CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
THE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. Page v
THE LIFE OF THE AUTHOR xxxix
THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE xlvii
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ON THE HINDOOS liii
INTRODUCTION.
The Arabians proceed towards Persia. Progress through Kirman, Seestan, Kohistan, and Nyshapoor. Settlement in Khorassan, Murv, Badghees, and Joorjistan. Attempt by Karoon, a Persian chieftain, to recover Khorassan, defeated by Abdoolla Bin Jazim. Abdoolla Bin Zeead enters Transoxania. Is recalled, and succeeded by his brother Sulim Bin Zeead. Sulim is accompanied by Mohalib Bin Aby Sufra. Kabul revolts from the Moslems, who are expelled. Sulim recovers Kabul, and appoints one Abdoolla to the govern­ment. Abdoolla superseded, and retires among the Afghans of the Soolimany mountains. Becomes the father of Lody and Soor, from whom two Afghan tribes derive their name. The Afghans make war on the Hindoo Prince of Lahore. The Gukkurs form a treaty with the Afghans. The Raja of Lahore cedes territory to the Guk-kurs to defend his territory from the invasions of the Afghans. 1
CHAPTER I.
HISTORY OF THE KINGS OF LAHORE, BETTER KNOWN BY THE TITLE OF GHIZNIVIDES.
Genealogy of the Kings of Ghizny. 10a
AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN.
Nasir-ood-Deen Subooktugeen, ruler of Ghizny, a dependency of the kingdom of Bokhara, governed by the dynasty of Samany. Subook-tugeen makes war with Jeipal, Raja of the Punjab. Peace con­cluded. Jeipal imprisons the Moslem ambassadors. War renewed. Battle of Lumghan, in which the Hindoos are defeated and pursued to the Indus. Death of Abool Munsoor Sumany, King of Bokhara. His son Nooh ascends the throne. Fâïk, one of his generals, creates a revolt. Subooktugeen unites with the King of Bokhara to oppose him. Fâïk finds an ally in Boo-Ally-Hussun Bin Sunjur, ruler of Khorassan, and also in Fukhr-ood-Dowla, Delimy of Joorjan. Fâïk and his allies march against the King of Bokhara and Subook-tugeen, but the former are defeated. Mahmood, the son of Subook-tugeen is left at Nyshapoor. Fâïk and the allies attack Mahmood, who is only saved from defeat by the timely arrival of his father. Fâïk flies to Kilat in Seestan. Death of Subooktugeen. His cha­racter. Page 11
AMEER ISMAEEL.
Ameer Ismaeel succeeds Subooktugeen during the absence of his elder brother Mahmood. Mahmood proceeds to Ghizny to assert his claim. Ismaeel is defeated and taken prisoner. 27
SOOLTAN MAHMOOD-GHIZNEVY.
Description of Mahmood. Gold-mine discovered during his reign in Seestan. Mahmood deputes an embassy to Ameer Nooh, King of Bokhara, to receive an acknowledgment of his claim to the succes­sion. The King of Bokhara refuses to confirm Khorassan to him, but confers it on Ameer Toozun Beg. Mahmood marches to oppose Toozun Beg. He retreats to join the King of Bokhara, who takes the field. The King of Bokhara is seized by his own officers, and put to death. His son Abdool Mullik raised to the throne. Elik Khan, ruler of Kashghar, invades Bokhara, slays the young king, and seizes on the government. Mahmood sends an embassy to Elik Khan, and receives his daughter in marriage. Mahmood makes war with the Hindoos. Defeats Jeipal, Raja of Punjab. Second expedition to India. Lays siege to Bhatna, and takes it after much resistance. Elik Khan invades Khorassan in the absence of Mahmood in India. Mahmood defeats Elik Khan, who never again appears in the field. The army of Mahmood nearly lost in the snow. Third expedition to India. Mahmood opposed, on the confines of Pishawur, by Anundpal, the son and successor of Jeipal. The Hindoos defeated with great slaughter. Mahmood takes Nagrakote, and returns to Ghizny. Fourth expedition to India. Battle of Tahneswur. Mahmood deputes his generals to take Joorjistan. Procures the entire cession of Khorassan from the Caliph Alkadir Billa of Bagdad. Fifth expedition to India. Nin-doona in Punjab taken. Kashmeer invaded. Sixth expedition to India. Lokote besieged. Mahmood's army nearly perishes on its return to Ghizny. Marches against Khwaruzm. The whole of Transoxania, including Orkund, is added to the Ghiznian empire. Seventh expedition to India. The Raja of Kunowj submits to pay tribute. Mahmood takes Merut, Mahavun, and Mutra. Eighth expedition into India. Punjab invaded. Lokote and Lahore taken. An officer left in Punjab to govern the country. Ninth expedition to India. Kalunjur besieged. The Raja Nunda Ray agrees to pay tribute, and peace is concluded. On his return to Ghizny, Mahmood marches into Transoxania, and settles that country. Tenth expedi­tion to India. Mahmood proceeds to Guzerat, and reduces Somnat. Description of the temple. Mahmood returns to Ghizny. His army nearly perishes for want of water on its march. Expedition against the Juts, near Mooltan. Their fleet attacked and destroyed, by the fleet of Mahmood, on the Indus. The Suljook Tartars invade Transoxania, and the provinces on the Caspian. Mahmood unable from debility to oppose them. His health declines. His death. Character. Description of his court. His munificence to learned men. Page 31
SOOLTAN MAHOMED-GHIZNEVY
Ascends the throne. The household troops under their officers quit Ghizny. They are attacked by the King's troops. The latter defeated. The household troops proceed to join the King's elder brother, Musaood at Nyshapoor. Musaood marches to Ghizny to claim the throne. Mahomed is seized by his uncle, Ameer Zoosoof, and others, and deposed. The confederates proceed to join Musaood, who is proclaimed king. 93
SOOLTAN MUSAOOD I. GHIZNEVY.
Musaood ascends the throne — his great strength. The Suljooky Toorkmans invade Khorassan and Samarkand. His general, Altoon Tash, sent to Samarkand to oppose the Suljooks, but is killed. Magnanimous conduct of Altoon Tash previous to his death. A truce concluded. Samarkan ceded to Allytugeen Suljook. Mu-saood marches towards India — attacks the fort of Soorsutty. Dreadful famine throughout Persia — succeeded by the plague — 40,000 souls die in Isfahan. Suljooks invade Nyshapoor. The King sends an army against them — they are defeated in the first instance, but subsequently return and defeat the Ghiznevides. The King takes no farther steps against the Suljooks, but proceeds to Ghizny; he proclaims his son, Modood, his heir and successor, and confers on him the government of Bulkh. The King marches into India — attacks Hansy, and carries it by storm. Sonput evacuated. The King returns to Ghizny, leaving his son, Modood, at Lahore. Farther incursions of the Suljooks on Bulkh, under their leader, Toghrul Beg. The King throws a bridge across the Jeihoon, and enters Transoxania. Toghrul Beg passes to the rear of his army, and appears suddenly before Ghizny. The King makes peace with Mungoo Khan Suljook, and agrees to cede territory to him — attacks and defeats a horde of Suljooks at Badwird, but is defeated at Suruksh by them in the following year. Musaood's personal prowess and courage — sends his eldest son, Modood, to defend Bulkh, and his younger son, Mādood, to Lahore. The Prince Yezeedyar is sent to keep the Afghans in check. The King retires to Lahore. Mutiny in his army — they seize the treasure. Musaood deposed — his brother, Mahomed, elevated to the throne by the troops. The death of Musaood — his character — literary attain­ments. 97
SOOLTAN MODOOD-GHIZNEVY.
Accession of Modood — takes revenge on the assassins of his father. The Prince Mādood in India refuses to acknowledge his brother king. Modood marches to Lahore — his brother dies suddenly. Suljooks invade Transoxania and take Bulkh. The Hindoo Rajas retake Tahnesur, Hansy, and Nagrakote, and advance to Lahore. Siege of Lahore by the Hindoos continues for seven months — is at length abandoned. The Suljooks defeated in Transoxania by Aluptugeen Hajib. Toghrul Beg Suljooky also defeated at Boost. Insurrections in the Ghizny empire. Dissensions among the chiefs of Modood — his death. Page 115
SOOLTAN MUSAHOOD II. BIN-MODOOD GHIZNEVY.
Ally Bin Rubeea raises Musaood, the infant son of Modood, to the throne. Aluptugeen espouses the cause of Abool Hussun Ally, a son of Musaood the First. The infant, Musaood, is deposed. 127
SOOLTAN ABOOL HUSSUN ALLY
Ascends the throne, and marries the widow of the late King, Madood, daughter of Jakur Beg Suljooky. Ally Bin Rubeea flies from the capital, after plundering the treasury, accompanied by the household troops — reduces a part of the country of the Afghans for himself. Abool Rusheed, a son of Sooltan Mahmood, raises an army, sets up his pretensions to the throne, and advances to Ghizny — is feebly opposed by Sooltan Abool Hussun Ally, who is defeated and taken prisoner. 129
SOOLTAN ABOOL RUSHEED GHIZNEVY.
Causes which led to the pretensions set forth by Sooltan Abool Rusheed. Ally Bin Rubeea, who had occupied all the territory east of Kabul, is induced to acknowledge the supremacy of the King of Ghizny. Nagrakote retaken from the Hindoos by assault. Toghrul, an officer of the government, who had espoused the daughter of Modood, is sent with an army to Seestan — aspires to the throne — besieges Ghizny. The King compelled to surrender to the rebel, by whom he is put to death. Toghrul causes the daughter of Musaood the First to marry him — she is induced by Noshtugeen Hajib to procure his assassination. 131
SOOLTAN FUROKHZAD GHIZNEVY.
Noshtugeen assists in placing Furokhzad on the throne, and is created minister. Jakur Beg Suljooky advances against Ghizny — is opposed and defeated by Noshtugeen. The King, attended by his minister, proceeds to Khorassan, and recovers it from the Suljooks. Mutual exchange of prisoners between the Suljooks and Ghiznevides. Death of Furokhzad. 135
SOOLTAN IBRAHEEM BIN MUSAOOD I. GHIZNEVY.
Furokhzad is succeeded by his brother Ibraheem — confirms to the Suljooks all the territory in their possession which they had from time to time wrested from the house of Ghizny. The Prince Musaood, the King's son, is married to the daughter of Mullik Shah Suljooky. Ibraheem invades India — takes Ajoodhun, Roodpal, and Dera. His death and character. 137
SOOLTAN MUSAOOD III. BIN IBRAHEEM GHIZNEVY
Succeeds his father — marries the daughter of Sooltan Sunjur Sul-jooky — deputes his general, Hajib Toghantugeen, to make conquests in India. Death of Sooltan Musaood the Third. Page 143
SOOLTAN ARSLAN GHIZNEVY.
On his accession, seizes all his brothers, with the exception of Beiram, who flies to Khorassan, and finds protection with Mahomed, the brother of Mullik Shah Suljooky. Sooltan Sunjur Suljooky demands the release of the princes imprisoned by Arslan, which he refuses. War ensues. He sends his mother, the sister of Sooltan Sunjur, to treat for peace; but she urges the war, and supports the pretension of her son Beiram. Battle between Sooltan Sunjur and Arslan at Ghizny — the latter is defeated, and flies to Hindoostan — returns to Ghizny, and is again defeated — seeks protection with the Afghans — is seized by his own troops, and delivered into the hands of his brother Beiram — by whom he is put to death. 145
SOOLTAN BEIRAM BIN MUSAOOD III. GHIZNEVY
Patronises literature. Mahomed Bhyleem makes conquests in India— aspires at independence — is defeated by the King, and he and his ten sons are killed. Sooltan Beiram seizes and puts to death his son-in-law, Kootb-ood-Deen Ghoory. — Seif-ood-Deen Soor, the brother of Kootb-ood-Deen, revenges his death — marches to Ghizny, which is evacuated by Beiram. The King returns to his capital. The inhabitants of Ghizny betray Seif-ood-Deen into the hands of Beiram, by whom he is put to death with great ignominy. Alla-ood-Deen Soor marches from Ghoor to avenge his brother's death. Battle of Ghizny. Beiram defeated — retires to Lahore — his death. 149
SOOLTAN KHOOSROW BIN BEIRAM GHIZNEVY.
Conduct of Alla-ood-Deen, after the capture of Ghizny, towards the inhabitants. Khoosrow attempts to recover Ghizny, but is deterred, owing to the death of Sooltan Sunjur Suljooky. Ghizny occupied by the Ghiza Toorkmans. Death of Sooltan Khoosrow. 155
SOOLTAN KHOOSROW MULLIK BIN KHOOSROW GHIZNEVY
Is in possession of the territories in India occupied by his grandfather Beiram. Ghizny recovered from the Toorkmans by Shahab-ood-Deen Ghoory. Pishawur, and all the territory west of the Indus, occupied by Shahab-ood-Deen Ghoory — he invades the Punjab, and besieges Khoosrow Mullik in Lahore — concludes peace. Mullik Shah, the son of Khoosrow Mullik, is delivered up as a hostage. Shahab-ood-Deen Ghoory returns to Lahore, and attacks it, but fails — he adopts a stratagem to seize Khoosrow Mullik, which suc­ceeds. The end of the dynasty of the Ghiznevides. 157
CHAPTER II.
HISTORY OF THE KINGS OF DEHLY.
First Tartar Dynasty of the Kings of Dehly. 160a
MAHOMED GHOORY.
Pedigree of the race of Mahomed Ghoory. Gheias-ood-Deen, King of Ghizny and Ghoor. Moiz-ood-Deen Mahomed, his general, ap­pointed governor of Ghizny — besieges and takes Oocha — marches to Guzerat, and is defeated by the Hindoos. Invades India a second time — takes Bituhnda — is opposed by the Rajas of Ajmere and Dehly, near Tahneswur, on the banks of the Soorsutty. Battle of Narain. Mahomed Ghoory defeated — retreats to Lahore, and thence to Ghoor. Bituhnda retaken by the Hindoos. Mahomed Ghoory invades India a third time, with 120,000 men — is opposed on the former field of battle by the Hindoos. Exertions made by them to collect a large army — they are defeated. Chawund Ray, King of Dehly, is killed. Mahomed leaves Kootb-ood-Deen Eibuk governor of Kohram and the new conquests in the East. Mahomed Ghoory returns to India — defeats the Raja of Kunowj and Benares — takes Asmy, Benares, and Kole, and retires to Ghizny. Returns again to India — Byana and Gualiar taken. Mahmood retreats to Ghizny. Kalpy, Budaoon, and Kalunjur taken by Kootb-ood-Deen Eibuk. Gheias-ood-Deen Ghoory dies — is succeeded by his brother Mahomed Ghoory. Operations to the westward and northward of Ghizny. Ghizny and Mooltan seized by his generals, who oppose Mahomed Ghoory on his return. Mahomed defeats them — pro­ceeds to Lahore — is assassinated by the Gukkurs in Punjab. Dis­tractions in the empire. Page 161
KOOTB-OOD-DEEN EIBUK
A Toorky slave of Mahomed Ghoory — his former life and history — is left Governor of India — is besieged in Hansy by the Hindoos, who are defeated, and compelled to retire — quits Hansy to meet Mahomed Ghoory coming from Pishawur. Recapitulation of the campaign. Kootb-ood-Deen is styled son by Mahomed Ghoory — is presented with a white elephant. Ajmeer taken from the Raja, and bestowed on Gola, his natural son. Hemraj, a relation, expels Gola. Kootb-ood-Deen marches to oppose the usurper, who is defeated. Ajmeer tributary to the Moslems. Kootb-ood-Deen invades Guzerat — defeats the Hindoos, and returns to Hansy — visits Kohram and Dehly. The Raja of Guzerat unites with the Raja of Nagoor to take Ajmeer. Kootb-ood-Deen marches to oppose them, but is defeated, and severely wounded. Ajmeer besieged by the allies. Kootb-ood-Deen receives reinforcements from Ghizny — raises the siege, and pursues the Hindoos to Aboogur — a bloody battle ensues, in which 50,000 Hindoos are slain — pro­ceeds to Guzerat, and leaves an officer to occupy the country. Kalunjur besieged and taken by the Moslems. Mahomed Bukhtyar Khiljy sent to occupy Behar. Kootb-ood-Deen Eibuk invested with the ensigns of royalty by the successor of Mahomed Ghoory — ascends the throne at Lahore, and assumes the title of King of India — is attacked by Taj-ood-Deen Yeldooz, whom he defeats — pursues him to Ghizny, and is again crowned — expelled from Ghizny — returns to India — death and character. Life of Taj-ood-Deen Yeldooz. Page 189
ARAM
Succeeds his father on the throne at Dehly. Dissensions in the state. Mooltan and Oocha taken and occupied by Nasir-ood-Deen Koo-bacha. Bengal usurped by Mahomed Bukhtyar Khiljy. Imbecility of Aram apparent. A deputation from the nobles wait on Shums-ood-Deen Altmish, the son-in-law of Kootb-ood-Deen Eibuk, inviting him to ascend the throne. Aram opposes Altmish, but is defeated, and loses his kingdom. 203
SHUMS-OOD-DEEN ALTMISH:
His origin — espouses the daughter of Kootb-ood-Deen Eibuk — is created general-in-chief of the King's army — deposes his brother-in­law Aram, and ascends the throne. Dissensions in the state. The Toorky cavalry quit him, and some time after march to Dehly to dethrone him. The Toorks are defeated. Taj-ood-Deen Yeldooz, being expelled from Ghizny by the troops of Khwaruzm Shah, occupies Punjab, and even seizes on Tahneswur — is defeated by Altmish, and taken — dies in prison. Altmish defeats Nasir-ood-Deen Koobacha of Mooltan, in two actions in Punjab — proceeds to Bengal, and establishes his authority over Gheias-ood-Deen, the son of Mahomed Bukhtyar Khiljy — leaves his son Nasir-ood-Deen Mahmood in Behar. The latter defeats and kills Gheias-ood-Deen Bukhtyar in battle, and secures the occupation of Bengal. Shums-ood-Deen Altmish proceeds to Mooltan — expels Nasir-ood-Deen Koobacha, and leaves his minister, Nizam-ool-Moolk Jooneidy, in charge. Shums-ood-Deen reduces Runtunbhore, Mando, and all Malwa. An embassy from the Caliph arrives at Dehly. Nasir-ood-Deen Mahmood, the King's eldest son, dies in Bengal. The title and territory conferred on the King's youngest son. The King retakes Gualiar, which had fallen into the hands of the Hindoos — takes Bhilsa and Oojein — proceeds towards Mooltan — is taken ill on the road — returns to Dehly — his death. 205
ROOKN-OOD-DEEN FEROZE
Ascends the throne — his dissipated and licentious character — permits his mother to exercise great cruelty. She murders the widows of the late king, and one of his sons. Distracted condition of the court. Pretenders to the throne. Confederacy of the great chiefs of the kingdom against the King — they assemble forces at Lahore. The King marches to oppose them — reaches Munsoopoor, where he is deserted by seven of his generals, who raise Ruzeea Begum, the King's sister, to the throne at Dehly. The King returns to his capital, but is seized by his officers, and delivered over to the new government. 213
SOOLTANA RUZEEA BEGUM.
Character of the Queen — her qualifications to reign superior to those of her brothers. The confederated army at Lahore marches against the Queen — her conduct on this occasion. Sows dissensions among the confederates — they begin to suspect each other, and separate — are attacked by the Queen's forces — many of the chiefs overtaken and executed. Khwaja Mehdy created minister, with the title of Nizam-ool-Moolk. Territorial limits — Punjab — Sind — Bengal. The Queen confers on Jumal-ood-Deen Yakoot, an Abyssinian officer, the dignity of Ameer-ool-Omra, chief of the nobles. Fa­miliarity between the Queen and Yakoot. Jealousy of the chieftains. The governor of Lahore raises troops. The Queen marches to oppose him. He submits and is pardoned. Mullik Altoonia, governor of Bituhnda, revolts. The Queen proceeds to put down the insurrection. The Toorky chiefs mutiny. The favourite is slain, and the Queen delivered into the hands of her enemy, Mullik Altoonia. The Toorky officers return with the army to Dehly, and raise the Queen's brother Beiram to the throne. The Queen prevails on Mullik Altoonia to marry her, and defend her rights — they march towards Dehly, but are defeated by the new King's forces. The Queen and Mullik Altoonia again in the field — are defeated at Keituhl, by Mullik Eiz-ood-Deen Bulbun, and are both seized by the inhabitants of the country, and put to death. Reflections, by the author, on the fate of Sooltana Ruzeea Begum. Page 217
MOIZ-OOD-DEEN BEIRAM
Ascends the throne. Yekhtyar-ood-Deen Aluptugeen and Khwaja Mehdy assume great power. The King endeavours to procure their assassination in open court. Aluptugeen is killed. Khwaja Mehdy escapes with several wounds. A conspiracy against the King's life, discovered by himself. The persons concerned gradually removed from court, and assassinated on their own estates, according to secret orders from the King. Invasion of Punjab by the Moguls of Chungiz Khan. Lahore besieged. The minister sent with an army to oppose the invaders — measures adopted by him to seduce the army from their allegiance. The army, under the minister, marches to Dehly to dethrone the King. The citizens deliver the King over to his enemies — suffers death. 223
ALLA-OOD-DEEN MUSAOOD.
Attempt of Mullik Eiz-ood-Deen Bulbun, the elder, to seize the crown — is deposed on the same day, and Alla-ood-Deen Musaood, the son of Rookn-ood-Deen Feroze, is raised to the throne. Khwaja Mehdy, entitled Nizam-ool-Moolk, retains the office of minister, but is shortly after assassinated. An invasion of Moguls into Bengal, by the way of Thibet. Repulsed by Mullik Kurra Beg Teimoor, an officer sent from Dehly. The Moguls invade Oocha on the west. The King marches to oppose them — returns to Dehly — abandons himself to licentiousness — becomes very cruel. The nobles invite the King's uncle, Nasir-ood-Deen Mahmood, from Byraich, to ascend the throne. Alla-ood-Deen Musaood is deposed and imprisoned — in which condition he dies. Page 229
NASIR-OOD-DEEN MAHMOOD.
Life of the King previously to his accession — his love of literature — his remarkable character. Gheias-ood-Deen Bulbun, the King's brother-in-law, appointed minister. Bulbun's nephew, Sheer Khan, nominated governor of the north-west provinces, to keep in check the Mogul incursions. The King transfers the whole weight of the government on his minister. The King proceeds to Mooltan. The minister attacks the Gukkurs for having united with the Moguls in their incursions. The Gukkurs defeated, and several thousands carried into slavery. Several of the ancient nobles holding estates in Punjab on feudal tenure directed to reside at court, while their sons are left in possession of them. The King returns to Dehly — proceeds to the Doab, lying between the Jumna and Ganges — reduces some Hindoo rajas — proceeds to Runtunbhore. The King recalls his brother Julal from Kunowj — the latter withdraws from the kingdom to Chittoor. The King espouses the daughter of his minister Bulbun. Eiz-ood-Deen Bulbun, another chief of the same tribe, is made governor of Oocha and Nagore — rebels — but is subsequently pardoned. The King besieges Nurwur, which is taken. Chundery and part of Malwa subdued and occupied by the King's troops. Sheer Khan, the minister's nephew, governor of Punjab, marches to Ghizny, and expels the Moguls. Oocha and Nagore made over to Sheer Khan. Imad-ood-Deen Zunjany intrigues against the minister Gheias-ood-Deen Bulbun, who retires to his estate at Hansy. Hansy taken from him. The ex-minister has recourse to arms — the nobles of the court support him — is restored to his office. Imad-ood-Deen Zunjany, ex-minister, rebels — is defeated, and suffers death. Kootloogh Khan in rebellion — is joined by the ruler of Sind — they are defeated by the minister. The ruler of Sind retires to his government, where he dies. Kootloogh Khan disappears. The Rajpoots of Mewat in insurrection — are attacked by the minister — desperate conflict. Mewatties subdued with heavy loss. 200 of their leaders put to death after being taken prisoners. An embassy is received from Hoolakoo, King of Persia. Splendid reception of the ambassador. Character of Nasir-ood-Deen — his death. 233
GHEIAS-OOD-DEEN BULBUN:
His early life and character — his conduct on his accession to the throne his repugnance to the employment of men of low origin — his court the resort of many of the princes and nobles expelled by Chungiz Khan and the Moguls from their own dominions — his encourage­ment of learned men. Description of his court and equipage. Sin­gular instances of stern justice. Makes war on the Mewatties. 100,000 Mewatties put to death. The army employed to fell the forests of Mewat, which become good arable lands. The King marches an army to Lahore, and repairs the city-walls. Settles pensions on the old officers of the army. The King's nephew, Sheer Khan, dies — is buried in a magnificent tomb at Bhutnere. Moguls invade the Punjab. The King's eldest son Mahomed opposes and defeats them — is made governor of Mooltan. Toghrul Khan, ruler of Bengal, revolts. An army is sent against him, which is defeated, and the general slain. The King proceeds in person to quell the revolt. Togbrul flies to Orissa — is pursued by the King's army, and slain. The King returns to Dehly, after an absence of three years. The Prince Mahomed comes to the capital — his father's advice to him. Moguls invade Punjab. The Prince marches against them — defeats them, but is himself killed in the action — his ro­mantic gallantry — his character. The King's grief for the loss of his son. Appoints the Prince's son, Kei Khoosrow, to succeed him in Mooltan. The King's health gradually declines. Sends for his son Kurra Khan, governor of Bengal, who comes, but again quits the capital. The King makes his will in favour of his grandson Kei Khoosrow, governor of Mooltan. Death of Gheias-ood-Deen Bul-bun. Mullik Fukhr-ood-Deen Kotwal opposes the succession of Kei Khoosrow, but raises Kei Kobad, the son of Kurra Khan, to the throne. Page 247
KEIKOBAD.
His person described — his propensities. Nizam-ood-Deen, the minis­ter's son, forms a design on the throne — procures Kei Khoosrow, the King's cousin, to be murdered. Increasing power of Nizam-ood-Deen — cuts off several of the Mogul officers in the army, and seizes their property. The King refuses to listen to the complaints against Nizam-ood-Deen. Kurra Khan, the King's father, is induced to march from Bengal to assert his claim to the throne — abandons his title, but requests a meeting with his son. Description of the visit. Kurra Khan persuades his son to remove Nizam-ood-Deen from his presence. Nizam-ood-Deen appointed governor of Mooltan — delays his journey — the King procures him to be poisoned. New administration. The King falls sick. Two parties at court — the one composed of Moguls, the other of the family of Khiljy. The Moguls endeavour to seize the leader of the Khiljies — obtain pos­session of the Prince Keiomoors, an infant, the King's only son. Khiljies rescue the child, and expel the Moguls — their leader is slain. Julal-vod-Deen Khiljy, the chief of the opposite party, pro­cures the assassination of the King in his sick bed. Ascends the throne. End of the dynasty of the Toorks of Ghoor. 273
Second Tartar Dynasty of the Kings of Dehly, Denominated Khiljy. 284
JULAL-OOD-DEEN FEROZE KHILJY.
Origin of the tribe of Khiljy. Julal-ood-Deen puts to death the Prince Keiomoors. Measures taken to form a new ministry. The King affects remorse for his conduct, and respect for the late dynasty. Manners of the court. Encouragement to men of letters. A relative of the late King sets up claims to the throne — is defeated, but pardoned, and an estate conferred on him. The King's lenity repro­bated by his clansmen — its ill effects. Arrival of one Siddy Mowla, a religious fanatic — engages in a conspiracy against the King. Trial and execution of Siddy Mowla. Public and domestic calamities of this period ascribed, by the writers of the times, to arise out of the death of Siddy Mowla. Revolt at Runtunbhore. The King marches against it — relinquishes the siege — is reproached by his minister. 100,000 Moguls invade Hindoostan — are defeated by the King in person. The Moguls suffered to retreat without molestation. Oghloo Khan and 3000 Moguls enter the King's service, and embrace the faith of Islam. Quarters in the city of Dehly assigned to them. Mogulpoora built. Mullik Alla-ood-Deen, the King's nephew, takes Bhilsa, in Malwa — receives great honours, and addition to his estates — leads the first Mahomedan army into the Dekkan. Dewgur besieged. The Raja pays tribute. Return of Alla-ood-Deen — good conduct of his army in its retreat. The King is led to suspect that Alla-ood-Deen has designs on the throne — is warned both by his Queen and his minister against him. The King marches to Gualiar to meet his nephew, and to ascertain his real views — is de­ceived by Alla-ood-Deen — retires to Dehly. Alla-ood-Deen leads his army to his estate of Kurra. Almas Beg, the brother of Alla-ood-Deen, employed by him to effect a reconciliation, and to bring the King to Kurra. Julal-ood-Deen proceeds to meet his nephew — is assassinated. Page 285
ALLA-OOD-DEEN KHILJY.
Consternation at Dehly. The Dowager-queen elevates her youngest son to the throne. Measures taken by Alla-ood-Deen to strengthen his party — his profuse liberality to all classes. The Queen-dowager invites her eldest son, governor of Mooltan, to repair to Dehly; but he declines the contest with Alla-ood-Deen, who arrives at the capital. The young King and his mother fly to Mooltan. Alla-ood-Deen proclaimed King in Dehly — entertains the people with public festivities— becomes popular — forms a new administration of the most able men of the state — gives a donation of six months' pay to the army. Sends his brother to attack the princes in Mooltan — they surrender under the most sacred promises of kind treatment — are brought to Dehly, and all the males are deprived of sight by the King's orders, and subsequently put to death. The Queen-dowager and the females are confined in Dehly. Moguls invade India — are defeated by the King's brother, with the loss of 12,000 men. Guzerat invaded, and partially conquered. Mutiny in the Guzerat army. Defection of Mahomed Mogul — takes refuge with the Raja of Runtunbhore. Mogul invasion repulsed by Zuffur Khan. Another invasion, by 200,000 men — reaches Dehly. Great exertions of the King. Moguls defeated. Zuffur Khan killed. Plot to assassinate the King, who is severely wounded, and left for dead. The King's great presence of mind, and good conduct. The assassin killed. Plot to raise a king in Dehly discovered and put down. The King's uneasiness. Internal regulations in all branches of his govern­ment. Sends armies to Chittoor on the west, and to Tulingana on the south. Mogul invasion of 120,000 men — reaches Dehly without a check. The Moguls withdraw suddenly. The King frames a scheme of finance. Regulates the price of all articles. Famine ensues. Another Mogul invasion. Moguls cut off in their retreat. The King sends armies to Guzerat, Malwa, and the Deccan. Success of his generals, particularly Mullik Kafoor, in the Deccan. Capture of Kowul Devy — also of her daughter Dewul Devy. Siege of Jalwur. Massacre of the Moguls in Dehly, by the King's orders. Flourishing condition of the empire under Alla-ood-Deen. The King becomes suspicious of his sons, and confines them. Misfortunes in the empire. Dissensions in the provinces. Revolu­tion in the Deccan. Death of the King. Page 321
OOMUR KHILJY.
Mullik Kafoor produces a spurious testament of the King, nominating his youngest son, Oomur Khan, his successor, and appointing Mullik Kafoor protector, during his minority. Mullik Kafoor procures the King's eldest sons, Khizr Khan and Shady Khan, to be blinded, and another son, Moobarik, is imprisoned for the same purpose. Mullik Kafoor espouses the mother of the young King. Plot of the officers of the guards to kill the protector. Mullik Kafoor is assassinated. The Prince Moobarik is raised to the throne. The young King, Oomur Khan, is deprived of eyesight, and confined for life in the fort of Gualiar. 383
MOOBARIK KHILJY.
The officers of the guards, who had cleared the way for the King's accession, are put to death. The King disgusts his nobles by raising low persons to high dignities. One Mullik Khoosrow, a Hindoo of the lowest origin, is enrolled among the nobility, and is appointed to the command of the army. The King indiscriminately orders the gates of the prisons to be thrown open, by which 17,000 persons are set free — he abolishes all the regulations regarding trade introduced by his father — he abandons himself to licentiousness, and the most degrading vices. The King sends an army to Guzerat, and marches in person to the Deccan — sends Mullik Khoosrow, with the main body of the army, towards Malabar, and returns to Dehly. A plot discovered against the King's life. The leader of the conspiracy, a cousin of the King, suffers death. The princes at Gualiar are also murdered, and the widow of one of them is brought to Dehly, and placed in the King's haram. The King becomes totally regardless of all decency in his licentiousness and vices. Mullik Khoosrow re­turns from the Deccan. The King goes forth to meet him — em­braces him publicly. Khoosrow aims at the throne. Plot to murder the King publicly talked of. The King warned by his tutor — neglects the admonition — is murdered by Mullik Khoosrow. 386
Third Tartar Dynasty of the Kings of Dehly, Entitled Toghluk. 400a
GHEIAS-OOD-DEEN TOGHLUK.
New ministry. The King's eldest son is sent with an army to Tulin-gana. Wurungole besieged. Disaffection of the officers. Dispersion of the troops. Retreat of the Prince to Dehly. A new army collected. The Prince proceeds a second time to Wurungole, which is taken. The Raja and his family sent to Dehly. The Prince pro­ceeds to Jajnuggur — returns to Wurungole, and proceeds to Dehly. The King leaves his son in Dehly, and proceeds to Bengal — invades Tirhool — returns towards Dehly — is met by his son at Afghanpoor. A temporary building is erected by the Prince for the King's reception. The building gives way, and the King and some of his attendants are killed. 401
MAHOMED TOGHLUK.
The Prince, Aluf Khan, ascends the throne, and assumes the title of Mahomed. Invasion of the Choghtay Tartars, under Toormooshreen Khan. Expeditions from Dehly into the Deccan. Disaffection throughout the kingdom. The army mutinies. Expedients to re­cruit the King's finances — they fail. The King sends an army to invade China — its total destruction. Insurrection in the Deccan by the King's nephew — he is delivered up by the Raja, Bilal Dew, and suffers a cruel death. The King makes Dewgur his capital, and causes it to be called Dowlutabad. Compels the inhabitants of Dehly to occupy Dowlutabad. Insurrection in Mooltan. Dehly repeopled. Invasion of Punjab by the Afghans. Famine in Dehly. The Gukkurs overrun Punjab. Revolt in Sumbhul. Confederacy of the Hindoos in the Deccan. Revolt of the King's troops in the Deccan. Revolt in Malwa. Revolt in Guzerat. Death of the King from a surfeit of fish. Page 409
FEROZE TOGHLUK.
Mutiny in the army. The Mogul troops plunder the treasury. Feroze, the King's cousin, is raised to the throne in the camp — his claim disputed at Dehly — but is subsequently acknowledged. The inde­pendence of the Deccan and Bengal acknowledged by the reception of ambassadors. War with Bengal. The Dehly army proceeds to Jajnuggur, in Orissa. The King's eldest son, Mahomed, suspected of treason. The King reconciled to him — resigns the government into his hands. A governor is sent to Guzerat, who is refused admittance. A conspiracy formed to depose the new King, who is besieged in his capital. The old King is brought out by the populace, the new king expelled. The Prince Gheias-ood-Deen is raised to the throne. Death of Feroze Toghluk at the age of 90 — his cha­racter. The public works executed during his reign. 444
GHEIAS-OOD-DEEN TOGHLUK.
The King forms a new ministry — sends a force to attack the Prince Mahomed Khan. The King's brother and cousins fly from Dehly, owing to apprehension of his jealousy and cruelty — they form an insurrection, and return with an army to the capital. Death of some of the King's adherents. The King's death. 466
ABOO BUKR TOGHLUK.
Aboo Bukr, the son of the Prince Zuffer Khan, the third son of Feroze Toghluk, is raised to the throne. The Ameer Judeeda, or Mogul officers, refuse to acknowledge Aboo Bukr — they rise on his minister and slay him, and invite the exiled Prince, Mahomed Khan, to urge his pretensions to the throne. Mahomed arrives — defeats the King, and ascends the throne a second time. 468
NASIR-OOD-DEEN MAHOMED TOGHLUK II.
Events which preceded the King's accession. Contests between the two Kings. Nasir-ood-Deen Mahomed occupies Dehly twice, but is expelled — succeeds the third time in driving out Aboo Bukr, who is eventually taken in battle, and confined for life. Insurrection in Guzerat. Furhut-ool-Moolk sent to quell it — proceeds thither, and proclaims himself king. Islam Khan created minister — is accused by Khwaja Jehan of treason, and suffers death. Khwaja Jehan created minister. The King marches against Bahadur Nahir of Mewat. Sheikha Gukkur takes Lahore. The King's illness, and death — is succeeded by his son Hoomayoon, who dies after a short reign of 40 days. Page 470
MAHMOOD TOGHLUK.
The minister, Khwaja Jehan, proceeds to Joonpoor, and establishes his independence. Sarung Khan, viceroy of Mooltan, defeats the Gukkurs — recovers Lahore out of their hands, and becomes inde­pendent at Depalpoor. His brother, Mulloo Yekbal Khan, creates a revolt in the capital. The inhabitants take opposite sides. Three parties in Dehly, each supporting a king. Civil war in the capital for three years. All the provinces become independent. Invasion of India by Teimoor (or Tamerlane). 478
INVASION OF TEIMOOR (OR TAMERLANE).
Teimoor crosses the Indus, and proceeds by Toolumba to Mooltan, where he is joined by his grandson, Peer Mahomed. Proceeds to Bhutnere, which he reduces. Marches by Paniput to Dehly. Recon-noitres the city with a small division of troops — is attacked, but repulses the Indians. The Indian captives, to the number of 100,000, put to death by his order. Battle of Dehly. The Indians defeated, and their King, Mahmood Toghluk, flies. Contribution laid on Dehly — causes resistance. Massacre and sack of Dehly. Teimoor retreats, after appointing Khizr Khan, an Indian chief, his deputy. Noosrut Shah enters Dehly, and expels Mulloo Yekbal Khan. Noosrut Shah subsequently expelled by Mulloo Yekbal Khan. The territory of Dehly confined to a few villages. Seven independent kingdoms established on the ruins of the Dehly monarchy. Mah-mood Toghluk returns to Dehly — retires on a pension. Mulloo Yekbal Khan attacks Khizr Khan, Teimoor's deputy — is killed in battle. Khizr Khan arrives at Dehly. 485
Fourth Dynasty of the Kings of Dehly, Entitled Sadat. Page 505a
SYUD KHIZR KHAN:
His origin — assumes the reins of government, but disclaims the title of King— forms a new ministry — causes the Khootba, or public prayers, to be read, and coins to be struck in the name of Teimoor — endeavours to re-establish the authority of the Dehly state — recovers great part of the Dooab. The governor of Surhind as­sassinated, and one Mullik Toghan Toork becomes master of the place — is expelled by the minister, Zeeruk Khan. Khizr Khan proceeds by the route of Byana to Gualiar. Mullik Toghan returns to attack Surhind — is repulsed, and flies — is overtaken, and com­pelled to pay a fine. Toghan is permitted to retain possession of Jalendur. Khizr Khan sends an army against Kutehr. An im­postor, assuming the name of Sarung Khan, the late brother of Yekbal Khan, collects forces at Machiwara — is defeated — joins Mullik Toghan, who espouses his cause. On discovering that he has wealth, Mullik Toghan puts him to death. Mullik Toghan ravages Sur-hind, but is defeated, and expelled the kingdom. Khizr Khan taken ill — dies — his character. Tokens of the people's regard. Page 506
SYUD MOOBARIK.
Succeeds his father. Insurrection in Punjab suppressed. The minister appointed governor. Survur-ool-Moolk created vizier. New insur­rection in Punjab. The King of Malwa declares war against Dehly, and lays siege to Gualiar — is compelled to retreat. Insurrection in Mewat suppressed. The King proceeds to Byana. The King of Joonpoor makes war with the ruler of Kalpy. The latter is assisted by the King of Dehly. The rulers of Byana, Mewat, and Surhind, in open rebellion against the Dehly government. Byana and Mewat reduced to obedience. The ruler of Surhind invites the Moguls from Kabul to aid him. The King of Dehly retires from Surhind to Dehly. The Moguls are attacked, and totally routed. Revolt in Punjab. The King's governor taken prisoner. The King proceeds in person, and recovers Punjab. Appoints a new governor. Lahore taken by the Moguls and Gukkurs. Mullik Sikundur appointed generalissimo — expels the Moguls and Gukkurs, and returns to court. The King becomes jealous of his minister. The latter apprehensive of the King, causes him to be assassinated. 515
SYUD MAHOMED,
The King's son, is raised to the throne by the minister. The King's murderers are created governors of provinces. Disaffection of the officers. Insurrection in Sumbhul. Kaly Khan sent to suppress it — he joins the insurgents, and marches to the capital. The minister is slain. Kaly Khan minister. The murderers of the late King punished. Rebellion in Mooltan. Bheilole Khan Lody assumes independence in Lahore. Defeats the King's troops sent against him. Insurrection in all quarters. The King of Joonpoor seizes some of the King's districts. The King of Malwa leads an army against Dehly. Bheilole Khan Lody is called in to assist the King. The Malwa army retreats. Disagreement between the King and Bheilole Lody — the latter quits the court — returns and besieges Dehly for six months. The King falls sick — his death. 532
SYUD ALLA-OOD-DEEN,
The son of the late King, ascends the throne — proceeds to reduce Byana — retreats to Dehly — falls into contempt. Interesting ac­count of the Mahomedan rule in India. The territorial limits of each principality described. The King removes his court to Budaoon — attempts to put his minister to death. The latter flies to Dehly, and invites Bheilole Lody to occupy it. Bheilole arrives — deceives the King as to his motive — is adopted by the King as his heir — Alla-ood-Deen abdicates his throne — and is content to live at Budaoon. 540
Fifth Dynasty of the Kings of Dehly, and First of the Race of Afghans, Entitled Lody. 543a
BHEILOLE LODY AFGHAN.
Origin of the power of Bheilole — permits Humeed Khan, the late King's minister, to resume his functions — at length he adopts a mode of seizing his person, without causing bloodshed, and compels him to withdraw from public life. The chiefs of the petty principalities around Dehly refuse to acknowledge Bheilole Lody. Bheilole es­tablishes his supremacy over all but the state of Joonpoor, with which he contends during the reign of three kings, and eventually conquers it. Bheilole proceeds to Gualiar — falls sick — returns towards Dehly — anticipates his death — divides his kingdom into chiefships — his son, Nizam Khan, is nominated his successor:— The kingdom of Joonpoor is conferred on his son Barbik — Kurra Manukpoor is granted to Alum — Bhyraich to his nephew Kala P'har — Luknow and Kalpy are bestowed on a relative, Azim Hoomayoon — Dehly, and the rest of the territory, belong to his Son and successor, Nizam. Bheilole dies on his journey to Dehly, after a reign of 38 years. His character. Description of his govern­ment. Page 544
SIKUNDUR LODY AFGHAN.
The Afghan chiefs raise Nizam Khan to the throne, under the title of Sikundur. Eesa Khan refuses at first to acknowledge Sikundur, but does so in the end — he revolts, and is killed in battle. Barbik Khan refuses obedience — he is defeated — is reinstated in his government of Joonpoor — his bad administration — is eventually removed. Efforts made by Hoossein Shah Shurky to recover Joon-poor defeated. Sikundur pursues Hoossein Shah to Bengal — in­vades Punna and Banda — proceeds to Dholpoor and Gualiar— receives submission from the Rajas of both places — subsequently takes Dholpoor. An earthquake in Agra. Gives encouragement to the son of the King of Malwa to make over Chundery to him — obtains possession of Chundery. Endeavours to lay hold on Run-tunbhore, but fails. Summons an army to collect at Agra for the siege of Gualiar. The King is taken ill, and dies — his character — his zeal for the Mahomedan religion. 563
IBRAHIM LODY AFGHAN.
Ibrahim offends his countrymen by his avowed indifference to them. The King's brother Julal, governor of Kalpy, proceeds to Joonpoor, and assumes the title of King. He is defeated, and flies to Gualiar. Gualiar besieged. The Raja dies. Julal flies to Malwa, and even­tually to Gondwara, where he is seized, and delivered over to the King. Julal suffers death. Gualiar taken. The Afghan chiefs rebel in several quarters. The King's cruelty. All the country east of the Ganges occupied by the son of Duria Khan Lohany, who assumes the title of Mahomed Shah. Dowlut Khan Lody, governor of Lahore, rebels — invites Babur from Kabul to invade India. Ba-bur's first attempt, accompanied by Alla-ood-Deen Lody, the King's brother, fails. Babur invades India in person. Ibrahim opposes him — is defeated, and slain. End of the Afghan dynasty. 590
A Comparative View of the Chronological Events of Europe and those connected with the Mahomedan Power in India. 601