SHĪR KHĀN IBN I ḤASAN SŪR

Whose name was Farīd and his title Shīr Khān, ascended the throne of empire under the above title, which he assumed. The 357. chronogram Kharābī-i-Mulk-i-Dillī* was invented* to record that year.

Inasmuch as he, by favourable circumstances and his own cleverness and bravery, rose from the rank of Bēg* to royal dignity, it is essential to give a brief account of his career. The father of Ḥasan Sūr, Ibrāhīm by name,* in the time of Sulān Buhlūl, came to Hindūstān from* Roh, by which is meant Afghānistān, entered the service of Sulān Buhlūl, and was stationed in the vicinity of Hissār Fīrūza and Nārnūl. After his death (his son) Ḥasan became a servant of Jamāl Khān, one of the Amīrs of Sulān Sikandar, and was granted the jāegīr of the pargana of Sahsarām and Khawāṣpūr, dependencies of the fortress of Eastern Rohtās.* He had five hundred cavalry under his command. In consequence of the unkindness of his father, and the jealous enmity of his brothers,* of whom there were seven, he left his home and giving up the service of Jamāl Khān spent some time in Jaunpūr in the acquisition of science, and in perfecting himself* in knowledge, until he had read the Kāfiyah* with its commentary and other epitomes, besides acquiring by heart the Gulistān, Būs­tān, Sikandarnāma and other works. He used to go the round of monasteries and colleges, associating with the learned doctors and Shaikhs of that country, and busied himself with the improvement of his character. After some time he was reconciled to his father, and was entrusted by him with the management of his jāegīrs. This he carried out with equity and impartiality, using clever devices* for the punishment of rebels, and kept them in check.* Later on circumstances again led to an estrangement between Farīd and his father, and going to Āgra with his own brother,* he elected to enter the service of Daulat Khān,* one of the chief commanders* of Sulān Ibrāhīm, and laid a complaint against his father and brothers* before the Sulān.* The Sulān however, was displeased 358. at this and said, This is a disgraceful and inhuman state of things that a father should be displeased with his son and that the son should complain against him.* Upon the death of Ḥasan, Daulat Khān made a representation to the Sulān, and obtained his desire in securing those parganas for Shīr Khān. There he remained for some time,* and eventually was led by the enmity of his brothers to enter the service of Bihār Khān, the son of Daryā Khān Luḥānī,* who had read the Khubah and issued the sikka in his own name in Bihār, and had assumed the title of Sulān Muḥammad. This was at the time when Sulān lbrāhīm had taken the field at Pānīpath, and Bābar Pādshah had conquered Hindūstān and planted* the banner of sovereignty. Here he was well received, and as one day, when on a hunting expedition, he killed a tiger in the presence of Sulān Muḥammad, the title of Shīr Khān was bestowed upon him by the Sulān, who also appointed him to be tutor* to his son Jalāl Khān. After some time Muḥammad Khān Sūr, governor of the country of Chaund, made an attempt to turn Sulān Muḥammad against Shīr Khān, with the object of advancing the interest of his brothers, and having suc­ceeded in getting an order from Sulān Muḥammad that the brothers were to have a share in the management of the parganas, sent Suleimān, son of Ḥasan Sūr who has been mentioned, accom­panied by one of his servants named Shādī to Khawāṣpūr, and Bhaka the servant of Shīr Khān who was known as the father of Khawāṣ Khān engaged in battle with Suleimān and was killed. The remainder fled, and came to Shīr Khān at Sahsarām. Shīr Khān had no longer the power to cope with Muḥammad Khān, nor the inclination to serve Sulān Muḥammad, he accordingly abandoned his position and jāegīr, and having no other resource betook himself to Sulān Junaid Birlās, who was holding the Government of Karra and Mānikpūr on behalf of Bābar Padshāh. 359. He remained in his service, and after presenting many valuable offerings, obtained a fully equipped army as reinforcement from Sulān Junaid, and fought with Muḥammad Khān, wrested from him the parganas of Chaund and other parganas, and took posses­sion of them. Muḥammad Khān fled, and took refuge in the fortress of Rohtās. Shīr Khān, having wreaked his vengeance on his brothers, made apologetic overtures to Muḥammad Khān, address­ing him by the title of uncle; having thus earned his gratitude he handed over* the parganas he held as jāegīr to him on the same footing as formerly, and leaving Niẓām his full brother in charge of the jāegīr, went again to Sulān Junaid, whom he found just starting to pay his respects to Bābar Padshāh. Taking Shīr Khān with him, Junaid enrolled him among the servants and well-wishers of the king's court. He accompanied Bābar on the ex­pedition to Chanderī. In accordance with Mughūl habits and customs, and owing to the carelessness of the king in his manage­ment of the affairs of State, and the venality of the revenue-officers, and the utter disorder into which the affairs of the people had fallen, matters came to such a pass that if any person* had an object in view, he could quickly bring it to pass.* One day Bābar on the occasion of a banquet, observed him behave in a way which deserved the royal censure,* and demanded the punishment of Shīr Khān. Those who were present at the banquet related the particulars of his independence and arrogant assumption, not omitting to mention some of his double-dealings. Shīr Khān accordingly became apprehensive of danger, and fled from the king's camp to his parganas, whence he wrote a letter couched in apologetic terms and sent it to Sulān Junaid, advancing as a pretext to cover his return,* that since Muḥammad Khān was led by feelings of hostility against him to induce Sulān Muḥammad to send* an army against Shīr Khān's parganas because of his being in service with the Mughūls, and as he could not easily and quickly* obtain leave of absence from Bābar, he had accordingly taken this liberty and had at all hazards determined to rejoin those who wished well to the Ṣulān. 360. Thence he proceeded to Sulān Muḥammad, where he was honoured by increased confidence and by suitable rewards, and was once more installed as custodian of his younger son Jalāl Khān, whose whole affairs he took under his own management. After the death of Sulān Muḥammad, he obtained absolute control of the whole country of Bihār and its dependencies.