This view seems to have commended itself to the Persians generally, for while in August, 1922, there were seventy Persian students in Germany, in the following December the number had increased to over 120.*

In Persia itself the Press, paralysed for a time after the Russian aggressions of 1912, has resumed its activities,

The post-War Press of Persia. especially since the conclusion of the War; but owing to the badness of the communications and the irregularity of the posts one has to be content with somewhat fragmentary information about it. No. 4 of the Káwa for 1921 (pp. 15-16) contained a brief list of Persian papers and magazines which had come into being since the beginning of A.H. 1334 (November, 1915). These, forty-seven in number, were arranged alphabetically, the place of publication, name of the editor, and date of inauguration, being recorded in each case. Ṭihrán heads the list with eighteen papers, next comes Shíráz with seven, Tabríz and Rasht with four each, and Iṣfahán, Mashhad, Kirmán, Kirmánsháh, Khúy, Bushire, Bákú, Herát, Kábul and Jalálábád (the last three in Afghánistán) with one or two each. More than half of these papers (twenty-five) first appeared in A.H. 1338 (began on Sept. 26, 1919). That the list is far from exhaustive is shown by the fact that of nine Persian magazines of which copies were sent me by their editors or by friends, only two, the 'Álam-i-Niswán (“Women's World”) and the Armaghán (“Gift”), appear in the above list. The latter is one of the best, containing many poems, including some by the late Adíbu'l-Mamálik, and accounts of the proceedings of the “Literary Society” (Anjuman-i-Adabí) of Ṭihrán. The others are the Bahár (“Spring”), very modern and European in tone, but in­cluding some interesting poems; the Furúgh-i-Tarbiyat (“Lustre of Education”); the Dánish (“Knowledge”), pub­lished at Mashhad; the Mimát u Ḥayát (“Death and Life”), entirely devoted to European inventions and material pro­gress; the Firdawsí, edited and written by diplomés of the American College at Ṭihrán; the Párs, written half in Persian and half in French, which first appeared at Con­stantinople on April 15, 1921; and the Ganjína-i-Ma'árif (“Treasury of Sciences”), of which the first number appeared at Tabríz on October 24, 1922. None of these approach the Írán-shahr, still less the Káwa, in excellence of matter or form. An exception should perhaps be made in favour of the Gul-i-Zard (“Yellow Rose”), which appeared in Ṭihrán about the end of August, 1920, and in which the editor, Mírzá Yaḥyá Khán, used to publish the poems he composed under the nom de guerre of Rayḥání.

The establishment in Berlin of the “Kaviani” Printing-press (Cháp-khána-i-Káwayání) owned and managed by The “Kavïani Press” in Berlin. Mírzá 'Abdu'sh-Shukúr and other Persians anxious to meet the growing demand for cheap, correct, and well-printed Persian books, marks another very important stage in the Persian literary revival; and at the present time there exists no other Press which can rival it in these respects. Besides modern plays and treatises on Music, Agriculture and the like, and tasteful editions of such well-known classics as the Gulistán of Sa'dí and the “Cat and Mouse” (Músh u Gurba) of 'Ubayd-i-Zákání, the managers have had the spirit and enterprise Its great services to scholarship. to print such rare works of the great writers of old as the Zádu'l-Musáfirín (“Travellers' Provision”) of Náṣir-i-Khusraw, a book of which only two manuscripts (those of Paris and King's College, Cambridge) are known to exist; and are now (November, 1923) printing the Wajh-i-Dín (“Way of Religion”) of which the unique manuscript has recently been discovered at Petrograd, though books of this sort, recondite in character, costly to print, and unlikely to command a large sale, must almost inevitably be published at a loss. In Mírzá Maḥ-múd Ghaní-Záda the Press possesses a most competent scholar, who carries on the high traditions of criticism and accuracy established by Mírzá Muḥammad Khán of Qazwín.