THE FIFTH CLIMATE.
Ushbúnah, Spanish Penin­sula 36 45 42 40 Also called Lashbunah. Yáḳúṭ <Greek> of Ptol. Lisbon. The deg. of Lat. in the text for this and the next name are inaccurate.
Shantarin Do. 18 10 42 45 Ancient Scalabis, now Santarem. After the fall of the empire, it received the name of St. Irene, from St. Iria, who there suffered martyrdom. Reinaud. The text has incorrectly Santerín.
Centre of the Isle of Cadiz ” 21 2 48 50  
Madínah i Walíd ” 21 52 29 20 Valladolid.
Mursyah ” 28 . 43 . Murcia.
Madínah i Sálem ” 29 10 39 20 Medina Celi.
Dánya, Spain 31 30 41 30 Denia, anciently Dianium or Artemisium from a temple of Diana that stood on a lofty promentory of the E. coast of Hispania Tarraconensis.
Tuṭelah, East Do. 30 30 43 55 Tudela.
Saraḳústah ” ” 31 30 42 30 Read <Arabic> and the deg of Lat. <Arabic> for <Arabic> Saragossa, Cæsar Augusta.
Ṭurṭúshah ” ” 31 30 40 . Tortosa, Colonia Julia Augusta Dertosa.
Jazírah i Mayurḳah, Medi­terranean 34 10 39 40 Majorca, see p. 77, a different location given.
Haikal, known as Haikal i Zuhrah (Temple of Venus) N. Spain 34 . 43 . Port vendres, Templum Veneris.
Barshalonah, country of the Franks 34 30 42 . For Lat. read <Arabic> for <Arabic>, Barcelona, ancient Barcino, traditionally founded by Hercules and rebuilt by Hamil­car Barcus who gave it the name of his family, G. D. Smith.
Arbúnah, Spain or beyond it 36 15 43 . Not Urbunah as in the text, Narbo Martins, the Roman colony was founded in B. C. 118, D. E. The Arab geographers are divided as to its posi­tion whether in Spain or beyond it.
Ṭarraḳúnah, country of the Franks 33 . 43 22 Tarragona, Tarraco, a Phœnician colony, its name Tarchon said to mean a cita­del, probably derived from its situation on a high rock above the sea, v. Geog. Dict.
Jenua, in Frankish terri­tory 41 . 41 20 Anciently Genua, the orthography Janua to support the tradition of its foundation by Janus has no authority.
Rúmiyah, city of the Pope 33 . 41 21  
Rabúsah ? . . . .  
Madínah i Ṭabarḳah 55 12 48 15 On the Mauritanian coast, E. of Bona but this lat. does not harmonize with previous latitudes in Mauritania. Yáḳút gives but one town of Tabbarḳah and places it with accuracy near Beja and to the east of the town are the castles Benzert (Biserta.)
Jazírah i <Arabic> 58 50 42 15 The word is not pointed in the original and no indication is given.
Jazírah i, Sabályá ? 55 15 48 15  
Mansályá 45 30 45 1  
Middle of the Pontus Euxinus. 35 15 46 5  
<Arabic> 35        
36 45 48 32 I have little doubt that for Asfaras should be read Bosporus and the waters of this channel are here intended. The origin of the Thracian Bosporus attracted attention from the earliest times and it was the received opinion that the union of the Euxine and the Mediterranean was effected by a violent disruption of the continent in the deluge of Deucalion, v. G. D. Smith.
. . . . . The name in the text is without vowel points.
<Arabic> . . . . I do not hesitate in the emdendation Borysthenes (Dnieper) and the mouths of the river are here intended. There may be ingenuity, there is no profit in the discovery; the whole list of Abul Fazl is the work of a scribe, not of a geographer.
Middle of Mánus ? . . . . Marmaros?
The extreme of the Yar­ḳáhi territory. ? . . . .  
<Arabic> ? . . . . The name is unpointed. Perhaps Istros.
Mouths of the Tanais . . . . The Don.
<Arabic> ? . . . . The second word is a corruption of Palus Mæotis, which occurs in Abulfedah in another similar form as Maniṭasch, II, II, 143.
Aláya, in Rúm (Asia Minor) 62 . 39 30 The ancient Coracesium, the boundary between Pamphylia and Cilicia, v. Ibn Baṭúṭah, II, 255.
Ammúríyyah Asia Minor 64 . 43 . Read deg. of Lat <Arabic> for <Arabic>. The ancient Amorium.
Akúryah, called also A´nḳa­rah, Do. 64 40 41 45 In Abulf. Ankúryah. Now Angora.
Máḳedúnyah, prov. of Constantinople. 60 55 41 . <Greek>
Aḳshahr, Asia Minor 65 . 41 40 The white city, 3 days' march, N.-W. of Iconium.
Ḳúnyah ” 66 30 41 40 Iconium.
Ḳaisaríyyah ” 60 15 40 . Cæsarea, originally Mazaca, afterwards Eusebeia, the residence of the kings of Cappadocia. The name was changed to Cæsarea by Tiberius. G. D.
Aḳsarái ” 67 45 40 . The white Palace, the ancient Archelais.
Siwás ” 71 30 40 10 Sebasteia on the Halys; Pompey increased the town and gave it the name of Megalopolis; it was made the capital of Armenia Minor.
Tarábazún 78 . 43 . Trebizonde. Anciently Trapezus named probably from its situation on a table land above the sea. Its annals are of historical interest from the time of Xenophon's retreat to its fall under Mahomed II in 1460.
Shimsháṭ 73 15 40 . Samosata, the birth-place of Lucian. Its situation on the Euphrates gave it, great strategical importance and it was seized by Vespasian when Antiochus, king of Commagene, meditated an alliance with the Parthians to throw off the yoke of Rome. It contained the royal residence.
Malázjird, Armenia 75 . 39 30 A small town near Arzun and N. of Bidlís. Abulf.
Akhláṭ Do. 75 50 39 20 Now Aklat on Lake Van.
Bábu'l Ḥadíd 76 . 41 . Read Lat. <Arabic> Darband or the famous Iron Gates called the Gate of Gates, Bábu' 1 Abwáb. The long article of Yáḳút translated in the Dict. de la Perse, p. 71, is an epitome of eastern knowledge or legend of its origin.
Arzanján 73 . 39 50 In Armenia, between Siwás and Erze­roum at 40 parasangs from either Abulf.
Arzan 'ur Rúm, Armenia 76 . 39 55 Erzeroum.
Bardạh, in Arrán 83 . 40 30 For Lon. <Arabic> read <Arabic> and the capital of Arrán at the extreme of A´zarbíjan nearly in ruins in Abulfeda's time.
Shamkúr do. 83 . 41 50 Correct the Lon. and Lat. in the text, which are misscripts. Gladwin's MS. has the true reading; a fortress near Bardạh.
Khankarah ? 83 . 38 40  
Arzandrúm 79 . 41 15 Marked doubtful in the text, but it is evidently a replica of Arzan úr Rúm, by an ignorant copyist.
Taflís, Garjistán 83 . 43 . Tiflís, or Taflís (Yáḳút permits either vowel) capital of Georgia. The text omits two necessary points in the Lon. and Lat.
Bailaḳán, Arrán 83 30 39 50 Situate in the defile of Khazarán, near Shirwán, six parasangs from Warthán.
Bákúyah, Shirwán 84 30 40 50 Báku.
Shamákhi do. 84 30 40 50 Now Shemákha in K. J.
Rúmiya Kubra 85 . 41 50 This must be Madáin Kisra, which has already preceded in the 3rd Climate, but with a different location. The practical use of these tables is not very evident. Madáín, the ancient Ctesiphon had many names. Its name signifies ‘cities’ and was formed of the union of 7. Asfápúr, Weh Ardashír, Hom­bou Shahpúr, (Jundisabúr) Darzindán, Weh Jundíkhusrau (Arab Rúmiyah) and Nuniábad. Guyard, II, II, 76.
Bábu'l Abwáb, Arrán 89 . 43 . This is the same as the Babu' l Ḥadíd or Darband. The difference in Lon. is no doubt caused by the change in the 1st Lon. and probably an error in the units both in the Lon. and Lat.
Jazírah i Síah Koh, in the Caspian 89 . 43 30 The Siáh Koh or Black mountain appears from the indications in Ibn Khaldún, (Proleg. I. 152, De Slane) to be the Cancasus. Abulf. places this island in the 6th Climate and this mountain in an island on the Caspian, and states that it is a range of moun­tains to the E. of the Caspian and circling round it to Darband. The eastern chain is called the Caucasus by Arrian. V.
Hashtar Khán . . . . Astrakhan, the orthography in Ibn Baṭúṭah is Hájj Tarkhán. <Arabic> Voyages II. 446. De Guignes, Haji Tarkhán, I. 296.
Agharjah . . . . Probably Georgia.
Káth, Khwárizm 95 . 41 36 On the E. of the Oxus, a large town according to Yáḳút, most of the Khwarizm territory lying to the W. It is 20 parasangs from Kurkánj. Its meaning in the Khwarim tongue is a wall or enclosure in an open plain which is comprised within no other surrounding.
Kurkánj Sughra Do. 94 . 42 30 So in the MSS. but changed to Gurganj by the editor. Yáḳút confirms the orthography of the text. There are two of the name, Kurkánj the Great, capital of Khwarizm (now Khiva) and Kurkanj, the Less at 10 miles distance. The Per­sian form is Gurganj, the Arabic Jurjáníyyah. In 1216 it was a flourishing and populous town, Abulf.
Jurjáníyyah, Do. 94 . 42 45 See note above. The labours of Abul Fazl were confined to transcribing without investigation.
Kurkanj, the Great, a capital of Khwarizm 94 30 42 17 The deg. of Lat. in the last 3 names should be read <Arabic> for <Arabic> and the min. in the last name <Arabic> for <Arabic>. Simi­lar gross errors which give impossible figures are frequent.
Házárasb Do. 95 20 41 10 A strong citadel on the W of the Oxus, 6 parasangs from Káth, Abulf.
Lamakshar 94 30 4 . A large village of which the famous commentator of the Korán Abu'l Ḳásim Maḥmud az Zamakshari was a native.
Darghán, Transoxiana 96 . 40 30 Marks the frontier of Khwarizm towards Marw, 24 parasangs from Házárasb.
Bukhárá, one of the chief cities of Transoxiana 97 30 39 30  
Baikand, a dependency of Bukhárá now in ruins 97 30 39 .  
Ṭáwawís, dependency of Bukhárá 97 40 39 . Seven parasangs from Bukhárá.
Jand, Turkistán 97 45 43 30 Placed by Abulf. in the 6th Climate. It is on the Jaxartes on the frontier of Turkistán, close to Yenghi-kent.
Nakhshab, called Nasf 98 . 39 . The former is the indigenous, the latter the Arab form of the name. A town in the plain, 2 marohes from the moun­tains towards Kash and a desert intervenes between it and the Oxus.
Samarḳand, one of the cities of Transoxiana 99   40 . Its position is defined in detail by Ibn Ḥauḳal. Ouseley, 260.
I´láḳ, Bukhárá 99 10 43 20 Ilák forms a district of Shásh, extending from Naubakht to Farghánah, accord­ing to Yáḳút, and the town of the name in the environs of Bukhára. Abulfeda makes it almost coextensive if not identical with Shásh and its chief town Tunkat. I believe the word to signify summer station, in opp. to Ḳishláḳ, winter station.
Kash, or Shahr-Sabz, Badakhshán 99 30 39 30 Yákút places it near Nakhshab. Its situation is given by Ibn Ḥauḳal. It is well-known by its name of Sháhr i Sabz and lies directly S. of Samarḳand.
Zámín, dependency of Usrúshnah 92 40 40 30 Pronounced also Zámij, on the Far­ghánah road to Soghd, a small locality in the environs of Samarḳand, Abulf.
Isfíjáb, of Shásh 92 50 43 35 On the Turkestán frontier.
Usrúshnah, a chief city of Transoxia 100 . 41 . Beyond Samarḳand on the Jaxartes. Yáḳút mentions it as a town, which Istakhri denies, allowing it to be applied only to the territory. It is bounded on the E. by Farghánah, W. by Samarkḳand, N. by Shásh, Abulf.
Sháwakath, of Shásh 100 30 41 10 No further notice in the geographers than the text affords.
Usbáníkath, territory of Isfíjáb 100 30 40 . At one march distance from Isfíjáb, 9 parasangs E. of Usrúshnah.
Khojand, on the Jaxartes 100 35 41 25 7 marches to Samarḳand and 4 to Shash, Abulf.
Khawáḳand, of Farghánah 100 50 62 . Or Kháḳand, vulgarly, Khokand.
Tunkat, a capital of Tásh­kand 101 . 43 . Correct Lon. of text from <Arabic> to <Arabic>, capi­tal of I´lák, beyond the Jaxartes, Ibn Ḥauḳal says he has heard it pronounced also with the long a; Yáḳút writes Tankut. It is marked in K. J.
Tirmiḍh, on the Oxus 101 15 37 35 The birth-place of the great Traditionist al Tirmiḍhi.
Akhsíkat, capital of Far­ghánah 101 20 62 25 Situate on the bank of the Jaxartes. It is mentioned by Baber in his Memoirs, (p. 5) as the strongest town in Far­ghánah.
Kásán, a town beyond Shásh 101 35 62 15 This district is described by Baber, Memoirs, p. 5. In consequence of its gardens being sheltered along the banks of the stream, it was called the mantle of five lambskins.
Ḳubá, Farghánah 101 50 42 50 Correct Lon. and Lat. in text. A large town of Farghánah. It is the next largest to Akhsikat; the citadel in ruins, Abulf.
Farghánah 102 . 62 20 Now Khokand.
Rús 102 20 43 20 To what part of Russia this refers there is no indication. Abulf. has a town ‘Roussye’ (Reinaud), its capital but in the 7th Climate, Lon. 57° 32', Lat. 56°.
Khotan 107 . 40 . Extreme of Turkistán, celebrated for its musk, beyond Yuzkand and cis Kash­ghar. Abulf.
Chách, or Shásh 109 . 42 30  
Tibbet 110 . 40 .  
Khájú, N. of China 123 32 42 . Caiyon of Marco Polo. Kwatcheou. (Guyard). Abulf. places it 15 days' journey from Pekin, between Khata (N. China) and Kaoli, province con­tiguous to the Corea.
Saukju do. 107 . 40 . Sou-tcheou.
Sakhas ? 130 . 29 10  
Mahri, of Khatá 140 . 30 . Khata is N. China. I do not trace the name in Abulf., but Khuta, according to Yáḳút, is a town near Darband.
Nashawa or Naḳjowán, in Arrán. 101 30 39 . Ancient Nuxuana, on the W. bank of the Araxes, already preceded in 4th Climate with a different location.
Kushányah, in Soghd of Samarḳand. 98 20 39 50 The Kushán country is identified by M. St. Martin with Bactriana. Hist. du Bas Empire III, 386 (Reinaud).
Yumán ? . . . . Yunán?
<Arabic> ? . . . . City of brass!
Raḳḳán? . . . .  
Kabs ? . . . .  
Abrúḳ . . . . On this city Yáḳút says ‘It is a locality in the Bilád ur Rum, (Asia Minor), visited from distant parts by both Moslems and Christians. Abu Bakr al Harawi who saw it, says that it is situated at the foot of a mountain, the entrance to it being through the gate of a fort. A subterranean passage leads to a wide space in the side of a hill with an aperture to the sky. In the middle is a pool round which are houses or chambers for the peasantry, whose fields are without. A church and a masjid are hard by for the needs of both religions. In the Crypt are several dead men with marks of spear and sword wounds, the bodies dressed in cotton garments. In another spot four bodies are buried with their backs against the wall and with them a boy whose hand is on the head of a very tall man, the face of the latter is sallow, the palm of the hand open as if he were about to take the hand of another, and the head of the boy leaning on his breast. By his side is a man with his upper lip cut open, showing his teeth. They all wear turbans. The body of a woman suckling her child, is near. Five other bodies are standing with their backs against a wall, and apart on an eminence is a couch on which are 12 men and a boy, whose hands and feet are stained with hinna. The Greeks claim them as their own people but the Muḥammadans say that they were Muslims, slain in the wars of Omar b-ul Khaṭṭáb. Some pretend that their nails have grown long, and that their heads are shaven. This is not the case, but their skins have dried and shrivelled on their bones without other alteration.” I suppose this to be Prusa ad Olym­pium in Bythinia, the modern Brusa, but the history of this town affords no clue to the above narrative and Ibn Baṭúṭah, who describes it under the name of <Arabic>, II, p. 321 makes no mention of a curiosity which would scarcely have escaped his notice.
Ufsús . . . . Ephesus.
Basṭah, dependency of Jaen in Spain . . . . Baëza.
Kubá ? . . . .  
Saksín . . . . The author of the Kitabu'l Aṭwál men­tions a town called Saḳsín, Lon. 162°, 30', Lat, 40, 50'. The people meant were the Saxons or Goths who shared the possession of the Tauric regions with the Khozas. Reinaud refers to M. d'Ohsson's Hist. of the Mongols for Sacsín, v, II. I. 286.
Khuttlán . . . . Has preceded.
Mikhláṭ ? . . . .  
Rúm . . . .  
Shámas . . . . The island of Samos, has preceded.
Sháyab ? . . . .  
Sintarah, West . . . . Thus in the MSS. but changed by the Editor to Santriyyah. The former signifies Cintra, of which the pronun­ciation on the middle age was Syntria, (Reinaud II. 244). There is also a Santriyyah to the W. of Fayyúm, which cannot here be meant.
Ḳabrah, Spain . . . . Cabra in Andalusia.
Kasṭalúl . . . . Castile, properly Kastilyún.
Surḳah ? . . . .  
Murghzá ? . . . .  
Scoṭíslah . . . . In Ibn Khaldún Skousya stands for Scotland, v. De Slane I. 105.
Baṭalyús, Spain 29 . 38 50 Badajos, Pax Augusta.
City of Wálid ? . . . . A corruption of Madínah i Walíd (Val­ladolid) already preceded.
Mursia . . . . Murcia, preceded.
Danya . . . . Denia, preceded.
Sálem . . . . Medina Celi preceded.
Sarakusṭah . . . . Saragossa Do.
Núḳáb ? . . . . Túkát, Tokal? in Asia Minor.
Músh, Armenia 94 30 29 30 Ancient Moxoene, two marches from Mayyafáriḳín and 3 from Khaláṭ, Abulf.