(Hamza) not represented at the beginning or end of a word; ’ in the middle of a word.
	b
	p
	t
	ṭ
	
	j
	ch
	ḥ
	kh
	d
	ḍ
	z
	r
	ṛ
	z
	zh
	s
	sh
	ṣ
	ẓ
	
	
	‘
	gh
	f
	q
	k
	g
	l
	m
	n
	(m before and )
	w
	(v in Hindu names)
	h
	(not represented at the end of a word except when radical)
	y

VOWELS — a. ā. (alif maḳṣūra) ā. i. ī; e in some Hindu names. iyy; ī at the end of a word. u. ū; o in some Hindu names. uww; ū at the end of a word.

DIPHTHONGS— au. aww. ai. ayy.

The ‘Izāfat’ is rendered by ‘-i-’.

The Persian copulative particle is transliterated by ‘u’.

The of the Arabic article is assimilated according to rule, the final vowel of the preceding word being preserved.