THE FOURTH CLIMATE.
Ṭanjah, a dependency of Fez, on the Atlantic	18	.	35	.	Tangier.
Kạsr i Abdu'l Karím, Mauritania	18	30	37	40	A town 4 marches from Ceuta, N.-W. of Miknessa, built on the river Luccos. The chief town of the province was formerly Al Basra, but on its destruc­tion, the castle of Abdu'l Karím took the rank of the capital and was known as the castle of Ketáma. Abulf. Reinaud observes in a note that Abdu'l Karím is a branch of the Berber tribe of Ketáma and this castle was also sur­named Alḳaṣr al Kabír. This name is retained in K. Johnst. as applying to the modern town Lxor.
Ḳurṭubah, capital of Anda­lusia	18	30	35	.	Cordova.
Ishbilíyyah, Andalusia	18	50	36	50	Seville.
Sabtah, Mauritania	19	15	35	30	Ceuta, anciently Lepta. The deg. and min. of Lon. are inaccurate in the text and seem generally to have been entered without discrimination or care and impossible localities assigned.
Jazírat al Khaḍhrá, (the Green Isle) Andalusia	19	15	35	50	Algeciras. The epithet of the ‘isle’ was given to it, says Ibn Sayd, from an island in the vicinity. It is now joined to the continent. The epithet of “the island” is also given to Mesopotamia and the difference by which the rela­tive adjectives of these localities is distinguished is, that the former is Aljazári, the latter Aljaziri. Abulf. II. 347.
Márida, Spain	28	15	38	15	Merida, the ancient Augusta Emerita, built by Publius Carisius legate of Augustus in B. C. 23, who colonised it with the veterans of the 5th and 10th legions whose term of service had expired (emeriti) at the close of the Can­tabrian War. It became the capital of Lusitania and one of the greatest cities in Spain. Geog. Dict.
Ṭulaiṭulah Do.	10	40	35	30	Toledo, the ancient Toletum, (<Greek>, Ptol.) According to an old Spanish tradition it was founded in 540 B. C. by Jewish colonists who named it Toledoch, i. e., mother of people, Ibid.
Gharnáṭah ”	21	40	37	30	Granada.
Jayyán ”	21	40	38	50	Jaen.
Almaríyyah ”	24	40	35	50	Almeria.
Medínatu'l Farj ”	25	.	36	40	Now Guadalajara, Wáda'l Hajárah the river of stones, Amnis lapidum of Rodericus Toletanus. Gayangos. Mahom. Dyn in Spain, I. 319. The name in the text signifies the ‘city of the opening or gap’ which Reinaud supposes to convey the meaning of frontier city. This meaning of <Arabic> as equivalent to <Arabic> is borne out by Belazuri v. Gilde­meister. De Reb. Indicis, p. 37.
Málaḳah ”	26	.	37	30	Malaga, the ancient Malaca of which Avienus says.
					Malachæqueflumen, urbe cum cognomine, Menace priore quæ vocata est seculo. Oræ Mar. 426–7.
					In the second line he is in error as Mænaca is the modern Almuñecar, in Arabic Munaḳḳab.
Mánạh, var Maltah	.	.	.	.	Gladwin has here Malta, with the degrees of Lon. and Lat. which are absent from the text; perhaps a misscript for Minorca (<Arabic>).
Island of Yábisah, Medi­terranean	36	62	38	30	Iviza, anciently Ebusas.
Island of Mayurḳah, Medi­terranean	34	7	38	30	Majorca, ” Balearis Major.
Búnah, Africa	28	.	28	50	The modern Bona on the coast of Constan­tine prov. in the vicinity of the ancient Hippo Regius.
Island of Sardániyah, Africa, Mediterranean.	41	.	88	.
Capital of the Island of Sicily	45		38	10	Palermo.
Balraghdámis, Mediter­ranean	49	10	39	10	Barghademá is the nearest approach to the name in Abulf. but the Lat. is 57° and Reinaud considers the country between the Oder and Dnieper to be meant, but the text mentions it in the Mediterranean.
Island of Shámus, Medi­terranean	52	40	38	10	Samos.
” Iḳríṭish ”	55	.	36	40	Crete.
” Ḳubrus ”	62	15	34		Cyprus.
” Rúdis ”	61	40	36	.	Rhodes, mentioned elsewhere with a different deg. long. i. e., 44°.
” Hamaríyá ”	64	15	38	35	I suspect this to be Morea; in Abulf. Lamoreya but the location does not correspond as to Lat. and Lon.
” Saḳliyah ”	65	.	36	.	Sicily. Thus in the text but according to Yáḳút, the orthography is Siḳillíyyah.
Atheníyah, the city of philosophers, Greece	63	40	57	20
Jarún	66	30	30	35	An old castle in ruins opposite Constanti­nople. Reinaud gives its Lon. 50° and Lat. 45° and writes the name Aljeroun, suggesting a better reading, Aljedoun, by which Chalcedon would be implied, II. 39, Guyard doubts whether the Ara­bic article before Jarún is admissible (II. II. 142) and his objection is well founded.
Ṭarsús	68	40	35	50
Bayrút, Asia Minor	69	30	34	.
Ayás, Armenia	69	.	36	40	In the Gulf of Iskanderún.
Aḍanah Do.	69	.	36	50
Maṣiṣah Do.	69	15	36	45	The ancient Mopsuestia.
Bars Birt Do.	69	23	37	.	One march N of Sís between little Armenia and Carmania. A strong citadel on a hill commanding the country.
Aṭrabolos, Syria	69	40	34	.	Tripoli.
Baghrás Do.	70	.	35	43	The ancient Pagræ near the Syrian gates on the Syrian side of the Pass. Through these gates the <Greek> of Arrian, Alexander passed and recrossed turning back to meet Darius at Issus. Arr. I. VI. VIII.
Báb Siḳandarúnah ”	70	.	36	10	Alexandretta or Iskanderún.
Ládhakíyyah ”	70	40	35	15	Latákia.
Ḥimṣ ”	70	15	34	20	Hems.
Shughr Bakás ”	71	.	35	30	Two strong fortresses within a bow shot of each other, half way between Anti­och and Fámyah. The former name occurs in K. J. supposed to have been Seleucia ad Belum.
Suwáidíyyah ”	71		36	.	The ancient Seleucia.
Malíṭiyyah ”	71	.	37	.	Properly Malaṭyah, according to Yáḳút and is in Asia Minor not Syria proper.
Shaizar	71	10	34	50	A corruption of <Greek> (<Greek>) or Cæsarea Phillipi. In his remarks on Hámáth, Shaizar is said by Abulf. to be remarkable for the number of its norias.
Anṭákiah, on the Roman frontier	71	26	35	40	Antioch.
Sarmín, dependency of Aleppo	71	50	35	50	One march south of Aleppo between it and Maạrrah.
Ḳinnasrín	72	.	35	30
Ḥalab, one of the chief cities of Syria	72	10	35	8	Aleppo.
Sumaisáṭ, Syria	72	15	37	30	Anciently Samosata.
Hiṣn Manṣúr Do.	72	25	37	.	Near Sumaisát, named from Manṣúr-b.-Jạunah-b. al Hárith al Aámiri to whom was intrusted its construction under Marwán, the Ass.
Sarúj ”	72	40	36	3	In Mesopotamia, now in ruins, in the environs of Ḥarrán: it is marked in K. J.
Mambij	72	50	36	30	Hierapolis, a name given by Seleucus Nicator in substitution of Bambyce (<Greek>) as it was called by the natives, being the chief seat of the worship of the Syrian goddess Astarte. It is the Mabog of Plimy. See its hist. in Smith's Geog. Dict.
Raḳḳah, Diyár Muḍar	73	.	36	.	After the great inundation of Arim, famous in Arabian history, which is assigned to a period shortly after the death of Alexander the Great, eight tribes were forced to abandon their homes, from some of which arose the kingdoms of Ghassán and Híra. About this time also occurred the migration of colonies led by into Mesopotamia by Bakr, Muḍhar and Rabíạh, the eponymous chiefs of the three provinces still named after them, Diyár Bakr, Diyár Muḍhar and Diyár Rabíạh. See Sale. Prel. Dis. 7.
Ḥarrán ”	73	.	37	40	Anciently Carrhæ, the Haran or Charran of Genesis; xi. 31. xxiv. 10. v. Geog. Dict.
Ḳáliḳalá, Armenia	73	45	38	.	In the text 8. for 38. Lat. and Lon. 5' for 45'. In Diyár Bakr; Guyard (II. II. 54) says that it also bears the name of Arzan, not to be confounded with Arzan u'r Rúm or Erzeroum.
Márdín, Diyár Rabíạh	74	.	37	50
Mayyá Fáriḳín Diyár Bakr	74	15	38	.	The capital of Diyár Bakr. Here is the tomb of Saifu'ddoulah-b.-Ḥamdán.
Hattákh ”	74	30	37	45	Close to Mayyá Fáriḳín. Yáḳút.
Ḳarḳísiyá ” Muḍhar	74	40	36	.	The ancient Circesium, situated on the Euphrates and Khábúr, near Raḳḳah. Marked in K. J.
Jazírah, Ibn Omar, Meso­patamia	75	30	37	30	Marked in K. J.
Naṣíbín, Diyár Rabíạh	75	20	37	40	The capital of Diyar Rabíạh. Its roses have the peculiarity of being white, no red roses are found there. Ibn Baṭnṭah quotes Abu Nawás in praise of it and is himself of his opinion. Another poet finds the place sickly and quotes the pallor of its roses in proof. Vol. II. 141, Travels.
Makisín, Mesopotamia	75	32	35	.	On the Khábúr, 7 parasangs from Ḳar­ḳísiyah and 22 to Sinjar. Abulf.
Sinjár, Diyar Rabíạh	76	.	36	.
Maạrrat u'n Nụamán, Syria	71	44	35	.	The name is from Nuạmán-b.-Bashír a companion of Muḥammad, who died while his father was Governor of Emesa and was here buried. It had been previously named Dhát u'l Ḳuṣúr, “possessing palaces,” and it is also said that Nuạmán is the name of a mountain overlooking it. Ibn Baṭuṭah, I. 144.
Irbil, a large city with a strong fortress, a depen­dency of Mausil	69	30	30	8	Arbila, now Erbil, Yáḳút gives the Lon. 69°, 30' Lat. 35° 30', describes it as a large city with a strong fortress two days' march from Mausil of which it is a dependency. This name must be pro­nounced Irbil and not Arbil which he says is not admissible.
Aánah, Mesopotamia	76	30	34	.
Madínah i Balad, Diyár Rabiạh	76	40	37	30	A small town on the W. of the Tigris, 6 parasangs from Mausil, Abulf. It is commonly written Balad, simply.
Mausil, Mesopotamia	76	.	36	50	Mosal in the maps.
Arjísh, Armenia	76	.	38	30	A fortress situated on the N. of the Lake of Van identified with the ancient Arsene.
Ḥadíthah, on the Euphrates	77	20	38	35	There are two of the name. (New Town) one in Mesopotamia below Aánah and another of Mauṣil. The former is here meant. (It is marked in K. J.) The latter follows.
A´mid, Diyár Bakr	77	20	36	12	The present town of Diyár Bakr.
Ḥadíthah, on the Tigris	77	20	86	15
Naushahr, Ịráḳ	71	30	36	35	This is a Persian name, synonymous with Hadíthah. (Villenenve) but I do not trace it in Abulf. or Yáḳút.
Tikrít, Mesopotamia	71	25	34	30
Sámarrâ, Ịráḳ	79	.	84	.	Originally Surraman ráa, viz., “rejoiceth him that seeth it,” built by the Caliph Al Muạtasim-b'illáhi in 218. A. H., (A. D. 833) see my Hist. of the Caliphs for its origin, 330.
Salmás, A´zarbíján	72	.	37	40	Situated on the extreme W. of A´zarbí­ján at 7 parasangs from Khowayy. Abulf.
Khowayy, A´zarbíján	79	42	37	40	12 parasangs N.-W. of Marand; 21 miles from Salmás.
Urmíyyah Do.	29	45	37		Or Urmíyah, on the borders of the lake of the same name.
Irbil, capital of Shahra­zúr	78	.	39	20	The district or hill country called by the geographers Jabal, is part of Persian Ịráḳ, and according to Ibn Ḥaukal is its distinguishing feature. The inhabi­tants are all Kurds. Shahrazúz accord­ing to Yáḳút is a large town in the mountains between Irbil and Hamadán, the chief of a cluster of towns and villages comprised under the same name. (See also Ibn Khaldún, De Slane I. 145.) This is certainly the same town as the Irbil mentioned a little above, viz., Arbela, which has been inadvertently entered twice. I account for the difference in Lon. between the two by Abul Fazl's confusing the first meridians, taking the Fortunate Isles in one instance and the W. coast of Africa in the other. Abulf. gives Lon. 69°, 50' Lat. 36°, 20' which is approxi­mately that of Abul Fazl's first men­tioned Irbil.
Marand, A´zarbíján	80	43	37	50	N. E. of Tabríz, the ancient Maranda.
Shahrazúr, one of the towns of the Jabal	80	20	35	30	The town was named after Zúr-b.-Zohák who founded it. Yáḳút.
Ardabíl, A´zarbíján	80	30	38	.	Yáḳút visited it in A. H. 617 (A. D. 1220) and remarks the extraordinary fact, that notwithstanding its good air and many streams, not a fruit tree was to be seen in or near it in the plain on which it stands. Fruit has to be brought from a day's journey the other side of the hills and no fruit tree will thrive there. According to the Ḳánún the Lon. is 73° 50', and the Aṭwál 72° 30', and both make the Lat. 38°.
Auján, A´zarbíján	81	30	37	20	A small town of little importance, and little noticed by Abulf. In the Dict. de la Perse it is said to have received from Ghazán Khán the name of the city of Islám.
Nakhchuwán, in Arrán	81	45	37	49	Yáḳút permits two spellings of this name <Arabic> and <Arabic>. Anciently Ṇaxuana on the N. bank of Araxes. In Armenian tradition it is connected with the first habitation of Noah and his landing from the ark. Geog. Dict.
Kaṣr-Shírín, A´zarbíján	81	50	36	40	Near Ḳirmísín, between Hamadán and Hulwán on in Baghdad road. It was named after the beautiful Shírín wife or mistress of Khusrau Parwíz. The legend of its building is told by Yáḳút who says that this monarch was famed for three incomparable treasures, his horse Shabdíz, his mistress Shírín and his minstrel Balahbaḍ.
Ṣaimarah, in the Jabal district	81	50	34	40	See under Shahrazúr for Jabal.
Marághah, A´zarbíján	82	.	37	20	The name of this town was originally Afráz Haroz. The army of Marwán, Governor of Armenia and A´zarbíján under Hishám the Umayyad Caliph here encamped in one of his expedi­tions. The stable litter of the cavalry and beasts of burden covered the plain and the animals constantly rolling themselves about in it (tamarrugh, <Arabic>), it received the name of the “village of Marághah” and subse­quently Marághah only, (Yáḳút.) Its chief fame is derived from its connec­tion with the famous astronomer Nasíru'ddín Ṭúsi to whom this town was assigned by Hulaku for his observations, and Abulfeda notices a hill outside the city where Naṣíru'ddín used to observe the stars.
Tabríz, A´zarbíján	82	.	37		Tauris, the seat of the royal residence of the Tartar dynasty of Hulagu till its transfer to Sulṭániyyah the new capi­tal founded by Khudábandah. Abulf. See its history in D Herbelot.
Ardabíl, A´zarbíján	82	25	37	20	A note to the text says that this name occurs twice in every MS. and that here Dabíl in Armenia is probably meant. Abulfeda gives the Lon. 72° 40', Lat. 38° (Kanún) and Lon. 70° 20', Lat. 37° 25' (Aṭwal) and calls it the capital of Interior Armenia.
Mayánah, A´zarbíján	82	30	37	.	Two days' march from Marághah, in K. J. Miana.
Kirmísín, or Kirmán Sháh in the Jabal dist.	83	.	34	30	Kermánsháh in K. J.
Dainawar Do.	83	.	35	.	In Yáḳút Dínawar, N.-W. of Hamadán, near Kirmísín. It is placed by the anthor of the Azízi at 40 parasangs from Mausil, 10 from the source of the Záb. and 40 from Marágháh.
Hamaḍán, Mah u'l Baṣrah	83	.	36	.	Hamaḍán (or dán) with its districts formed what was called the Máh of Baṣrah, as Dínawar and its dist. formed the Máh of Kúfah. The word Máh (<Arabic>) is derived from the same name as Media (Máda) according to Lagarde and Olshausen (Guyard II. II. p. 163, n.) and employed by geographers in the sense of province. In the Dict. de la Perse, (v. Máh Dinár) the word is the Persian ‘Moon’ given to many towns and countries on account of its influence on their fertility, a deriva­tien given by Yáḳút under Máh Dinár and evidently fictitious. Zamakshari has a simpler explanation. The people of Baṣrah, he says, call a town ‘Máh’ and they employ Mah u'l Baṣrah, Máh u'l Kúfah, as they would use Ḳaṣa­batu'l Baṣrah, &c. The grammatical niceties of inflection connected with this construction are too long to tran­scribe (v. (<Arabic>). Hamadán with Naháwand and Ḳumm form the Máh u'l Baṣrah.
Zanján, Jabal. dist.	83	.	36	30	The most northern of the Jabal villages, on the borders of A´zarbíján.
Múḳán, borders of Arrán	83	.	38	.	Two marches distant from Derbend according to Ibn Ḥauḳal, but Abulfeda states that the town exists no longer and the name is applied to a tract of country bordering the Caspian, visited as winter quarters by Tartar hordes.
Sohraward, Jabal dist.	83	20	36	.	Near Zanján, a little town inhabited by Kurds, Abulf.
Nuháwand, Máhu'l Baṣrah, Jabal. dist.	83	15	34	20	According to Yáḳút, Naháwand or Nihá­wand. Its situation is well known, its idle derivation from Noah (Núh Awánd) may be read in the extract from Yáḳút in the Dict. de la Perse.
Bímánshahr, of Hamadán	84	30	37	30	A mere village. Abulf.
Burújird, Do.	84	30	36	20	18 parasangs from Hamadán on the Jabal dist., produces saffron. Abulf.
Abhar, Jabal. dist.	84	30	36	55	The text has incorrectly Ubhar. Yáḳúṭ correctly places it between Ḳazwín and Zanján and Hamadán, the latter forming the apex of the triangle of which the base is Ḳazwín and Zanján, almost equally bisected by Abhar. It is said to be called Auhar by the Per­sians and a fanciful derivation given of Ab. water and ‘har’ a millstone, which latter signification I do not any where find. v. Dict. de la Perse.
Kautam, Gílán	84	40	37	20	At one day's march from the sea, said to have been a considerable town, but it is not marked in the map.
Karaj, Jabal. dist.	74	45	34	.	The text has erroneously <Arabic> for <Arabic> in the Lon. It is a town half way between Hamadán and Iṣfahán—called also Karaj-i-Abi Dulaf, having been founded by this general of the Caliph al Mamún. Abulf. Yáḳút.
Sáwah, Do.	85	.	36	15	Situate W. of Rayy, and S. of Tálaḳán, and 12 parasangs from Ḳumm.
Ḳazwín, Do.	85	.	36	30
Sultáníyyah, Do.	85	.	36	30	In A´zarbíján. Its ruins are marked on K. J. It is immediately south of Zanján, a town founded by Khuda­bandah son of Arghún, 12th of the Ilkhán dynasty D'Herbelot. art. Al Giaptu and Ibn Baṭúṭah. II. 114 Abulf. places it in the 5th Climate.
A´bah or A´wah, Jabal. dist.	85	10	34	40	In K. J. Avah, at the foot of the Kara­ghan Mts. 27 parasangs north-east of Hamadán.
Ḳumm Do.	84	40	34	45	Kúm in K. J. directly S. of Teherán. The inhabitants are all Shíạhs and Yáḳút amusingly describes the attempt of a Sunni Governor to find any one named Abu Bakr in the whole town. A wretched tatterdemalion was at length produced after a long search as the only specimen the climate could grow of that name.
Jarbádḳán Do.	85	35	34	.	Between Karaj and Hamadán. There is another of the name between Astará­bád and Jurján.
Káshán Do.	86	12	36	.	A smaller town than Ḳumm and in its vicinity Its houses mostly constructed of mud and their inhabitants Shíạhs. Abulf.
Naṭanz Do.	86	30	38	13	A small town 20 parasangs from Isfa­hán. Abulf.
Dumbáwand Do	86	20	35	35	Demavend in K. J. It marks the frontier of Rayy.
Rayy Do.	86	20	35	53	The ancient Rhágæ.
Kálár, in Dailam	8	50	36	35	With Kalár is coupled in the text <Arabic> a corrupt name, perhaps, a misscript for Salous from which it is only a march distant. Kálár is a town S. E. of Lahaján, which is S. E. of Resht.
Khuwár, Jabal dist.	87	10	35	40	A dependency of Rayy between that town and Simnán.
Ṭálaḳán	85	45	36	30	Between Ḳazwín and Abhar, not to be confounded with the Ṭálaḳán of Khurásán.
Hausam, Gílán	85	10	37	10	In the Jabal district beyond Ṭabaristán and Dailam is all the information in Yáḳút.
Dailamán (Iṣfahán)	.	.	.	.	Yáḳút describes it as one of the villages of Iṣfahán in the Jurján territory.
Dasht (Do.)	.	.	.	.	A village of the Iṣfahán district—also a small town in the mountains between Irbil and Tabríz populated by Kurds. Yàḳút.
Lahaján, Gilán	.	.	.	.	Aṭwál, Lon. 74° Lat. 36°, 15'.
Wímah, town of Dumbá­wand.	.	.	.	.	Do. ” 77°, 20' ” 36°, 10'. Ḳánún, Lon. 76°, 35' Lat. 36°, 20'. A small town between Rayy and Ṭabaristán. Abulf.
A´mul, Ṭabaristán	.	.		.	Aṭwál, Lon. 77° 20' Lat. 36°, 35'. Capital of Ṭabaristán.
Dámaghán, Kúmis	.	.	.	.	Aṭwál, 78° 55' Lat. 36°, 20'. The largest of the towns in Ḳúmis territory according to Ibn Ḥauḳal called by Yáḳút.
Simnán, Capital of Ḳúmis	.	.	.	.	Aṭwál, Lon. 78°. Lat. 36°. Ḳánún Lon. 79°. Lat. 36°.
Biyár, Mázandarán	.	.	.	.	A picturesque town between Baihaḳ and Bisṭám, two days' march from the latter. Dict de la Perse.
Sári, Do.	88	.	37	.	Also written and more commonly Sári­yah, its derivation from <Arabic> “Travelling by night” according to Yáḳút but the reason is not evident. It lies 3 parasangs from the sea and 18 from A´mul.
Bisṭám, Ḳúmis	89	30	36	10	According to Guyard, properly Basṭám and vulgarly Bisṭám; but Yáḳút gives only the latter orthography. He adds that its apples known as Bisṭámi are beautiful and ruddy and are sent to Ịráḳ. It is celebrated also for two character­istics and fatal to two disorders which have little in common except blindness, namely, love and opthalmia. A lover is said to have been unknown and a draught of its waters is sufficient to still the ardour of any unsuspecting visitor. But romance is not a necessity of existence and the continuity of the population is not affected. Taken fast­ing, for a <Greek>, the bitterness of the water is likewise salutary, and effectual when used medicinally against hemorrhoids. The town deserves to be recommended as an excel­lent Spa.
Astarábad, Mázandarán	89	35	36	50
Jurján, Capital of its province.	90	.	36	50	Its ruins alone are marked in K. J.
Furáwah, Khurásán	90	.	39	.	On the frontier of Khwárizm; it is called Ribát Furáwah, a fort constructed by Abdu'llah b. Ṭáhir in the Caliphate of Mamún. Abulf.
Sabzawár	91	30	36	15	The chief town of the canton of Baihaḳ a position previously held by the town of Khusraujird.
Isfaráin or Mihrján, Khurásán	91	40	36	55	In the environs of Naisábúr half way to Jurján. The name of Mihrján is said to have been given to it by Khusran Kubád, father of Nushirwán, on account of the beauty of its climate and the freshness of its air. (Abulf.) Abu'l Ḳásim al Baihaḳi according to Yáḳút, says that the ancient form of the name was Isbaráin, from isbar, a buckler, and Aín custom, on account of the tradi­tional usage of this weapon of defence from the time of Isfandiyár.
Abaskún, Mázandarán	89	55	37	10	The text has Abisgún, I follow the safer direction of Yáḳút; situated on the borders of the Caspian; 24 para­sangs from Jurján.
Mazínán, frontier of Khurásán	90	35	36	.	On the extreme frontier of Khurásán bordering on Ịráḳ.
Turshíz	90	15	35	.	The text has turned the Lon. into a series of 3 figures and marked the town as unknown. A reference to Yáḳút would have shown that Turshísh or Ṭur­aithíth, celebrated for its savants and devotees, is a town and district depen­dent on Naisábúr. The Persian orthography of the name is correctly repre­sented in the text, (v. Dict. de la Perse. 390. n.) In the Zínat-u'l Majális, it is said that in one of its boroughs called Kashmír, is a cypress celebrated for its beauty and height and said to have been planted by Gushtasp the sage, and alluded to by Firdausi in his Sháh Námah, (Mohl. t. IV, p. 364). It was uprooted by the order, it is said, of the Abbaside Mutawakkil, who was cer­tainly capable of the barbarity.
Naishábúr, one of the chief cities of Khurásán	92	30	36	20	One figure too many in the Lon. Yáḳút writes Naisábúr-vulg. Nasháúr.
Ṭús, Khurásán	92	30	34	20
Mashhad, it adjoins Núḳán	92	33	34	29	Known as Meshed. It stands on the ruins of Nauḳan and takes its name from the Mausoleum (Mashhad) of Ali, son of Músa ar Ridha, and is too well-known for description.
Tún	92	30	34	30	Town of Kohistán near Ḳáin. Dict. de la Perse.
Núḳán, not the Nauḳán of Mashhad	92	.	38	.	The Lon. of both this and the preceding are misprinted in the text, this must be the Nuḳán in the environs of Naisá­búr.
Ḳáin, Khurásán	93	20	37	30	The capital of Ḳohistan. Kayn in K. J.
Zúzan, Ḳohistán	93	30	35	20	Between Herát and Naisabur.
Buzján, Khurásán	94	.	36	.	A small town 4 marches from Naisá­búr.
Marw, Sháhjahán, Do.	94	20	37	40	I refer the reader to the Dict. de la Perse for the lengthy extract from Yáḳút of this celebrated town, destined perhaps to become more celebrated under another Tartar invasion more permanent than those that preceded it. Its fevers, dysenteries, guinea­worm and its horseflies detract from its convenience as a residence. Yáḳút had it not been for the devastations of the Tartar, would willingly have spent his days there.
Herát, Khurásán	94	20	34	30
Sarakhs Do.	94	30	37	8	In the text read 8, for 3, min. of Lat.
Báḍaghís Do.	94	30	34	20	Yáḳút writes it with <Arabic> which I follow; a dependency of Herát, the chief town or towns of the canton being Bamíín and Baun <Arabic> that adjoin each other.
Marw ár Rúḍ, known as Murgháb	94	.	36	30	The word <Arabic> signifies a white flint that gives fire, and rúd is a stream, (the Murgháb). The town is 4 days' march (Abulf. says five) from its more cele­brated namesake. The relative adjec­tive of this name is Marwarúdi, and that of the other is Marwazi, to dis­tinguish them.
Málín, of Herát	94	30	34	35	Name of a cluster of villages at 2 para­sangs from Herát, and called at Herát, Málán. Yáḳút.
Bushang	95	40	36	3	Bushanj in Yáḳút, a picturesque town, 10 parasangs from Herát, According to the Dict. de la Perse, the Persian name is Fushanj deriving its origin from the son of Afrásiáb.
Baghshúr, Khurásán	96	25	36	.	A small town between Herát and Marw ar Rúd. Yáḳút passed by this in A. H. 616 and it was then nearly in ruins. The name of Bagh is also given to this town and the relative adjective Baghawi formed from it, not quite according to grammatical rule. Yáḳút.
Ḳarínain, Marw Sháh­jahán	97	25	36	55	Situated on the Marw river, formerly called Barkadír, but changed to Ḳarí­nain, (dual of Ḳarín, the two neigh­bours) because it was joined to Marwar Rúd from which it is 4 marches dis­tant.
Dandánḳán Do.	97	30	37	.	A small locality two marches from Marw in the Sarakhs direction. Its cotton is said to be of excellent quality and it produces silk.
Sharmaḳán	104	.	36	41	By the Persians called Jarmaḳán, a small town in the Iṣfaráin dist. four marches from Naisabúr, in the Khurásán hills.
Tálaḳán, Khurásán	98	.	36	30	Not to be confounded with the Ṭálaḳán between Ḳazwín and Abhar in the Jabal Dist. This one is said by Yáḳút to lie between Balkh and Marw ar Rúd, at three days' march from the latter. It is not marked in the maps. Another Ṭálaḳán is in Badakshán near Ḳunduz below the spurs of the Hindu Kush.
Fáryáb	99	.	36	45	The text omits the tens in the min. of Lon. but similar errors are almost too numerous to notice. Fáryáb is a well-known town of Jarjan, 6 marches from Balkh, 3 from Shubrukán and 3 from Tálaḳán. Zahír Fáryábi was from this town.
Balkh, capital of Khurá­sán	101	40	36	41
Bámián, Zábulistán	102	.	34	35
Haláward	101	40	37	30	A town of Khuttal, a province of Khurásán in Transoxiana of which the chief towns are this and Láwakand. Khuttal is comprised between the Waksh and Badakhshán rivers.
Balásághún	101	30	37	40	This is placed by Abulf. in the 7th Cli­mate. A frontier town of Turkestán across the Jaxartes, near Káshgar, (Abulf.) in whose time it was in the hands of the Tartars. De Guignes, speaks of Maliksháh, son of Alp Ars­lán, in 1089, as taking Samarḳand and passing on to Ouzkend, compelling the king of Káshghar to read the Khuṭbah and mint the coin in his name and forcing tribute from the princes of Taraz, Balasgoun and Isfíjáb.
Siminján, Ṭukháristán	102	.	36	.	A small locality in Ṭukharistán wedged in in between Balkh and Baghlán in the defiles, inhabited by a branch of the Bani Tamím. It is 2 marches from Balkh to Khulm and 5 on to Anderabah by Siminján. Yáḳút.
Ḳubáḍián, territory of Balkh	102	.	37	45	A pleasant spot full of orchards, Abulf. the town and district are marked in the survey map, across the Oxus directly N. of Khulm.
Walwálij, in Ṭukháristán	102	20	36	.	The capital of Ṭukháristán according to Abulf. which was anciently the king­dom of the Ephthalites (Hayáṭilah) 4 parasangs from Ṭáikán.
Ṣaghányán, Transoxiana	102	40	38	50	Pronounced Jaghányán in Persian; the name of the town is extended to the country about it, larger than Tirmiḍ but not so rich or populous. Abulf.
Ṭaiḳán, Ṭukháristán	102	50	37	25	In the environs of Balkh. It is sepa­rated by a distance of 7 parasangs from Khuttal Abulf.
Anderáb, Khurásán	103	45	36	.	Between Ghaznah and Balkh, the road by which caravans enter Kábul. Adjacent is the moutain of Panjhir with its mines of silver.
Badakshán	104	40	37	20
Kábul	104	40	34	30
Banjhír, Kábulistán	104	40	34	30	Properly Panjhír, Yáḳút, see Vol. II, p. 399. n.
Lamghán ”	104	50	34	3
Karwez, Badakshán	105	20	36	.	The text has <Arabic> marking the word as corrupt and the place unknown. Gladwin writes Gardiz, but this Túmán is S. of Kábul and S. E. of Ghazni. I would propose Kunduz though I find no trace of this name in Yáḳút, Abulf., or Ibn Ḥauḳal. Richardson (Dict.) calls Kunduz, a city built by Jamshíd, Its striking similarity to the famous castle of Gangdíz, and the name Kang or Gang signifying Sogdiana, (Reinaud Abulf. I, ccxxiii) suggests inferences which are attractive to pursuers of verbal analogies but are oftener fal­lacious than otherwise. In the Burhán i Ḳáti, Kunduz is said to be a contrac­tion of Kuhan diz, i. e., the ancient citadel, and is a town in Túrán built by Feridún, now called Baikand. Yáḳút, under Baikand, makes no allusion to the former name.
Jirm, Badakshán	104	20	36	.
Kashmír	93	40	36	15	I read <Arabic> for <Arabic> of the text for deg. of Lon. and <Arabic> for min. of Lat. These alterations which the similarity of the letters and the constant inaccuracies of the text justify, will bring this town approximately to the location of Tar­shíz (p. 86) of which it is a neighbour. Yáḳút places it near Naisábúr.
Source of the Mihrán, (Indus)	125	.	36	.
Sarfatain	.	.	.	.	From this name to the end, the degrees of Lon. and Lat. do not occur in the principal MSS. Many of the names are repetitions of those preceding and very corrupt.
Jisr	.	.	.	.	A place near Ḥírah, the scene of a battle between the Persians and Arabs in A. H. 13, in which the latter were defeated. The word signifies a bridge, which was thrown across the Euphrates by which the Arabs advanced to the attack. Yáḳút.
Ḥarrán	.	.	.	.	Preceded.
Ḳarádah	.	.	.	.
Fárhán ?	.	.	.	.
Malán ?	.	.	.	.
Abrakhis ?	.	.	.	.
Audmiyyah ?	.	.	.	.
Ḳarmásín	.	.	.	.	Preceded as Ḳirmísin.
Dauráḳ	.	.	.	.	This is mentioned by Abulf. as a depen­dency of Khúzistán, 10 parasangs from Básyán and 18 from Arraján, in the 3rd Climate.
Diyár Bakr	.	.	.	.	Preceded.
Ḳarínain	.	.	.	.	Do.
Nínawá	.	.	.	.	Nineveh, the lat. of this place is the same as Mauṣil which it faces on the opposite bank of the Tigris, Lat. 36° 30', Lon. 67°. Abulf.
Palangán ?	.	.	.	.
Ḳaísar		.	.	.	Aṭwál, Lon. 60°, Lat. 40°. Ḳaisaríyyah in Asia Minor, capital of the Ottoman Sultans, concurrenṭly or alternately with Iconium. Abulf.
Bijáyah, Mauritania	.	.	.	.	Placed by Yáḳút on the sea-shore on the borders of Africa proper and the Maghrib or N. W. Africa, three days' journey from Milah. It is the modern Bougie.
Balansia	.	.	.	.	Valencia, Lon 20° Lat., 38° 6'. Abulf.
Sámus	.	.	.	.	Samos, preceded, as Shámus.
Ayás	.	.	.	.	Do.
Irḳah, Syrian coast	.	.	.	.	Erek, Lon. 60° 15', Lat. 34°, a small town defended by a citadel, 12 miles S. of Tripoli, a parasang from the sea, the most northern part of the Damas­cus territory.
Raḳbah ?	.		.	.
Ṣahyún, Ḳinnasrín	.	.	.	.	Lon. 60° 10', Lat. 35°, 10°, celebrated as one of the strongest fortresses of Syria, W. of Laodicea (Ládikiyeh) and one march from it (Abulf.) It is Sajun in K. J.
Ḥárim, of Aleppo	.	.	.	.	Lon. 60° 30', Lat. 35° 50', a small town 2 marches W. of Aleppo, and one from Antioch, Abulf. It is marked in K. J.
Fámyah, (Apamea)	.	.	.		Lon. 61°, 8', Lat. 35°, district of Shaizar, pronounced also with a prosthetic Alif. Another Fámyah, a town situate on the Famu's Ṣilḥ near Wásiṭ, Abulf.
Shaizar	.	.	.	.	Has preceded.
Ḥamát, Syria	.	.	.	.	On the Orontes between Emessa and Ḳinnasrín, Lon. 61° 55', Lat. 34°, 45' (Abulf.) Epiphaneia; the location or Plotemy is Lon. 69° 36', Lat, 30° 26'. It is supposed to be identical with Hamath (2, Sam. viii, 9, Kíngs, viii, 65, Is x, 9,) called also Hamath the Great. It was called Hamath in St. Jerome's day (see Smith Geog. Dict.) Abulf. says it is remarkable like Shaizar for the quantity of its norias; even among the Syrian cities.
Marạsh, a fortress of Syria	.	.	.	.	Aṭwál, Lon. 61°, Lat. 36° 30'. One of two fortresses, the other Hadath, on the Syrian frontier. They were both captured by Khálid, A. H. 15, Marạsh dismantled and its inhabitants driven out. Abulf. Aunals I. 227. De Sacy in his Chrest. Arab, says, that its ancient name was Germanicia corrupted by the Syrians into Baniki, I. 130.
Aintáb, dependency of Ḳinnasrín	.	.	.	.	Lon. 62° 30', Lat. 36°, 30. It is 3 marches N. of Aleppo, and at no great distance is the ruined fortress of Dolúk, which name frequently recurs in the history of the wars between Saladin and Núr­u'ddín. Doluk or Delouc as he writes it, De Sacy identifies with the ancient Doliche, (Chrest. Arab III. 109) but this name was applied (Doliche or Dolichiste, a long island) to the present Kakava S. of Lycia by Ptolemy, Pliny and Alexander in his Periplus of Lycia. There is no other Doliche men­tioned in the Geog. Dict.
Hiṣn Kaifa, island in the Euphrates	.	.	.	.	It is a town and fortress of considerable size, overlooking the Tigris between A´mid and the Jazírat-i Ibn Omar of Diyár Bakr. Yáḳút says the river there is crossed by a bridge, the largest he had ever seen of a single span, flanked by two smaller ones. A´mid is now Diyár Bakr. The location in the text is strangely in error. It is marked in K. J. as Hosn Kefa.
Siịrt, Diyár Rabíạh	.	.	.	.	Lon. 68°, Lat. 37°, 20', a town situate on a hill N. E. of the Tigris, one day's march and a half from Mayyáfáriḳín, and 4 from A´mid, to the S. of which Siịrt stands, Abulf.
Ḥiṣnu'ṭ Ṭáḳ, Sijistán	.	.	.	.	Lon. 80°, 30', Lat. 34°, 40, a fortress on a high mountain near an elbow formed by the Helmand in Sijistán. Abulf. Yáḳút does not mention it.
Mílínj? (Mayánij, Mayá­nah)	.	.	.	.	Has preceded, (p. 82.)
Karún ?	.	.	.	.
Gilán	.	.	.	.
Jawain	.	.	.	.	This district dependent on Naisábúr of which Azádhwár is the chief town. It is called by the Persians Kowán or Gowán, Abulf. II. II. 191.
Jájram, (between Naisá­búr and Jurján	.	.	.	.
Jám, in the Naisábúr ter­ritory,	.	.	.	.
Farjistan ?	.	.	.	.
Mạrú ?	.	.	.	.
Karaj i Abi Dulaf	.	.	.	.	Has preceded.
Nasá, Khurásán	.	.	.	.	Lon. 82°, 8', Lat. 38°, in Khurásán on the confines of the desert, 67 parasangs N. of Sarakhs. Yáḳút gives the ori­gin of its name from the abandonment of the town by the male population on the advance of the Muḥammadans. Seeing women, but only women, they exclaimed. “These are women (<Arabic>) let us go and fight elsewhere,” and the name Nisá or Nasa was thus commemorated. He places it at 2 days' journey from Sarakhs; 5 from Marw; 1 from Abivard and 6 or 7 from Naisá­búr.
Abíward, Khurásán	.	.	.	.	Abivard in K. J.
Shahristán, frontiers of Khurásán	.	.	.	.	This is another name for Iṣfahán, which followed the ancient name of Jayy. It fell into ruin and was replaced by Yahúdíyyah, a mile distant from Shah­ristán and two from Jayy. The name of Yahúdíyyah arose from the tradition that Nabuchadnezzar, after the destruc­tion of Jerusalem transported its inhabitants to Iṣfahán. Jayy-Iṣfahán fell into decay but the Jewish quarter prospered. This tradition according to Guyard is to be found in the Talmud, v. Abulf. II. II. 160. There is a long article in Yáḳút on this city.
Iskalkand, Ṭaḳháristán	.	.	.	.	Aṭwál. 92° 20', Lat. 36° 30'. A small town of Takharistán. The prosthetic alif is sometimes dropped and the word pronounced without it. Abulf.
Fárabr or Firabr, on the Oxus.	.	.	.	.	Aṭwál 87° 30', Lat. 38° 45'. On the Oxus towards Bokhára. Abulf. Accord­ing to Yaḳúṭ, it is a small town between the Oxus and Bokhara, and one parasang from the river; formerly called Ribáṭ Ṭáhir b. Ali.
Fármyáb?	.	.	.	.
Ṭamgháj	.	.	.	.	This is the name of Northern China. Abulf., II, III, 230 n. According to D'Herbelot, Tamgag or Tamgaz (his transliteration of names defied even the penetration of Gibbon) is the name of a race of Turks or Turko­mans, the same nation as the Gaz., who took prisoner Sulṭán Sanjar the Sel­júk.
Khuttlán, Transoxiana	.	.	.	.	The name of a group of places beyond Balkh, a district distinct from Waksh, but under one and the same government. Its capitals are Haláward and Láwa­kand, Abulf. II, II, 228. It has been previously mentioned.
Waksh, Do.	.	.	.	.	Aṭwál Lon. 90° 30', Lat. 38° 20', a town of the Sagháríyán dist. in Transoxiana.
Shumán, in Ṣaghányán	.	.	.	.	Abulf. Of this latter mention has been made.
<Arabic>	.	.	.	.