9. Sandalwood is called in Hind. Chandan. The tree grows in China. During the present reign, it has been successfully planted in India. There are three kinds, the white, the yellow, the red. Some take the red to be more refreshing than the white; others prefer the white. The latter is certainly more cooling than the red, and the red more so than the yellow. The best is that which is yellow and oily; it goes by the name of Maqáçarí. Sandalwood is pounded and rubbed over the skin; but it is also used in other ways.

10. Siláras (storax) is called in Arabic Mí'ah. It is the gum of a tree that grows in Turkey. The kind which is clear, is called Míah i sáilah (liquid); the other kinds, Mí'ah i yábisah (dry). The best kind is that which spontaneously flows out of the trunk; it is yellowish.

11. Kalanbak (calembic) is the wood of a tree brought from Zírbád (?);* it is heavy and full of veins. Some believe it to be raw wood of aloes. When pounded, it looks grey. They use it for compound perfumes; and they also make rosaries of it.

12. The Malágír is a tree resembling the former, only that the wood is lighter and not veined. When pounded, it looks reddish white.

13. Lubán (frankincense) is the odorous gum of a tree which is found in Java. Some take it to be the same as Mí'ah i yábisah. When exposed to fire, it evaporates like camphor. The Lubán which the Persians call Kundur i daryáí (mastix), is a resin brought from Yaman; but it is not odorous.

14. Azfár uṭṭíb, or scented finger nails, are called in Hind. Nak'h, and in Persian Nákhun i bóyá. It is the house of an animal, consisting, like a shell, of two parts. They have a good smell, as the animal feeds on sumbuls, and are found in the large rivers of Hindustan, Baçrah, and Bahrain, the latter being considered the best. They are also found in the Red Sea, and many prefer them to the other kinds. They warm them in butter; others expose them afterwards to the fire, pound them, and mix them with other perfumes.

15. Sugandh gúgalá (bdellium) is a plant very common in Hindustan; it is used in perfumes.

As I have said something on perfumes, I shall make a few remarks on several beautiful flowers.

1. The Séwtí resembles the Gul i Surkh, but is smaller. It has in the middle golden stamens, and from four to six petals. Habitat, Gujrát and the Dek'han.

2. Of the Chambélí there are two kinds. The Rái Chambélí has from five to six petals, outside red. The Chambélí proper is smaller, and has on the top a red stripe. Its stem is one and a half or two yards high, and hangs over the ground. It has many long and broad branches. It flowers from the first year.

3. The Rái bél resembles the jasmin. There are various kinds; some are simple, double, &c. A quintuple is very common, so that each petal might be separated as a distinct flower. Its stem grows a yard high. The leaves of the tree resemble those of the orange tree; but they are some­what smaller and softer.

4. The Mungrá resembles the Rái bél. It is larger, but inferior in smell. It has more than a hundred petals; the plant grows to a large tree.

5. The Champah flower has a conical shape, of the size of a finger,* and consists of ten petals and more, lying in folds one above the other. It has several stamens. The tree looks graceful, and resembles in leaf and trunk the nut tree. It flowers after seven years.

6. The Kétkí has the form of spindle, of the size of a quarter of a yard, with twelve or more petals. Its smell is delicate and fragrant. It bears flowers in six or seven years.

7. The Kéwrah resembles the preceding, but is more than twice as big. The petals have thorns. As they grow on different places, they are not all equal. In the midst of the flower, there is a small branch with honey-coloured threads, not without smell. The flower smells even after it is withered. Hence people put it into clothes, when the smell remains for a long time. The stem of the tree is above four yards high; the leaves are like those of the maize, only longer, and triangular, with three thorns in each corner. It flowers from the fourth year. Every year they put new earth round about the roots. The plant is chiefly found in the Dek'han, Gujrát, Málwah, and Bahár.

8. The Chaltah resembles a large tulip. It consists of eighteen petals, six green ones above; six others, some red, some green, some greyish yellow; and six white. In the midst of the flower, as in the flower called Haméshah Bahár, there are nearly two hundred little yellow leaves, with a red globule in the centre. The flower will remain quite fresh for five or six days after having been plucked. It smells like the violet. When withered, the flower is cooked and eaten. The tree resembles the pomegranate tree; and its leaves look like those of the orange tree. It blooms in seven years.

9. The Tasbíhgulál has a fine smell. The petals have the form of a dagger. The stem of the plant is two yards high. It flowers after four years. They make rosaries of the flowers, which keep fresh for a week.

10. The Bholsarí is smaller than the jasmin; its petals are indented. When dry the flower smells better. The tree resembles the walnut tree, and flowers in the tenth year.

11. The Singárhár is shaped like a clove, and has an orange-coloured stalk. The stamens look like poppy seeds. The tree resembles the pome­granate tree, and the leaves are like the leaves of a peach tree. It flowers in five years.

12. The Kúzah looks like a Gul i surkh; but the plant and the leaves are larger. It has five or a hundred petals, and golden coloured stamens in the middle. They make 'Abírmáyah and an extract from it.

13. The Pádal has five or six long petals. It gives water an agreeable flavour and smell. It is on this account that people preserve the flowers, mixed with clay, for such times when the flower is out of season. The leaves and the stem are like those of a nut tree. It flowers in the twelfth year.

14. The Júhí has small leaves. This creeper winds itself round about trees, and flowers in three years.

15. The Niwárí looks like a simple Rái bél, but has larger petals The flowers are often so numerous, as to conceal the leaves and branches of the plant. It flowers in the first year.

16. The Kapúr bél has five petals, and resembles the saffron flower. This flower was brought during the present reign from Europe.

17. The Za'farán (saffron).* In the beginning of the month of Urdíbihisht, the saffron seeds are put into the ground which has been carefully prepared and rendered soft. After this, the field is irrigated with rain water. The seed itself is a bulb resembling garlic. The flower appears in the middle of the month of A´bán; the plant is about a quarter of a yard long; but, according to the difference of the soil in which it stands, there are sometimes two-thirds of it above, and sometimes below the ground. The flower stands on the top of the stalk, and consists of six petals and six stamens. Three of the six petals have a fresh lilac colour, and stand round about the remaining three petals. The stamens are similarly placed, three of a yellow colour standing round about the other three, which are red. The latter yield the saffron. Yellow stamens are often cunningly intermixed. In former times saffron was collected by compulsory labour: they pressed men daily, and made them separate the saffron from the petals and the stamens, and gave them salt instead of wages, a man who cleaned two pals receiving two pals of salt. At the time of Ghází Khán,* the son of (Khájí) Chak, another custom became general: they gave the workmen eleven tarks of saffron flowers, of which one tark was given them as wages; and for the remaining ten they had to furnish two Akbarsháhí sérs of clean, dry saffron, i. e., for two Akbarsháhí mans* of saffron flowers they had to give two sérs of cleaned saffron. This custom, however, was abolished by his Majesty, on his third visit to Kashmír, to the great relief of the people.