-Rūz

But now as regards the smaller rivers, with their springs and sources; and the following are in Persian `Irāq.

River Jāyij-Rūd. This rises in Mount Damāvand, and flows through the Ray province. In the districts of Upper Qūhad and Asān its waters are divided up and diverted into near forty channels, which serve to irrigate most of the Ray province. In spring time its flood waters make their way out into the desert. Its total length is 30 leagues.

Karah-Rūd. This rises in the Ṭāliqān and Qazvīn mountains. In the Sāuj Bulāgh district many water channels are led from it, whereby most of the lands of the Ray and Shahriyār districts are irrigated. In spring its overflow reaches the desert, and its length is 25 leagues.

Qum-Rūd. It rises in the mountains of Khānīsār and Lālistān, in the Jurbādaqān district. It flows past the towns of Jurbādaqān and Qum, whence its flood waters reach the desert. [<Arabic>] Its length is 30 leagues.

River Gāvmāsā-Rūd (or Gāvmāsāb). For the most part its streams rise in the Alvand mountain of Hamadān, one of them coming down from the Asadābād Pass, being the Māmshān-Rūd of Farīvar in the Hamadān district; while another of its streams is from the mountain of Rāsmand and the other hills near Karaj. After passing to the meadow lands of Kītū, this branch comes to Hamadān, and thence to the Sāvah districts. But when the river reaches the neighbourhood of Āvah and Sāvah it forms a Lake behind the dam which the late Khwājah Shams-ad-Dīn Muḥammad, Ṣāḥib Dīvān (the Prime Minister) caused to be built, to hold back its waters. In the spring floods, however, these flow out into the desert, after passing by the bridge called Haftād Pūlān (Seventy Arches), which stands between Sāvah and Āvah, and which was built by the Atabeg Shīrgīr. The irrigation of the lands of Āvah and Sāvah during the summer droughts depends on this dam. The total length of this river is 40 leagues: and for all the Sāvah district this river is as important as is the Zāyandah- Rūd (for the Iṣfahān districts).

Zanjān Rūd. This river also goes by the name of the Māj- Rūd. It rises in the district round Sulṭāniyyah, and after being joined by many streams from the Zanjān hills, it passes through the districts of Zanjān, and finally flows into the Safīd Rūd. Its length is 20 leagues, and for 10 leagues below its sources it serves to irrigate the lands that lie along its banks.

Abhar-Rūd. This river rises in the Allāh Akbar district of Sulṭāniyyah in Mount Sarāhand, and it flows out into the Qazvīn district. In the spring floods its waters here join the streams from the Qazvīn hills, and then are lost in the desert. The length of the Abhar river is 20 leagues; and this river also, in regard to the Abhar and Qazvīn districts, is a fount of abundance, as is the Zāyandah Rūd (for Iṣfahān).

Kharūd River. This rises in the hills of the Kharūd district, and comes down to the districts of Rāmand and Dashtī near Qazvīn. Its waters in the spring freshets flow out to the desert, and its length is 25 leagues.

Rivers of the Two Ṭārums. These all rise in the hills of the Two Ṭārum districts and their dependencies, and flow out to join the Safīd Rūd, irrigating the corn-lands of the Ṭārums on their courses. In summer most of their waters are thus used up for irrigation, and little flows out into the Safīd Rūd, but in the spring freshets a major quantity of water drains thereto.

Kāshān River. This rises in the hills of Nayāsīr and Qumṣar, flowing down to Kāshān. In the spring freshets its waters flow out to the desert: and at that time if the flood is heavy [<Arabic>] the city of Kāshān runs great danger of an inundation. In summer, however, the stream does not get even as far as Kāshān, being used up for irrigating the lands of the villages above the city.

Muzdaqān River. This rises in the Kharraqān hills near Hamadān. It next passes through Muzdaqān, and then comes to Sāvah and its district. In the Days of Ignorance (before Islam) its surplus waters here formed the Lake of Sāvah, but now, through the miracle performed by the Prophet (at the time of his birth) this Lake has come to be dried up, and on its site the city of Sāvah has been built. The waters of the river having been thus caused to pass on, now flow out to the desert, and its total length is 25 leagues.

Būh Rūd. This river rises in the hills of Ṭāliqān, and it flows out through the Qazvīn district. In the spring freshets its waters reach the desert, but in the summer droughts they do not get beyond the neighbourhood of Qazvīn.

Kardān-Rūd. This river rises in the hills of Ṭāliqān, and flows through the Ray district. In spring the freshets reach the desert.

Turkān-Rūd. This river rises in the hills of Kharraqān and flows to the Qazvīn district. Its waters in the spring freshets reach the desert, where they become lost: but in the summer drought they do not get beyond the neighbourhood of Qazvīn.

The Qazvīn Rivers. These are four in number: and if they are full of water the gardens of Qazvīn have plentiful irrigation, but if otherwise, then many gardens suffer drought. In the summer season the waters of these streams, by reason of the numerous farms above Qazvīn, never reach the city, and that there should then be any flood water is very unusual.

Kharraqān River. This rises in the hills of the district of that name, and during the spring floods its waters flow through the bed of the Khushk Rūd (the Dry River) down to the district of Ray; where, after being joined by other streams, the flood water finally reaches the desert. In the summer time, however, this stream never gets beyond the borders of the Kharraqān district.

The Rivers of Ādharbāyjān.

Andarāb River. This rises in Mount Sablān, and when it passes the city and district of Ardabīl it is known as the Ardabīl river, but when it reaches Andarāb it is called the Andarāb river. After passing under the Bridge of `Alī Shāh it joins the Āhar river, which flows out to the Aras. Its length is 25 leagues.

Āhar River. This rises in the Pass of the Armenians, which the Mongols call Gūkchah Nīl (the Blue Lake), its head spring being in that district. The river then flows past the town of Āhar, and the Castle of Naw Diz, and next by the [<Arabic>] village of Bahlaqān, which has been named also the Village of the Ṣāḥib Dīvān (Prime Minister). Thence it flows to join the Andarāb river, and so finally to the Aras. Its length is 20 leagues.

Ūjān River. This rises in Mount Sahand, and after passing Ūjān town, joins the Sarāv river. Its length is 7 leagues.

Jaghtū River. This rises in the Kurdistān mountains in the district of the Siyāh Kūh (Black Mountain) village. Thence it flows to the neighbourhood of Marāghah, and there joins the rivers Ṣāfī and Taghtū, flowing out finally to the Salt Lake of Ṭarūj (or Ṭasūj; the Urmīyah Lake). Its length is 20 leagues.

Sarāv Rūd. This river rises in Mount Sablān, and after passing through the town of Sarāv comes in the neighbourhood of the village of Kūlvānah to the salt marshes, by reason of which its waters afterwards are salt. Here it is joined by the Ūjān River, and next flowing past Tabrīz, it finally reaches the Urmīyah Lake: its total length being 40 leagues.

Sard Rūd (Cold River) and Bāvīl Rūd. These rivers rise in Mount Sahand and passing through the lands above mentioned, flow out during the spring freshet into the Sarāv river, and thence to the Urmīyah Lake. In length these rivers are 6 leagues.

Sanjīdah and Gadīv (or Kadpū). These are two rivers in their origin, but soon join their streams, and then flow into the Safīd Rūd. Their length is 8 leagues.

Ṣāfī. This river rises in Mount Sahand, and passing Marāghah is joined by the Taghtū, after which it flows out to the Lake of Urmīyah. Its length is 20 leagues.

Shāl Rūd. This river rises in the Shāl hills, and in the neighbourhood of Barandaq flows into the Safīd Rūd. Its length is 8 leagues.

Mard Rūd. This river rises in Mount Sahand, and after passing by Marāghah joins the Jaghtū river in the valley of Gāv Davān, and thence flows out to the Urmīyah Lake. Its length is 8 leagues.

Garm Rūd (Hot River). This rises in the mountains of Sarāv, and in the Garm Rūd district joins the Miyānij river, which after- wards flows out to the Safīd Rūd. Its length is 12 leagues.

Mihrān Rūd. This rises in Mount Sahand and then loses itself among the gardens of Tabrīz; but during the spring floods its surplus waters join the river Sarāv Rūd, by which they flow out to the Lake of Urmīyah. Its total length is 7 leagues [<Arabic>].

Marand River. This is also called Zakvīr, and in spring flood it is impassable. It rises in the mountains of Marand, and on the authority of Qazvīnī the statement is made that, according to an account given by Muḥammad Dhū-l-Fiqār of Marand, this river before reaching Marand disappears under ground, and then after 4 leagues reappears again, coming thus to Marand. The overflow of this river, in the spring floods, joins the Khoi river, which runs out to the Aras. Its length is 8 leagues.

Miyānij River. This rises in the mountains round Ūjān and after passing these territories joins the river Hasht Rūd in the plain round Miyānij, whence it flows into the Safīd Rūd, thus finally reaching the Caspian. Its length is 20 leagues.

Taghtū River. This rises in the neighbourhood of the Sīnā Pass, in the mountains of Kurdistān. It afterwards joins the Jaghtū river, and thus flows out to the Urmīyah Lake. Its length is 15 leagues.

Hasht Rūd (Eight Streams). This river rises in the mountains near Marāghah and Ūjān: and it joins the Safīd Rūd near Miyānij, its length being 20 leagues. The Bridge of Miyānij which has 32 arches crosses this stream: and it was built by the Khwājah Shams-ad-Dīn Muḥammad, Ṣāḥib Dīvān.

Now as regards the rivers of Fārs*, Shabānkārah and Kirmān.

Purvāb (Pulvār). This river rises in the hill of Dih Purvāb, and waters most of the Marvdasht plain, falling out finally to the Kur (Cyrus) river. Its length is 18 leagues.

Ṭāb River. It rises in the hills near Sumayram of Luristān, and is not always fordable. After being joined by the Masin river, it passes under the Thakān bridge, and next waters the districts of Rīshahr: flowing out finally into the sea near Sīnīz. This river forms the frontier line between the provinces of Fārs and of Khūzistān, and its total length is 47 leagues.

Masin River. This too rises in the mountain lands of Sumayram and Sīmsakht. It is a great river and not easily fordable even on horse-back. It falls into the Ṭāb river, and its length is 40 leagues.

Shīrīn River (the Sweet-water River). This rises in the Dīnār hills, and is a large river, being fordable [<Arabic>] with difficulty. It waters the Bāzrang district with some others, and flows out to the sea near Janābā. Its total length is 16 leagues.

Shādhkān River. This rises in the Bāzrang hills, and passing through the districts of Kahargān and Dasht Rustāq, flows into the sea. It is a great river, and not easily fordable even on horse- back; its length is 9 leagues.

Jirrah River. This rises in the Māṣaram district: it waters Naḥast Masjān (or Masanjān) and Jirrah, also part of the Ghundījān district. Then it joins the Shāpūr river, and thus reaches the sea. Its length is 19 leagues.

Darkhīd River. This is a great river and scarcely fordable. Its length is 15 leagues.

Khwābdān River. This is also a great river, and it rises in the mountains of Jūyīgān. It irrigates the lands of the Nawbanjān district, and then in the neighbourhood of Jallādjān joins the river Shīrīn, and thus attains to the sea. It is a large river, and its length is 11 leagues.

Ratīn River. This rises in the mountains of Upper Humā- yijān. It is a great stream, and it flows into the Shāpūr river, its length till it joins the Shāpūr river being 10 leagues.

Jarshīq River. This rises in the hills of Māṣaram, and is a great stream. After passing the Bridge of Sabūk it joins the Ikhshīn river, and its length down to the Ikhshīn is 8 leagues.

Ikhshīn River. This rises in the Dādīn hills. It is a great stream, and it falls into the Tawwaj (or Shāpūr) river. Its length down to its junction with this stream is 8 leagues.

River Sardah*. This rises in the mountains of Dār Khār Shāh, and after passing through the district of Jūr falls into the sea. Its length is but 1 league.

Dīv Rūd. This river rises in the Jīruft district of Kirmān, and its stream is very swift: hence its name of Dīv Rūd (Demon River). It is capable of turning 20 mill wheels.

Bishāvūr (Shāpūr) River. This rises in the Bishāvur mountains: it waters the farms of Bishāvur (Shāpūr city) and the Khisht district and that of Dih Mālik: [<Arabic>] after which it flows out to the sea between Janābā and Māndistān. Its length is 9 leagues.

Burāzah River. This is the river of Fīrūzābād, and its source is in the mountains of Khunayfqān. It waters the district round the city of Fīrūzābād, and then joins the Thakān (Zakān) river thus reaching the sea. Its length down to the junction with the Thakān is 12 leagues.

Rivers of the Diyār Bakr Province (Upper Mesopotamia).

Balīkh River. This rises at the Spring of Dahānah, in the neighbourhood of Ḥarrān, and flows out to the Euphrates below Raqqah. Its length is 8 leagues.

River Khābūr. This rises at Rās-al-`Ayn, where there gushes out a spring of water sufficient to turn ten mill wheels: and there join it from near by here some 300 other springs. Its waters flow through the Hirmās territory, and then after passing Qirkīsiyā it flows out into the Euphrates. The length of this river is 25 leagues.

River Hirmās. This rises at a spring in the neighbourhood of Naṣībīn in the Ṭūr `Abdīn district; there being sufficient water power to turn two mills. The sides of the spring are lined with cement, in order to regulate the outflow of the water. The Caliph Mutawakkil caused this lining to be broken through, on which the water so much got the upper hand, that all was like to go to ruin. Thereupon he commanded that things should be set back as they were aforetime. The river passes Naṣībīn, and then in the neighbourhood of Ḥānah joins the river Khābūr, and thus reaches the Euphrates. Its length is 12 leagues.

River Tharthār. This takes its outflow from the Hirmās river, and after passing Ḥaḍr flows into the Tigris.

Ṣūr River. This rises in the mountains of Mārdīn, and it waters the lands of this town, after which it flows out to the Euphrates. It is 10 leagues in length.

The Rivers of Khurāsān and Quhistān.

Shūrah Rūd (Salt River). This is of Nīshāpūr, and it passes through the Nīshāpūr district, where the streams from the hills on either side of the valley flow down into it. Thus all the lands of the Nīshāpūr district are irrigated by its course.

Dizbād River. This rises in the Dizbād hills: and in the spring floods its overflow goes to the Shūrah Rūd. At other seasons its waters are lost in the Dizbād plain: and its length is 5 leagues.

River Sakhtar. This rises in the Sakhtar hills, and it waters some of the Nīshāpūr district, and also some other districts. [<Arabic>] Its length is 3 leagues.

River Kharū. This rises in the mountains of the Nīshāpūr district, and flows through the Kharū village, and some others, after which its waters usually become lost, though in the spring floods its overflow reaches the Shūrah River. At other seasons, however, the stream does not come down even to the neighbour- hood of the city of Nīshāpūr.

Būshtaḥqān River. This rises in the neighbourhood of the Chashmah-i-Sabz (Green Spring) and flows down to Nīshāpūr, in the district of which its waters are lost. Its length is 4 leagues.

Pusht Farūsh River. This rises in the mountains of Dar Rūd, and thence comes to Pusht Farūsh, Asqarīsh and other places. Its flood waters in spring flow to the Shūrah Rūd, and its length is 5 leagues.

Khajank River. It rises in the hills of that name, and expends its waters among the villages there, its length being 4 leagues.

Farkhak River. This rises in the hills round the lake of Chashmah-i-Sabz, and loses its waters among the cultivated lands of those districts. In spring its flood waters serve to irrigate the villages lower down, and they then join the Shūrah Rūd. Its length is 2 leagues.

River Dahar. This too rises in the district of the Chashmah-i- Sabz, and its waters are expended in the district round the city of Nīshāpūr, its flood waters in spring falling out to the Shūrah Rūd. Its length is 4 leagues.

River Baqīrān. This rises in the district of the same name, losing itself among the fields of that neighbourhood, and its length is 4 leagues.

River Chārsaf Rūd. This is formed by two streams, one of which rises in the hills of Bārdawayh, the other in the Ṭaghān and Chārsaf hills. Coming together these streams water the neighbouring lands. Their total length is 15 leagues.

`Aṭshābād River. This rises in the plain called Maydān-i- Sulṭān, and in the spring floods would be capable of turning 20 mill wheels. Its surplus waters flow to the Shūrah Rūd. In the hot season, [<Arabic>] however, these waters dry up and it is for this reason that they are known as `Aṭshābād (the home of Thirst). Its length is 20 leagues.

Wakhshāb* River. This rises in the mountains of Khutlān, and passing through Khutlān comes to the country over against Balkh, where in the Tirmid district it joins the Jayḥūn (Oxus). Its length is 30 leagues.

River Jaghān Rūd. There is in the neighbourhood of Jājarm a mountain that rises like a perpendicular wall, and from the midst of this mountain wall three springs burst forth, side by side, each sufficient in volume to turn a mill wheel. For the space of an arrow flight they flow as through a spout, and then serve to irrigate many of the lands of Jājarm, and of the neighbourhood. The length of the stream is 12 leagues.

The rivers of Arabian `Irāq.

Bayāt River. This rises in the mountains of Kurdistān, and coming down to the Bayāt district irrigates all the gardens and fields and palm groves of that country side, after which its over- flow is lost in the plain.

Daqūq River. This rises in the Kurdistān mountains in the neighbourhood of the pass called Darband-i-Khalīfah. It flows by the town of Daqūq, and then 5 leagues below this place comes to the sands, after which at most seasons but little of its waters is any more seen. In these places there are moving (or quick) sands, and a man is sucked down and the sand rises above his head so that he perishes. On account of which along this ground they have set up sign posts, and marks to prevent men passing, and so to keep them from destruction. The flood waters of this river in spring time join the Tigris, and its total length is 5 leagues.

Barāz-ar-Rūz River. This rises in the mountains of Kur- distān and irrigates the district of Barāz-ar-Rūz, after which its flood waters are lost in the plain.