THE FIFTH CLIMATE. | |||||
Ushbúnah, Spanish Peninsula | 36 | 45 | 42 | 40 | Also called Lashbunah. Yáḳúṭ <Greek> of Ptol. Lisbon. The deg. of Lat. in the text for this and the next name are inaccurate. |
Shantarin Do. | 18 | 10 | 42 | 45 | Ancient Scalabis, now Santarem. After the fall of the empire, it received the name of St. Irene, from St. Iria, who there suffered martyrdom. Reinaud. The text has incorrectly Santerín. |
Centre of the Isle of Cadiz ” | 21 | 2 | 48 | 50 | |
Madínah i Walíd ” | 21 | 52 | 29 | 20 | Valladolid. |
Mursyah ” | 28 | . | 43 | . | Murcia. |
Madínah i Sálem ” | 29 | 10 | 39 | 20 | Medina Celi. |
Dánya, Spain | 31 | 30 | 41 | 30 | Denia, anciently Dianium or Artemisium from a temple of Diana that stood on a lofty promentory of the E. coast of Hispania Tarraconensis. |
Tuṭelah, East Do. | 30 | 30 | 43 | 55 | Tudela. |
Saraḳústah ” ” | 31 | 30 | 42 | 30 | Read <Arabic> and the deg of Lat. <Arabic> for <Arabic> Saragossa, Cæsar Augusta. |
Ṭurṭúshah ” ” | 31 | 30 | 40 | . | Tortosa, Colonia Julia Augusta Dertosa. |
Jazírah i Mayurḳah, Mediterranean | 34 | 10 | 39 | 40 | Majorca, see p. 77, a different location given. |
Haikal, known as Haikal i Zuhrah (Temple of Venus) N. Spain | 34 | . | 43 | . | Port vendres, Templum Veneris. |
Barshalonah, country of the Franks | 34 | 30 | 42 | . | For Lat. read <Arabic> for <Arabic>, Barcelona, ancient Barcino, traditionally founded by Hercules and rebuilt by Hamilcar Barcus who gave it the name of his family, G. D. Smith. |
Arbúnah, Spain or beyond it | 36 | 15 | 43 | . | Not Urbunah as in the text, Narbo Martins, the Roman colony was founded in B. C. 118, D. E. The Arab geographers are divided as to its position whether in Spain or beyond it. |
Ṭarraḳúnah, country of the Franks | 33 | . | 43 | 22 | Tarragona, Tarraco, a Phœnician colony, its name Tarchon said to mean a citadel, probably derived from its situation on a high rock above the sea, v. Geog. Dict. |
Jenua, in Frankish territory | 41 | . | 41 | 20 | Anciently Genua, the orthography Janua to support the tradition of its foundation by Janus has no authority. |
Rúmiyah, city of the Pope | 33 | . | 41 | 21 | |
Rabúsah ? | . | . | . | . | |
Madínah i Ṭabarḳah | 55 | 12 | 48 | 15 | On the Mauritanian coast, E. of Bona but this lat. does not harmonize with previous latitudes in Mauritania. Yáḳút gives but one town of Tabbarḳah and places it with accuracy near Beja and to the east of the town are the castles Benzert (Biserta.) |
Jazírah i <Arabic> | 58 | 50 | 42 | 15 | The word is not pointed in the original and no indication is given. |
Jazírah i, Sabályá ? | 55 | 15 | 48 | 15 | |
Mansályá | 45 | 30 | 45 | 1 | |
Middle of the Pontus Euxinus. | 35 | 15 | 46 | 5 | |
<Arabic> | 35 | ||||
36 | 45 | 48 | 32 | I have little doubt that for Asfaras should be read Bosporus and the waters of this channel are here intended. The origin of the Thracian Bosporus attracted attention from the earliest times and it was the received opinion that the union of the Euxine and the Mediterranean was effected by a violent disruption of the continent in the deluge of Deucalion, v. G. D. Smith. | |
. | . | . | . | . | The name in the text is without vowel points. |
<Arabic> | . | . | . | . | I do not hesitate in the emdendation Borysthenes (Dnieper) and the mouths of the river are here intended. There may be ingenuity, there is no profit in the discovery; the whole list of Abul Fazl is the work of a scribe, not of a geographer. |
Middle of Mánus ? | . | . | . | . | Marmaros? |
The extreme of the Yarḳáhi territory. ? | . | . | . | . | |
<Arabic> ? | . | . | . | . | The name is unpointed. Perhaps Istros. |
Mouths of the Tanais | . | . | . | . | The Don. |
<Arabic> ? | . | . | . | . | The second word is a corruption of Palus Mæotis, which occurs in Abulfedah in another similar form as Maniṭasch, II, II, 143. |
Aláya, in Rúm (Asia Minor) | 62 | . | 39 | 30 | The ancient Coracesium, the boundary between Pamphylia and Cilicia, v. Ibn Baṭúṭah, II, 255. |
Ammúríyyah Asia Minor | 64 | . | 43 | . | Read deg. of Lat <Arabic> for <Arabic>. The ancient Amorium. |
Akúryah, called also A´nḳarah, Do. | 64 | 40 | 41 | 45 | In Abulf. Ankúryah. Now Angora. |
Máḳedúnyah, prov. of Constantinople. | 60 | 55 | 41 | . | <Greek> |
Aḳshahr, Asia Minor | 65 | . | 41 | 40 | The white city, 3 days' march, N.-W. of Iconium. |
Ḳúnyah ” | 66 | 30 | 41 | 40 | Iconium. |
Ḳaisaríyyah ” | 60 | 15 | 40 | . | Cæsarea, originally Mazaca, afterwards Eusebeia, the residence of the kings of Cappadocia. The name was changed to Cæsarea by Tiberius. G. D. |
Aḳsarái ” | 67 | 45 | 40 | . | The white Palace, the ancient Archelais. |
Siwás ” | 71 | 30 | 40 | 10 | Sebasteia on the Halys; Pompey increased the town and gave it the name of Megalopolis; it was made the capital of Armenia Minor. |
Tarábazún | 78 | . | 43 | . | Trebizonde. Anciently Trapezus named probably from its situation on a table land above the sea. Its annals are of historical interest from the time of Xenophon's retreat to its fall under Mahomed II in 1460. |
Shimsháṭ | 73 | 15 | 40 | . | Samosata, the birth-place of Lucian. Its situation on the Euphrates gave it, great strategical importance and it was seized by Vespasian when Antiochus, king of Commagene, meditated an alliance with the Parthians to throw off the yoke of Rome. It contained the royal residence. |
Malázjird, Armenia | 75 | . | 39 | 30 | A small town near Arzun and N. of Bidlís. Abulf. |
Akhláṭ Do. | 75 | 50 | 39 | 20 | Now Aklat on Lake Van. |
Bábu'l Ḥadíd | 76 | . | 41 | . | Read Lat. <Arabic> Darband or the famous Iron Gates called the Gate of Gates, Bábu' 1 Abwáb. The long article of Yáḳút translated in the Dict. de la Perse, p. 71, is an epitome of eastern knowledge or legend of its origin. |
Arzanján | 73 | . | 39 | 50 | In Armenia, between Siwás and Erzeroum at 40 parasangs from either Abulf. |
Arzan 'ur Rúm, Armenia | 76 | . | 39 | 55 | Erzeroum. |
Bardạh, in Arrán | 83 | . | 40 | 30 | For Lon. <Arabic> read <Arabic> and the capital of Arrán at the extreme of A´zarbíjan nearly in ruins in Abulfeda's time. |
Shamkúr do. | 83 | . | 41 | 50 | Correct the Lon. and Lat. in the text, which are misscripts. Gladwin's MS. has the true reading; a fortress near Bardạh. |
Khankarah ? | 83 | . | 38 | 40 | |
Arzandrúm | 79 | . | 41 | 15 | Marked doubtful in the text, but it is evidently a replica of Arzan úr Rúm, by an ignorant copyist. |
Taflís, Garjistán | 83 | . | 43 | . | Tiflís, or Taflís (Yáḳút permits either vowel) capital of Georgia. The text omits two necessary points in the Lon. and Lat. |
Bailaḳán, Arrán | 83 | 30 | 39 | 50 | Situate in the defile of Khazarán, near Shirwán, six parasangs from Warthán. |
Bákúyah, Shirwán | 84 | 30 | 40 | 50 | Báku. |
Shamákhi do. | 84 | 30 | 40 | 50 | Now Shemákha in K. J. |
Rúmiya Kubra | 85 | . | 41 | 50 | This must be Madáin Kisra, which has already preceded in the 3rd Climate, but with a different location. The practical use of these tables is not very evident. Madáín, the ancient Ctesiphon had many names. Its name signifies ‘cities’ and was formed of the union of 7. Asfápúr, Weh Ardashír, Hombou Shahpúr, (Jundisabúr) Darzindán, Weh Jundíkhusrau (Arab Rúmiyah) and Nuniábad. Guyard, II, II, 76. |
Bábu'l Abwáb, Arrán | 89 | . | 43 | . | This is the same as the Babu' l Ḥadíd or Darband. The difference in Lon. is no doubt caused by the change in the 1st Lon. and probably an error in the units both in the Lon. and Lat. |
Jazírah i Síah Koh, in the Caspian | 89 | . | 43 | 30 | The Siáh Koh or Black mountain appears from the indications in Ibn Khaldún, (Proleg. I. 152, De Slane) to be the Cancasus. Abulf. places this island in the 6th Climate and this mountain in an island on the Caspian, and states that it is a range of mountains to the E. of the Caspian and circling round it to Darband. The eastern chain is called the Caucasus by Arrian. V. |
Hashtar Khán | . | . | . | . | Astrakhan, the orthography in Ibn Baṭúṭah is Hájj Tarkhán. <Arabic> Voyages II. 446. De Guignes, Haji Tarkhán, I. 296. |
Agharjah | . | . | . | . | Probably Georgia. |
Káth, Khwárizm | 95 | . | 41 | 36 | On the E. of the Oxus, a large town according to Yáḳút, most of the Khwarizm territory lying to the W. It is 20 parasangs from Kurkánj. Its meaning in the Khwarim tongue is a wall or enclosure in an open plain which is comprised within no other surrounding. |
Kurkánj Sughra Do. | 94 | . | 42 | 30 | So in the MSS. but changed to Gurganj by the editor. Yáḳút confirms the orthography of the text. There are two of the name, Kurkánj the Great, capital of Khwarizm (now Khiva) and Kurkanj, the Less at 10 miles distance. The Persian form is Gurganj, the Arabic Jurjáníyyah. In 1216 it was a flourishing and populous town, Abulf. |
Jurjáníyyah, Do. | 94 | . | 42 | 45 | See note above. The labours of Abul Fazl were confined to transcribing without investigation. |
Kurkanj, the Great, a capital of Khwarizm | 94 | 30 | 42 | 17 | The deg. of Lat. in the last 3 names should be read <Arabic> for <Arabic> and the min. in the last name <Arabic> for <Arabic>. Similar gross errors which give impossible figures are frequent. |
Házárasb Do. | 95 | 20 | 41 | 10 | A strong citadel on the W of the Oxus, 6 parasangs from Káth, Abulf. |
Lamakshar | 94 | 30 | 4 | . | A large village of which the famous commentator of the Korán Abu'l Ḳásim Maḥmud az Zamakshari was a native. |
Darghán, Transoxiana | 96 | . | 40 | 30 | Marks the frontier of Khwarizm towards Marw, 24 parasangs from Házárasb. |
Bukhárá, one of the chief cities of Transoxiana | 97 | 30 | 39 | 30 | |
Baikand, a dependency of Bukhárá now in ruins | 97 | 30 | 39 | . | |
Ṭáwawís, dependency of Bukhárá | 97 | 40 | 39 | . | Seven parasangs from Bukhárá. |
Jand, Turkistán | 97 | 45 | 43 | 30 | Placed by Abulf. in the 6th Climate. It is on the Jaxartes on the frontier of Turkistán, close to Yenghi-kent. |
Nakhshab, called Nasf | 98 | . | 39 | . | The former is the indigenous, the latter the Arab form of the name. A town in the plain, 2 marohes from the mountains towards Kash and a desert intervenes between it and the Oxus. |
Samarḳand, one of the cities of Transoxiana | 99 | 40 | . | Its position is defined in detail by Ibn Ḥauḳal. Ouseley, 260. | |
I´láḳ, Bukhárá | 99 | 10 | 43 | 20 | Ilák forms a district of Shásh, extending from Naubakht to Farghánah, according to Yáḳút, and the town of the name in the environs of Bukhára. Abulfeda makes it almost coextensive if not identical with Shásh and its chief town Tunkat. I believe the word to signify summer station, in opp. to Ḳishláḳ, winter station. |
Kash, or Shahr-Sabz, Badakhshán | 99 | 30 | 39 | 30 | Yákút places it near Nakhshab. Its situation is given by Ibn Ḥauḳal. It is well-known by its name of Sháhr i Sabz and lies directly S. of Samarḳand. |
Zámín, dependency of Usrúshnah | 92 | 40 | 40 | 30 | Pronounced also Zámij, on the Farghánah road to Soghd, a small locality in the environs of Samarḳand, Abulf. |
Isfíjáb, of Shásh | 92 | 50 | 43 | 35 | On the Turkestán frontier. |
Usrúshnah, a chief city of Transoxia | 100 | . | 41 | . | Beyond Samarḳand on the Jaxartes. Yáḳút mentions it as a town, which Istakhri denies, allowing it to be applied only to the territory. It is bounded on the E. by Farghánah, W. by Samarkḳand, N. by Shásh, Abulf. |
Sháwakath, of Shásh | 100 | 30 | 41 | 10 | No further notice in the geographers than the text affords. |
Usbáníkath, territory of Isfíjáb | 100 | 30 | 40 | . | At one march distance from Isfíjáb, 9 parasangs E. of Usrúshnah. |
Khojand, on the Jaxartes | 100 | 35 | 41 | 25 | 7 marches to Samarḳand and 4 to Shash, Abulf. |
Khawáḳand, of Farghánah | 100 | 50 | 62 | . | Or Kháḳand, vulgarly, Khokand. |
Tunkat, a capital of Táshkand | 101 | . | 43 | . | Correct Lon. of text from <Arabic> to <Arabic>, capital of I´lák, beyond the Jaxartes, Ibn Ḥauḳal says he has heard it pronounced also with the long a; Yáḳút writes Tankut. It is marked in K. J. |
Tirmiḍh, on the Oxus | 101 | 15 | 37 | 35 | The birth-place of the great Traditionist al Tirmiḍhi. |
Akhsíkat, capital of Farghánah | 101 | 20 | 62 | 25 | Situate on the bank of the Jaxartes. It is mentioned by Baber in his Memoirs, (p. 5) as the strongest town in Farghánah. |
Kásán, a town beyond Shásh | 101 | 35 | 62 | 15 | This district is described by Baber, Memoirs, p. 5. In consequence of its gardens being sheltered along the banks of the stream, it was called the mantle of five lambskins. |
Ḳubá, Farghánah | 101 | 50 | 42 | 50 | Correct Lon. and Lat. in text. A large town of Farghánah. It is the next largest to Akhsikat; the citadel in ruins, Abulf. |
Farghánah | 102 | . | 62 | 20 | Now Khokand. |
Rús | 102 | 20 | 43 | 20 | To what part of Russia this refers there is no indication. Abulf. has a town ‘Roussye’ (Reinaud), its capital but in the 7th Climate, Lon. 57° 32', Lat. 56°. |
Khotan | 107 | . | 40 | . | Extreme of Turkistán, celebrated for its musk, beyond Yuzkand and cis Kashghar. Abulf. |
Chách, or Shásh | 109 | . | 42 | 30 | |
Tibbet | 110 | . | 40 | . | |
Khájú, N. of China | 123 | 32 | 42 | . | Caiyon of Marco Polo. Kwatcheou. (Guyard). Abulf. places it 15 days' journey from Pekin, between Khata (N. China) and Kaoli, province contiguous to the Corea. |
Saukju do. | 107 | . | 40 | . | Sou-tcheou. |
Sakhas ? | 130 | . | 29 | 10 | |
Mahri, of Khatá | 140 | . | 30 | . | Khata is N. China. I do not trace the name in Abulf., but Khuta, according to Yáḳút, is a town near Darband. |
Nashawa or Naḳjowán, in Arrán. | 101 | 30 | 39 | . | Ancient Nuxuana, on the W. bank of the Araxes, already preceded in 4th Climate with a different location. |
Kushányah, in Soghd of Samarḳand. | 98 | 20 | 39 | 50 | The Kushán country is identified by M. St. Martin with Bactriana. Hist. du Bas Empire III, 386 (Reinaud). |
Yumán ? | . | . | . | . | Yunán? |
<Arabic> ? | . | . | . | . | City of brass! |
Raḳḳán? | . | . | . | . | |
Kabs ? | . | . | . | . | |
Abrúḳ | . | . | . | . | On this city Yáḳút says ‘It is a locality in the Bilád ur Rum, (Asia Minor), visited from distant parts by both Moslems and Christians. Abu Bakr al Harawi who saw it, says that it is situated at the foot of a mountain, the entrance to it being through the gate of a fort. A subterranean passage leads to a wide space in the side of a hill with an aperture to the sky. In the middle is a pool round which are houses or chambers for the peasantry, whose fields are without. A church and a masjid are hard by for the needs of both religions. In the Crypt are several dead men with marks of spear and sword wounds, the bodies dressed in cotton garments. In another spot four bodies are buried with their backs against the wall and with them a boy whose hand is on the head of a very tall man, the face of the latter is sallow, the palm of the hand open as if he were about to take the hand of another, and the head of the boy leaning on his breast. By his side is a man with his upper lip cut open, showing his teeth. They all wear turbans. The body of a woman suckling her child, is near. Five other bodies are standing with their backs against a wall, and apart on an eminence is a couch on which are 12 men and a boy, whose hands and feet are stained with hinna. The Greeks claim them as their own people but the Muḥammadans say that they were Muslims, slain in the wars of Omar b-ul Khaṭṭáb. Some pretend that their nails have grown long, and that their heads are shaven. This is not the case, but their skins have dried and shrivelled on their bones without other alteration.” I suppose this to be Prusa ad Olympium in Bythinia, the modern Brusa, but the history of this town affords no clue to the above narrative and Ibn Baṭúṭah, who describes it under the name of <Arabic>, II, p. 321 makes no mention of a curiosity which would scarcely have escaped his notice. |
Ufsús | . | . | . | . | Ephesus. |
Basṭah, dependency of Jaen in Spain | . | . | . | . | Baëza. |
Kubá ? | . | . | . | . | |
Saksín | . | . | . | . | The author of the Kitabu'l Aṭwál mentions a town called Saḳsín, Lon. 162°, 30', Lat, 40, 50'. The people meant were the Saxons or Goths who shared the possession of the Tauric regions with the Khozas. Reinaud refers to M. d'Ohsson's Hist. of the Mongols for Sacsín, v, II. I. 286. |
Khuttlán | . | . | . | . | Has preceded. |
Mikhláṭ ? | . | . | . | . | |
Rúm | . | . | . | . | |
Shámas | . | . | . | . | The island of Samos, has preceded. |
Sháyab ? | . | . | . | . | |
Sintarah, West | . | . | . | . | Thus in the MSS. but changed by the Editor to Santriyyah. The former signifies Cintra, of which the pronunciation on the middle age was Syntria, (Reinaud II. 244). There is also a Santriyyah to the W. of Fayyúm, which cannot here be meant. |
Ḳabrah, Spain | . | . | . | . | Cabra in Andalusia. |
Kasṭalúl | . | . | . | . | Castile, properly Kastilyún. |
Surḳah ? | . | . | . | . | |
Murghzá ? | . | . | . | . | |
Scoṭíslah | . | . | . | . | In Ibn Khaldún Skousya stands for Scotland, v. De Slane I. 105. |
Baṭalyús, Spain | 29 | . | 38 | 50 | Badajos, Pax Augusta. |
City of Wálid ? | . | . | . | . | A corruption of Madínah i Walíd (Valladolid) already preceded. |
Mursia | . | . | . | . | Murcia, preceded. |
Danya | . | . | . | . | Denia, preceded. |
Sálem | . | . | . | . | Medina Celi preceded. |
Sarakusṭah | . | . | . | . | Saragossa Do. |
Núḳáb ? | . | . | . | . | Túkát, Tokal? in Asia Minor. |
Músh, Armenia | 94 | 30 | 29 | 30 | Ancient Moxoene, two marches from Mayyafáriḳín and 3 from Khaláṭ, Abulf. |