TABLE OF TRANSLITERATION.
(Hamza) not represented at the beginning or end of a word; ’ in the middle of a word.
b
p
t
ṭ
j
ch
ḥ
kh
d
ḍ
z
r
ṛ
z
zh
s
sh
ṣ
ẓ
‘
gh
f
q
k
g
l
m
n
(m before and )
w
(v in Hindu names)
h
(not represented at the end of a word except when radical)
y

VOWELS — a. ā. (alif maḳṣūra) ā. i. ī; e in some Hindu names. iyy; ī at the end of a word. u. ū; o in some Hindu names. uww; ū at the end of a word.

DIPHTHONGS— au. aww. ai. ayy.

The ‘Izāfat’ is rendered by ‘-i-’.

The Persian copulative particle is transliterated by ‘u’.

The of the Arabic article is assimilated according to rule, the final vowel of the preceding word being preserved.