It is in the third climate. Its length from Palwal* to Lúdhianah on the banks of the Satlej is 165 kós. Its breadth from the Sarkár of Rewári to the Kumáon hills is 140 kós, and again from Hiṣár to Khizrábád is 130 kós. On the east lies* the capital, Agra: on the north-east it marches with Khairábád in the Súbah of Oudh: to the north are mountains: on the south the Súbahs of Agra and Ajmer: on the west is Ludhiánah. The chief rivers are the Ganges and the Jumna, and both these take their rise in this Súbah. There are besides numerous other streams, amongst them the Ghaghar. The mountains principally to the north. The climate is nearly temperate. Much of the land is subject to inundation and in some places there are three harvests. The fruits of Irán, Turán and Hindustán are here grown and abundant flowers of various kinds. Lofty buildings of stone and brick delight the eye and gladden the heart, and it is scarce equalled for the choice productions of every clime.

Delhi is one of the greatest cities of antiquity. It was first called Indrapat* and is situated in long.* 114° 38'., lat. 28° 15'. Although some consider it as in the second climate, making the southern mountainous system begin from this region they are certainly mistaken as the latitude shows. Sultáns Kuṭbu'ddín (1,206-10), and Shamṣu'ddín (Altmish, 1210-35) resided in the citadel of Rajah Pithúra (Prithwi). Sulṭan Ghíyásúddín Balban erected another fort, intending it as a (royal) cemetery. He also built a handsome edifice in which if any criminal took sanctuary, he was absolved from retribution. Muizz ú'd dín Kai Kubád (1286-9) founded another city on the banks of the Jumna called Kélúkhari. Amír Khusrau in his poem the “Ḳiránu's Sạdain*” eulogises this city and its palace. It is now the last resting-place of Humáyún where a new and splendid monument has been erected. Sulṭan Alá u'd din (1295–1316) founded another city and fort called Síri. Tughlakábád is a memorial of Tughlaḳ Sháh (1321–24). His son Muḥammad (1324–51) founded another city and raised a lofty pile with a thousand columns of marble and constructed other noble edifices. Sulṭán Firóz (1351–88) gave his own name to a large town* which he founded and by a cutting from the Jumna brought its waters to flow by. He likewise built another palace at a distance of 3 kós from Fíṛózábád, named Jahánnumá (the world-view). Three subter­ranean passages were made wide enough to admit of his passing along in mounted procession with the ladies of his harem; that towards the river, 5 jaribs in length; the second towards the Jahánnumá, 2 kós, and the third to old Delhi, 3 kós. Humáyún restored the citadel of Indrapat and named it Dínpanáh (asylum of the faith). Shér Khán destroyed the Delhi of Alá u'd dín and built a separate town. Although the monuments of these cities are themselves eloquent and teach us the highest moral lessons, yet even is this latest Delhi now for the most part in ruins. The cemeteries are, however, populous. Khwájah Kuṭb u'd dín U´shi lies here, and Shaikh Nizám u'd din Aulía, and Shaikh Naṣír u'd din Maḥmúd, the Lamp of Delhi, and Malik Yár-i-Pírán, and Shaikh Ṣaláḥ, and Malik Kabír-i-Aulia, and Maulaná Muḥammad, and Háji Abdu'l Wahháb and Shaikh Abdu'llah Ḳuraishi, and Shaikh Shams Tark-i-Biyábáni, and Shaikh Shamsi-Autád and Amír Khusrau* with many other servants of God instructed in Divine knowledge who in this spot repose in their last sleep. Here too lie Sulṭán Shaháb u'd dín Ghóri, and Sulṭán Shams u'd dín, and Náṣir u'd dín Gházi, and Ghiyás ú'd dín, and Alá u'd díṇ and Kuṭb u'd dín, and Tughluḳ, and Muḥammad Aádil, and Firoz and Bahlól, and Sikandar Lodi. Many now living, likewise, have laid out pleasant spots and groves for their final resting-place—to the introspective a source of blissful ecstasy, to the wise an incentive to watchfulness.

In the hill of Islámábád is a very deep spring called Prabhás* Kanḍ from which warm water continually bubbles up, and which is a great place of worship.

Biswamitra Rikhesar* made a deep excavation of three bíghas of this hill and devoted it to purposes of worship, and to this day it testifies to the antiquity of this construction.

Badáon is conspicuous amongst ancient cities and a great many holy religious are there buried.

A part of the northern mountains of this Súbah is called Kumáon. Here are mines of gold, silver, lead, iron, copper, orpiment and borax. Here also are found the musk-deer and the Kutás cow,* as well as silk­worms, hawks, falcons and game of various kinds, and honey in abundance and the species of horse called Gut. (Gúnt.)

There is game in plenty in the Sarkár of Sambal (Sambhal), where the rhinoceros is found.* It is an animal like a small elephant, without a trunk, and having a horn on its snout with which it attacks animals. From its skin, shields are made and from the horn, finger-guards for bow-strings string and the like. In the city of Sambal is a temple called Hari Manḍal* (the temple of Vishnu) belonging to a Bráhman, from among whose descendants the tenth avatár will appear in this spot. Hánsi is an ancient city, the resting-place of Jamál the successor of Shaikh Faríd-i-Shakar­ganj.*

Near the town of Sahnah is a hot spring on the summit of a hill, the peculiarity of which is undoubtedly due to a sulphur mine.

Hiṣár (Hissár) was founded by Sulṭan Firóz who brought the waters of the Jumna to it by means of a cutting. A holy devotee predicted his accession to the throne and at his request the canal was made. Strange to say, it enters a pool named Bhadrá near the town of Sirsá, and there loses itself. Wonderful stories are related regarding it. There are few rivers in this district, and wells have to be dug a considerable depth.

Sahrind* (Sirhind) is a city of note. Here are the gardens of Háfiz Rakhnah, the delight of all beholders.

Thanésar is accounted one of the most sacred places of pilgrimage. The Saraswati flows near it for which the Hindus have great venera­tion. Near it is a lake called Kurukshetra,* which pilgrims from distant parts come to visit and where they bathe, and bestow charitable offerings. This was the scene of the war of the Mahábhárat which took place in the latter end of the Dwápar Yug.

In the city of Hastínapúr reigned Rájá Bharata who by his justice and consideration for his people gathered a fitting reward of happiness, and his virtues and good deeds confirmed for a long period the succession in his family, and fortune favoured son after son. The eighth in lineal descent from him was Rájá Kur from whom Kuru-Kshetra received its appellation. After six intermediate progenitors, an heir was born named Vichitravirya,* who had two sons, one of whom was Dhritaráshtra. He was the father of 101 children, the eldest of whom was Rájá Duryodhana, and they are called the Kauravas. The other was Pandu. Although the first men­tioned was the elder son yet on account of his blindness, the succession fell to his brother who obtained the sovereignty. His sons are called the Pándavas. There were five, namely, Yudishtira, Bhímsena, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva. On Pandu's death the kingdom reverted to Dhritarashtra, but although the nominal sovereignty was his, the real power was possessed by Duryodhana. Since to crush their enemies is the way of the princes of the earth, Duryodhana was ever in fear of the Pandavas and sought their destruction. When Dhritaráshtra observed the growing feud, he resolved to establish his nephews in the city of Váranávatra, and sent skilled artisans with instructions to build their residences. The workmen at the instiga­tion of Duryodhana constructed a secret chamber of lac and pitch, in order that at a fitting opportunity the Pandavas might be destroyed in a flaming conflagration. But whom the Lord defends by his protection, what avails against him the striving of the impotent? When the Pandavas accepting their exile, settled in this spot, they became aware of the design. By chance a woman with five sons dwelt hard by. The Pandavas set the house on fire and set out for the wilds with their mother, while their neighbours were consumed in the flames.