Ascends his father's throne. — The dissensions between the races of Chuk and Makry continue. — Abdal Makry invites Hoo-mayoon Padshah to invade Kashmeer — accompanies Mirza Heidur Doghlat with a force — subverts the government of the Chuks. — Abdal Makry dies, leaving Mirza Heidur Doghlat at the head of the state. — Atchy Chuk procures the aid of Sheer Shah, King of Dehly. — The Hindoostan troops de­feated. — Mirza Heidur removes the seat of government from Serinuggur to Indrakote — invades little Thibet — eventually conquers both great and little Thibet on the north, and the districts of Pugly and Rajoory on the south. — Mirza Heidur is killed in an endeavour to suppress an insurrection. — An oligarchy succeeds, which, for form's sake, acknowledges Na-zook as King. — Shortly after which he is deposed.

IBRAHIM was succeeded by his son Nazook. This prince had scarcely ascended the throne three months when he was expelled by the army of Hoomayoon Padshah of Dehly; which invading Kashmeer conquered that province, as we shall proceed to relate.* A. H. 948.
A. D. 1541. In the year 948, Hoomayoon Padshah being defeated by Sheer Shah, King of Bengal, fled his country, and retreated to Lahore; when Abdal Makry, Zungy Chuk, and many other Kashmeery nobles, wrote letters, invit­ing him to the conquest of their country. These letters were sent by one Mirza Heidur Doghlat, who was accordingly authorised to carry into effect this project. On reaching Mein, Mirza Heidur was joined by Abdal Makry and Zungy Chuk, from whence they proceeded to Rajoory, with a force not exceeding altogether four thousand horse. Mullik Atchy Chuk, then virtually ruler of Kash-meer, advanced with a force of three thousand cavalry and fifty thousand infantry to the Kurmul pass, of which he took possession. Mirza Heidur, on receiving intimation of this movement, counter-marched, and took the route of Punnuj. Atchy Chuk, conceiving that pass sufficiently protected by its intricacies to prevent the approach of ca­valry, took no precautions to render it more diffi­cult, but he was mistaken; for the Hindoostan army having penetrated the mountains made their first appearance at the city of Serinuggur, which they sacked. Abdal Makry and Zungy Chuk now assumed the reins of government, and immediately assigned the revenues of some districts solely for the payment of the army. Shortly after which, Abdal Makry, who was now old, having made over his children to the care of Mirza Heidur, died. Atchy Chuk, who found that he could not make head against Mirza Heidur, went in person to Hindoostan, and solicited the assistance of Sheer Shah, who had at that period assumed the title of King of Hindoostan. That monarch deputed Hoossein Khan Sheerwany, with five thousand horse and two war-elephants, to accompany Atchy Chuk. Mirza Heidur and Zungy Chuk, hearing of the approach of the Dehly army, moved out to oppose it. The two forces met between the towns of Dhunuj and Gava, where an action took place, when Mullik Atchy being defeated, fled to Purumgola, and the Dehly army was entirely routed.

A. H. 950.
A. D. 1543. In the year 950, Mirza Heidur changed his capital from Serinuggur to Indra-kote, and at the same period Zungy Chuk, becoming suspicious of his colleague, left the capital and joined Atchy Chuk, when they both collected a force and marched to Serinuggur, for the purpose of subverting the government of Mirza Heidur. Here they were joined by Bei-ram, the son of Zungy Chuk, who had made his escape from the capital. Mirza Heidur deputed Bundgan Koka and Khwaja Hajy Kashmeery to oppose the confederates, who were completely de­feated, and fled to Purumgola.

Mirza Heidur, having left Bundgan Koka as his lieutenant in Kashmeer during his absence, pro­ceeded with an army for the purpose of invading Thibet, where he reduced the district of Looshoo and several others; and on his return being op-

A. H. 952.
A. D. 1545.

posed by Zungy Chuk on the frontier, in the year 952, the latter was killed, and his son, Ghazy Khan, taken prisoner. During the absence of Mirza Heidur, Atchy Chuk, and his son Mahomed Chuk, died of an epidemic disease, so that the most formidable rivals of Mirza

A. H. 954.
A. D. 1547.

Heidur were thus removed. In the year 954, an ambassador from Kashghar joined Mirza Heidur at Lar.

At this period, Khwaja Beiram, the son of Musaood Chuk, who having asserted his inde­pendence had kept possession of Gujraj for the last seven years, was induced to accept of the friendship of Jan Boozoorg Mirza, who took the most solemn oaths to abstain from attacking him; but being one day in his company, he put Beiram Chuk to death, and brought his head to Mirza Heidur at Lar, conceiving by this measure to gain his favour. Abdy Zeina, one of Mirza Heidur's officers, concluding that the act had been preconcerted with Mirza Heidur, quitted the court, and indignantly declared his detestation of the man who could commit murder in violation of his oath. Mirza Heidur, however, denied any connivance or participation in the deed. Shortly afterwards, Mirza Heidur proceeded for the pur­pose of attacking the country of Kishtwar, and deputed Bundgan Koka with other officers in command of the advance-guard of the army. This detachment made one march from Charloo to Dote, a distance of three days' journey, came up with the Kishtwar army, and encamped on the op­posite bank of the river. Neither army could cross, and a sharp discharge of arrows and musketry was kept up, though without much effect. Some stragglers from Mirza Heidur's camp lost their road, and joined the advance at Wary; but upon their arrival there, a violent gale of wind came on, and raised the dust of the whole plain. At this moment a small detachment of the Kishtwar army then in the town, taking advantage of the circum­stance, sallied and attacked the invaders. Bund-gan Koka and twenty-five officers of note were killed, and the detachment made the best of its way to join Mirza Heidur. Shortly after, in

A. H. 955.
A. D. 1548.

the year 955, Mirza Heidur invaded Little Thibet, and not only succeeded in conquering that country, but sub­sequently added Great Thibet, Rajoory, and Pugly to his dominions.

Moolla Kasim was nominated to the govern­ment of Little Thibet, Moolla Hussun to that of Great Thibet, Mahomed Nuzur to that of Ra-

A. H. 956.
A. D. 1549.

joory, and Dawood Ally to the province of Pugly. In the year 956, Mirza Hei-dur marched against the fortress of Deebul, where he was met by Adum Khan Guk-kur, who endeavoured to mediate a reconciliation between Mirza Heidur and Dowlut Chuk, the nephew of the late Atchy Chuk; but Dowlut Chuk, offended at the reception he met with, left the meeting abruptly, and even carried away the ele­phant which he had brought to present to Mirza Heidur. Shortly after which, Mirza Heidur returned to Kashmeer. At a subsequent period, Dowlut Chuk, and Ghazy Khan Chuk, the son of Zungy Chuk, who had lately been released from confinement, together with Yehya Chuk, connected themselves with Heibut Khan Neazy, who having fled from Sulim Shah of Dehly, now took refuge at Rajoory. Heibut Khan was pursued by Sulim Shah in person till he reached the confines of the district of Nowshehra, when the former having deputed Syud Khan Neazy to crave his mercy, Sulim Shah consented to be reconciled, on con­dition of Heibut Khan sending his mother and son as hostages for his good behaviour into the royal camp; after which he fell back on Bhimbur, in the district of Seealkote. The Kashmeer par­tisans, who had joined Heibut Khan at Rajoory, prevailed on him to go to Deebul, and endea­voured to persuade him to depose Mirza Heidur. He not only refused his assent, but sent a bramin to inform Mirza Heidur of their inten­tion. Heibut Khan moved to the town of Sub-zeea, in the district of Jummoo, where the Chuk confederacy, having intimation of his treachery, left him. Ghazy Khan Chuk went direct to the capital, and abandoning his associates joined Mirza Heidur, while the rest, quitting Kashmeer, retired to the court of Sulim Shah, King of Dehly. In the

A. H. 957.
A. D. 1550.

year 957, Mirza Heidur deputed Khwaja Shums-ood-Deen with a large and va­luable present of saffron to the King of Dehly, who sent Yaseen Khan Afghan as ambas­sador, to accompany Khwaja Shums-ood-Deen on his return to Kashmeer, with other presents, con­sisting of horses and some of the finest Indian muslins, to Mirza Heidur, who having returned to Yaseen Khan Afghan a quantity of saffron with some beautiful shawls, despatched him back to his court.

A. H. 958.
A. D. 1551. In the year 958, Mirza Heidur ap­pointed Kiran Bahadur, a commander of Mogul horse, to the government of Bheerbul. This measure gave great offence to the inhabitants, who attacked him, and resisted his authority. Mirza Heidur, in order to support his lieutenant, put himself at the head of the Moguls, and was killed by an arrow in a night-attack made upon his camp, and the Moguls were defeated.

A. H. 958.
A. D. 1551.

Thus fell Mirza Heidur Doghlat, in the tenth year after his accession to the go­vernment of Kashmeer, in the year 958.

After the death of Mirza Heidur, and the defeat of the Moguls, the whole kingdom was thrown into confusion. The leading men, however, having formed a kind of administration, divided the terri­tory into three principalities or districts; that of Dewsur fell to the lot of Dowlut Chuk, that of Dhunuj to Ghazy Khan Chuk, and Gujraj to Yoosoof Chuk and Beiram Chuk, while Abdy Zeina remained at the capital, and was virtually ruler of the whole; though, for form's sake, Na-zook, the son of Ibrahim, and grandson of the late Mahomed, was seated on the throne of Kashmeer.

A. H. 959.
A. D. 1552. In the beginning of the year 959 the Kashmeer officers, after having each secured a portion of the kingdom, be­came discontented at the inequality of their shares, and in consequence a civil war arose, in which four parties at first opposed each other, under separate leaders; viz.

1. Abdy Zeina, with the Zeina tribe.

2. Hussun, the son of Abdal, with the Makry tribe.

3. The Kapoories, under Beiram and Yoosoof Chuk, with their tribes.

4. The Kamies, under Ghazy Khan, Atchy, and Dowlut Chuk, with their tribes.

These dissensions continued for some time, till at the end of two months after the accession of Nazook he was deposed a second time, and his brother Ibrahim was raised to the throne in his stead.