The Jumna falls into the Gangá below Kanauj, which city is situated on the west of the river. After uniting, they fall into the sea near Gangá Sáyar [Ságar.] There is a river which lies between the Sarsut and Ganges. It comes from the city of Turmuz* and the eastern hills; it has a south-westerly course, till it falls into the sea near Bahrúch,* about sixty yojanas to the east of Somnát. Afterwards the waters of the Gangá,* the Rahab, the Kúhí, and the Sarjú unite* near the city of Bári. The Hindús believe that the Gangá has its source in paradise, and, descending to the earth, is divided into seven streams, the centre one being denominated the Gangá. The three eastern streams are the Balan, the Ládafí, and Nalin.* The three western streams are the Sít, the Jakash, and Sind.* When the Sít leaves the snowy mountains it flows through the countries* of Silk, Karsíb, Hír, Barbar, Híra, Sakarkalt, Mankalakúr, and Sakrít, and falls into the western ocean. On the south of it is the river Jakash, which flows by the countries of Marw, Kálik, Dhúlak, Nijár,

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Barbarkáj, Bakrúbár, and Anjat, and waters the farms and fields of those places.*

The river of Sind crosses that country* in many places of its length and breadth, and bounds it in many others. Its well-known towns are Dard, Randanand, Kándahar, Rúras, Karúr, Siyúr, Indar, Marw, Siyát, Sind, Kand, Bahímrúr, Marmún, and Sakúrad.

The river Ganges passes over the central pillar of the moon to Barkandharat, Rásakín, Baládar,* Aurkán, and many other cities and towns; it then touches the defiles of Band, where there are many elephants, and passes on to the southern ocean.

Among the eastern streams is the Ládan which flows through seven kingdoms, whose inhabitants have lips like inverted ears. Thence it flows to three other countries, of which the people are exceedingly black, and have no colour or complexion. Then it runs through several other countries to Hast Áín, where it falls into the eastern sea.

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The river Máran* waters the land of Kit* and flows through deserts. It passes through several countries where the people wear the bark of trees and grass instead of clothes, and are friendly to the brahmans. Then it passes through the desert and flows into the sea of Ajáj.*

The river Bakan passes through Námrán,* and through several countries where the people have their habitations in the hills,—then it flows on to the Karans and the Barbarans,* i.e., people whose ears hang down to their shoulders. Next it touches the country of the Ashmuks,* whose faces are like the faces of animals. Then it falls into the sea.

The Lashan-barán is a river with a wide bed. It falls into the sea.

It has been mentioned in the beginning of this work that the country of Hind is divided into nine* parts. The Indians are of opinion that each part* is nine times larger than Írán. It is situated in three Iklíms (climes), the western portion is in the third clime, and the eastern in the first, but the chief portion of Hind is included in the second climate. Its central territory is called Madades, which means “the middle land.” The Persians call it Kanauj. It is called the Madades, because it lies between the seas and mountains, between the hot and cold countries, and between the two extremities of west and east. It was the capital of the great, haughty, and proud despots of India. Sind lies on the west of this territory. If any one wishes to come from Nímroz, i.e. the country of Sijistán, or Írán to this country, he will have to pass through Kábul. The city of Kanauj stands on the western bank of the Ganges.* It was formerly a most magnificent city, but in consequence of its being deserted by its ruler, it has now fallen into neglect and ruin, and Bárí, which is three days' journey from it on the eastern side of the Ganges is now the capital. Kanauj is as celebrated for the de­scendants of the Pándavas as Máhúra (Mattra) is on account of Básdeo (Krishna.) The river Jumna lies to the east of this city, and there is a distance of twenty-seven parasangs between the two rivers. The city of Thánesar is situated between the rivers, nearly seventy parasangs north of Kanauj, and fifty parasangs from Máhúra (Mattra). The Ganges issues from its source, called Gang-dwár, and waters many of the cities of India.

Those who have not personally ascertained the relative distances of the cities of Hind from each other, must be dependent on the information derived from travellers.

In stating these distances we will begin from Kanauj. In going towards the south, between the rivers Jumna and Ganges, you arrive at a place called Jájmau,* at a distance of twelve parasangs, each parasang being equal to four miles; eight parasangs from that is Karwa; from Karwa to Brahmashk, eight; thence to Ábhábúdi,* eight; thence to the tree* of Barágí (Prág,) twelve. This is at the confluence of the Jumna and Ganges. From the confluence to the embouchure of the Ganges, is twelve* parasangs. From the above-mentioned tree, in directing your course towards the south, a road leads along the bank of the river to Arak Tírat,* which is dis­tant twelve parasangs; to the country of Úríhár,* forty; to Urda-bishak, * on the borders of the sea, fifty; from thence, still on the shore of the sea, on the east, there is a kingdom which is at present near Chún, and the beginning (mabda') of that is Dar (or Dúr,)* forty. From thence to Kánjí,* thirty; to Malia, forty; to Kúnak,* thirty; which is the remotest point.

If you go from Bárí, on the banks of the Ganges, in an easterly direction, you come to Ajodh, at the distance of twenty-five para­sangs; thence to the great Benares,* about twenty. Then, turning, and taking a south-easterly course from that, you come, at the distance of thirty-five parasangs, to Sharúár;* thence to Pátaliputra,* twenty; thence to Mangírí, fifteen; thence to Champa,* thirty; thence to Dúkampúr, fifty; thence to the confluence of the Ganges with the sea at Gangá Ságar, thirty.

In going from Kanauj to the east you come to Málí Bárí,* at the distance of ten parasangs; thence to Dúkam, forty-five; thence to the kingdom of Silhet,* ten; thence to the city of Bhut,* twelve; thence for two hundred parasangs it is called Tilút, where the men are very black, and flat-nosed like the Turks. It extends to the mountains of Kámrú,* to the sea and to Nípál. Travellers in this direction report that going to the left hand towards the east, which is the country of Tibet, one arrives at Nípál at twenty parasangs distance, all on the ascent.*

From Nípál to Bhútesar* is thirty days' journey. which implies a distance of about eighty parasangs. There are many ascents and descents. There, on account of the steep and rugged roads, they carry burdens on the shoulders. Bridges are built in several places, and the rivers run in deep channels a hundred yards below the surface of the hills. They say that in those places there are stags with four eyes, and very beautiful.

Bhútesar is the first city on the borders of Tibet. There the language, costume, and appearance of the people are different. Thence to the top of the highest mountain, of which we spoke at the beginning, is a distance of twenty parasangs. From the top of it Tibet looks red and Hind black.

From Kanauj, in travelling south-east, on the western side of the Ganges, you come to Jajáhotí, at a distance of thirty parasangs, of which the capital is Kajuráha.* In that country are the two forts of Gwáliár and Kálinjar.* Thence to Dhál,* of which the capital is Bitúri to the kingdom of Kankyú* and Kankara is twenty para­sangs. Thence to Asúr; thence to Banawás* on the shore of the sea.

From Kanauj, in travelling south-west, you come to Ásí,* at the distance of eighteen parasangs; to Sahína,* seventeen; to Chandrá,* eighteen; to Rajauri,* fifteen; to Narána* the capital of Guzerát,* eighteen. When the capital of Guzerát was destroyed, the inhabitants removed to a town on the frontier.* The distance between Narána and Máhúra is the same as between Máhúra and Kanauj, that is twenty-eight parasangs.

In going from Máhúra to Újain, you pass through several neigh­bouring villages, at no greater distances from one another than five parasangs.* From Máhúra, at the distance of thirty-five parasangs, you come to a large town called Dúdhí; thence to Bás,húr,* seven; thence to Mahábalastán,* five. This is the name of the idol of that place. Thence to Újain* nine, the idol of which place is Mahákál. Thence to Dhár,* six parasangs.