Tārīḫ-i Sind - Ta-ri-h-i Sind The History of Sind Ta-ri-h-i Sind

The Summah people, who resided about Loharee, collected, and came to Mahomed Kasim, with drums beating, and blowing horns. He, inquiring who these were, was told by the Bramins that they were a tribe of the country, and that it was customary with them, on approaching the ruler, to go in this way. Mahomed Kasim, fixing a settlement for them, gave them their leave.

Then the Loharees, the Suhtuhs, the Chundars, the Machees, the Halas, the Ghorachas, also came bare-headed and bare-footed, through the introduction of Abee, the son of Abdoor Rayman, Suhleetee, to Mahomed Kasim, for safety. He gave them protection, issuing orders, that upon these people should rest this business, “that whenever any Musulman went from this to the residence of the Khaliph, or when any should come from thence to Alore, these should show them the road.”

In the beginning of the year Hijree 94 (A. D. 712), the sons of Rais Daher collected some men in the fort of Sekunder (this was a strong fort), and from this they looted the villages of Sind. When this news reached Mahomed Kasim, he went there, surrounding the fort. After some time, there was great distress from a scarcity of provisions; there was nothing to be got to eat but flesh alone. Mahomed Kasim then sent a good man to the sons of Rais Daher, telling him to say, that if they wished for his friendship, he would give it to them. They sent back for answer that they were certain that Rais Daher was still alive, and that they expected he would shortly come with an army from Hindoostan to take his revenge. When Mahomed Kasim heard this, he ordered the wife of Rais Daher to be brought from Alore to her sons, when this absurd idea would leave them. She was brought, and sent in front of, and close to the gate. The garrison got on the walls; when the wife of Rais Daher told them all the circumstances of the fight, and of the death of Rais Daher, also of that of the Sirdars, separately. She then wept. The people, saying she spoke false, commenced throwing stones and mud at her, declaring she was in league with the enemy and not worthy of credit. She was then taken away.

In a short space, by the battering rams and other implements for breaking down walls, this fort was conquered. Mahomed Kasim destroyed numbers of the Kafirs; some few of them came under the rules of Islamism. Much money and other things fell into the hands of the Mahomedans. There was in the fort a large temple, which they destroyed: from it they obtained great riches, which Mahomed Kasim put on one side for the Khaliph, and one-fifth of all the prize he took and spent in building Musjids; then he returned to Alore.

In the beginning of the 3rd month of the year Hijree 94 (A. D. 712), he made Ahnuf, the son of Kais Ussudee, Governor of Alore, and, leaving him there, he himself turned his face to take Mooltan; the leading men of which, hearing of his approach, went to the front to meet him; and getting an interview, he executed a treaty with, and arranged what articles of produce and merchandize should be paid by them yearly to the State. He left this, placing Daood, the son of Nusseer, the son of Ummanee, as governor of it. He also placed Huzeen, the son of Abdool Mulik Bunee Tumeem, as governor at the fort of Burumpoor, on the bank of the water of Jhelum (this fort is also called Shiewpoor).

When Mahomed Kasim marched from Mooltan to go to Delhalpoor, 50,000 men, horse and foot, were under his standard. To whatever country he went, he fixed a force there. In this manner he carried the armies of Islam as far as Kanoge. The Rajas and Hakeems in all that space came under the orders of Islam, agreeing to pay yearly tribute in money and produce, and to convey it to Darul Islam. Mahomed Kasim, having quieted his mind, by placing men of confidence and troops in all places of importance, turned homewards. At that time a letter came, written agreeably to the order of the Khaliph Wulleed, to this effect:—

“After taking Alore, you sent two daughters of Rais Daher, and some prisoners, in charge of Mahomed the son of Ali Tohman, Humdanee, with Seedee servants, to Darul Khaliphat. The Khaliph called these two sisters to the Harem one night, and gave them in charge of the eunuchs, that they might pay them attention. They were to produce them when they had recovered from the toils of travel. Two months afterwards, they were produced before the Khaliph, and an interpreter attended. The two sisters threw back their veils, and the Khaliph, on seeing them, became distracted with their great beauty. He then asked them their names. One said her name was Purmul Dewe, the other said her’s was Sooruj Dewe. The Khaliph ordered the attendants to leave one of them there. Then she, rising, said: ‘We are not fit for the bed-chamber of the Khaliph, because Mahomed Kasim placed both of us by himself for three days, and he afterwards sent us to the Khaliph.’”

The interpreter explaining this, the fire of anger was lighted in the body of the Khaliph, who gave orders, that as a punishment for this want of respect, Mahomed Kasim should wrap himself up in the raw hide of an ox, and be present at Darul Kaliphat. To show his great anger, and by way of intimidation, the Khaliph wrote in the margin of this letter in his own hand, that “Whenever this reaches Mahomed Kasim, he is to come from thence to Darul Khaliphat, wrapped in the hide of a cow. There is to be no delay in obeying this order.”

At that time Mahomed Kasim was at Oodeypoor. When the Chobdar brought this letter (Firman), Mahomed Kasim, on reading it, to obey the orders it contained, said to the Chobdar:— “That which you have been directed to do, do it. He wrapped Mahomed Kasim in a raw hide, and departed. Three days afterwards the bird of his life left his body, flying to heaven. The Chobdar, seeing this, put the body into a box, taking it to Darul Khaliphat. He arrived there on a Durbar day, and took the box to the Khaliph, who, seeing it, inquired if he were alive or dead. The Chobdar replied, that he had wrapped him in a raw skin, but three days afterwards he died. The Khaliph then directed the box to be taken into the Harem, and that it should be opened in his presence. The Khaliph went to the Harem, and calling the daughters of Rais Daher, said, come and see how penetrating my orders are; come and see Mahomed Kasim. They both went forward, and, looking at, recognised him. Offering great praises to the Khaliph, they said:— “Kings of great justice should not do great things in a hurry; they should not use that which is told them by their enemies.” The Khaliph asked what was the meaning of this. They replied:— “We raised this suspicion against Mahomed Kasim in enmity to him, because our father was killed at his hands: country and wealth have departed from our father’s house, and we have come as prisoners to the land of travellers. The king, in his anger, did not weigh our words, he did not distinguish between our truth and our falsehood, and issued such an order. The truth is, this man was to us as a father or a brother; his perfidious hand never touched the skirts of our purity: it was in our heart to revenge our father; on this account we raised this suspicion upon him. Our wishes have been fulfilled, but in the house of judgment of the king there is great sorrow.”

When the Kahliph heard this, for one hour his head was in the pocket of repentance; then the fire of anger became alight in his breast. He gave orders— the two girls were tied to the tails of two horses, and after having been dragged round the city, they were thrown into the Dijlah (the Tigris).

Mahomed Kasim was buried at Damascus. It is said, that two years after the death of Mahomed Kasim, the people of all the countries he had conquered refused to obey orders; only those from Daibulpoor to the salt sea remained under the hands of the agents of the Khaliph.

In the year Hijree 96 (A. D. 714), Khaliph Wulleed went to the country of heaven, and his successor, Sooliman the son of Wulleed, sat on the throne of the Khaliphat. He sent Ahmir the son of Abdoola as the Governor of Sind.

After the death of Sooliman, Murwan the son of Mahomed, whose title was Kadir Billah (the Strong by the power of God), succeeded to the Khaliphat. He sent Abdool Khuttab to take the government of Sind.

In the year Hijree 133 (A. D. 750) Abdoola the son of Mahomed, the son of Ali, the son of Abdoola, the son of Abbas (commonly called Sifah), having taken the Khaliphat from the Khaliph of the Bunee Oomaiyuh, became the first Khaliph of the Bunee Abbasee. He sent a force from Darul Khaliphat to Sind, which drove the agents of the Bunee Oomaiyuh out from that country.

Four years after this Junfur Munsoor Abbasee sent an army to Hindoostan; and in the year Hijree 170 (A. D. 786) the Khaliph Haroon Reshid, the son of Muhdee, sent Abool Abbas to govern Sind, who stayed there a long time.

A RECITAL OF THOSE KINGS WHO, AFTER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE AGENTS OF THE KHALIPHS OF BUNEE ABBAS, RULED THE COUNTRY OF SIND.

The historians have written, that after the monarchy of all of the denomination Bunee Oomaiyuh, the agents of the Khaliphs of Bunee Abbas, having come to Sind and Mooltan, held the government in the time of the Khaliphs Hurroom and Mamoon. A portion of the country of Hindoostan came into the hands of their agents.

At the termination of the rule of the agents of the Khaliphs of Bunee Abbas, came the time of the Khaliphat of Kadir Billah Abool Abbas Ahmed, the son of Ishay, the son of Mooytedir Billah.

In the middle of the month of Rumzan, in the year Hijree 410 (A. D. 1019), Sooltan Mahomed Gazee left his seat of government, Ghuznee, to take Hindoostan. On reaching Mooltan, he took it, also Ooch, dismissing the agent of Kadir Billah. He appointed the Wuzeer, Abdoor Ruzay, to take a force to conquer Sind. In the year Hijree 417 (A. D. 1026), he (the Wuzeer) had arranged everything at Bukkur, and departed for Sehwistan and Tatta, from whence he sent away many Arabs. Those who had families, and those of learning, he placed in the law offices, and having done this, he settled their rates of pay.

When, in the year 422 (A. D. 1030), Sooltan Mahomed Gazee died, his son Sooltan Musnood, brought up in the ways of God, sat on the throne of Ghuznee. He took into his hands all the hereditary possessions of his father, as well as Hindoostan and Sind. The people conveyed to Ghuznee the yearly tribute of produce and property, which had been laid upon them, as by custom. When, in the year 433 (A. D. 1041), he left this transitory world, and turned his face to the world of life, his son, Sooltan Mondood, adorned the throne of the kingdom, by sitting upon it. He took into his hands all the hereditary possessions. In the year 441 (A. D. 1049), turning his face to the world of futurity, Sooltan Mujdood succeeded him, who held all the hereditary lands. When the angel of death sought to take his life, then at Lahore, the apparatus of his being was taken to heaven.

After him, the turn of sovereignty came to Khoosruwi Moolk (he was of the family of the Kings of Ghuznee). The cup of prosperity remained with him for a long time; till the year Hijree 583 (A. D. 1187,) when Sooltan Ghuyas-ood-deen Ghoree came to Lahore with conquest, and, taking prisoner Khoosruwi Moolk, sent him to be confined at Ghuznee. After this, if any of the family of the Kings of Ghuznee came into the hands of Ghoree, he gave them to drink the sherbet of death.

After Sooltan Ghuyas-ood-deen had turned his face from Hindoostan, and reached Khorasan in the year Hijree 599 (A. D. 1202,) he died at Herat. He was buried in the tomb which had been made for him in the Jooma Musjid of that city.

In this good garden, two doors are placed. These two doors are not closed. You come in at one door of the garden, and you go out at the other door.

In the year Hijree 591 (A. D. 1194), Sooltan Shuhab-ood-deen (the brother of Ghuyas-ood-deen) came to Hindoostan with an army, as the vicegerent of his brother. He took Mooltan and Ooch, and he sent a force, under Kooth-ood-deen Abeek, to take Sind, who, having in three months taken possession of all that country, and leaving Sasfool Muloog there, he went towards Delhi. Shuhab-ood-deen was at that time marching gently from Mooltan to Hindoostan. He took all the forts and cities as far as Delhi (the seat of the government of Hindoostan), which he conquered, and from that date Delhi became the royal residence.

Shuhab-ood-deen, appointing Kootub-ood-deen as his successor, went to Khorasan. In the mean time, the news of the death of his brother Sooltan Muz-ood-deen reached him. At hearing this he was very sorry, and at once pushed on. After reaching Ghuznee, he issued orders to all his troops to prepare everything requisite for three years, to go to Toorkistan. He then heard that a body of men of the Khokur tribe was on the road of violence near Lahore. Thinking it best to root these out, he marched in that direction, and after killing numbers of them, as he was on his return, he fell a martyr to the knife of one of the Khokur robbers, at Doomyuk encampment.

Shuhab-ood-deen, the king of earth and water— from the beginning no one had been like him!— he fell a martyr on the 3rd of Shuban 602 (A. D. 1205). It occurred at Camp Doomyuk, on the Ghuznee road.

His reign to the time of his death was thirty-two years and some months. He only left one daughter as his heiress. It is said that he had collected vast treasures of gold, silver, and precious stones. Of this there were five hundred maunds of diamonds, the most valuable of all stones— from this may be inferred the quantity of other treasure. He came to Hindoostan nine times: he was beaten twice, the other times he was victorious. He was a just king, fearing God, kind to the people, giving honour to the learned and good, and full of charity.

Sultan Shuhab-ood-deen, leaving Kootb-ood-deen Abeek in his place at Delhi, marched towards Khorasan. On the news of his death reaching Kootb-ood-deen, he raised the royal standard, and read his own name in the sermon (Khootbah). From that date he was styled Sultan Kootb-ood-deen. The whole country of Hindoostan and Sind came into his hands, and thus they remained until the year Hijree 607 (A. D. 1210), in which year, at Lahore, he was engaged in games on horseback in the plain, when, being thrown from his horse, the ready money of his life was won by death. For four years his name was read in the sermon.

After the death of his father, at the suggestion of the Ameers, Aram Shah ascended the throne of Delhi; but on account of his want of ability, he did not find ease (Arain) on the throne of royalty. The Ameers, seeing that he was not fit to govern the kingdom, sent a man to Sultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis, to summon him, and having called him to Delhi, they gave the kingdom to him. At that time all the countries of Hindoostan became divided into four shares:—

Sultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis took the seat of government, Delhi.

Ooch, Mooltan, and Sind came into the hands of Nasir-ood-deen Kebachuh.

Luknootee^* went under the rule of the Kings of Khuluge.

The agents of Taj-ood-deen Yulzur took possession of Lahore and its districts.

Mulik Nasir-ood-deen Kebachuh was from among the purchased slaves of Sultan Shuhab-ood-deen; but his wisdom and knowledge were great. He was well acquainted with the duties of kings, and versed in the matters of the country: on this account, after the death of Shuhab-ood-deen, being fixed firmly in Ooch and Mooltan, he took possession of Sind.

In the year 621 (A. D. 1224), a Sirdar brought a force from Gungeez or Jinghez Khan to fight against Nasir-ood-deen, who, not having strength to meet this force, on this account he sat down in the fort of Mooltan, which the enemy surrounded. Thus matters remained for forty days. Mulik Nasir-ood-deen having opened the doors of his treasury, gave money to all; and, with them, showing opposition to the enemy, they retreated without gaining a victory.

When Nasir-ood-deen took possession of Sind, many Sirdars of Khorasan, Ghore, and Ghuznee, on account of the oppression of Gungeez Khan, came to him, to all of whom he gave great honour, and money.

In the year 623 (A. D. 1226), Mulik Khan Kailchee and his brethren came against Sehwistan. Mulik Nasir-ood-deen Kebachuh marching against these, there was a great battle between them, in which Mulik Khan was slain.

As the time drew near for the termination of the Sultan of Mulik Nasir-ood-deen Kebachuh, in the year 624 (A. D. 1226), Sultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis himself marched an army against Ooch, but Nasir-ood-deen ran away, and got into the fort of Bukkur. On hearing of this, Sultan Shums-ood-deen ordered his Wuzeer Nizam-ool-Moolk Mahomed, the son of Usu-ud, to besiege Ooch, and he himself went to Delhi.

On Tuesday the 28th day of Jumadee-ool-Awul, in the year Hijree 625 (A. D. 1227), Nizam-ool-Moolk entered Ooch without opposition. He then went towards Bukkur, hearing of which, Mulik Nasir-ood-deen Kebachuh, getting on board a boat, fled. When he reached the ocean, the boat of his life fell into the whirpools of death.

When, in the year 624 (A. D. 1226), Wuzeer Nizam-ool-Moolk came to Sind by order of Sultan Shums-ood-deen, he made such arrangements for the country as were necessary. He took great pains to people cities, and to do good to the Ryuts. In the year 630 (A. D. 1232), having placed Noor-ood-deen Mahomed in the government of the country, he returned to Delhi. On Monday the 26th of Shaban, in the year 633 (A. D. 1235), Sultan Shums-ood-deen, at Delhi, turned his face to the country of life.

When Sultan Musood, the son of Rookn-ood-deen Pheroz Shah, the son of Sultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis, in the year 639 (A. D. 1241), sat upon the throne of Delhi, he took possession of all hereditary countries. One day, in the month of Sufur 643 (A. D. 1245), the news of the Mogul armies having crossed the river of Sind, and surrounded Ooch, reached Delhi. Musood Shah went forth against his enemies. The Moguls, hearing of this, broke up from Ooch, and taking the way of Bukkur, retreated to Khorasan. Sultan Musood Shah came to Bukkur, and removing Noor-ood-deen Mahomed from the government of Sind, gave it to Julal-ood-deen Husun, and from thence he marched towards Delhi. When he arrived at Mooltan, some young men, addicted to drinking wine, found their way into his assemblies. These talked of the pleasures of drinking; and he, who was always in the habit of indulging, from what these said drank more. On this account, dissensions arose in his country. Then the Ameers, seeing this, sent a Kosid secretly to his uncle, Sultan Nasir-ood-deen Mahomed, who was at Buhraiyuch, inviting him to come. Sultan Nasir-ood-deen, with all speed, proceeded to Delhi, and having ascended the throne on Sunday the 23rd day of Mohurrum, in the year Hijree 644 (A. D. 1246), he seized and confined Musood Shah, whose remaining days of life were spent in prison.

On Tuesday the 25th of Mohurrum, 644 (A. D. 1246), Nasir-ood-deen ascended the throne of the kingdom of Delhi, in the Kusre Pherozuh. For many years he ruled with great power. On Monday the 22nd Shuwal, 649 (A. D. 1251), he marched with the intention of going towards Lahore, Mooltan, Ooch, and Bukkur. When he left Ooch, and entered Sind, he appointed Kulugh Khan to the district of Sehwistan, and Mulik Sunjur to Ooch and Mooltan; he himself returned to Delhi. He then proposed going to the country of Luknootee; but the Ameers were averse to his proceeding in that direction: therefore a force under Mulik Julal-ood-deen was sent there, to punish the breakers of the law. In the latter months of 656 (A. D. 1258), a Mogul force came towards Ooch and Mooltan. The king, hearing of this, marched from Delhi to expel them, but the Mogul army went away without fighting. The Sultan then returned back again. It is said that Sultan Nasir-ood-deen wrote with his own hand two Korans every year. The money realized by their sale he expended on his food. Besides this, he did not spend any other money on his food. At one time, this incident occurred: the king, having written a Koran, an Ameer on this account gave more money for it than the usual price. The king was displeased on hearing of this, and he gave orders to his servants, that from that time, the Korans which were written by him should be sold without making this known, and that nothing above the usual price should be taken for them. It is also said, that in the royal palace there were no female slaves, or any female domestics for his wife, who always cooked the king’s bread with her own hands. One day she said to the king, that there would be nothing wrong if one female slave was brought to cook the food. He replied that the public revenue was the right of God’s poor and humble, that it would not be becoming in him to expend any of it in buying female slaves, and that if she (the queen) would have patience, the Almighty would reward her after death.

“The world is a dream in front of open eyes; with such a dream the hearts of the good will not mingle!”

In the year 663 (A. D. 1264), Sultan Nasir-ood-deen became sick, and on the 11th Jumadee-ool-Awul, 664 (A. D. 1265), from this world he went to the other world. He had no offspring. He reigned nineteen years, three months, and some days.

This king was from among the bought Chihulganee slaves of Sultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis. After the death of Sultan Nasir-ood-deen, in the year 664 (A. D. 1265), he ascended the throne of Dehli. He conducted the affairs of state in a way similar to foreign kings. He brought into his hands all the country that Sultan Shums-ood-deen had held; he spread the carpet of justice, giving justice according to Mahomedan law. He fixed the orders of government so securely, that no one could move them. In a short time all his country became flourishing; on the highways there was no fear; the sepoys and Ryuts lived happily. He was a very good king. With great honour, he was strong in experience, and he did everything well.

How good a thing is wisdom! Oh God! do not deprive this world of it.

At the commencement of his reign, he gave Lahore, Mooltan, and Sind, in charge of his son, Sultan Mahomed, whose heart was much given to mix with religious men. On this account he always visited Shaikh Buha-ood-deen Zukreeya, and Shaikh Fureed-ood-deen Gunj Shukur. He was a most valiant man; his disposition was bountiful; he was the friend of the wise, such as Ameer Khusrow, and Ameer Husun, inhabitants of Delhi. These two men were always present in his service. They received pay and presents in the rank of courtiers. The Sultan greatly approved of their poetry and prose. Sultan Mahomed was so well bred, that if he sat the entire day and night in the assembly, he would not raise one leg above the other. His oath was, “By God!” (Hukka!) His heart was always upon the priests and men of learning. It is said that Shaikh Oosman Murwundee was among the priests of Sind. He went to Mooltan, when the Sultan showed him great respect, making him an offering. He asked him to settle in Mooltan; to this the priest would not agree.

It is related that one night Shaikh Oosman, and Shaikh Sudr-ood-deen the son of Shaikh Buha-ood-deen Zukreeya were in an assembly, where, by the extacy occasioned by hearing the song of poetry, they became transported, and all commenced capering. The Sultan, arising, put his hand to his breast, and cried. They say that a daughter of Sultan Shums-ood-deen was his wife at that time, and in this condition he (the Sultan) three times declared her divorced. After divorce, marriage with her could not again be performed with the Sultan, until she had been married to some one else (Untalah.) On this account she was married to Shaikh Sudr-ood-deen. After she had gone to his house, the king’s attendants told him to declare the divorce. The lady then said to him: “I have left the house of that bad man, and come near you: it will not be proper before God for you to place me in his hands again.” Sudr-ood-deen replied: “I will not be inferior to a woman”; and he did not declare the divorce. The Sultan, being angry, determined to be revenged upon him.

Sultan Mahomed twice sent men to Shaikh Sundee Shirazee, saying that in Mooltan he would make him a place of residence; that he would buy a village for him, which he might dedicate to pious uses: but Shaikh Sundee, on account of his old age, would not come; and each time he sent his reply in verse, written by his own hand; and he recommended Ameer Khusrow to him. In his time, many good, clever men attended the royal assemblies.

The Sultan went every three years to his father at Delhi, and after remaining there one year he returned.

In the year Hijree 683 (A. D. 1284), Gungeez Khan sent Kutlugh Khan and Taimoor, with a large force, towards Hindoostan, which, having crossed the river Neelab, entered the boundary of Lahore. Sultan Mahomed, with 30,000 horsemen, went towards Lahore. A battle was fought by the two armies. By the desire of God, in that battle Sultan Mahomed drank the sherbet of death, and he went to the Garden of Paradise. Notwithstanding this, defeat came to Taimoor and Kutlugh Khan, and they fled.

Sultan Balbun then appointed Kaikhusrow, the son of Sultan Mahomed, to Mooltan and Sind. The Sultan always remained in sorrow for his son; so much so, that in the year Hijree 685 (A. D. 1286) he departed to the world above.

He was the son of Pheroz Kuluj, and in the service of Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen. The tribe of Kulaj came from the race of Khalij Khan, and he was the son-in-law of Gungeez Khan.

Julal-ood-deen was superior to all in bravery and generosity; in wisdom and deliberation there was no one equal to him. By degrees he ascended and sat upon the king’s throne. In the year 688 (A. D. 1289), in Delhi, his name was read in the sermon; and by their own free will, or by force, he got the Ameers under him. In 693 (A. D. 1293), Julal-ood-deen having gone to Lahore, he gave Mooltan and Ooch to Urkulee Khan, his centre son. He appointed Nusrut Khan to Sind, settling the revenues of that country upon Urkulee Khan. Urkulee Khan was of happy temper, and a brave man. During his stay at Mooltan, he twice visited Sind, where he punished with his own hands all robbers and disturbers of the peace. The whole of Sind remained under him. In the year 695 (A. D. 1295), he drank the sherbet of martyrdom at the hands of Sultan Ula-ood-deen, his nephew and son-in-law.

In the latter days of the year 695 (A. D. 1295), he sat on the throne of the Sultan of Delhi, reading his name in the sermon. He distributed jewels, horses, and elephants, to so many, that the people, struck with his generosity, became submissive to him; but he having slain his uncle and father-in-law, they looked upon him with disgust. In the beginning of the year 696 (A. D. 1296), putting everything else on one side, he turned his mind to Mooltan, because Urkulee Khan was there. He sent his brother Ulug Khan, with 40,000 horse, there by forced marches. On his arrival, he surrounded the city. After three months, the people of the town became much alarmed from distress, and one night the Mooltanees, leaving Urkulee Khan, went outside the city, and had a meeting with Ulug Khan. Urkulee Khan, driven by compulsion, asked for quarters through a priest, Shaikh Rookn-ood-deen, and he left Mooltan. Sultan Ula-ood-deen retained Nusrut Khan in charge of Mooltan, Ooch, Bukkur, Sehwistan, and Tatta, with 10,000 horsemen, giving orders that he should go through the whole country under his charge, and root out all disturbers of the peace, and thus give confidence to the people. He was also ordered to leave a man of trust in every city, and to make Mooltan his own head quarters. In the commencement of 697 (A. D. 1297), news came that the Moguls from Sijestan had arrived at Sehwistan, looting all property, and surrounding the city; the men in Sehwistan were unable to fight, and placed their faces in the direction of flight. The Mogul force, having taken the place, strengthened it. Nusrut Khan, hearing this news, immediately shipped in boats a large force, with war apparatus, and arrived with these at Sehwistan. The Mogul force, coming forth from the fort, set a light to the fire of battle. In short, they fled, and then the royal army returned, arriving at Bukkur. At that time an order came from Sultan Ula-ood-deen, to say that Ulug Khan being nominated to take Guzerat, he was to march with half the Sind army to that country, by the way of Jaisulmere. When Ulug reached that city with his force, he conquered it, slaying many Kafirs. Leaving 200 men in the fort of Jaisulmere, with the rest of his force he joined the Guzerat force. In the year Hijree 700 (A. D. 1300), Sultan Ula-ood-deen drew the sword of his sovereignty, cutting down all the evil-minded of his country. The borders of the territories under his government to the east, west, and south, extended to the ocean, viz. Bengal, Deccan, Guzerat, and Sind, in a northerly direction to the waters of Neelab. In each province he settled a Hakeem, a Dewan, Ameen, and a Kazee. He made such arrangements, that fresh news came every week from all the provinces to the king. When all the affairs of the State had reached such a degree of perfection, then, in like manner as when things have reached the height of perfection, it may be expected that they will decline, so, on the 6th of Shuwal 710 (A. D. 1310), he tied up his requisites for the journey.

Towards the end of his reign, Sultan Ula-ood-deen placed Ghazee Mulik, with 10,000 horse, in Daibulpoor, to expel the Moguls of Gungeez Khan. He had given to him (Ghazee Mulik) in Jageer, Mooltan, Ooch, and Sind: when the Sultan died he was there.

After the death of Sultan Ula-ood-deen, his sons, by their excessive neglect, indolence, and debauchery, did not turn their hearts to matters of state. On this account, disturbances found their way throughout the kingdom. At the time when neglect has become great, their wealth becomes small. So the wealth of the family of Ula fell. Kootb-ood-deen (the son of Ula-ood-deen) was of weak intellect. By some of his attendants, his head was cut off, at the instigation of Khusrow Khan, and he sat in his place on the throne. Khusrow Khan gave great honours to the Kafirs, and debauched men. He gave amongst these the treasuries of Sultan Ula-ood-deen and Kootb-ood-deen: on this account the Kafirs in Delhi became very strong, oppressing the Musulmans. Then Fakeer Mulik, secretly leaving Delhi, turned his face towards Mooltan. In a few days he got over the road, and finding his father, opened all the condition of Delhi to him. Ghazee Mulik and Fakeer Mulik were both brave men. To give assistance to Islam, and to take revenge on the Kafirs, they drew the sword of battle from the scabbard, and bound the girdle of war round the loins of their lives. They asked God for victory, and collecting the troops in Mooltan and Sind, they marched on Delhi. They arrived near it with 3,000 horse, all of whom had seen much service. When Khusrow Khan heard that they had come so near, collecting a large force, he sent it forth. The two bodies came in front of each other. The secrets of God are revealed!— that is to say, God gave the victory to Ghazee Mulik. The force of the Kafirs was beaten, and fled: many were killed; a few with great difficulty reached the fort. The following day Khusrow Khan, with a large force, went out, and drew up his men in battle array. The force of Ghazee Khan, to fight with their enemies, drew the sword of retaliation from the scabbard, and fought. In about one hour the army of the Kafirs was made grass by the sword of revenge; so much so, that the dead were in heaps. Khusrow Khan, with broken heart, turned his face in the direction of flight. Ghazee Mulik and Fakeer Mulik, from the field of battle, went near the city. At midnight, the governor of the town, the nobles, and the Kutwal, came and delivered the keys of the fort to Ghazee Mulik. The next morning he, with a large attendance, entered the city. In the Dewan Huzoor Sitoon he spread out the bedding of lamentation, in sorrow for Ula-ood-deen and Kootb-ood-deen. For three days he did this, agreeably to custom. He had it proclaimed in the town, that if any of the family of Ula-ood-deen or of Kootb-ood-deen were left and would come to him, he would place him on the throne; adding that he himself would bind the girdle of service round the loins of his life, and do service. After much inquiry, none being found, then the Ameers, the army, the Syuds, the men of letters, the priests, and all the people, agreed that Ghazee Mulik was worthy of the kingdom, because he had erased so many letters of dissension and trouble from the pages of the country, and he had given strength to Islam. In the year 720 (A. D. 1320), the title of Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen Tughlug Shah was conferred on Ghazee Mulik. All the Ameers agreed to obey him. They placed him on the throne of the Sultanut of Delhi, and his name was read in the sermon. The title of Sultan Mahomed Shah was given to his son Fakeer Mulik. When Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen left Mooltan to go to Delhi, the Soomrah tribe came and took Tatta. Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen sent Mulik Taj-ood-deen to Mooltan, Khwaja Khuteer to Bukkur, and Mulik Ali Sher to Sehwistan.

In the year 723 (A. D. 1323), Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen appointed his son Sultan Mahomed Shah as his heir, resigning the throne to him. He obtained from the Ameers a written deed, by which they agreed to be obedient to Sooltan Mahomed Shah. In the year 725 (A. D. 1324), the lamp of life of Ghuyas-ood-deen was blown out by the cold wind of death.

When Sultan Mahomed Shah sat upon his hereditary throne, he spread justice throughout the country. On this account, his goodness was spoken of in all the land. In 727 (A. D. 1326) he appointed Khusrow Khan to Sind. After that he went to Dowlutabad, making his throne there. He remained there two years, during which period Khusrow Khan came to Mooltan from Bukkur, and, assembling the Mooltanese and Beloochees, intended to be rebellious. When Sultan Mahomed Shah heard of this, in the year 728 (A. D. 1327), he quickly arrived at Mooltan. Then Khusrow Khan, who was thus full of ingratitude, went to fight with its patron. When the forces met, that portion of the royal army which was in advance attacked and defeated Khusrow Khan, and cutting off his head, brought it to the Sultan. From fear of the Sultan, all Khusrow Khan’s troops dispersed. The Sultan gave orders to make a river of the blood of the Mooltanese. The foot soldiers drew their swords to slay them; when the priest of Islam, Shaikh Rookn-ood-deen, to intercede for them, went to the Sultan’s Durbar, and uncovering his head, he stood there. In about one hour the Sultan acceded to the priest’s wishes, excusing the blood of the Mooltanese, as a punishment. The Sultan, placing men in whom he had confidence, in Mooltan, Bukkur, and Sehwistan, returned in the latter days of that year. In the year 744 (A. D. 1343) it entered the understanding of the Sultan, that it was not fit for him to reign as the King of Delhi, without the orders of the Abbasee Khaliph. He therefore secretly made homage to him. He exaggerated this subject greatly, directing the Musulmans not to say the special prayers for Friday on that day, until he had sent Mulik Rufeen to the Khaliph in Egypt. When the Khaliph sent him a standard and a Khilat, the Sultan was very happy at this, giving the people who came much honour, and great presents; he had the Khaliph’s name read in the sermon, and he directed that his own should follow this.

In the year 751 (A. D. 1350), Sultan Mahomed Shah left Delhi, and turning the reins of his intention towards Guzerat, he quickly came to Gurnal.^* There a royal slave, named Tuin, who was in rebellion, ran away, and went to Cambay. When the Sultan, following him, reached that place, he fled to the people of Jhareja. The Sultan, intending to pursue him, went towards Tatta. He halted at Hukree, on the sea side, to collect his troops. He was then taken with fever, and all the difficulties of the road came before his mind. Leaving Hukree, he reached Koondul, and stopping there, the disease left him. At Koondul some of his household joined him, by way of the river. The Sultan was very much pleased at their arrival, giving quantities of many things to his army, and, accompanied by many people, he marched towards Tatta. Tuin, who had fled to, and remained at Tatta, hearing of this, became confused, and at a loss what to do. When the Sultan got 14 kos from Tatta, by chance the Mohurrum commenced. The Sultan halted and fasted. The following day the fever again attacked him; the doctors gave remedies, but they availed not, so much so that on the 21st of Mohurrum, 752 (A. D. 1351), Sultan Mahomed Shah left this transitory world, to go to that country which remains for ever.

When Sultan Mahomed Shah saw the signs of death approaching, he named Pheroz Shah, the son of his uncle,— he who bore the marks of nobility on his forehead,— as his heir, giving him his last wishes respecting his country and his army. After this, taking the apparatus of this passing world, he went to that world which is everlasting.

All the courtiers and nobles paid their homage to Pheroz Shah at that place. On the 24th of Mohurrum, 752 (A. D. 1351), he, ascending the throne, summoned all to his presence, making them all happy by his justice and liberality.

Tuin, hearing of the death of Sultan Mahomed Shah, collected the men of Soomrah, Jhareja, and Summah, and got to the rear of the army. Sultan Pheroz Shah, hearing of this, named 2,000 men, and these going all night, crossed the river, and met Tuin, and those who were with him. There was a great fight, when Tuin turned his face towards flight. The following day the Soomrah men again fought, but they met with defeat, many of them being slain. After this, from near Tatta, the Sultan turned his head, and marched towards Delhi, ordering that the troops should not march more than 5 kos a day. He built a fort at Langerah Lake, leaving Nusseer there, with 1,000 horse. He appointed Mulik Behram as the Foujdar of that country. On reaching Sehwistan, he made rulers there, Mulik Ali Shen and Mulik Tuf Kafooree. The Sultan made a pilgrimage to the sacred threshold of Shah Baz Kulundur, and to another holy place. On the attendants at these he settled daily salaries. From this he came to Bukkur, where he remained twenty days. He appointed Mulik Rookn-ood-deen his deputy there; making Mulik Abdool Uzeez Bareed the Dewan, and naming eighty unmarried men to take care of the fort. To Mulik Rookn-ood-deen he gave the title of Ikhlas Khan, and leaving all the arrangements of Sind in his hands, he departed. At every large place he came to he behaved liberally to the people, and made them happy. In this manner he arrived at Delhi in the month of Rujub, 752 (A. D. 1351). When he sat with great power on the throne of the Sultanut, he gave an imperial assembly, when he made all happy, by giving them presents, and to the great and small he afforded justice. On the 5th of Sufur, 753 (A. D. 1352), he went to visit his country. All the great Zemindars of the districts which he went to, came and promised to be obedient. In the year 754 (A. D. 1353), he went to hunt at Kulanoor, in the country near the hills. On returning, he built a handsome palace on the banks of the waters of the Suruswutee. He here gave the title of Shaikool Islamee to Shaikh Sudr-ood-deen, the son of Shaikh Buha-ood-deen Zukreeya, giving him leave to depart to his country. After this the Sultan took Bengal into his hands. In the year 772 (A. D. 1370) he went to Nuggurkot. When he reached the country about the hills, the people brought him ice, which had been made in pans; on seeing which the Sultan said— “When Sultan Mahomed Shah formerly came here, the people brought ice to him, that he might make sherbet; but if I had not been with him, he would not have drank this sherbet, saying that he would only drink it with Pheroz Shah. Thus, as he was so kind to me in those days, I will not drink the sherbet now until I have distributed, in his name, one hundred camel-loads of sugar in sherbet”; and he did so. Having conquered Nuggurkot, he proceeded towards Tatta, on reaching which, Jam Khair-ood-deen, who was the chief, retired to the fort which stands in the water, from which he stopped the royal army for some time. The Sultan, on account of the scarcity of grain and forage, the floods of water, and the number of musquitoes, left this as it was, and went to Guzerat, remaining there during the rains. Removing Nizam-ool-Moolk, he made Zufur Khan the governor of this country. He afterwards went in the direction of Tatta. Arriving there, Jam Khair-ood-deen asked for pardon, and came into the service of the Sultan, who looked upon him with the eye of kindness, directing that he and the other Zemindars of that country should be taken to Delhi. When Jam Khair-ood-deen reached Sehwistan, he planned in his heart to obtain his liberty in this manner— that when on the line of march, as they went along near the bank of the river, he would get into a boat, and so escape. The men who were in charge of him, finding out this, conveyed it to the Sultan, who gave orders to put irons on the Jam’s legs, and so to take him to Delhi, where the Sultan went with his army some time afterwards. He gave a Khilat to Jam Choonah, the son of Jam Khair-ood-deen, placed him over Tatta, and gave him leave to go there. This Sultan, for thirty-eight years and some months, ruled the kingdom with great power. On the 18th of Rumzan, 790 (A. D. 1388), he received death.

On the 18th day of Rumzan, in the year 790 (A. D. 1388), according to the will of Sultan Pheroz Shah, and by the aid of the Ameers, he ascended the throne of the Sultanut, in the palace of Pherozabad, when the people gave him the title of Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen Tughlug Shah.

Mahomed Shah, the son of Sultan Pheroz Shah, having displeased his father, had been sent to take charge of a distant country. On seeing Ghuyas-ood-deen placed on the throne, he became at enmity with him and the Ameers, and, with the intention of taking the country, he went towards Delhi. The chief nobles, with Tughlug Shah, marched forth to arrest his progress, in the month of Zilhuj. They came to Sirmoor, in the hills. There were with Tughlug Shah one lakh of horsemen. These went in pursuit of Sultan Mahomed Shah, and without doing anything they returned, and when the Sultan got back to Delhi, he still committed errors, from his youth. The country became without arrangement, dissensions began to arise, and from want of ability he imprisoned his brethren.

Aboo Bukur, the son of Zufur Khan, his nephew, from fear concealed himself, and secretly went away. Mulik Rookn-ood-deen, the Wuzeer, and other Ameers, being his friends, went off with him. They killed Mulik Mobaruk Kubeer at Pherozabad, Delhi, near the gateway of the king’s palace. Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen, seeing the strength of these rebellious people, went with Khan Jehan outside the gate, which was over the waters of the Jumna. Mulik Rookn-ood-deen, being there, set upon and seized him, and Khan Jehan killed them both, and placed their heads over that gateway.

This took place on the 21st of Sufur, in the year 791 (A. D. 1389). Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen reigned for five months and three days.

After these occurrences, the Ameers, being without wisdom, gave the title of Sultan Aboo Bukur Shah to Aboo Bukur, the son of Zufur Khan, the son of Sultan Pheroz Shah. The dignity of Wuzeer was conferred on Mulik Rookn-ood-deen. Shortly after, it became known to Aboo Bukur Shah, that Mulik Rookn-ood-deen had plotted with the nobles of Sultan Pheroz Shah to upset him, and sit on the throne himself. He (Aboo) anticipated him, and, with the concurrence of the nobles, killed Mulik Rookn-ood-deen. After this he gained strength. It was then heard that the tribe of Meer Sudhs of Samanah had killed their Hakeem, looting his family, and sending his head to Mahomed Shah at Nuggurkot. Then Mahomed Shah, leaving that place, went to Samanah, and in the month of Rubee-ool-Awul he styled himself king there. The men of Meer Sadh, and the Zemindars of the country near the hills, did homage to him. Some of the Ameers and chief men of Delhi, leaving Aboo Bukur Shah, came to him, so much so, that he had collected 20,000 horsemen, with footmen out of number, when he left Samanah to go to Delhi. As he approached that city, his horsemen had increased to 50,000. On the 25th of Rubee-ool-Awul, 791 (A. D. 1389), he reached Jehan Nooma. On the 2nd of Jumadee-ool-Awul, in the streets of Pherozabad, the troops of Aboo Bukur met and fought with those of Mahomed Shah. On that day Bahadoor Khan, Mewatee, with many men, entering the city, gave great strength to Aboo Bukur, who the next day, having prepared everything for battle, fought with, and defeated Mahomed Shah, who, crossing the Jumna with 2,000 men, fled to the Doab. Again, in Shaban of the same year, he raised his standard, proposing to go to Delhi; he came and fought with Aboo Bukur, but being defeated, he again ran away.

“Until the fit time for doing anything comes, the assistance of friends is of no avail!”

Aboo Bukur pursued Mahomed Shah for 3 kos, and then returned to Delhi. Mahomed Shah went then to Chulpur, and getting together many men, in the month Rumzan of that same year, he wrote Firmans, which he sent to Lahore, Mooltan, and other large towns, directing the people to slay all who belonged to Pheroz Shah. Wherever these orders were received, many people were killed, much property was looted, and the world became wonderfully divided. In short, by seduction, he induced the Ameers to become enemies to Aboo Bukur, and they secretly corresponded with Mahomed Shah. Aboo Bukur, becoming as one without hands or feet, fled to Mewat. He reigned for one year and a half.

On the 16th of Rumzan, 792 (A. D. 1389), he became Sultan. The first thing he did was to turn out of the city all the attendants and slaves of Pheroz Shah, who had been his enemies. He killed many, proclaiming, that if any of them remained in the city, his blood would be upon his own neck. He entered the city with great state, taking much care of the country and property. When he had attained great power, it came across him that it was not fit to neglect Aboo Bukur, therefore he sent his youngest son, Hoomayoon Khan, with many Ameers, and a large force against him. When these got near Kotulah, where Aboo Bukur Shah remained, Bahadoor Khan Nahur, who was born in the house of Pheroz Shah (by whose assistance Aboo Bukur had collected many men), fell upon the troops of Hoomayoon by night, but Aboo Bukur, being defeated, retreated to the fort of Kotulah. When Sultan Mahomed Shah heard of this, he went there by forced marches, and surrounded the fort. Then Aboo Bukur Shah, being helpless, asked for pardon. Sultan Mahomed confined him in the fort of Mewat, where he died. Sultan Mahomed went to Delhi, then to Guzerat; from thence to Bengal, where he stayed a long time, punishing the evil doers and disturbers of the peace. He remained at Mahomedabad, a fort built in his time. After a time he fell sick, when Bahadoor Khan Nahur looted some villages near Delhi. The Sultan, hearing of this, though unwell, marched towards Mewat. When he drew near Kotulah, Bahadoor Khan came forth to meet him. He was defeated, and took refuge in Kotulah, but not having strength, he fled. The Sultan then returned to Mahomedabad, to see some works which he had in hand. His sickness increased, and on the 17th of Rubee-ool-Awul, 796 (A. D. 1393), he went to heaven. He reigned six years and seven months.

This was the centre son of Sultan Mahomed; his title was Hoomayoon. When Sultan Mahomed Shah died, he mourned three days for him. On the 19th of Rubee-ool-Awul, in that year, with the consent of the nobles and men of weight, he sat on the throne. He confirmed in their situations and salaries all who had been in office under Mahomed Shah. By chance, on the 5th of Jumadee-ool-Awul, he was taken ill and died.

This was the youngest son of Sultan Mahomed Shah. When Sultan Ula-ood-deen died, some of the nobles went away towards their Jageers, without asking permission to leave. When Khan Jehan, the chief minister of the late Sultan Mahomed Shah, heard of this, by argument he brought them back to the city. On the 20th of Jumadee-ool-Awul, 796 (A. D. 1393), by the exertions of the Ameers and influential men, Sultan Nasir-ood-deen ascended the throne, in the palace of Hoomayoon. He received the title of Sultan Nasir-ood-deen Mahomed Shah. He confirmed in their situations and salaries the chief minister, the nobles, and officials, the same as they had enjoyed under his father. He gave the title of Moogurub Khan to Moogurub Mulik, naming him as his heir. To Khan Jehan he gave the title of Sultanut Ushruf, giving into his keeping the country from Kanoge to Behar, and he dismissed him, attended by a large force. The government of all that country he left to him. Khan Jehan became very powerful there, getting all the Zemindars under his authority, and rebuilding forts which had been destroyed; and the Kings of Bengal, and other neighbouring chiefs, presented gifts and rarities to Mahomed Shah, as they had formerly been in the habit of giving to Pheroz Shah.

In that year the Sultan gave orders to Sarung Khan to take Daibulpoor, Mooltan, and Sind. At that time Shakha Khokur was creating disturbances at and about Lahore; upon hearing of which Sarung Khan went in that direction. As he drew near, Shakha Khokur went forth with many men, and at 12 koss from Lahore the two forces met and fought. By the kindness of God, the wind of victory struck the standards of Sarung Khan. Shakha Khokur, being defeated, fled to the hills of Jumoo. On the day following, Sarung Khan took possession of the fort of Lahore, and all it contained. He gave the title of Adil Khan to his brother Mulik Khundoo, and leaving him there, he himself marched upon Daibulpoor.

After this, in Shaban of the same year, 796 (A. D. 1393), Sultan Mahomed Shah, leaving Moogurub Khan, with men of trust, and a large force, at Delhi, went in the direction of Gwalior, on approaching which, Mulik Ula-ood-deen Dharwal, Moobaruk Khan the son of Mulik Rajoo, and Muloo the brother of Sarung Khan, were projecting some treachery. Suadut Khan, hearing of this, he seized and hung Mulik Ula-ood-deen and Moobaruk Khan. Muloo, being seized with fear on hearing of this, went to the Sultan, but seeing that he was angry, by soft artifice he withdrew, and leaving the army, returned to Delhi, where he made many enemies to the king. The Sultan and Suadut Khan came and surrounded the city, when there was daily fighting for three months. The agents of Moogurub Khan then by deceit induced the Sultan to leave Suadut Khan, and to enter the city. When Suadut Khan saw that his plans were destroyed, and that it would be difficult for him alone to take the place, the more so as it was the rainy season, he broke up from thence, and went to Pherozabad. On arriving there, with the concurrence of good men, in Rubee-ool-Awul, 797 (A. D. 1394), he brought Nusrut Shah, the son of Pheroz Khan, the son of Sultan Pheroz Shah, from Mewat, and put him on the throne at Pherozabad, with the title of Nasir-ood-deen Nusrut Shah.

The royal Ameers were annoyed at seeing Nusrut Shah so quickly placed on the throne: on this account they attacked Suadut Khan when he was unprepared. He, being unable to fight, made his escape, seeking refuge with Moogurub Khan, who seized and killed him. After this, the Ameers, with Nusrut Shah, viz. Mahomed Zufur Khan, Shubab-ood-deen Fuzl-ool-lah Beekhee, and the slaves of Pheroz Shah, being without remedy, paid fresh homage to him, and took much country.

Sultan Nasir-ood-deen Mahomed Shah was very much distressed at the perfidy of the Ameers and the army— he did not know what to do. There was constant fighting between the troops of the two parties. In the year 798 (A. D. 1395), enmity arose between Sarung Khan, who was over Daibulpoor and Mooltan, and Khizur Khan, the Hakeem of Mooltan, when the adherents of Mulik Bhittee, joining, gave strength to Sarung Khan, and he took Mooltan. In Rumzan 799 (A. D. 1396), he went to Delhi with a large force. The nobles, collecting their forces, marched forth to drive him back. In short, in the month of Mohurrum 800 (A. D. 1397), the two forces met, and Sarung Khan, being defeated, retreated to Mooltan. On account of the enmity of the two princes, the country had become divided, and without arrangement at that time. In the month Rubee-ool-Awul 800 (A. D. 1397), Meerza Peer Mahomed, the grandson of Ameer Taimoor Saheb Kiran, crossing the waters of the Punjab, surrounded the fort of Ooch. Mulik Ali, the Hakeem there on the part of Sarung Khan, held his post, fighting for one month, when Sarung Khan sent 4,000 horsemen to the rescue, with Mulik Taj-ood-deen. On hearing of this, the Meerza, leaving Ooch, marched to meet him. The Mulik was defeated, when Meerza at once advanced upon, and surrounded Mooltan. Sarung Khan fought him daily for six months, after which he asked for quarters, and surrendered. Having conquered Mooltan, Meerza Peer Mahomed remained some time in that country.

When, in Shuwal 800 (A. D. 1397), the royal Ameers heard of the doings and of the strength of the Meerza, they assembled at the tomb of Shaikh Kootb-ood-deen Ruktirjor Kakee, and entering into a compact amongst themselves, they became superior in strength to their king, being united amongst themselves. The people of Sind ceased attending to the orders of the Kings of Delhi, when Saheb Kiran, following his grandson Meerza Peer Mahomed, arrived at Mooltan in Sufur 801 (A. D. 1398), when he administered justice to all who had been confined by Peer Mahomed. After this, the Hakeems of Sind did not obey the orders of the Kings of Delhi— every one made himself strong on his own account, in the manner I now relate.

I have previously written that Sultan Mahomed Ghazee came from the seat of the Sultanut Ghuznee, and throwing the noose of subjection over the battlements of the fort of Mooltan, he captured it. After this he sent his agents to Sind, who occupied that country. After the death of Sultan Mahomed, the Sultanut descended to his offspring.

When the turn of government came to Ubdoor Rusheed, the son of Sultan Mahomed,— who, spreading the carpet of pleasure, his heart was occupied in festivals and things of delight,— he did not turn his mind to the matters of the state. On this account the people at many of the distant borders began to disobey orders, they took their heads from out of the ring of submission: in short, at that time men of Soomrah collected in great numbers near Thuree, and placed Soomrah the son of Chundur on the throne of the Sultanut of Sind. (The tribe of Soomrah had its name from this Soomrah.) He for a long time was the Sirdar of his tribe. He cleared away from the borders of his country all the thorns and refuse, the breeders of dissension, and the disobedient. Zemindar Sad lived in that country, in much power. Soomrah laid the foundation of a connexion with him, and married his daughter. He had a son born to him called Bhoongar, who sat on the throne of the hereditary Sultanut, on the death of Soomrah. During his time he extended his rule. At the latter end of his age he was taken ill, and he gave his life to the angel of death.

His son Doda, succeeding him, took the duties of king. For some years, with great power he managed the country, extending his power to Nusurpoor. He died in the prime of life, leaving a young son called Singhar, and a daughter named Thuree. This Thuree for some time conducted the duties of the government, having the Ryuts under her command. When Singhar grew up, he ascended the throne. He made good arrangements for the country and property; to such men as were powerful and disobedient he gave punishment. Throwing the bridle of the horse of his intentions towards Kutch, he took Nanik Nai from that country. Some years after, he travelled from this world to the other, leaving no children. His wife Humoon lived at, and issued her orders from, the fort of Duhkah. She sent her brothers to govern at Thoor and Thuree. A short time after this, some of the brethren of Doda, who had concealed themselves, came forth, and took out by the roots these brothers of Humoon. One of these, named Peethoo (a descendant of Doda), was joined by many men. Such as set up claims to the throne he destroyed. Ascending it himself, he reigned as long as he lived, and after his death Khaira ruled the country, doing so in a very proper manner; all his acts were approved of. Some years from this, the sun of his life went to the sunset of death. With the concurrence of the Ameers, Khufeef succeeded him, and sat on the throne of the kingdom. Having made good arrangements for the country in his hands, he, with heart at ease, went and remained at Tatta. During his government, the Ryuts, and all the other people of Sind were relieved from thieves, and disturbers of the peace; all were happy and contented. By chance, it one day came into his mind that it was not proper for him to be always merely sitting on the throne; that it was better to spend some time in the Shikargahs, the jungles, and plains, which had become green from rain, and where the animals were grazing happily. After this, having collected many men, he marched against the Beloochees, the Sodahs, and the Jharejas. On reaching their borders, Runmul Sodah, Ram Rai Jhareja, and Mehran Belooch, being introduced by the Ameers, and other men of weight, came and made great offerings. Khufeef, presenting them with handsome presents in return, made them very happy; he then gave them their dismissal.

He proposed returning to Tatta the following morning, but at that time a Belooch came, complaining that the thieves of the tribe of Summah had looted his tribe, taking everything they possessed. On hearing this, Khufeef was much astonished; and at the instant, mounting, with those who were with him, he started, and quickly came against this tribe. He took all the property which had been robbed from the Beloochees, and those men who had disobeyed orders, and acted in this manner, he punished with severity. His arrangements were such in all the country under him, from Kutch to Nusurpoor, that in the whole of that space none during his reign disobeyed his orders; if they did so, he gave them to the sword. When he found that there were none to give trouble, he was at ease, and came to Tatta. In his time all the people, the sepoys, the Ameers, the Ryuts, &c. were very happy. He lived a long while at Tatta, till, from this world, he journeyed to the next world.