The sixty-six Mançabs, detailed by Abulfazl in the following table appear to be the result of a minute classification rather than a repre­sentation of the Mançabs which actually existed at the time of Akbar. The table may represent Akbar's plan; but the list of grandees, as given by Abulfazl himself in the 30th A´ín of this Book, only mentions thirty-three —the three commands of the three Princes from 10000 to 7000; and thirty commands of the Mançabdárs, namely commands of 5000, 4500, 4000, 3500, 3000, 2500, 2000, 1500, 1250, 1000, 900?, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 350, 300?, 250, 200, 150, 120, 100, 80, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10. Of the last thirty commands, two are somewhat doubtful (the commands of 900 and 300), as not given in all MSS. of the A´ín, though the List of Grandees of Sháh Jahán's time (Pádisháhnámah, II. p. 717) mentions a command of 900. It does not specify a command of 300, because no Mançabs under 500 are enumerated in that list.

Abulfazl specifies below the names of all of Akbar's Commanders up to the Mançabdárs of 500; he then gives the names of the Com­manders of 500 to 200, who were living, when he made the list. Of the Commands below 200, he merely gives the numbers of those that were alive, viz.,

in all, 1388 Commanders from 150 to 10. The number of the higher Mançabdars from 5000 to 200 is 412, of which about 150 may have been dead, when Abulfazl made his list.

As Abulfazl's List (A´ín 30), according to the testimony of Nizám i Harawí is a complete list,* it is certain that of the 66 Mançabs of the following table, only 33 existed in reality. The first eighteen of these 33 are commands down to 500, which corresponds to the List of Sháh­jahán's grandees in the Pádisháhnámah, which likewise gives 18 com­mands to 500.

The commands as detailed in the Pádisháhnámah are:—Four com­mands of the princes (Dárá Shikoh, 20,000; Sháh Shujá, 15,000; Aurangzeb, 15,000; Murad Bakhsh, 12,000) and commands of 9000, 7000, 6000, 5000, 4000, 3000, 2500, 2000, 1500, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500.

From the fact that Abulfazl only gives names up to commanders of 200, and the Pádisháhnámah up to 500, we may conclude that, at Akbar's time, Mançabs under 200, and at Sháhjahán's time, Mançabs under 500, did not entitle the holder to the title of Amír. To judge from Nizám's Tabaqát and the Maásir i Rahímí, Mançabdárs from the Hazárí (Commander of 1000) were, at Akbar's time, styled umará-i-kibár, or umará-i-'izám, great Amírs; and I am not quite sure whether the title of Amír is not restricted to Mançabdárs from the Hazárís upwards. Nizám does restrict his phrases ba martabah i imárat rasíd, or dar jargah (or silk, or zumrah) i umará muntazim gasht, to commanders from Hazárís.

The title Amír ul Umará (the Amír of the Amírs, principal Amír), which from its meaning would seem to be applicable to one at the time, seems to have been held by several simultaneously. Nizám gives this title to Adham Khán, Khizr Khwájah Khán, Mír Muhammad Khán Atkah, Muzaffar Khán, Quṭbuddín Muhammad Khán, and to the three commanders-in-chief, Bairám Khán, Mun'im Khán, and Mírzá 'Abdurrahím, the three latter being styled Khán Khánán,* or Khán Khánán o Sipahsálár.

In the Pádisháhnamáh, however, the title of Amírul Umará is restricted to the first living grandee ('Alí Mardán Khán).

It is noticeable that Nizám only mentions commanders of 5000, 4000, 3000, 2500, 2000, 1500, and 1000—for lower Mançabs he does not specify names. Abulfazl gives three intermediate Mançabs of 4500, 3500, and 1250; but as he only gives five names for these three ranks, we may conclude that these Mançabs were unusual. This agrees also with the salaries of the commanders; for if we leave out the commands of 4500, 3500, and 1250, we have, according to A´ín 30, twelve steps from 5000 to 500, and the monthly salary of a commander of 500 (Rs. 2500) is the twelfth part of the salary of a commander of 5000 (Rs. 30,000). The Pádisháhnámah gives fourteen steps between the commanders of 7000 and 500, and fixes the salary of a Commander of 7000 at one kror of dáms per annum, or 250000 Rs., stating at the same time that the salaries decrease in proportion. The Persian Dictionary, entitled Ghiás ullughát, states that the salary of a commander of 5000 is 1 kror, or 250,000 Rs., and that the salary of a Pançadí, or commander of 500, is 20,000 Rs. per annum, the 12½th part of the former.

It would thus appear that the salaries of the Mançabdárs, as given by Abulfazl in the following table, are somewhat higher than those given in the Pádisháhnámah and the Ghiás, whatever may have been the source of the latter.

The salaries appear to be unusually high; but they would be considerably reduced, if each Mançabdár had to keep up the establish­ment of horses, elephants, camels, carts, &c., which Abulfazl specifies for each rank. Taking the preceding A´ín and the table in the note as a guide, the establishment of horses, &c., mentioned in the following table, would amount

The three classes which Abulfazl mentions for each Mançab differ very slightly, and cannot refer to p. 238, l. 7.

A commander of 5000 was not necessarily at the head of a contingent of 5000 men. In fact, the numbers rarely even approach the number expressed by the title of a Mançabdár. Thus Nizám says of Todar Mall and Quṭbuddín Muhammad Khán, as if it was something worth mentioning, that the former had 4000 cavalry, and the latter 5000 naukars, or servants, i. e., soldiers, though Todar Mall was a commander of 4000 (Nizám says 5000), and Quṭbuddín a commander of 5000. Of 'Abdul Majíd A´çaf Khán, a commander of 3000 (vide A´ín 30, No. 49), Nizám says, ‘he reached a point when he had 20,000.’ In the Pádisháhnámah, where more details are given regarding the number of men under each commander, we find that of the 115 Commanders of 500 under Sháhjahán only six had contingents of 500, whilst the last had only 50 troopers. This also explains the use of the word <Arabic> zát after the titles of Mançabdárs; as panj házárí i zát sihhazár suwár, “a Commander of 5000, personally (zát, or by rank), and in actual command of 3000 cavalry.” Sometimes we meet with another phrase, the meaning of which will be explained below, as Sháistah Khán panjhazárí, panj hazár suwár i duaspah sihaspah, “Sháistah Khán, a Commander of 5000, contingent 5000 cavalry, with two horses, with three horses.” A trooper is called duaspah, if he has two horses, and sihaspah, if three, in order to change horses during elghárs or forced marches. But keeping duaspah sihaspah troopers was a distinction, as in the Pádisháhnámah only the senior Mançabdárs of some ranks are so designated, viz., 8 (out of 20) Panjhazárís; 1 Chahárhazárí; 2 Sihhazárí; 2 Duhazárí; 2 Hazár o pançadí; 1 Hazárí; and 1 Haftçadí.