South from Narána at fifteen parasangs distance lies Mewar,* which has the lofty fortress of Chitor.* From the fortress to Dhár, the capital of Málwá, twenty. Újain is to the east of Dhár, at the distance of nine parasangs. From Újain to Mahábalastán,* which is in Málwá,* ten. From Dhár, going south, you come to Mahúmahra,* at the distance of twenty parasangs; thence to Kundakí,* twenty; thence to Namáwar on the banks of the Nerbadda,* ten; thence to Biswar,* twenty; thence to Matdakar,* on the banks of the Go-davery, sixty parasangs.

From Dhár southwards to the river Nerbadda,* nine; thence to Mahrat-des (the country of the Mahrattas), eighteen; thence to Konkan, of which the capital is Tána, on the sea shore, twenty-five parasangs.

[Here follows the description of the Rhinoceros and Sarabha, which agrees with the original Arabic of Al Bírúní, and need not be trans­lated in this place. The Rhinoceros is called Karkadan in the original, and appears to be the same as the <greek> of Ælian, Hist. An. XVI. 20, 21. The Sarabha is called Shardawát iu the Persian, and Sharaudát in the Arabic MS.]

Abú Ríhán states that from Narána, in a south-west direction, lies Anhalwára*, at a distance of sixty parasangs; thence to Somnát, on the sea, fifty. From Anhalwára, towards the south, to Lárdes,* of which the capitals are Bahrúj and Dhanjúr,* forty-two. These are on the shore of the sea, to the east of Tána.

West from Narána* is Múltán, at the distance of fifty parasangs; thence to Bhátí,* fifteen. South-east from Bhátí is Arúr,* at a dis­tance of fifteen parasangs. Bhátí is situated between two arms of the Indus. Thence to Bahmanú Mansúra, twenty; thence to Loha-rání, the embouchure of the river, thirty parasangs.

From Kanauj, going north, and turning a little to the west, you come to Sharasháraha,* fifty parasangs. Thence to Pinjor, eighteen parasangs. That place is on a lofty hill,* and opposite to it, in the plains, is the city Thánesar;* thence to Dahmála,* the capital of Jálandhar, and at the base of a mountain, eighteen; thence to Baláwarda, one hundred;* thence towards the west, to Lidda, thirteen; thence to the fort of Rájgirí, eight; thence, towards the north, to Kashmír, twenty-five parasangs.

From Kanauj, towards the west, to Dyamau, is ten parasangs; thence to Gati,* ten; thence to Ahár,* ten; thence to Mírat, ten; thence, across the Jumna, to Pánípat, ten; thence to Kaithal,* ten; thence to Sanám, ten.

In going north-west from the latter place to Arat-húr,* nine para­sangs; thence to Hajnír,* six; thence to Mandhúkúr,* the capital of Loháwar,* on the east of the river Íráwa, eight; thence to the river Chandráha (Chináb), twelve; thence to the Jailam, on the west of the Báyat,* eighteen; thence to Waihind, capital of Kandahár, west of the Sind, which the Moghals call Karájáng, twenty; thence to Parsháwar, fourteen; thence to Dambúr,* fifteen; thence to Kábul, twelve; thence to Ghaznin, seventeen.

Kashmír* is a valley surrounded by lofty inaccessible hills and broad deserts; on the east and south it is bordered by Hind; on the west by kings, of whom the nearest are Takúr Shah, then Shak-nan Sháh, and Wakhán* Sháh, extending to the frontiers of Badakh-shán; on the north, and partly on the east, by the Turks of Chín and Tibet.

From the mountain of Bhútesar to Kashmír, across the country of Tibet, is nearly 300 parasangs. The people of Kashmír do not ride on quadrupeds, but are carried on men's shoulders in a Katút, which resembles a throne. The servants of the Government are always on the alert, and watch the passes and strongholds of the country. They do not allow strangers to enter the country, except by ones and twos. This prohibition extends even to Jews and Hindús, how then can any one else gain admittance? The principal entrance is at Bíráhán,* half way between the Sind and Jailam. From that place to the bridge, at the confluence with the Jailam of the Kusárí and Mámharí,* which flow from the mountains of Shamílán,* is eight parasangs. Thence you arrive, at a distance of five days' journey, at a defile through which the Jailam runs.

At the end of the defile lies Dawáru-l Marsad, on both sides of the river. There the Jailam enters the plains, and turns towards Adashtán,* the capital of Kashmír, which it reaches at a distance of two days' journey. The city of Kashmír is four parasangs from Adashtán. It is built on both banks of the Jailam, on which there are many bridges and boats. The source of the Jailam is in the mountains of Harmakut,* near the source of the Ganges. This mountain is impassable on account of the exceeding cold, for the snow never melts, even when the sun is in Cancer or Leo. On the other side of it lies Máhá Chín, i.e., great Chín. After the Jailam has left the mountains, it reaches Adashtán in two days. Four parasangs from that, it expands into a lake, a parasang square, on the borders of which there is much cultivation, and a dense popula­tion. It then leaves the lake, and enters another defile near the city of Úshkárá.*

The Sind rises in the mountains of Ámak,* on the borders of the Turkish country. Passing by the mountains of Bilúr* and Shamílán, it reaches in two days' journey the country of the Bhútawárí* Turks, from whose encroachments and depredations the Kashmírians suffer great distress. Whoever travels along the left bank of the river will find villages and towns which are close to one another on the south of the capital and as far as the mountain Lárjal,* which re­sembles Damáwand, between which and Kashmír* there is a distance of two parasangs. It can always be seen from the boundaries of Kashmír and Loháwar. The fort of Rájgirí is to the south of it, and Lahúr, than which there is no stronger fort, is to the west. At a distance of three parasangs* is Rájáwarí, where merchants carry on much traffic, and it forms one of the boundaries of Hind on the north. On the hills to the west of it is the tribe of Afgháns, who extend to the land of Sind.

On the south of that tribe is the sea, on the shore of which the first city is Tíz, the capital of Makrán. The coast trends to the south-east, till it reaches Debal, at the distance of forty parasangs. Between these two cities lies the gulf of Túrán.

* * * * * * *

After traversing the gulf you come to the small and big mouths of the Indus; then to the Bawárij, who are pirates, and are so called because they commit their depredations in boats called Baira.* Their cities are Kach and Somnát. From Debal to Túlíshar* is fifty para­sangs; to Loharání, twelve; to Baka, twelve; to Kach, the country producing gum, and bárdrúd* (river Bhader), six; to Somnát, four­teen; to Kambáya, thirty; to Asáwal,* two days' journey; to Bahrúj, thirty; to Sindán, fifty: to Súfára, six; to Tána, five. There you enter the country of Lárán, where is Jaimúr,* then Malia,* then Kánjí, then Darúd,* where there is a great gulf, in which is Sin-kaldíp, or the island of Sarandíp. In its neighbourhood is Tanjáwar, which is in ruins, and the king of that conntry has built another city on the shore, called Padmár;* then to Úmalná,* ten; then to Rameshar, opposite to Sarandíp, from which it is distant by water twelve parasangs. From Tanjáwar to Rameshar is forty parasangs; from Rameshar to Set Bandháí, which means the bridge of the sea, is two parasangs—and that band, or embankment, was made by Rám, son of Dasrat, as a passage to the fort of Lank.* It consists of detached rock separated by the sea.

Twelve parasangs from that place, in an eastern direction, lies Kahkand, which is the mountain of monkeys.*

[Here follows an account of these monkeys, of some of the eastern islands, and of the rainy season.]